FLOW THROUGH PIPES

Aim of the Experiment: 1. To determine the frictional losses encountered in a hydraulically smooth pipe under laminar and turbulent flow situations. 2. To determine the effect of Reynolds number on Fanning friction factor for laminar and turbulent flow situations in a hydraulically smooth pipe. Verify the correlations for laminar flow and turbulent flow (Blasius correlation and Nicurdses correlation) Apparatus required: CCl4 manometer, Hg manometer Procedure: 1. Keep the valve leading to the smooth pipe open and valves leading to other lines closed. 2. Keep the bypass valve completely open and the main valve completely closed. Switch on the pump. 3. Connect a CCl4 manometer to the pressure taps across the smooth pipe. Ensure that no air bubbles present and height in both the limbs of manometer are the same. 4. Set a flow rate of water through the pipe by opening the main valve and throttling the bypass valve suitably using the rotameter. 5. Note down the rotameter reading and manometer reading after a steady state is attained. 6. Increase the flow rate of water by opening the main valve and throttling the bypass valve suitably and repeat step 4 and 5. 7. Use mercury manometer for higher flow rates. 8. Take eight readings with CCl4 manometer as well as with Hg manometer.

Data: Diameter of the pipe= D = Length of the pipe= L = Density of water = = Viscosity of water = = Density of CCl4 = 1600 kg/m
3

m m kg/m cp =
3

kg/ms

Density of Hg = 13600 kg/m Observations:-

Sl.No.

Rotameter reading LPM

Manometer Reading Hm cm

Calculations: 1. Hm is cm of manometric fluid 2. Volumetric flow rate, Q = 3. Pressure drop in m of water H w 4. Cross sectional area of the pipe A =

m /s

D2 =

x H m

m2

5. Average velocity through the pipe = V

Q A

m/s

6. Reynolds number = NRe =

DV

7. Friction factor f is calculated using Blasius equations:

f Blasius 0.079 N Re
0.25

8. Friction factor = 9. Nicurdses correlation:

2 4 2

= 4 log 0.4

Sl. Q No m3/s .

Hw m H2o

v m/s

NRe

fexpt

fBlasius

1 fexpt

NRe

fexpt

Plot fexpt vs NRe fBlasius vs NRe on log-log graph. Compare them. To verify Nicurdses correlation: Plot
1 1

= 4 log 0.4

vs

on a semi log graph

Find the slope and intercept. Compare with Nicurdses correlation Discuss on effect of Reynolds number on friction factor.