Concrete swimming pool design

08/10/2012
Outline
Concrete (swimming pool) Tanks

Guidance on the design of in-situ concrete water retaining structures
Scope Structural Design

Eurocodes ULS design SLS design
SPATA Training
4 Oct 2012
Materials Specification AOB
Charles Goodchild
CEng., MCIOB, MIStructE Principal Structural Engineer The Concrete Centre
Outline
Scope
Concrete swimming pool tanks
These would normally be constructed from shuttered in-situ reinforced concrete to BS 8007. They can be formed with or without a screed / render and normally have a ceramic tile finish. Waterproofing additives can be used to reduce the risk of leakage. The tank structure should be thoroughly tested for water tightness, through a full depth tank test before finishes are applied. Any faults should be remedied after allowing the pool tank to dry out thoroughly, and before tiling or lining work is undertaken. Any repair is more effective from the wet side.

www.sportengland.org/facilities.../design _and.../idoc.ashx?...
Scope
Scope
www.londonswi mmi ngpools.com/por tfoli o.ht ml#id_228
http://davidhallamltd.co.uk/pools/c ommer cial-pools
www.por tr aitpools.com/wp-content/br ochur e/
SPATA Training 4 Oct 2012 - Eurocode 2 Part 3 Tanks
08/10/2012
Scope
www.sportengland.org/facilities.../design _and.../idoc.ashx?. ..
http://www.londonswi mmi ngpools.com/
Scope
Planning: Location Type Shape Dimensions Diving? Sub Aqua? Features Roof structure Hydraulic design criteria, AHU spec., Plant ducts, pipes filters/pumps and water treatment, plantroom, penetrations, Services lighting, moving floors Changing facilities Spectator facilities Other amenities Design: Architect Structural engineer, M & E consultant Interior designer Swimming pool specialist
Outline
Eurocodes
Whats new in water retaining structures)? Withdrawal of BS 8110, BS 8007 etc Eurocodes New information:
CIRIA C660 Revision to BS 8102 S Alexander, TSE Dec 06 B Hughes, TSE Aug 08? ICE project 0706 on reinforcement to control cracking (report Feb 2010)
Eurocodes
Debate
BS 8007
08/10/2012
Eurocodes
Eurocode 2: relationships
BS EN 1997 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN BS EN 1990 BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN BS EN 1998 SEISMIC DESIGN
Eurocodes
BS EN 1992-3
BS EN 1991 ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES BS 8500 Spe cifying Concrete BS EN 206 Concrete BS EN 13670 Execution of Structures
BS EN 10138 Prestressing Steels BS EN 10080 Reinforcing Steels BS 4449 Reinforcing Steels BS EN 13369 Pre-cast Concrete
BS EN 1992
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Pic of eurocodes incl pt 3
NSCS DMRB? NBS? Rail? CESWI?
Part 1-1: General Rules for Structures Part 1-2: Structural Fire Design
BS EN 1994 Design of Comp. Struct.
BS EN 1992 Part 2: Bridges
BS EN 1992 Part 3: Liquid Ret. Structures
13
Eurocodes
BS EN 1992-3 (cont)
Eurocodes
Typical water-retaining structure
Utility structures - all about minimising material and maintenance cost A degree of leakage may be acceptable discuss tightness class with clients crack width? 0.05 to 0.2mm or 0.3?
BS EN 1992-3 (cont)
Eurocodes
Eurocodes
Edge details
08/10/2012
Eurocodes
Concrete pool construction
Structural
www.sportengland.org/facilities. ../design _and.../idoc.ashx?...
Outline
Option 1: Monolithic design for whole of tank and pool surrounds when constructed from in-situ water retaining concrete to BS 8007/ BS EN 1992 Part 3 gives a highly stable structure Option 2: Gunite sprayed reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete block work with waterproof renders /coatings An Integral transfer channel is the most common option Fixtures and fittings need to be integrated into the tank design
Waterproofing Inherent within well constructed in-situ reinforced concrete pools meeting BS 8007/ BS EN 1992 Part 3 Can be augmented by waterproof liner and/or render Finishes Option 1 Fully ceramic tiles on render backing is the preferred finish Option 2 Specialist finish renders and paint finishes have been used where long term durability is not so important
Structural design: loads cases

Tank empty
(Tank in ground)
Structural design - ULS

Tank full
(Tank in or above ground)
Design for Ultimate Limit State EQU Equilibrium Limit State STR & GEO Structural and Geotechnical Limit States Partial factor for water actions: gQ for silos and tanks BS EN 1991-4 Maximum design liquid level during operations gQ = 1.20 gF for Normal level ? gF = 1.35? Structural design As per normal elements 3D nature of design
Actions for ULS Soil loads Ground water loads Compaction loads Analysis Slab Equilibrium Flexure Walls Flexure Slab Flexure Tension Soil structure interaction Walls Flexure Tension Shear Water loads Normal level Accidental level
Actions for SLS As above plus: Early age thermal Autogenous As above plus: Drying Differential temperature

Analysis Was plate theory
Manifested by graphs or tables

now often FEA
(via grillage).
Horizontal moments in a 8 x 6 x 4 m deep tank

Courtesy HAC
08/10/2012

Design for tension:
Not only tensile forces from restraint but also tension from loading
Water Retaining : N-M where tension exists
Axial tension due to water pressure on Wall B Axial tension due to water pressure on Wall A
gFrwh Section/Elevation
Plan Section at corner Not forgetting tension in base slabs!!

Shear: VRdc is affected by tension

Tanks in the ground: BS EN 1997, Combination 1 and 2
Design for Ultimate Limit State GEO in the ground Combinations 1 and 2
gF for ground water o Normal gF = 1.35 o Most unfavourable gF = 1.20
(BS EN 1997) (NA to BS EN 1991-4)
Structural design - Example

Characteristic actions on basement wall and adjacent slabs: LC1 water at ground level
Structural design below ground

For empty Tanks in the ground see Concrete Basements
This guide covers the design and construction of reinforced concrete basements and is in accordance with the Eurocodes.
The aim of the guide is to assist designers of concrete basements of modest depth, i.e. not exceeding 10 metres. It will also prove relevant to designers of other underground structures. It brings together in one publication the salient features for the design and construction of such water-resisting structures.
Combination 1
Combination 2
The guide has been written for generalist structural engineers who have a basic understanding of soil mechanics.
08/10/2012
Outline
Structural design - SLS
Design for Serviceability Limit State Control of cracking

1. Test for restraint cracking
A section will crack if:

Restraint factors
> e ctu Table 1 Values of restraint factor R for a particular pour BS EN 1992-3 Annex L configuration Pour configuration Thin wall cast on to massive concrete base
usually 0.5 Massive pour cast onto blinding
e r = Rax e free = K[([acT1 +e ca)] R1 + ([acT2 R2)] + e cd R3]

where
K ac T1 e ca R 1, R3 R 2, = = = = = = =
T2
e cd
= =
e ctu
allowance for creep 0.65 when R is calculated using CIRIA C660 1.0 when R is calculated using BS EN 1992-3 coefficient of thermal expansion (See CIRIA C660 for values). See Table A6 for typical values difference between the peak temperature of concrete during hydr ation and ambient temperature C (See CIRIA C660). Typical values are noted in Table A7 Autogenous shrinkage strain value for early age (3 days: see Table A9) restraint factors. See Section A5.6 For edge restraint from Figure L1 of BS EN 1992-3 for short- and long-term therm al and longterm drying situations. For base-wall restraint they may be calculated in accordance with CIRIA C660. Figure L1 may be used with CIRIA C660 methods providing an adjustment for creep is made (See Figure A2 and note). For end restraint, where the restraint is truly rigid 1.0 is most often used , for instance in infill bays. This figure might be overly pessimistic for piled slabs. long-term drop in temperature after concreting, C. T 2 depends on the ambient temperature during concreting. The recommended values from CIRIA C660 for T 2 are 20C for concrete cast in the summer and 10C for concrete cast in winter. These figures are based on HA BD 28/87[60] based on monthly air temperatures for exposed bridges. Basements are likely to follow soil temperatures so T 2 = 12C may be considered appropriate at depth. drying shrinkage strain, dependent on ambient RH, cement content and mem ber size (see BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp. (3.9) or CIRIA C660 or Table A10). CIRIA C660 alludes to 45% RH for internal conditions and 85% for external conditions. tensile strain capacity may be obtained from Eurocode 2 or CIRIA C660 for both short term and long term values
CIRIA C660 Cl 3.2
R 0,6 to 0,8 at base 0,1 to 0,2 at top 0,1 to 0,2

ofbase creep 0,3 to 0,4 at included 0,1 to 0,2 at top Beware: effects
Massive pour cast onto existing concrete Suspended slabs Infill bays, i.e. rigid restraint
0,2 to 0,4 0,8 to 1,0

SLS Design vs time
Short term load strength

2. Minimum reinforcement
As,min = kc k Act (fct,eff /fyk)
where
kc = =
BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.1)
Long term load strength
Stress due to early thermal & shrinkage & seasonal Stress due to early thermal & drying shrinkage
A coefficient to account for stress distribution. 1.0 for pure tension. When cracking first occurs the cause is usually early thermal effects and the whole section is likely to be in tension. A coefficient to account for self-equilibrating stresses 1.0 for thickness h < 300 mm and 0.65 for h > 800 mm (interpolation allowed for thicknesses between 300 mm and 800 mm). area of concrete in the tension zone just prior to onset of cracking. Act is determined from section properties but generally for basement slabs and walls is most often based on full thickness of the section. fctm mean tensile strength when cracking may be first expected to occur: for early thermal effects 3 days for long-term effects, 28 days (which considered to be a reasonable approximation) See Table A5 for typical values. characteristic yield strength of the reinforcement. 500 MPa
= = =
Act
fct,eff
==
Stress due to early thermal allowing for creep
fyk
[1]
= =
CIRIA C660 Recent research[61] would suggest that a factor of 0.8 should be applied to fct,eff in the formula for crack inducing strain due to end restraint. This factor accounts for long-term loading, in-situ strengths compared with laboratory strengths and the fact that the concrete will crack at its weakest point. TR 59[62] concludes that the tensile strength of concrete subjected to sustained tensile stress reduces with time to 6070% of its instantaneous value.
CS TR 67
Provision of minimum reinforcement does not guarantee any specific crack width. It is simply a necessary amount presumed by models to control cracking; but not necessarily a sufficient amount to limit actual crack widths.
08/10/2012

3. Crack widths and watertightness Tightness Classes
BS EN 1992-3 Cl 7.3

3. Crack widths and watertightness Tightness Classes - notes
BS EN 1992-3 Cl 7.3
Lined pools? Tiled pools (most?) Above ground?
Special?

4. Crack width calculations Crack width, wk = sr,max ecr
where BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.8)

4.2 e cr =(e cs - e cm ) Consider a crack in a section:
Debonding length
S0 S0
4.1
sr,max = Maximum crack spacing = 3.4c + 0.425 (k1k2f /rp,eff)

where c k1 k2 f rp,eff = = = = = = = nominal cover, cnom 0.8 (CIRIA C660 suggests 1.14) 1.0 for tension (e.g. from restraint) 0.5 for bending (e 1 + e 2)/2e 1 for combinations of bending and tension diameter of the bar in mm. As/Ac,eff Ac,eff for each face is based on { 0.5h; 2.5(c + 0.5f); (h x)/3} where h = thickness of section and x = depth to neutral axis.
Plan (or section)
s
Strain
Strain in reinforcement sm
c
Sr,max
ectu
e sm - e cm
cm = 0
e cr = Crack-inducing strain
Strain in concrete
= Mean strain in steel mean strain in concrete, over the debonding length either side of the crack = (e cs - e cm ) . . . . . .
wk = sr,max ecr = sr,max (e sm - e cm)
ecm ectu /2

e cr = Crack-inducing strain = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Water Retaining : adding in tension
CIRIA C660 Cl 3.2
4.2a Early age crack-inducing strain ecr = K[acT1 +eca] R1 0.5 e ctu 4.2b Long term crack-inducing strain ecr = K[([ acT1 +eca )] R1 + ([ acT2 R2)] + ecd R3] 0.5 e ctu 4.2c End restraint crack-inducing strain ecr = 0.5ae kckfct,eff [1 + (1/ae r)] /Es
Wall 6 m high. Assumed H16 @ 100 bs The total load transferred may be obtained by integration as T = 180 kN. Total area of designed reinft 6 2010 x 2 = 24120 mm2
Tension in pool wall Pressure
CIRIA C660 Cl 3.2
BS EN 1992-3 Exp (M.1)
4.2d Flexural (and applied tension) crack-inducing strain ecr = (esm ecm) = [ss kt (fct,eff /rp,eff) (1 + ae rp,eff] /Es
ecr 0.6 (ss )/Es

BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.9)
Corresponding stress ss = 7.46 MPa leading to a strain es = 37.3 10-6 This should be added to ecr calculated previously to give the modified crack width wk.
08/10/2012

Crack control without direct calculation
dont do it!
Outline
Deflection control
As normal design
Minimising the risk of cracking

Materials
use cement replacements, aggregates with low a c, avoid high strength concretes sequential pours
Construction construct at low temperatures, use GRP or steel formwork, Detailing

use small bars at close centres, avoid movement joints, prestress?
Selection of materials
Concrete:
Superstructure & Benign soils: RC30/37? Cement IIB-V (CEM I + 21%-35% fly ash) or IIIA (CEM I + 36% - 65% ggbs).
cf C35A?: requirements: C28/35 (equiv) -- WCR 0.55 CC 325 CEM I,, IIB-V,) RC30/37: requirements : C30/37 S3 WCR 0.55 CC 300 CEM I, IIA, IIB-S, IIB-V, IIIA, IVB-V B)
Admixtures
Porosity may be important but its the cracks that matter not (usually) concrete! Concrete Society Working Group on Water Proofing admixtures: no conclusive evidence to support their use (- from a material scientists point of view). from data there is some evidence to suggest that they may reduce drying shrinkage (less permeability)and therefore reduce onset of cracking and reduce crack widths Traditional: Engineering, workmanship, supervision issues, risk & possible remedials and upheavals and contractual issues vs vs Admixtures: warranties, supervision & possible remedials and upheavals ? Whatever the tank should still be designed properly! Cost and risk:
Aggressive soils: Advise producer of DC Class. For DC-2: FND-2? (C25/30)? More aggressive soils: Cement IIIB (CEM I + 66% 80% ggbs) or IIVB-V (CEM I + 36%-55% fly ash)
Water stops
Preformed strips rubber, PVC, black steel Water-swellable water stops Cementitious crystalline water stops Miscellaneous post-construction techniques (Re) injectable water bars Rebate and sealant
Waterbar
Photo cr edits Water mans
08/10/2012
Hydrophilics
Resin injection
Photo cr edit Max Fr ank
Photo cr edit Water mans
Proprietary cementitious multi-coat renders, toppings and coatings
Proprietary cementitious multi-coat renders, toppings and coatings
Outline
Specification
Specification:
BS EN 13670 NSCS / NBS
Joints
Construction joints Water stops
Miscellaneous
Kickers Formwork ties Membranes & coatings Admixtures & additives Service penetrations Drainage
Inspection, remedials & maintenance
08/10/2012
Specification
Materials
National Structural Concrete Specification, NSCS
Inspections
Waterstop s
Ties
Specification
Additives Kickers
Inspections
Ties
Contractors choice of materials Guidance Performance Spec
Joints
Waterstops
Specification
Table 1: AREAS AND DIMENSIONS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION.
Construction Water resisting walls Water resisting slabs Slabs with major restraint at both ends Slabs with major restraint at one end only Slabs with little restraint in any direction Walls Maximum Area (m )
2
Specification
Testing: No longer in BS EN 1992-3 Suggest putting the testing to BS 8007 in project specification
Maximum Dimension (m ) 5 10 13 20 30 10
25 100 100 250 500 40
Unless otherwise agreed and designed
NSCS Max pour sizes
10
08/10/2012
Outline
AOB
BS8007 vs EC2
No 0.7 bond factor in EC2 (however detailing rules . . . ) Rebar cover and exposure: Pool water not severe . . . XC2?, XC3/4? . 35 mm? Ground: determine Exposure class. Nominal cover from EC2 & BS8500 SLS still dominates Min area of steel > 0.35% Avoid joints %age of fly ash (35%) and ggbs (50%) no longer specifically restricted Testing: nowhere. Suggest put in specification Different crack width formulae
AOB
Restraint and loading
To determine whether a section cracks Add e and Rax efree due to restraint and loading To determine crack widths Treat ecr due to restraint and loading separately
AOB
Cracking vs time
4.5 4.0
STRENGTH or STRESS, MPa
Loading Early age Curing thermal ff ctm ctm

Restraint stage
3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 5 10 15
actfctm sct
fctm
20 25 30 35 40
TIME, days 0.8fctm
AOB
BS 8007 3.2.2 The reinforcement provided to control cracking arising from direct tension in the immature concrete may be regarded as forming the whole or a part of the reinforcement required to to control cracking arising from direct and flexural tension in the mature concrete
AOB
Restraint and loading : cracks dont usually coincide
Surface cracks caused by flexure
Through cracks caused by loading

Far side Near side
Through cracks caused by restraint
11
08/10/2012
AOB
2.
where
AOB
Possible revision to C660
Minimum reinforcement As,min = kc k Act (fct,eff /fyk)
kc = =
2
BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.1)
where
Minimum reinforcement As,min = k kc k Act (a ct fct,eff /fyk)

kc = =
BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.1)
= = =
= = =
Act
Act
fct,eff
==
fct,eff
==
fyk
[1]
= =
fyk
[1]
= =
Provision of minimum reinforcement does not guarantee any specific crack width. It is simply a necessary amount presumed by models to control cracking; but not necessarily a sufficient amount to limit actual crack widths.
k = factor for stess relief, 0.8 a ct = factor for sustained loading, 0.75 Provision of minimum reinforcement does not guarantee any specific crack width. It is simply a necessary amount presumed by models to control cracking; but not necessarily a sufficient amount to limit actual crack widths.
AOB
Crack widths and watertightness recommendations for basements (TCC)
Construction typea and water table Expected performance of structure
Structure itself is not considered watertight Structure is almost watertight
AOB
Crack width requirement Tight wk mm -ness FlexRestraint Class ural / axial
Crack widths and watertightness Tightness Classes - notes

BS EN 1992-3 Cl 7.3
wk,max wk,1
A (membrane) B high
permanently high water table
Design to Tightness class 0 of BS EN 1992-3. See Table 9.2. Generally 0.3 mm for RC structure Design to Tightness class 1 of BS EN 1992-3. See Table 9.2. Generally 0.3 mm for flexural cracks but 0.2 mm to 0.05 mm for cracks that pass through the section
0 1
0.30
0.30e
0.30b 0.05 to 0.20

(wrt hd/h)
B variable
fluctuating water table
Structure is almost watertight
Design to Tightness class 1 of BS EN 1992-3. See Table 9.2. Generally 0.3 mm for flexural cracks but 0.2 mm for cracks that pass through the section Design to Tightness class 0 of BS EN 1992-3. See Table 9.2. Generally 0.3 mm for RC structures
1c 0c
0.30 b 0.20 0.30 0.30
B lowd
water table conditions. Some risk permanently below under exceptio nal conditions. underside of slab
Structure is watertight under normal
C (cavity)
Structure itself is not considered watertight
Design to Tightness class 0 of BS EN 1992-3. See Table 9.2. Generally 0.3 mm for RC structure. Design to Tightness Class 1 may be helpful for construction type C
0
(1)c
0.30
(0.3)
0.30e
(0.05 to 0.20 or 0.20)
Key
b Where the section is not fully cracked) the neutral axis depth at SLS should be at least xmin (where xmin > max {50 mm or 0.2 section thickness}) and variations in strain should < than 150 106.
AOB
Possible revisions to allowable crack widths wk1
NB Dwk = Dwk = diurnal change in crack width = possible new limits tied to allowable time for cracks to heal under full head
AOB
Concrete pool tanks (cont) Pre-cast concrete panels and permanent shuttering ..Structural movement joints should be avoided where possible. . . . . .If joints are unavoidable, these must have an effective proprietary water bar system suitable for their application. . . . .Pool surrounds should be designed to the same standard as the pool tank. Other concrete pool construction forms include sprayed concrete (gunite) and concrete blockwork formwork filled with reinforced concrete. These forms are primarily associated with private and hotel pools, and . . . Expert independent advice should be sought before considering these forms of pool construction. The use of tanking membranes in the pool surrounds, as an alternative to water retaining concrete should generally be avoided. However if tanking is unavoidable great care must be taken . . . . . The risk of damage due to thermal shock when the pool is emptied or filled with water and heated is a critical issue. This must be taken into account. . . Max fill/empty rate 0.03m/hour (0.75m/day) Max heating rate 0.25C/hour (6C/day) Prefabricated sectional stainless steel tank structures . . Is. . an emergent market. These are supported on a concrete slab . . . A welded reinforced plastic liner may also be used for the walls and/or floor of the tank.
12
08/10/2012
AOB
Sustainability: environmental
Materials should be selected with regard to their environmental sustainability, whilst also ensuring durability and lifecycle qualities: Recyclable content BRE green guide rating Environmental profile.
May be OK for concretes on large projects but: provenance, increased cement content for angular aggregate. 26% of all aggregate is recycled. All recycled concrete is already being used. Concrete Industry Sustainable Construction Strategy. See sustainableconcrete.org .uk 92% of concrete surveyed is responsibly sourced. 45% improvement in energy consuptyion in cement manufacture since 1990
AOB
Sustainability: social, economic
Robustness
Robust - minimal risk of damage from vandalism or pool hall activities. Durable Stable construction Workmanship is critical to waterproofing and long term life of the pool Proven long service life. Examples c 100 years Minimal long term maintenance of pool tank structure. Re-grouting of ceramic tiles may be required c 20 year intervals. Life of finishes will depend upon quality of materials, maintenance of pool water quality, wave action and chemicals Utilized
Service life Maintenance
Construction Long construction period for building the concrete shell Wet trade of finishes require an extensive period for application and curing Lack of a long term warranty. (Usually, the latent defects period will be 6/12 years and the patent defects period will be12 months) Long overall construction program Quality control Resolution of severe defects and leakage can be complex requiring potential drainage of pool and resulting in extended closure Dimensional control dependant on quality of workmanship on site
Costs
Tank construction: Normally used as benchmark Other associated costs: Dependant on the under-croft and basements plant room configurations and the contractors allowances for prelims.
AOB
Masonry design has changed too! . . . . . BS EN 1996
Outline

www.londonswi mmi ngpools.com/swimming_pool_constr uction. html
To The Editor of Concrete. 4 Meadows Business Park, Blackwater, Camberley, GU17 9AB 5th September 2012
Concrete (swimming pool) Tanks

Guidance on the design of in-situ concrete water retaining structures
Dear Sir, Waterproof concrete I note the recent space given to waterproof concrete. To suggest (Success with waterproof concrete, Concrete, Aug 2012) that it can satisfy Types A, B and C construction is clearly fatuous. Type A relies on a barrier or membranes and while admittedly a better outer wall will reduce water ingress, Type C relies on the cavity. It is Type B, structurally integral protection, where the potential benefits lie. The publicity is all very well but we engineers realise that besides joints, it is the cracks that cause leakage and concern in Type B structures - not the concrete between. CIRIA C660 and the Eurocodes give us sound principles on which to base our assessment of the likelihood of cracking. Assuming cracks occur, these documents may be used to give the appropriate amounts of reinforcement required to restrict crack widths so that in time water ingress stops. Cracking and crack-width calculations are based on fundamental properties of concrete (e.g. ac , T1, e ca, e cd, e ctu). Unfortunately the effects that waterproofing admixtures have on these properties is largely unknown despite the best efforts of a recent Concrete Society Working Party to find out. So where these products are used, structural designers often ignore effects or are reliant on warranties for the design. Good workmanship is key and proponents efforts in this regard are to be applauded - as are the usual warranties to seal any cracks that occur. However, the cost to our clients, the disruption caused by making good, the lack of appropriate design information and the relinquishing of responsibility should cause specifiers and designers some thought. Yours sincerely Charles Goodchild
Principal Structural Engineer The Concrete Centre T 01276 606829 M 07870 179755 E cgoodchild@concretecentre.com S 01276 606800 F 01276 606701 W www.concretecentre.com 4 M eadows Business Park, Blackwater, Camberley, GU17 9AB The Concrete Centre is part of the Mineral Products Association, the trade association for the aggregates,
13
08/10/2012

Crack widths and watertightness Tightness Classes - notes
BS EN 1992-3 Cl 7.3
Revision to C660

e cr = Crack-inducing strain = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.7.2 Early age crack-inducing strain
CIRIA C660 Cl 3.2
Revision to C660
e cr = K[a cT1 +e ca] R1 0.5 e ctu

9.7.3 Long term crack-inducing strain
CIRIA C660 Cl 3.2
e cr = K[([a cT1 +e ca)] R1 + ([a cT2 R2)] + e cd R3] 0.5 e ctu

9.7.4 End restraint crack-inducing strain
BS EN 1992-3 Exp (M.1)
e cr = 0.5a e kckfct,eff [1 + (1/a e r)] /Es

9.7.5 Flexural (and applied tension) crack-inducing strain
e cr = (e sm e cm) = [s s kt (fct,eff /rp,eff) (1 + a e rp,eff] /Es e cr 0.6 (s s)/Es

BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.9)
Basement (Tank) slab options (300 mm thick)

NBG
Excluding effects of tension
250 mm wall options

Excluding effects of tension
End restraint rules
Edge restraint rules
14

Concrete swimming pool design

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Concrete swimming pool design

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08/10/2012

Concrete (swimming pool) Tanks

Scope Structural Design

Materials Specification AOB

Materials Specification AOB

www.londonswi mmi ngpools.com/por tfoli o.ht ml#id_228

http://davidhallamltd.co.uk/pools/c ommer cial-pools

www.por tr aitpools.com/wp-content/br ochur e/

www.londonswi mmi ngpools.com/por tfoli o.ht ml#id_37

SPATA Training 4 Oct 2012 - Eurocode 2 Part 3 Tanks

http://www.londonswi mmi ngpools.com/

Materials Specification AOB

SPATA Training 4 Oct 2012 - Eurocode 2 Part 3 Tanks

Pic of eurocodes incl pt 3

NSCS DMRB? NBS? Rail? CESWI?

BS EN 1994 Design of Comp. Struct.

BS EN 1992 Part 2: Bridges

BS EN 1992 Part 3: Liquid Ret. Structures

www.londonswi mmi ngpools.com/por tfoli o.ht ml#id_38

SPATA Training 4 Oct 2012 - Eurocode 2 Part 3 Tanks

Materials Specification AOB

Structural design: loads cases

Structural design - ULS

Structural design - ULS

Structural design - ULS

Horizontal moments in a 8 x 6 x 4 m deep tank

SPATA Training 4 Oct 2012 - Eurocode 2 Part 3 Tanks

Structural design - ULS

Water Retaining : N-M where tension exists

Plan Section at corner Not forgetting tension in base slabs!!

Structural design - ULS

Structural design - ULS

gF for ground water o Normal gF = 1.35 o Most unfavourable gF = 1.20

(BS EN 1997) (NA to BS EN 1991-4)

Structural design - Example

Structural design below ground

SPATA Training 4 Oct 2012 - Eurocode 2 Part 3 Tanks

Structural design - SLS

Design for Serviceability Limit State Control of cracking

Materials Specification AOB

Structural design - SLS

Structural design - SLS

e r = Rax e free = K[([acT1 +e ca)] R1 + ([acT2 R2)] + e cd R3]

CIRIA C660 Cl 3.2

R 0,6 to 0,8 at base 0,1 to 0,2 at top 0,1 to 0,2

0,2 to 0,4 0,8 to 1,0

Structural design - SLS

Structural design - SLS

BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.1)

Long term load strength

Stress due to early thermal allowing for creep

SPATA Training 4 Oct 2012 - Eurocode 2 Part 3 Tanks

Structural design - SLS

Structural design - SLS

Lined pools? Tiled pools (most?) Above ground?

Structural design - SLS

Structural design - SLS

sr,max = Maximum crack spacing = 3.4c + 0.425 (k1k2f /rp,eff)

Plan (or section)

wk = sr,max ecr = sr,max (e sm - e cm)

Structural design - SLS

Structural design - SLS