Chapter 2: The Planting of English America (1500-1733)

Introduction While Spain controlled most of the New World south of Florida and New Mexico, the rest of North America remained mostly unexplored and unclaimed First settlements of North America were 1610 Spanish at Santa Fe, 1608 French at Quebec, and 1607 English at Jamestown In the first half of the 16th century, England and Spain were allies But then 1530s the Protestant Reformation started when King Henry VIII separated from the Roman Catholic Church 1558, the religious struggle ended when the Protestant Elizabeth became queen Rivalry with Catholic Spain, ex. 1570s and 80s Catholic Irish sought help from Spain to escape English rule, but were brutally crushed English buccaneers attacked Spanish treasure ships and settlements to plunder and promote Protestantism, ex. 1580 Francis Drake Sir Humphrey Gilbert tried to establish a colony on Newfoundland, but died at sea 1585 half-brother Sir Walter Raleigh tried to establish a colony on Roanoke Island, but it mysteriously disappeared 1588 Philip II sent an Invincible Armada to invade England, but was defeated heavily; Spain had overstretched, and it was the beginning of the end for its New World empire The victory ensured England's naval dominance in the north Atlantic and eventually in the world England, like Spain did, now had a strong, unified state, religious unity, and a sense of nationalism Population grew from 3 million in 1550 to 4 million in 1600 Enclosure forced small farmers to become tenants or landless proletariat The wool districts, where Puritanism was strong, were hit hard by economic depression in the 1500s, so the people drifted unemployed, causing some to conclude that England had a surplus population, and were some of the first immigrants to America Non-eldest sons could not inherit land by the law of primogeniture, so sought fortune elsewhere, so by the early 1600s the joint-stock company was perfected 1604 signed a peace treaty with Spain King James I, motivated by gold and passage to India, chartered the Virginia Company, motivated by short-term monetary gain, to fund a settlement in North America Importantly, the charter granted the colonists the same rights as normal Englishmen But faced many hardships; location was mosquito-infested, sea travel was dangerous, and the colonists spent time looking for gold when they should have been getting food, so starvation 1608 Captain John Smith took rule and saved the colony from collapse Native American chieftain Powhatan wanted peace with the colonists, and his daughter Pocahontas became a go-between to preserve peace and provide food 1610 a relief party finally came under Lord De La Warr, who imposed a military regime and attacked the native Americans

England's Imperial Stirrings

Elizabeth Energizes England

England on the Eve of Empire

England Plants the Jamestown Seed

Cultural Clash The colonists and the people under Powhatan's rule had a tense truce; Powhatan at first in the thought they could help him extend his power, while the colonists often stole Indian food Chesapeake 1610-14 Lord De La Warr fought the First Anglo-Powhatan War under orders from the Virginia Comapy, ended by the marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe Eight years of tense peace, then 1622 Indians attacked because of disease and land pressure, so the Virginia Company ordered devastating and continual retaliation 1644-46 in the Second Anglo-Powhatan War, the Indians tried again to expel the colonists, but ended up being banished and formally separated from areas of white settlement The Powhatans lost because of disease, disorganization, and disposability The Indians' New World For some, change was good; ex. the Lakotas (Sioux) became and thrived as horse-riding nomadic hunters on the Great Plains Disease wiped out, rearranged, and reinvented cultures European commerce replaced traditional barter-and-exchange networks that caused the Indians to fight over prime grounds to hunt for the fur that the Europeans wanted using guns bought from the Europeans, despite being underpaid for their work Indians not on the coast had more time and warning to adapt to the Europeans, ex. the few European traders who penetrated to the Algonquians in the Great Lakes area had to go by the Indians' ways John Rolfe was the father of the tobacco industry and the savior of the Virginian economy; perfected its cultivation, so soon heavy European demand for it Drawbacks of relying on tobacco: relentless hunger for more land for growing, exhausted the soil, economy dependent on the non-constant price of one crop, and promoted the plantation system which required much labor 1619 the first black slaves in North America were bought, but through the 1600s they remained too expensive for most of the colonists 1619 the first pre-American representative self-government was born when the London Company authorized the settlers to form the House of Burgesses King James I hated tobacco and distrusted the House of Burgesses, so revoked the charter of the now-bankrupt Virginia Company and made Virginia a royal colony under his control 1634 Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, founded Maryland for profit and to create a refuge for the still-persecuted Catholics So a tense situation developed with Catholic land barons on large estates next to Protestant colonists on modest farms Like Virginia, it prospered from growing tobacco using mainly white indentured servants 1649 Lord Baltimore wanted to protect the Catholic minority, so pushed the Act of Toleration that granted religious freedom to all Christians, but gave the death penalty to all others By the mid-1600s, England had secured several West Indian islands because Spain was weakened by overextension and distracted by rebellion in its Dutch provinces Sugar was the basis of the economy as tobacco was for Virginia and Maryland, but sugar took large amounts of resources to grow and process, so only the wealthy could grow it By 1700, the number of African slaves imported to work the plantations outnumbered the colonists four to one

Virginia: Child of Tobacco

Maryland: Catholic Haven

The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America

 For the first time in the New World, formal codes, ex. the harsh 1661 Barbados slave code, defined the slaves' legal status Colonizing the 1640-1660 English Civil War, during which no colonization occurred Carolinas 1670 Carolina created when king Charles II granted land to the Lords Proprietors Prospered economically because closely associated with the West Indies; grew food for them and were heavily populated by colonists from Barbados Those from Barbados brought its slave system, so soon, with the help of the Savannah Indians, were capturing and selling Indians into slavery; but 1707 the Savannahs decided to end the alliance and move to the newly-founded and Indian-friendlier Pennsylvania, so the Carolinians thinned their numbers Rice became the main crop, so many African slaves experienced in its cultivation were imported Charles Town became a busy seaport that attracted non-firstborn aristocrats and those seeking religious toleration The Catholic Spaniards in Florida disliked the influx of Protestants, so numerous AngloSpanish wars that failed to wipe out Carolina Poor outcasts and religious dissenters from Virginia moved into the wild northern Carolina The Emergence of They strongly resisted authority and were sandwiched between aristocratic Virginia and southern Carolina, so 1712 became North Carolina and separated from South Carolina North North Carolina and Rhode Island were the most democratic, most independent-minded, and Carolina least aristocratic of the thirteen colonies The North Carolinians often had violent relations with the Indians that usually ended with the Indians' defeat, ex. 1711 with the Tuscaroras and 1715 with the Yamasees But the more inland Indian tribes, ex. the Iroquois, Cherokees, and Creeks, were able to stave off British settlement for half a century Late-Coming Founded 1733, 52 years after the second-to last original colony, Pennsylvania Georgia: The Was intended as a buffer between the more valuable Carolinas and the Spanish in Florida and Buffer Colony the French in Louisiana, so was the only colony to receive English funding from the start The founders, such as James Oglethorpe, wanted to protect the northern colonies, create a haven for those imprisoned for debt, produce silk and wine, and avoid slavery Savannah was a melting-pot because of religious tolerance of all Christians except for Catholics, ex. John Wesley did religious work here before founding the Methodist Church Grew slowly because of the weather, restrictions on black slavery, and Spanish attacks The plantation colonies included Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia The Plantation Shared characteristics: exported agricultural products, kept slaves, much land was held by a Colonies few people, scattered population, religious toleration, and expansionary The Iroquois In the Mohawk Valley in New York, the Iroquois Confederacy was founded in the late 1500s by Deganawidah and Hiawatha that allied the nations of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas Iroquois society was centered around the longhouse, which housed several maternally related

families Although males were dominant in society, their rank was determined by their mothers' families The Confederacy ended warfare between themselves, defeated their rivals the Hurons, Eries, and Petuns, and grew by adopting captives and refugees, ex. the Tuscaroras When the Europeans arrived, took advantage of the rivalry between the French and the English, but were split by the American Revolution Many were forced to move into reservations, where many fell into moral decline, violence, and alcoholism; but then 1799 Handsome Lake was inspired by a vision to successfully reverse the Iroquois' moral decline

Summary

England gained the unity and strength needed to begin colonization after the Protestant Reformation and the defeat of the Spanish Armada The first settlers faced many difficulties, including starvation and strife with Indians But eventually, the exportation of cash crops stabilized the southern colonies, although this led to the beginning of African slavery in North America, and conflict with the Indians remained not uncommon

Chapter 3: Settling the Northern Colonies (1619-1700)

The Protestant 1517, Martin Luther posted the 97 Theses that declared sola scriptora and that sparked the Reformation Protestant Reformation Produces John Calvin was influenced by Luther to found Calvinism by 1536 writing the Institutes of the Puritanism Christian Religion that argued for predestination and the conversion experience 1530s King Henry VIII was breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church, so some, called the Puritans, wanted a total purification of the Anglican Church from Catholic tradition The Puritans were heavily influenced by Calvinism, and some, called the Separatists, disliked the seating of the chosen next to the damned during worship, so wanted to break away from the Anglican Church, and King James I realized the political danger, so expelled them The Pilgrims Some of the expelled Seperatists 1608 settled in Holland, but disliked how their children were growing up Dutch, so 1620 sailed on the Mayflower to Plymouth Bay in New England End Their They wrote the Mayflower Compact, a crude document that was a step towards self-rule Pilgrimage and Plymouth The first winter was extremely harsh and deadly, but they were eventually able to stabilize, partly because of the leadership of William Bradford Was important morally and spiritually, not economically or populationally The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealt h More moderate, non-Separatist Puritans back in England wanted to reform the Anglican Church from within with support from the Parliament, but 1629 King Charles I dismissed the Parliament, so colonized Massachusetts Massachusetts was better off and became the most influential outpost in New England because many settled there, the leadership of John Winthrop, fishing and shipbuilding, and the shared purpose of building a holy, model society

Building the Bay Colony

The provincial government was very inclusive, but was not a democracy because Puritans had more power than non-Puritans, while both groups were subject to the same laws and taxes Religious leaders, ex. John Cotton, had great power because they influenced admission to the church by questioning those who had supposedly had the conversion experience, but to a limited degree because church and state were semi-separate The Puritans were worldly, enjoyed simple pleasures, and believed that they had a holy calling to commit seriously to work and to engage in worldly pursuits Hell was very real and fearsome Massachusetts was tightly knit because of shared beliefs, but Quakers and others challenged Puritan authority, caused tension, and were punished Anne Hutchinson said God had revealed to her that a holy life did not necessarily indicate salvation and that the saved could do whatever they liked (antinomianism), so was banished to New York, where she was killed by Indians Minister and extreme Separatist Roger Williams said that they should break completely from the Anglican Church, the Bay Colony's charter unlawfully took land from the Indians, and the civil government should not have authority over religion, so 1635 was banished 1636 Roger Williams fled to Rhode Island and built the first Baptist church and established

Trouble in the Bible Commonwealt h

The Rhode

Island Sewer

total freedom of religion Had exceptional freedom of opportunity, with manhood suffrage Was mostly populated by outcasts, so was looked down upon by others, but became strongly individualistic and independent

New England The fertile Connecticut River valley was where the first westward expansion began, with 1636 Spreads Out Reverend Thomas Hooker leading Puritans in settling the area 1639 the Connecticut River colonists drafted the Fundamental Orders that established a democratic government 1638 settlement of New Haven began with the intent of forming an even closer church-state bond, but 1662 merged with Connecticut because fell into disfavor with King Charles II The English Population growth, economic depression, and religious repression caused a wave of English migration to the New World To the south: Some colonists were artisans or gentry, but 3/4ths were indentured servants from the middle classes The indentured servants provided the labor to farm tobacco before they became freedmen, but late 1600s the stream of labor dried up because of rebuilding after the 1666 London fire and slower population growth, so planters turned to black slaves To the north: Most of the migration occurred 1629-1642 Most migrants were Puritans traveling as families and even communities, but despite their shared faith, communities differed greatly in economic and political heritage and practice Maine was unable to be colonized, so 1677 was absorbed by Massachusetts 1641 New Hampshire was absorbed by Massachusetts but 1679 was excised on royal order

Puritans The Indians in New England had been greatly weakened by disease Versus Indians At first, the Wampanoags, such as Squanto, under Massasoit were friendly and helpful But peace ended after expansion into the Connecticut River valley, ex. the 1637 extermination of the Pequots People in England protested ^, so some small attempts at Christianizing the Indians made 1675-76 Massasoit's son Metacom formed an inter-tribal alliance and managed to beat back the colonists to an extent, but was a lasting defeat for the Indians 1643 two Massachusetts and two Connecticut colonies, all Puritan, banded together in the Seeds of New England Confederation for defense and for inter-colonial legal problems Colonial Was weak, but was the first time delegates worked together and colonists voted on an interUnity and Independence colonial scale Before and during the English Civil War, the crown neglected the American colonies and allowed them to become semi-autonomous commonwealths But when Charles II was restored to the throne, there was no hope of purifying the Anglican church, and he wanted to rule the colonies more actively and aggressively Massachusetts was the most defiant colony, so was punished by charter grants to others and charter revocation from the Bay Colony

Andros 1686 the crown imposed the Dominion of New England with the goals of defending against Promotes the Indians and efficiently administrating the English Navigation Laws that prohibited trade with First non-English countries American ^ was headed by Sir Edmund Andros who was disliked by the colonists because of his open Revolution affiliation with the Anglican Church, his noisy and Sabbath-working soldiers, and his heavy curbing of the colonists' liberties 1688, The Glorious Revolution influenced some Bostonians to overthrow Andros and the Dominion, and caused unrest elsewhere until royal governors who relaxed trade restrictions stepped in But Massachusetts did not gain much; 1691 was made a royal colony and had its charter replaced, and now all male property holders, not just church members, could vote But English officials, many of them incompetent, corrupt, and indifferent, remained in position and kept local leaders from those positions Late 1500s, the Netherlands won its independence from Spain with the help of England Old 1600s, was a Dutch golden age during which it became a naval and commercial power, Netherlanders fighting three inconclusive Anglo-Dutch naval wars, and also a colonial power with the Dutch at New East India Company Netherland 1609 the Netherlands hired English Henry Hudson who explored the Hudson River The Dutch West India Company traded, raided, and established colonies such as New Netherland and New Amsterdam for profit New Amsterdam was characterized by distrust of those against the Dutch Reformed Church, aristocratic ways, and diverse population Friction with The Dutch colonies were troubled with incompetent leaders, shareholders demanding dividends, and retaliating Indians English and New England disliked the Dutch intrusion and wanted to attack, but didn't Swedish Neighbors After the 1618-1648 Thirty Years' War, Sweden had a golden age, so tenuously set up New Sweden in Dutch territory, so 1655 Dutch troops under Peter Stuyvesant took over it Dutch Residues in New York The Dutch settlements in America were short-lived; New Netherland was surrounded and infiltrated by English, and New Amsterdam was seized by England and renamed New York But the Dutch still influenced New York culturally and left an autocratic and aristocratic spirit

Penn's Holy Mid-1600s onwards, Quakers, AKA the Religious Society of Friends, were English religious Experiment in dissenters who advocated passive resistance and were persecuted Pennsylvania Quaker William Penn wanted to establish a safe haven for Quakers with a liberal government while making a profit, so got a grant from the crown Attracted many immigrants by advertising widely and truthfully and by his liberal land policy At first, the Quakers in Pennsylvania had an excellent relationship with the Indians, but other Quaker groups who sheltered there detracted from it Pennsylvania The government and society were very liberal, so attracted many different peoples and and Its outcasts who sought economic opportunity, civil liberty, and religious freedom Neighbors Pennsylvania quickly grew economically and populationally

 Despite Pennsylvania's success, William Penn was not well liked by the colonists and fell into legal trouble and ill health 1664 New Jersey was established by royal grant, 1674 was split into East and West New Jersey and was all acquired by the Quakers, but 1702 was recombined into a royal colony 1703 Delaware was granted its own assembly, but remained governed by Pennsylvania until the Revolution The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies The Middle Colonies consisted of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania Commonalities: Had fertile soil and produced much grain Had rivers with few waterfalls that encouraged exploration and water-powered industry Industries included lumbering, shipbuilding, and commerce Landholdings and local government were bigger than those in New England, but smaller than those in the South Had diverse populations, religious tolerance, and economic and social democracy Benjamin Franklin was a Middle Colonist and is a representative period American personality Religious persecution was often the incentive to establish a northern colony The northern colonies varied widely in religious toleration and relations with Indians The English crown had not paid much attention to its American colonies, so they became semi-autonomous, so England made an attempt at regaining control that was soon defeated The Dutch established small colonies in America, but they were soon overcome by the English

Summary