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453 Human Factors Engineering

Anthropometry/Ergonomics

Definition

Anthropometry = Anthro
(human)

metry
(measurement)

Anthropometry
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Anthropometry is the scientific measurement and collection of data about human physical characteristics and the application (engineering anthropometry) of these data in the design and evaluation of systems, equipment, manufactured products, human environments, and facilities. Cockpits, air traffic control work stations, maintenance, passengers, other crew stations
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Anthropometry/Ergonomics

Measuring the Human Size Determining Workplace Locations Verifying Required Forces and Physical Loads
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Workspace Design
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Monitoring

Control

ATC Process control Medical applications Cockpit Remotely piloted vehicles

UAVs, UGVs, UUVs

Must consider human-environment interactions as well as physical and cognitive limitations

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Remote surgery Supervisory control

How to Accomplish the Interface

Make the Man Fit the Job
Selection Training Motivation

Make Job Fit the Man (or Woman)

Adjustability Load Regulation

Some Common Errors

Using the Wrong Subject Population
Age Gender Race Fitness

Design Considerations
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Design reference points and zones

o Seat reference points o Arm rotation points o Eye reference points or zones o Visual envelopes o Mobility and/or comfort adjustment ranges

Dynamic measures
o Range & strength o Grip o Grasp o Exerted forces Push, pull, vertical Lifting & carrying

C/D Layout
Central Limit Theorem assures Normality, BUT Beware of the 3 Sigma outliers
Measurements co-vary (e.g. height, and reach) BUT Significant variations exist among the various measures
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Principles for C/D Layout

Location
Operational importance of C/Ds Frequency of use of C/Ds

Grouping
Functional Sequential Topological

C/D Identification Stereotypical Layouts Individual C/D Constraints

Manipulability of control Visibility of display
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Ergonomics Design Flow

Priorities
Primary visual tasks & their controls Emergency controls Control/display relations Functional/sequential grouping Frequency-of-use and consistency in layout

Priorities in automobile WS

Image removed due to copyright restrictions.

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Standing Operator Workplace

This image is in the public domain. Source: Department of Defense.

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Vehicle Operator Workplace

Image removed due to copyright restrictions.

13

Control/Display Locations
28 cm (11") 10o 30o 10o 0 Primary Display and Control Area 45o 60o 165 cm (65") 25 cm (10") 152 cm (60")
o

168 cm (66") 107 cm (42")

81 cm (32")

10 cm (4") 31 cm (12") 25 cm (10") 14 cm (5.4")

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

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Reach
60 Far High 50 Shoulder

Distance above SRP (cm)

40 30 20 10 0
Optimum Area

Near High

Backrest

Far Low

Near Low

Seat Reference Point (SRP)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Distance forward of SRP (cm)

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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Standing Control/Display Areas

Preferred Display Area

Preferred Control Area

165 cm (65") 135 cm (53") 127 cm (50") 86 cm (34")

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

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Representative Human Models

A small group of humanoids representing a designated percentage (e.g., 90%) of the target population for product design based on anthropometric data Benefits of RHMs in anthropometric design Efficient ergonomic design and evaluation Good fit between products and the target users.

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Applied Anthropometry

Figures 13.1 and 13.4 removed due to copyright restrictions. Source: Sanders, Mark S., and Ernest J. McCormick. Human Factors in Engineering and Design. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill, 1993. ISBN: 9780070549012.

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Reference Planes

These images are in the public domain. Source: NASA.

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Body Size Measurements

Type Height Breadth Depth (Thickness) Length Circumference Curvature Description A straight-line, point-to-point vertical measurement from a reference plane (floor or seat-pan). A straight-line, point-to-point horizontal measurement running across the body or segment. A straight-line, point-to-point measurement running fore-aft. A straight-line, point-to-point measurement between landmarks on the body. A closed measurement that follows a body contour. A point-to-point, but not closed, measurement that follows a body contour.

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Workplace Design
General approach
Plan the whole, then the detail Plan the ideal, then the practical Systems requirements process/equipment Process/equipment workplace layout Evaluate alternatives: models, mockups

Workplace layout

Define what the operator needs to see outside ws, inside ws, other people/equipment Define what operator needs to hear to communicate to with others, signals, alarms, equipment Specify what operator needs to control hand/foot controls, latches, seat adj, emergency Determine body clearances
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Reach Measurements

Images removed due to copyright restrictions.

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Preferred Postures

Images removed due to copyright restrictions.

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Measurement Techniques
Technique
Mechanical device Photogrammetry Laser scanner

Description
The body sizes are obtained by measuring the body parts directly. The body sizes are obtained by measuring the body parts on the photographic image. The body sizes are extracted from the digital body.

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Factors Effecting Body Size

The distributions of body sizes are known to be normal or similar to normal Sources of variability
Age Gender Racial and ethnic group Occupation Diurnal Secular trend
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Height Growth in Japan

172 170 168 166

Stature (cm)

164 162 160 158 156 154 152 150 148 146 1870

MALE

Students

General Population

Conscripts Students

FEMALE

General Population

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

Year of Birth
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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27

This image is in the public domain. Source: US Dept. of Transportation.

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This image is in the public domain. Source: US Dept. of Transportation.

This image is in the public domain. Source: US Dept. of Transportation.

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Design for Repetitive Tasks

Work related Musculoskeletal Disoreders
Housemaids Knee Instrumentalists Finger Overuse Carpal tunnel syndrome (most of us)
Force over 1kg Time < 10 sec Repetitive operations Lack of regular breaks

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Lifting Disorders
Safe techniques for Lifting Safe loads Maximum number of lifts
The EU guideline sates manual handling should be avoided as much as possible

Lower Back Injuries Effectiveness of Training Abdominal Belts

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Fall 2011

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