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MAXIMS I2C PROTOCAL BASED RTC & GSM CONTROLLED DEVICE FOR TIMED IRRIGATION

Table Of Contents
CHAPTER
1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

TITLE
Introduction of Project
Current Scenario Problem Statement Proposed Model Project Working

Page No.
1
1 1 2 2

2
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

7805 Reguted Circuits


Introduction 7805 Circuit 1 7805 Circuit 2 Silent Features

4
4 5 5 6

3
3.1 3.2 3.3

Microcontroller Atmega16
Intoduction to ATMega 16 Features Architecture of ATMega 16

7
7 7 12

4
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

RTC DS 1307
Introduction Terminology Propose Power Supply Timing

14
14 14 15 16 17

5
5.1 5.2

ULN 2003A
Introduction Features

18
18 19

6
6.1 6.2

Liquid Crystal Display


Introduction Silent Features

20
20 22

7
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4

Relay
Introduction Use of Relay Relay Working Silent Features

24
24 25 26 27

8
8.1

Diptrace Software
Introdution

28
28

9
9.1

Proteus Software
Introduction

30
30

Table Of Contents
10 11 12 13 14
10.1

Bascom AVR Software


Introduction

31 32 33 34 35
31

Conclusion Future Scope Advantages Disadvantages Appendix A

Table Of Figures
S. No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22

Fig. No.
1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 7.1 7.2 8.1 8.2 9.1 10.1

Figure Title
Project Image 7805 IC 7805 Circuit 1 7805 Circuit 2 Atmega 16 Pin Diagram of Atmega 16 PCB Layout of Microcontroller Architecture of atmega 16 Real Time Clock Block Diagram Real Time Clock Image : PCB Layout of Microcontroller ULN2003A Logic diagram ULN2003A Circuit Description LCD LCD Layers Relay Relay Working Upper View of PCB in DIPTRACE Bottom View of PCB in DIPTRACE Schematic Diagram in Proteus Bascom

Pg. No.
3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 24 26 28 29 30 31

List Of Table
S. No.
1

Table No.
3.1

Table TiTle
Pin Description

Page No.
9

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT


As we all know that agriculture is the widest field in our country. Here around 75 percent of population depends on this field. We live in a world where everything can be controlled and operated automatically, but there are still a few important sectors in our country where automation has not been adopted or not been put to a full fledged use, perhaps because of several reasons, one such reason is cost. One such field is that of agriculture. Agriculture has been one of the primary occupations of man since early civilization and even today manual interventions in farming are invertible. operators. Automation is the control process of industrial machinery and processes, thereby replacing human

1.1 CURRENT SCNEARIO :


Though the technology has grown many fields in our country still many in our country used the same age old method of farming and irrigation. Farmers still go early in the extreme weather condition to irrigate their fields. Even the electricity is uncertain in our country, power cut off is very common in India and therefore it become impossible for farmers to deliver water in the right amount at right time.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT:


1. It is found that power cut off everyday hampers the growth of agriculture sector. Farmers have to go the fields according to the power supply.

2. Farmers need to wake up very early in morning to start the motor to irrigate the field. Is there any automated system which could start the motor according to the time adjusted in the system, farmers need not go early in the monitor to their fields.

1.3 PROPOSED MODEL:


The proposed system in which a real time clock is set & a GSM Module is used. The time at which the person wants to irrigate the fields is set and the time to switch off the power is also set. As the time of power on is matched to the current time the motor for irrigating the field will automatically starts up and water supply to the field takes place. And when the current time matched to off time of rtc the motor will automatically turn off.We can control this system by sending SMS too.

1.4 PORJECT WORKING :


1. Firstly we will set the on time and off time in microcontroller. 2. Every minutes microcontroller checks the on time ( as we have already set ) and current time. 3. As the on time matches the current time, the microcontroller will enter into a loop which gives a positive signal to ULN 2003A (relay driving ic). 4. The ULN 2003A triggers the relay normally open (NO) to normally closed and loop is closed between the power supply and motor, which starts motor. 5. Now microcontroller is checking for off time. 6. As the off time matches the current time, the microcontroller will automatically triggers back the relay from normally closed (NC) to normally open (NO) and the conducting path ( closed loop) breaks. 7. Hence, the motor will automatically stopped. 8. If due to some drastic condition of weather field is flooded we can stop the system by sending a SMS.

Chapter-2 7805 REGULATED CIRCUITS 2.1 INTRODUCTION


The 78xx (sometimes LM78xx) is a family of self-contained fixed voltage regulated integrated circuit. The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits requiring a regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use and low cost. Fixed voltage Positive and Negative regulator ICs are used in circuits to give precise regulated voltage.78 XX series regulator IC can handle maximum 1 ampere current. The Regulator ICs require minimum 1.5 higher input voltage than their voltage rating. For example 7805 IC requires minimum 6.5 volts to give 5 volt output. Here are some circuit designs of IC 7805 to monitor the output voltage.

Fig. : 2.1- 7805 IC

2.2. 7805 Circuit 1


This circuit can tell whether the IC 7805 is giving output or not. IC 7805 requires minimum 6.5 volt input to give 5 volt regulated output. When the input voltage is above 6.5 volts, Zener conducts and LED turns on indicating sufficient input voltage. Diffuse type Red LED requires 1.8 volts and Zener 4.7 volts .So to activate both these, input voltage should be minimum 6.5 volts. If the input voltage drops below 6.5 volts, Zener cutoff and LED turns off. This indicates the zero output from the regulator IC.

Fig. : 2.2- 7805 circuit 1 .

2.3. 7805 Circuit 2 This is a simple LED monitor to tell the output voltage from 7805. If the input voltage is above 6.5 volts, LED shows full brightness. When the input voltage reduces below 6.5 volts, brightness of LED decreases

Fig. : 2.3- 7805 circuit 2

2.4 Silent features

Some 78xx series ICs regulated source of pow

do not require additional components to provide a constant, r, making them easy to use, as well e as economical and efficient

uses of space. Other voltage regulators may require additional components to set the output voltage level, or to assist in the regulation process other designs substantial engineering expertise to implement.

may need

78xx series ICs have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much power. They have protection ag inst overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in a most applications. In some cases, the current-limiting features of the 8xx devices can provide protection not only for the 78xx itself, but also for other parts of the circuit. 78xx ICs are easy to use and handle but these cannot give an altering voltage required so LM317 series of ICs are available to obtain a voltage output from 1.25 volts to 37 volts.

Chapter- 3 MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA 16 3.1. Introduction to ATmega 16 Microcontroller:


ATm ega 16 is basic ally from atmel 's micr ocont Fig. : 3.1- Atmega 16 roller famil y with 8 kb flash mem ory. This micr ocont roller work s PS. Easy to confi gure as at 16MI

well as program. Advantages of this microcontroller are there are so many applications of this microcontroller in practical work

3 . 2 F e a t u r e s
Includes High Throughput Atmel ATMega16 Microcontroller with 8kb Internal Flash

e r n a l E E P R O M

8 C h a n n e l 1 0 b i t A / D C o n v e r t o r

P r o g r a m M e m o r y

Operating Speed at 8MHz Direct In-Circuit Programming No Additional Programmer Required


Up to 28 I/O points with easy to connect standard headers Connection MAX232

RS232 with

Int

One 16-bit Timer with Two 8-bit Timers Power, Programming and Test LED Reset Button The ATmega16 microcontroller used in this lab is a 40-pin wide DIP (Dual In

Line) package chip. This chip was selected because it is robust, and the DIP package interfaces with prototyping supplies like solderless bread boards and solder-type perfboards. This same microcontroller is available in a surface mount package, about the size of a dime. Surface mount devices are more useful for circuit boards built for mass production. Figure below shows the pin-out diagram of the ATmega16. This diagram is very useful, because it tells you where power and ground should be connected, which pins tie to which functional hardware, etc.

Fig.3.2 : Pin diagram of atmega 16

Table No. 3.1:- Pin Discription:


Pin No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Pin name (XCK/T0) PB0 (T1) PB1 (INT2/AIN0) PB2 (OC0/AIN1) PB3 (SS) PB4 (MOSI) PB5 (MISO) PB6 (SCK) PB7 RESET Vcc GND XTAL2 XTAL1 (RXD) PD0 (TXD) PD1 (INT0) PD2 Description I/O PORTB, Pin 0 I/O PORTB, Pin 1 I/O PORTB, Pin 2 I/O PORTB, Pin 3 I/O PORTB, Pin 4 I/O PORTB, Pin 5 I/O PORTB, Pin 6 I/O PORTB, Pin 7 Reset Pin, Active Low Reset Vcc = +5V GROUND Output to Inverting Oscillator Amplifier Input to Inverting Oscillator Amplifier I/O PORTD, Pin 0 I/O PORTD, Pin 1 I/O PORTD, Pin 2 Alternate Function T0: Timer0 External Counter Input. XCK : USART External Clock I/O T1:Timer1 External Counter Input AIN0: Analog Comparator Positive I/P INT2: External Interrupt 2 Input AIN1: Analog Comparator Negative I/P OC0 : Timer0 Output Compare Match Output

In System Programmer (ISP) Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

USART Serial Communication Interface External Interrupt INT0


9

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

(INT1) PD3 (OC1B) PD4 (OC1A) PD5 (ICP) PD6 PD7 (OC2) PC0 (SCL) PC1 (SDA) PC2 (TCK) PC3 (TMS) PC4 (TDO) PC5 (TDI) PC6 (TOSC1) PC7 (TOSC2) AVcc GND AREF PA7 (ADC7) PA6 (ADC6) PA5 (ADC5) PA4 (ADC4) PA3 (ADC3)

I/O PORTD, Pin 3 I/O PORTD, Pin 4 I/O PORTD, Pin 5 I/O PORTD, Pin 6 I/O PORTD, Pin 7 I/O PORTC, Pin 0 I/O PORTC, I/O PORTC, Pin 2 I/O PORTC, Pin 3 I/O PORTC, Pin 4 I/O PORTC, Pin 5 I/O PORTC, Pin 6 I/O PORTC, Pin 7

External Interrupt INT1 PWM Channel Outputs Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Pin Timer/Counter2 Output Compare Match Output TWI Interface

JTAG Interface

Timer Oscillator Pin 1 Timer Oscillator Pin 2

Voltage Supply = Vcc for ADC GROUND Analog Reference Pin for ADC I/O PORTA, Pin 7 I/O PORTA, Pin 6 I/O PORTA, Pin 5 I/O PORTA, Pin 4 I/O PORTA, Pin 3 ADC Channel 7 ADC Channel 6 ADC Channel 5 ADC Channel 4 ADC Channel 3
10

38 39 40

PA2 (ADC2) PA1 (ADC1) PA0 (ADC0)

I/O PORTA, Pin 2 I/O PORTA, Pin 1 I/O PORTA, Pin 0

ADC Channel 2 ADC Channel 1 ADC Channel 0

Layout of Microcontroller PCB in DIPTRACE:

Fig. 3.3 : PCB Layout of Microcontroller

3.3. Architecture of ATmega16:


The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers Figure bellow shows overall block diagram and architecture of ATmega16 microcontroller.

Fig. : 3.4- Architecture of atmega 16

Architecture of ATmega16 consist of several blocks in which some blocks are important such as, ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), EEPROM, General purpose register, Program counter, Flash Memory, Instruction Register and Decoder, Input Module, Interrupt Unit, Comparator, Status and Control.

Chapter 4 RTC DS 1307 4 . 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n :


A realtime clock (RTC) is r a clock compute (most often in the form of an integrate

d circuit) that keeps track of the current time. Although the term often refers to the devices in personal computers, servers and embedded systems, RTCs are present in almost any electronic device which needs to keep accurate time. The term avoid confusio n with ordinary hardwar e clocks which are only signals that govern
Fig4.1. - Real Time Clock Block Diagram

is

used to

digital electroni cs, do count time in human units. RTC should not d be with confuse realand not

4 . 2 T e r m i n o l o g y

time computing, which shares its three-letter acronym, but does not directly relate to time of day.

4.3 Purpose

Although keeping time can be done without an RTC, using one has benefits:

Low power consumption (important when running from alternate power) Frees the main system for time-critical tasks Sometimes more accurate than other methods

Fig.4.2 Real Time Clock Image

Layout of RTC PCB in DIPTRACE:

Fig.4.3 : PCB Layout of Microcontroller

4.4 Power Source

RTCs often have an alternate source of power, so they can continue to keep time while the primary source of power is off or unavailable. This alternate source of power is normally a lithium battery in older systems, but some newer systems use a supercapacitor,because they are rechargeable and can be soldered. The alternate power source can also supply power to battery backed RAM.

4.5 Timing

Most RTCs use a crystal oscillator, but some use the power line frequency. In many cases the oscillator's frequency is 32.768 kHz. This is the same frequency used in quartz clocks and watches, and for the same reasons, namely that the frequency is exactly 2 cycles per second, which is a convenient rate to use with simple binary counter circuits.

Chapter 5 ULN 2003A 5 . 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n :


The ULN20 03A are highvoltage, highcurrent Darlingt on transisto r arrays. Each consists of seven npn Darlingt

on pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diodes for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating of a single Darlington pair is 500 mA. The Darlington pairs can be paralleled for higher current capability. Applications include relay drivers, display drivers (LED and gas discharge), line drivers, andlogic buffers. hammer drivers, lamp drivers,

Fig 5.1. ULN2003A Logic diagram

The ULN2001A is a general-purpose array and can be used with TTL and CMOS technologies. The ULN2002Ais designed specifically for use with 14-V to 25-V PMOS devices. Each input of this device has a Zener diodeand resistor in series to control the input current to a safe limit. The ULN2003A has a 2.7- k series base resistor for each

Darlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5-V CMOS devices.

5.2 FEATURES:
TTL, DTL, PMOS, or CMOS-Compatible Inputs Output Current to 500 mA Output Voltage to 95 V Transient-Protected Outputs

Dual In-Line Plastic Package or Small-Outline IC Package

Fig.5.2 ULN2003A Circuit Description

CHAPTER 6 LIQUID CRYSLAL DISPLAY


6.1 INTRODUCTION A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly.

Fig. 6.1 LCD. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators,

and telephones, and have replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they do not suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence. The LCD is more energy efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. Liquid crystals were first developed in 1888. By 2008, worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens sales of CRT units; the CRT became obsolete for most purposes. exceeded annual

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With actual liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer.

Fig. 6.2 LCD Layers

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, orvideo display,that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly.LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a generalpurpose computer display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of smallpixels, while other displays have larger elements.LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones, and have replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications.

6.2 Silent Feature:


Very compact and light. Low power consumption. On average, 50-70% less energy is consumed than CRT monitors No geometric distortion. The possible ability to have little or no flicker depending on backlight technology. Usually no refresh-rate flicker, as the LCD panel itself is usually refreshed at 200 Hz or more, regardless of the source refresh rate. Is very thin compared to a CRT monitor, which allows the monitor to be placed farther back from the user, reducing close-focusing related eye-strain. Razor sharp image with no bleeding/smearing when used at native resolution. Emits less electromagnetic radiation than a CRT monitor. Not affected by screen burn-in, though an identical but less severe phenomenon known as image persistence is possible. Can be made in almost any size or shape.

No theoretical resolution limit. Can be made to large sizes (more than 24 inches) lightly and relatively inexpensively. Masking effect: the LCD grid can mask the effects of spatial and grayscale quantization, creating the illusion of higher image quality. As an inherently digital device, the LCD can natively display digital data from a DVI or HDMI connection without requiring conversion to analog, like a CRT would need. Many LCD monitors run on an external 12v power supply, which means that (with a proper cable) they can also be run directly on one of the computer's 12v power supply outputs, removing the overhead and quiescent power consumption of the monitor's own power supply. If the computer has a PFC power supply, this will increase the power efficiency as well, as the cheap switching power supplies included with LCD monitors rarely implement PFC.

Chapter 7 RELAY 7.1 INTR ODUC TION


Relays are one of the oldest, simplest , and yet, easiest and most useful devices. Before the advent of the mass produce d transisto r, compute rs were made from either relays

or vacuum tubes, or both.

and the switch can often handle a lot of current.

F i g . 7 . 1 R E L A Y

A relay, quite simply, is a small machine consisting of an electromagnet (coil), a switch, and a spring. The spring holds the switch in one position, until a current is passed through the coil. The coil generates a magnetic field which moves the switch. It's that simple. You can use a very small amount of current to activate a relay,

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and retransmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

7.2 Use of Relay :


The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal can be used to control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal can be used to control a lot of circuits. The application of relays started during the invention of telephones. They played an important role in switching calls in telephone exchanges. They were also used in long distance telegraphy. They were used to switch the signal coming from one source to another destination

7.3 Relay Working :

Fig. 7.2 Relay Working In this figure, you can see that a relay consists of two separate and completely independent circuits. The first is at the bottom and drives the electromagnet. In this circuit, a switch is controlling power to the electromagnet. When the switch is on, the electromagnet is on, and it attracts the armature (blue). The armature is acting as a switch in the second circuit. When the electromagnet is energized, the armature completes the second circuit and the light is on. When the electromagnet is not energized, the spring pulls the armature away and the circuit is not complete. In that case, the light is dark.

When you purchase relays, you generally have control over several variables:

The voltage and current that is needed to activate the armature The maximum voltage and current that can run through the armature The number of armatures (generally one or two) The number of contacts for the armature (generally one or two -- the relay shown here has two, one of which is unused) Whether the contact (if only one contact is provided) is normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC)

7.4 Silent Features:


Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC. Relays can switch higher voltages than standard transistors. Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A). Relays can switch many contacts at once.

Chapter 8 DIPTRACE SOFTWARE 8.1 Introducti on :


Dip Trace EDA software for creating schematic diagrams and printed circuit boards. The first version of DipTrace was released in August, 2004. latest version of September 2011 DipTrace version 2.2. The interface and tutorials are multilingual is as The is

(currently English, Czech, Russian and Turkish).[2] In January of 2011, Parallax switched from Eagle to DipTrace for developing its printed circuit boards.

Fig.8.1 : Upper View of PCB in DIPTRACE

Fig.8.2 : Bottom View of PCB in DIPTRACE DipTrace is a complete PCB Design system. It includes four programs: 1. PCB Layout - PCB design with easy to use manual routing tools and autorouter. 2. Schematic - creates schematic and exports netlist to PCB. 3. Pattern Editor - allows to make package footprints (patterns). 4. Component Editor - allows to draw parts and attach patterns

Chapter: 9 PROTEUS SOFTWARE


9.1 INTRODUCTION Proteus is software for microprocessor simulation, schematic capture, and printed circuit board (PCB) design. It is developed by Labcenter Electronics. The XGameStation Micro Edition was designed using Labcenter's Proteus schematic entry and PCB layout tools. It is a software technology that allows creating clinical executable decision support guidelines with little effort. Proteus is one of the most famous simulators. It can be uses to simulate almost every circuit on electrical fields. It is easy to use because of the GUI interface that is very similar to the real Prototype board. Moreover, it can be used to design Print Circuit Board (PCB).

Fig.9.1 : Schematic Diagram in Proteus

Chapter 10 BASCOM AVR SOFTWARE 1 0 . 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N :


B a s c o m i s a P C a p

plication that will allow you to: W r i t e p r o g r a m s i n B a s i c Translate these programs on the PC to machinecode (a format the AVR controller can execute) S i m u l a t e

t h e c o m p i l e d c o d e Use extern al progr ams to flash ('prog ram') the compi led code into an Atmel AVR m i c r o c o n t r

o l l e r . The nice thing about Bascom is that you can get started with a free Bascom version whose only limit is the 4k generated code size (this was 2k until 2005). The obvious choice of AVR microcontroller would then be one of the (2k flash) ATTiny models or the much-used (but now obsolete) AT90S2313 which will let you get acquainted with Bascom and AVR microcontrollers.

BASCOM

F i g . 1 0 . 1

Chapter 11 CONCLUSION

In India agriculture plays a vital role in helping millions to earn their livelihood. So it is necessary to improve and maintain crops to fulfill their needs. The main challenge in front of farmers is the variation in climatic conditions. Also the farmer needs to visit the farm daily this may not be possible for those who own many acres of land. Lack of proper irrigation and unscientific use of fertilizers led to destruction of crops. Our project MAXIMS I2C PROTOCAL BASED RTC CONTROLLED

DEVICE FOR TIMED IRRIGATION USING

MICROCONTROLLER

ATMEGA 16A can solve these problems. We place sensors on fields there by making monitoring easy. This system automatically turns the motors ON and OFF based on the level of the water present in the fields. Thereby decreases the effort of the farmer.

Chapter - 12 FUTURE SCOPE

In our India 70% people doing farming. This project helps the farmer to overcome the drawbacks of traditional irrigation system. From this project we provide the new technology for farmer to improve the quality of their irrigation system. This project helps those farmers which do not have sufficient water for their farming. Also this project is very cheap it can be bought by poor farmers too.

Chapter 13 ADVANTAGES Saves water This project helps us to save water Improves growth Definate amount of water and fixed period irrigation improves growth of the farm. Saves time It saves precious time of farmer . Adaptable This device is easily adaptable for any type of motor. Save Electricity This project is Electrically Efficient and saves Electricity.

Chapter 14 DISADVANTAGES
S

Reliability

ometimes failures will occur often these failures are because of human error setting and maintaini ng A good insurance to collect any excess run off when failures occur. Weather T he electronic the reuse systems. system is in

system may affect badly extreme weather condition, like rainfall and thunderstor m etc. in

APPENDIX A
LM340/LM78XX Series 3-Terminal Positive Regulators
General Description
The LM140/LM340A/LM340/LM78XXC monolithic 3-terminal positive voltage regulators employ internal current-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation, making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1.0A output current. They are intended as fixed voltage regulators in a wide range of applications including local (on-card) regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation. In addition to use as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents. Considerable effort was expended to make the entire series of regulators easy to use and minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the output, The 5V, 12V, and 15V regulator options are available in the steel TO-3 power package. The LM340A/LM340/LM78XXC series is available in the TO-220 plastic power package, and the LM340-5.0 is available in the SOT-223 package, as well as the LM340-5.0 and LM340-12 in the surface-mount TO263 package.

Features
n Complete specifications load at 1A n Output voltage tolerances of 2% at Tj = 25C and 4% over the temperature range (LM340A) n Line regulation of 0.01% of VOUT/V of V IN at 1A load (LM340A) n Load regulation of 0.3% of VOUT/A (LM340A) n Internal thermal overload protection n Internal short-circuit current limit

although this does improve transient response. Input byn Output transistor safe area protection passing is needed only if the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply. n P+ Product Enhancement tested

Typical Applications
Fixed Output Regulator Adjustable Output Regulator

00778101

00778102

*Required if the regulator is located far from the power supply filter. **Although no output capacitor is needed for stability, it does help transient response. (If needed, use 0.1 F, ceramic disc).

V
OUT

= 5V + (5V/R1 + I ) R2 5V/R1
Q

>3I ,
Q

load regulation (L ) [(R1 + R2)/R1] (L of LM340-5).


r r

Current Regulator

Comparison between SOT-223 and D-Pak (TO-252) Packages

00778138

Scale 1:1

00778103

I = 1.3 mA over line and load changes.


Q

37

L M 3 4 0 / L M 7 8 X X S e ri e s 3 T e r m

Ordering Information
Package 3-Lead TO-3 Temperature Range C -55C to +125 Part Number LM140K-5.0 LM140K-12 LM140K-15 C C 0 to +125 LM340K-5.0 LM340K-12 LM340K-15 3-lead TO-220 C C 0 to +125 LM340AT-5.0 LM340T-5.0 LM340T-12 LM340T-15 LM7808CT 3-Lead TO-263 0C to +125C LM340S-5.0 LM340SX-5.0 LM340S-12 LM340SX-12 LM340AS-5.0 LM340ASX-5.0 4-Lead SOT-223 Unpackaged Die 0C to +125C C 55C to 125 LM340MP-5.0 LM340MPX-5.0 LM140KG-5 MD8 LM140KG-12 MD8 LM140KG-15 MD8 C C 0 to +125 LM340-5.0 MDA LM7808C MDC Packaging Marking LM140K 5.0P+ LM140K 12P+ LM140K 15P+ LM340K 5.0 7805P+ LM340K 12 7812P+ LM340K 15 7815P+ LM340AT 5.0 P+ LM340T5 7805 P+ LM340T12 7812 P+ LM340T15 7815 P+ LM7808CT LM340S-5.0 P+ LM340S-12 P+ LM340AS-5.0 P+ N00A Transport Media 50 Per Tray 50 Per Tray 50 Per Tray 50 Per Tray 50 Per Tray 50 Per Tray 45 Units/Rail 45 Units/Rail 45 Units/Rail 45 Units/Rail 45 Units/Rail 45 Units/Rail 500 Units Tape and Reel 45 Units/Rail 500 Units Tape and Reel 45 Units/Rail 500 Units Tape and Reel 1k Units Tape and Reel 2k Units Tape and Reel Waffle Pack or Gel Pack Waffle Pack or Gel Pack Waffle Pack or Gel Pack Waffle Pack or Gel Pack Waffle Pack or Gel Pack DL069089 DL059093 DL059093 DI074056 DI074056 MP04A TS3B T03B NSC Drawing K02A

L M 3 4 0 /

Connection Diagrams
TO-3 Metal Can Package (K) TO-220 Power Package (T)

00778111

Bottom View See Package Number K02A TO-263 Surface-Mount Package (S)

Top View See Package Number T03B 3-Lead SOT-223

00778112

00778120

00778143

Top View See Package Number TS3B

Top View See Package Number MP04A

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38

Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note


Distributors for availability and specifications. (Note 5) DC Input Voltage

1)

If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/

TO-220 Package (T), TO-263 Package (S) ESD Susceptibility (Note 3)

230C 2 kV 1)

35V

Operating Conditions (Note


Temperature Range (TA) (Note 2) LM140 LM340A, LM340 LM7808C

Internal Power Dissipation (Note 2) Internally Limited Maximum Junction Temperature 150C +125C Storage Temperature Range 65C to +150C +125C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.) +125C TO-3 Package (K) 300C

55C to 0C to 0C to

LM340A Electrical Characteristics


Output Voltage Symbol VO Input Voltage (unless otherwise noted) Parameter Output Voltage TJ = 25C PD 15W, 5 mA I O 1A VO Line Regulation V V V M IN IN MAX IO = 500 mA VIN TJ = 25C VIN TJ = 25C Over Temperature VIN VO Load Regulation TJ = 25C 5 mA IO 1.5A 250 mA IO 750 mA Over Temperature, 5 mA IO 1A IQ Quiescent Current Quiescent Current Change TJ = 25C, IO = 1A V V VN Output Noise Voltage Ripple Rejection IO = 500 mA
M IN M IN

5V 10V Min 4.9 4.8 Typ Max 5 5.1 5.2 10 (7.5 VIN 20) 3 10 4 12 (8 VIN 12) 10 25 15 25 6 6.5 0.5 0.8 (7.5 VIN 20) 0.8 (8 VIN 25) 40 68 68 (8 VIN 18) 2.0 8 2.1 80 61 61 (7.5 VIN 20) Min 11.75 11.5

12V 19V Typ Max 12 12.25 12.5 18 (14.8 VIN 27) 4 18 9 30 (16 VIN 22) 12 32 19 60 6 6.5 0.5 0.8 (14.8 VIN 27) 0.8 (15 VIN 30) 75 72 60 60 (14.5 VIN 27) Min 14.7 14.4

15V 23V Typ Max 15 15.3 15.6 22 (17.9 VIN 30) 4 22 10 30 (20 VIN 26) 12 35 21 75 6 6.5 0.5 0.8 (17.9 VIN 30) 0.8 (17.9 VIN 30) 90 70 (17.5 VIN 30) V V V mV V mV V mV mV V mV mV mV mA mA mA mA V mA V V dB dB V V m A Units

Conditions

(7.5 VIN 20)

(14.8 VIN 27)

(17.9 VIN 30)

TJ = 25C Over Temperature

IQ

5 mA IO 1A

V V

IN

V V

MAX

TA = 25C, 10 Hz f 100 kHz TJ = 25C, f = 120 Hz, IO = 1A or f = 120 Hz, IO = 500 mA, Over Temperature, V
M IN

IN

MAX

IN

MAX

(15 VIN 25) 2.0 18 1.5

(18.5 VIN 28.5) 2.0 19 1.2

RO

Dropout Voltage Output Resistance Short-Circuit Current

TJ = 25C, IO = 1A f = 1 kHz TJ = 25C

39

LM340A Electrical Characteristics


Symbol

(Continued) IO U T = 1A, 0C TJ + 125C (LM340A) unless otherwise specified (Note 4)

L Output Voltage M Input Voltage (unless otherwise noted) 3 Parameter Conditions 4 Peak Output T = 25C J 0 Current /
Average TC of VO Min, TJ = 0C, IO = 5 mA TJ = 25C Input Voltage Required to Maintain Line Regulation

5V 10V Min Typ Max 2.4 0.6 Min

12V 19V Typ Max 2.4 1.5 Min

15V 23V Typ Max 2.4 1.8 A mV/C Units

IN

7.5

14.5

17.5

LM140 Electrical Characteristics (Note


55C TJ +150C unless otherwise specified Output Voltage Symbol VO Input Voltage (unless otherwise noted) Parameter Output Voltage Conditions TJ = 25C, 5 mA IO 1A PD 15W, 5 mA IO 1A V VO Line Regulation
M IN

4) 5V 10V Min Typ 4.8 4.75 5 Max 5.2 5.25 Min 11.5 11.4 12V 19V Typ 12 12.5 14.4 12.6 4.25 30) 4 30) 15V 23V Max Min Typ 15 Max 15.6 15.75 V V V nits

IN

MAX

(8 VIN 20) 3 50

(15.5 VIN 27) 4 120

(18.5 VIN

I O = 500 mA

TJ = 25C VIN 55C TJ +150C VIN

150 mV V

(7 VIN 25) 50 (8 VIN 20) 50 (7.5 VIN 20) 25 (8 VIN 12) 10 50 25 50 6 7 0.5 0.8 (8 VIN 20) 0.8 (8 VIN 25) 40

(14.5 VIN 30) 120 (15 VIN 27) 120 (14.6 VIN 27) 60 (16 VIN 22) 12 120 60 120 6 7 0.5 0.8 (15 VIN 27) 0.8 (15 VIN 30) 75

(17.5 VIN

150 mV (18.5 VIN 30) V

I O 1A

TJ = 25C VIN 55C TJ +150C VIN

150 mV (17.7 VIN 30) 75 (20 VIN 26) 12 75 mV V mV V

VO

Load Regulation

TJ = 25C

5 mA IO 1.5A 250 mA IP 750

150 mV

mA 55C TJ +150C, IQ IQ Quiescent Current Quiescent Current Change 5 mA IO 1A I O 1A TJ = 25C 55C TJ +150C 5 mA IO 1A TJ = 25C, IO 1A V
M IN

150 mV 6 7 0.5 0.8 (18.5 VIN 30) 0.8 (18.5 VIN 30) 90 mA V V mA mA mA mA V

IN

MAX

I O = 500 mA, 55C TJ +150C V VN Output Noise Voltage


M IN

IN

MAX

TA = 25C, 10 Hz f 100 kHz

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40

Units Parameter Ripple Rejection Conditions Min Typ I


O J

Max

Min 68 68

Typ 80

Max Min 61 61

Typ

Max 72 dB 60 12 V 19 2.0 19 1.2 2.4 1.8 V m A A mV/C 60 70

1A, T = 25C

dB

LM140 Electrical Characteristics (Note or


f 120 Hz 55C TJ +150C unless otherwise specified 55C = TJ +150C Symbol RO Dropout Voltage Output Resistance Short-Circuit Current Peak Output Current Average TC of V
OUT

4) (Continued) IO 500 mA,

Voltage 5V V V Output V (8 VIN 18) (15 VIN 25) M IN IN MAX Input Voltage (unless otherwise noted) 10V TJ = 25C, IO = 1A f = 1 kHz TJ = 25C TJ = 25C 0C TJ +150C, IO = 5 mA TJ = 25C, IO 1A 7.5 2.0 8 2.1 2.4 0.6

(18.5 VIN 28.5) 2.0 18 1.5 2.4 1.5

VIN

Input Voltage Required to Maintain Line Regulation

14.6

17.7

LM340 Electrical Characteristics (Note


0C TJ +125C unless otherwise specified Output Voltage Symbol 10V Parameter VO Output Voltage Conditions TJ = 25C, 5 mA IO 1A PD 15W, 5 mA IO 1A V V
O M IN

4) 12V 5V 19V Units

Input Voltage (unless otherwise noted)

Min 4.8 4.75 5

Typ 5.2 11.5 5.25 11.4

Max Min 12

Typ Max 15

12.5 14.4 12.6 14.25

Max 15.6 15.75

V V V mV

IN

MAX

(7.5 VIN 20) 3 50

Line Regulation

I
O

= 500 mA

T = 25C
J

(14.5 VIN (17.5 VIN 30) 27) 4 120 4 150

81-3-5639-7560
IN

50

(14.5 VIN 30) 120 (15 VIN 27) (7.5 V 120 20)
IN

(17.5 VIN 30)

0C TJ +1 V IN I O 1A TJ = 25C

mV V mV (14.6 VIN 27) (17.7 VIN 30) V

(8 VIN 20) 50 V
IN

0C TJ +125C VIN VO Load Regulation TJ = 25C 5 mA IO 1.5A 250 mA IO 750 mA 5 mA IO 1A, 0C TJ +125C IQ Quiescent Current I O 1A TJ = 25C

25 (8 VIN 12) 10 50 25 50 8

60 (16 VIN 22) 12 120 60 120 8

75 (20 VIN 26) 12 150 75 150 8

mV V mV mV mV mA

L M 3 4 0 /

0C TJ +125C IQ Quiescent Current Change 5 mA IO 1A TJ = 25C, IO 1A 0.5

8.5 0.5 1.0

8.5 0.5 1.0

8.5 1.0

mA mA Ma

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