Basic Checking / Verification of Structural Design: (Original Article by Luisito Sta. Ines) 1. Elastic or Linear Design: 1.

1 Check for strength: 1.1.1 Shear Strength; for concrete structure add punching shear strength in addition to direct shear or beam shear 1.1.2 Flexural Strength 1.1.3 Torsional Strength, optional 1.2 Check for Stifffness: 1.2.1 Check if the elastic deformation, displacement or deflection is within the allowable limit 1.2.2 For long structures, provide movement gap (essential); there must be safe and adequate space for movement of structure. 2. Plastic or Non-Linear Design: 2.1 Check for strength: 2.1.1 Shear Strength 2.1.2 Flexural Strength 2.1.3 Torsional Strength, by conducting P-delta analysis 2.2 Check for stiffness: 2.2.1 Check for deformation, displacement or deflection is within the allowable limit 2.2.2 For long structures, provide movement gap (essential); there must be safe and adequate space for movement of structure. 2.3 Check for ductility and vulnerability to resonance: 2.3.1 Check the plastic deformation, displacement under sustained ultimate loads is within the plastic limit of the material; 2.3.2 Check critical members unbraced length at proposed location of plastic hinge (may reduce ductility of the member) 2.3.3 For steel structure, check axial force does not exceed about 80% of Fy (excessive axial force will reduce ductility) 2.3.4 For steel structure, check that Rcap is within the plastic region, i.e., Rcap = P * p 2.3.5 For beams subject to dynamic loads, check the natural frequency of the beam is within the allowed frequency under the given support conditions. 2.3.5.1 For STAAD calculations, use Rayleigh for approximate and eigenvalues for a more exact method 2.3.2.2 For manual calculations, use ACI 351.89R.Tables 2.9.2(a) and 2.9.2(b) 3. Foundation 3.1 Check soil bearing stress if ok (at SLS and ULS) 1

3.2 Check soil and concrete strength 3.3 Check soil-concrete interaction, if applicable 3.4 Check resistance of structure against sliding and overturning by considering substructure and superstructure 3.5 Check if uplift force due to groundwater is applicable 3.6 For piled foundation, check if soil resistance against pile surface (skin friction) is considered 3.7 For major structure, check if borehole test results are adequate for the design of the foundation; if not require additional geotechnical report; if Owner does not want to make geotechnical report, drop or refuse the project (better safe than sorry). Qualification Tests That May be called for CAS Discipline: I. Materials Tests (normally required before construction starts to validate the final design): 1. Materials (concrete aggregates, cement, asphalt, steel tensile strength, etc.) tests per ASTM standards 2. Weld tests per AWS standards 3. Bolts and other fasteners tests 4. Mechanical couplers for mechanically spliced reinforcing steel bars 5. Soil test 6. Any other structural material like aluminum, timber, structural glazing (curtain wall), etc. 7. Pile test, if the structure is on piled foundation II. Special Tests (optional or may be limited to special cases): 1. Wind Tunnel Test 2. Fire Resistance test, in accordance with governing building code of the project III. 1. 2. 3. 4. Prototype tests to validate design (usually to ULS condition, limited to special cases): Special Moment Frame Connections Prototype (maybe in 1:1 or 1:1/2 scale of actual frame) Intermediate Moment Frame Connections Prototype (ditto) Steel Plate Shear Wall Prototype Special concrete structure prototype