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    This is a study of the economic and fiscal impact of international immigration in the state of Missouri. The study concludes that immigrants are an integral part of the Missouri economy. Substantially reducing the number of foreign born individuals who have jobs in the state of Missouri would have negative consequences for native employment and income as well as causing a significant deterioration of the state’s fiscal situation. Other major findings are:  International immigration is responsible for almost all of the recent population growth of the state of Missouri.  The international immigration process in Missouri is selective of young males from all over the world.  Unauthorized immigration has increased in recent years.  Immigrants in Missouri are concentrated in the larger cities of the state.  Immigrants are more likely to have jobs than non‐immigrants.  Immigrants are overrepresented in the construction and manufacturing industries.  Immigrants are also overrepresented in both the highest skilled occupations and the lowest skilled occupations and they are also concentrated at both ends of the spectrum of educational attainment.  The linkages of immigrant jobs with the rest of the economy are such that an immigrant job creates more than one additional job.  Immigrants pay slightly less state and local taxes per capita than does the nonimmigrant population. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America also pay slightly less, and unauthorized immigrants pay about 89% of non‐immigrant per capita state and local taxes.  Each dollar of state and local tax revenue generated by the average immigrant job results in more than an additional dollar of state and local taxes.  The cost of educating native children of immigrants in the K‐12 public school system is much larger than the cost of educating immigrant children.  Unauthorized immigrants pay for the state services they use with the tax revenue their jobs generate directly

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    This is a study of the economic and fiscal impact of international immigration in the state of Missouri. The study concludes that immigrants are an integral part of the Missouri economy. Substantially reducing the number of foreign born individuals who have jobs in the state of Missouri would have negative consequences for native employment and income as well as causing a significant deterioration of the state’s fiscal situation. Other major findings are:  International immigration is responsible for almost all of the recent population growth of the state of Missouri.  The international immigration process in Missouri is selective of young males from all over the world.  Unauthorized immigration has increased in recent years.  Immigrants in Missouri are concentrated in the larger cities of the state.  Immigrants are more likely to have jobs than non‐immigrants.  Immigrants are overrepresented in the construction and manufacturing industries.  Immigrants are also overrepresented in both the highest skilled occupations and the lowest skilled occupations and they are also concentrated at both ends of the spectrum of educational attainment.  The linkages of immigrant jobs with the rest of the economy are such that an immigrant job creates more than one additional job.  Immigrants pay slightly less state and local taxes per capita than does the nonimmigrant population. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America also pay slightly less, and unauthorized immigrants pay about 89% of non‐immigrant per capita state and local taxes.  Each dollar of state and local tax revenue generated by the average immigrant job results in more than an additional dollar of state and local taxes.  The cost of educating native children of immigrants in the K‐12 public school system is much larger than the cost of educating immigrant children.  Unauthorized immigrants pay for the state services they use with the tax revenue their jobs generate directly

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    Contributions of International Immigrants in MO

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    mycatholicvoice.com
    This is a study of the economic and fiscal impact of international immigration in the state of Missouri. The study concludes that immigrants are an integral part of the Missouri economy. Substantially reducing the number of foreign born individuals who have jobs in the state of Missouri would have negative consequences for native employment and income as well as causing a significant deterioration of the state’s fiscal situation. Other major findings are:  International immigration is responsible for almost all of the recent population growth of the state of Missouri.  The international immigration process in Missouri is selective of young males from all over the world.  Unauthorized immigration has increased in recent years.  Immigrants in Missouri are concentrated in the larger cities of the state.  Immigrants are more likely to have jobs than non‐immigrants.  Immigrants are overrepresented in the construction and manufacturing industries.  Immigrants are also overrepresented in both the highest skilled occupations and the lowest skilled occupations and they are also concentrated at both ends of the spectrum of educational attainment.  The linkages of immigrant jobs with the rest of the economy are such that an immigrant job creates more than one additional job.  Immigrants pay slightly less state and local taxes per capita than does the nonimmigrant population. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America also pay slightly less, and unauthorized immigrants pay about 89% of non‐immigrant per capita state and local taxes.  Each dollar of state and local tax revenue generated by the average immigrant job results in more than an additional dollar of state and local taxes.  The cost of educating native children of immigrants in the K‐12 public school system is much larger than the cost of educating immigrant children.  Unauthorized immigrants pay for the state services they use with the tax revenue their jobs generate directly

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    of 61

    UMKC

    CENTER FOR ECONOMIC INFORMATION

    Economic and Fiscal


    Contributions of
    International Immigrants
    in the State of Missouri

    Dr.PeterEaton
    1/10/2013

    Acknowledgements
    The Greater Kansas City Hispanic Development Fund, an affiliate of the Greater Kansas City
    Community Foundation, wishes to thank the generous support from the foundation and business
    communities for sponsoring this study for Kansas and Missouri.
    We are especially grateful to our lead researcher Dr. Peter Eaton, Ph.D. from the University of
    Missouri-Kansas City as well as consultants to the research Dr. John Leatherman from Kansas
    State University and Dr. Joshua Rosenbloom from the University of Kansas.

    Brotherhood Bank & Trust


    DeBruce Companies
    Greater Kansas City Community Foundation
    Greater Kansas City Hispanic Development Fund
    H. Tony & Marti Oppenheimer Foundation
    Kansas City Southern Charitable Fund
    Maritz Holdings Inc.
    Sprint Foundation
    W.K. Kellogg Foundation Trustee Donor-Advised Fund

    ExecutiveSummary
    Thisisastudyoftheeconomicandfiscalimpactofinternationalimmigrationinthestateof
    Missouri.ThestudyconcludesthatimmigrantsareanintegralpartoftheMissourieconomy.
    Substantiallyreducingthenumberofforeignbornindividualswhohavejobsinthestateof
    Missouriwouldhavenegativeconsequencesfornativeemploymentandincomeaswellas
    causingasignificantdeteriorationofthestatesfiscalsituation.Othermajorfindingsare:

    Internationalimmigrationisresponsibleforalmostalloftherecentpopulationgrowth
    ofthestateofMissouri.
    TheinternationalimmigrationprocessinMissouriisselectiveofyoungmalesfromall
    overtheworld.
    Unauthorizedimmigrationhasincreasedinrecentyears.
    ImmigrantsinMissouriareconcentratedinthelargercitiesofthestate.
    Immigrantsaremorelikelytohavejobsthannonimmigrants.
    Immigrantsareoverrepresentedintheconstructionandmanufacturingindustries.
    Immigrantsarealsooverrepresentedinboththehighestskilledoccupationsandthe
    lowestskilledoccupationsandtheyarealsoconcentratedatbothendsofthespectrum
    ofeducationalattainment.
    Thelinkagesofimmigrantjobswiththerestoftheeconomyaresuchthatanimmigrant
    jobcreatesmorethanoneadditionaljob.
    Immigrantspayslightlylessstateandlocaltaxespercapitathandoesthenon
    immigrantpopulation.ImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericaalsopayslightly
    less,andunauthorizedimmigrantspayabout89%ofnonimmigrantpercapitastateand
    localtaxes.
    Eachdollarofstateandlocaltaxrevenuegeneratedbytheaverageimmigrantjob
    resultsinmorethananadditionaldollarofstateandlocaltaxes.
    ThecostofeducatingnativechildrenofimmigrantsintheK12publicschoolsystemis
    muchlargerthanthecostofeducatingimmigrantchildren.
    Unauthorizedimmigrantspayforthestateservicestheyusewiththetaxrevenuetheir
    jobsgeneratedirectly

    CenterforEconomicInformation
    KansasCity,January10,2013

    TableofContents
    Introduction 1
    ImmigrantProfile. 2
    TheEconomicContributionofImmigrantsintheStateofMissouri. 16
    AggregateEconomicContributionsofImmigrants19
    IndustrySectorImpact..20
    StateandLocalTaxRevenueEffects26
    ImmigrantUseofStateandLocalGovernmentServices..28

    Education(K12)Services28

    HealthServices..30

    HigherEducationandTransportationServices30

    LongTermAdjustmentstotheLossofUnauthorizedImmigrantJobs.. 31
    Bibliography..33
    AppendixTables.35

    ii


    Forward
    Earlyin2009,researchersattheUniversityofMissouriKansasCity,KansasStateUniversity,and
    theUniversityofKansaswerecontactedbytheGreaterKansasCityCommunityFoundation,to
    explorethepossibilityofconductingastudyoftheimpactofimmigrantsontheKansasand
    Missourieconomies.Overthenextseveralmonthsresearchersatthethreeuniversities
    developedanoverallanalyticalframeworkforsuchastudyandsubmittedaformaloutlineof
    thisprojecttothecommunityfoundation.Theinitialplancalledforresearchersineachstate
    toconducttheanalysisfortheirrespectivestates.Asplanningprogressed,however,itbecame
    apparentthisapproachwouldresultinconsiderableduplicationofeffort.Italsowas
    recognizedtheopportunityforvaluablecomparisonsacrossthetwostateswouldbe
    diminished.Oncethisbecameapparent,itwasdeterminedthebulkofworkontheproject
    shouldbeundertakenbyresearchersatasingleuniversity,withconsultationandinputfrom
    theotherscholarswhohadbeeninvolvedinformulatingtheoriginalresearchplan.Asaresult,
    Dr.PeterEatonoftheUniversityofMissouriKansasCityassumedresponsibilityforconducting
    theresearchwithDrs.JohnLeatherman(KansasStateUniversity)andJoshuaRosenbloom
    (UniversityofKansas)actingasconsultants.
    ThereportthatfollowsreflectsprimarilytheeffortsofDr.Eaton,butwithadviceand
    suggestionsfromDrs.LeathermanandRosenbloom.Itmaintainsthestructureandframework
    ofanalysisthatwasdevelopedbytheoriginalresearchteam.Inadditiontoconsultationon
    researchdesign,Drs.LeathermanandRosenbloomprovidedextensivereviewcommentsofthe
    preliminaryresearchreportand,now,offerthisassessmentofthefinalreport.Ultimately,Dr.
    Eatonmadeallfinaldecisionsregardingapproach,assumptions,andanalysis.
    Giventheavailabledatasources,certainanalyticassumptionswerenecessary.Theresimplyis
    nowaytoquantitativelyverifyahypothetical.Thus,manyimportantassumptionsare
    necessary.Theassumptionsmadeinvariablyaffectanalysisoutcomes.Therelative
    conservativenessoraggressivenessoftheunderlyingassumptionswillgreatlyaffectthe
    reportedoutcomes.Itisthechallengeandchoiceoftheanalysttoensuretheassumptionsare
    clear,reasonable,anddefensible.
    Indevelopingtheinitialplansfortheresearch,weandDr.Eatonreviewedalargenumberof
    relatedstudieswhichhaveprecededthiseffort.Wefoundawiderangeofoutcomes,someof
    whichlackedtransparencyoftheunderlyingassumptions.Webelievethereportsproducedby
    Dr.Eatonreflectthetransparencynecessarytoallowthereadertounderstandhowthe
    underlyingdatagiverisetothereportsconclusions.Further,webelievetheassumptions
    thereinarewithintheboundsgenerallyacceptablewithintherealmofqualifiedandcareful
    iii

    academicresearch.Webelievethattheresultsprovideareasonableandaccuratereflectionof
    thefactsatthetimeofthestudyandthatthemethodsusedtoinfertheeconomicimpactsof
    KansasandMissouriimmigrantshavebeenappliedinthegenerallyacceptedmanner.

    JohnC.Leatherman
    ProfessorofAgriculturalEconomics
    KansasStateUniversity

    JoshuaL.Rosenbloom
    ProfessorofEconomics
    UniversityofKansas

    10January2013

    iv

    Introduction
    Thisisastudyoftheeconomicandfiscalcontributionofinternationalimmigrantstothe
    economyofthestateofMissouri.ThestudywascommissionedbytheGreaterKansasCity
    CommunityFoundation.Studiesfromresearchinstitutesonboththeright(theCatoInstitute)
    andtheleft(ImmigrationPolicyCenter)havedemonstratedthebenefitsthataccrueto
    Americancitizensasaresultofimmigration.Therehavebeenstudiespublishedforseveral
    stateswhichattempttoquantifythegeneraleconomicconsequencesandfiscalimpactof
    immigration(Decker2008,Strayhorn,2006).Thisstudyaddressestheseissuesforthestateof
    Missouri.Inparticular,amajorpolicyquestionthatisaddressediswhatwouldbetheresult,
    forthestateofMissouri,ofasubstantialreductionintheamountofimmigration?Inrecent
    yearssomestateshaveenactedpolicieswiththeintentofsubstantiallyreducingunauthorized
    immigration.ThisstudyusesamodelofthestateofMissouritoquantifythecontributionsofall
    immigrants,andimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericatotheeconomyofMissouri.
    Fromtheseestimatesthestudyestimatesthecontributionofunauthorizedimmigrantstothe
    economyofMissouri.
    Thefirstsectionofthisstudyproducesdescribestheimmigrantpopulationinthestateof
    Missouri.ThedataforthissectioncomesmostlyfromtheAmericanCommunitySurvey.The
    descriptivedatainthetablesandmapsoftheimmigrantprofilesectioninformthesecond
    sectionofthestudy,whichanalyzesthegeneraleconomicimpactofimmigrationinthestate.
    Thefinalsectionexaminestheimpactofimmigrationonstateandlocaltaxesinthestateof
    Missouri.Thecostofthemajorcategoriesofstateandlocalgovernmentservicesfor
    immigrantsisthencomparedwiththetaxrevenueresultantfromimmigration.

    ImmigrantProfile
    Forthepurposeofthisstudy,aninternationalimmigrant(hereafterimmigrant)isdefinedasa
    personwhowasnotbornintheUnitedStates.1Thestudyaddressesfirstgeneration
    immigrantsonlyandthereforedoesnotaddresstheethnicityofallMissouriresidents.Itdoes
    addresstheethnicityofMissouriresidentswhowerenotbornintheUnitedStates.
    Thefirstsectionofthestudypresentsaprofileofimmigrants.Inmanycasesitmakessenseto
    compareimmigrantswiththenativebornpopulation,andthereforemanyofthedatatables
    includeinformationregardingthenativebornpopulation.Bynativeborn,wemeanborninthe
    UnitedStates,orbornabroadtoparentsatleastoneofwhomisaUScitizen.Inthisstudywe
    willrefertothreeimmigrantcategoriesallimmigrants,immigrantsfromMexicoandCentral
    America,andunauthorizedimmigrants.Table1andChart1showthenativityofimmigrantsin
    thelastthreeyearsforwhichdatawasavailableatthetimeofwriting.Immigrantsmadeup
    almost3.9%ofthepopulationofthestateofMissouriin2010.Slightlylessthanonequarterof
    immigrantsarefromMexicoandCentralAmerica.2Theimmigrantpopulationisgrowing
    significantlyfasterthanthenativepopulation.AmoredetailedlistoforiginsofMissouri
    ImmigrantsisincludedinDataAppendixTableA.1.In2010therewereroughlythesame
    numberofimmigrantsfromMexicoasfromthenextthreemostfrequentcountrysourcesof
    immigrants(India,ChinaandYugoslavia)combined.

    Table1
    BirthplaceofMissouriResidents
    RegionofNativity
    2008
    2009
    2010
    Growth+
    Mexico&CentralAmerica
    38549
    53350
    56151
    45.66%
    Asia
    50331
    61374
    69307
    37.70%
    Europe
    62074
    51301
    55869
    10.00%
    Africa
    10432
    17290
    16986
    62.83%
    SouthAmerica&Caribbean
    11200
    10559
    16004
    42.89%
    MiddleEast
    13241
    11551
    5673
    57.16%
    Canada
    21470
    4940
    7312
    65.94%
    Other
    5034
    1533
    5000
    0.68%
    AllImmigrants
    212331
    211898
    232302
    9.41%
    UnitedStates
    5699274 5775682 5763229 1.12%
    Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey,&authorscalculations.

    TheonlyexceptiontothisdefinitionisindividualswhoarebornabroadwithoneormoreUScitizensasparents.
    Allsurveydataaresubjecttosamplingerror.Thereadershouldinterpretsurveyresultsasamidpointofan
    interval.Thesizeoftheintervaldependsnumberoffactors.Broadlyspeaking,themoreinformationwehave
    aboutsomething(samplesize)thesmallertheinterval(inpercentageterms).SoinTable1,forexample,wecan
    speakwithmoreprecisionabouttheimmigrantpopulationfromMexicoandCentralAmericathanwecanabout
    theimmigrantpopulationfromtheMiddleEast.

    +percentagegrowthfrom2008to2010

    ThePEWHispanicCenterhasdevelopedamethodologyforcountingunauthorizedimmigrants
    (Passel&Cohn,2009,AppendixD)thatmakesPEWwidelyacceptedasthebestavailable

    Chart1:BirthplaceofMissouriResidents,2010
    1%
    0%

    1%
    96%

    0%

    0%

    4%

    0%
    1%

    1%

    US

    Mexico&CentralAmerica

    Asia

    Europe

    Africa

    SouthAmerica&Caribbean

    MiddleEast

    Canada

    Other

    AllPercentagesareroundedtothenearestpercent.Avalueof0%meansless than1/2ofone%.

    sourcefordataregardingunauthorizedimmigrants.PEWcitesMissouriasoneofthestates
    withthelowestpercentageofunauthorizedimmigrantsasapercentofthepopulation(41stof
    50states).PewestimatesthenumberofunauthorizedimmigrantsinMissouriwas
    approximately55,000in2010.
    Thisnumberisanincreaseof10,000since2008,whentheestimatednumberofunauthorized
    immigrantswas45,000(PasselandCohn,2011,p.23).In2010,Missouriranked33rdamong
    statesintheestimatedcountofunauthorizedimmigrants.Nationwide,PEWestimatesthat
    70%ofunauthorizedimmigrantscomefromMexico(59%)andCentralAmerica(11%)(Passel
    andCohn,2009,p.21).Thesepercentageshavebeenrelativelystableoverthelastdecade.This
    probablyoverestimatesthepercentageofunauthorizedimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentral
    AmericainMissouri,giventhehighpercentageofimmigrantsfromAsia.
    CombiningthePEWestimateswiththedatainTable1,therecenttrendinthestateofMissouri
    appearstobetowardanincreaseinunauthorizedimmigrationasapercentageoftotal
    immigration(from21%in2008to24%in2010).
    DatafromtheAmericanCommunitySurveycanbeusedtomapthelocationofimmigrants.The
    smallestgeographicalunitforwhichthiscanbedoneiscalledaPUMA(PublicUseMicrodata
    Area).APUMAisdefinedsuchthatitincludesapopulationofatleast100,000persons.Inrural
    partsofthestate,aPUMAwillcontainseveralcounties.Inurbanpartsofthestate,several
    PUMAsmaybeincludedinonecounty.Maps1and2showimmigrantpopulationasapercent
    3

    ofPUMApopulationin2009,andimmigrantpopulationfromMexicoandCentralAmericaasa
    percentoftotalPUMApopulationin2009,respectively.Itisobviousthatthereisnotarandom
    distributionoftheimmigrantpopulation.ImmigrantsareconcentratedinKansasCity,St.Louis
    andColumbia.ImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericaareconcentratedinthe
    southwesternPUMAandinurbanPUMAs.Thereasonforthisconcentrationisthatthese
    locationshavejobsthatuseimmigrantlabor.Wewilladdressthisinmoredepthinthesections
    oftheprofilethatdealwiththelaborforcecharacteristicsofimmigrants.

    Thedemographicsoftheimmigrantpopulationaredramaticallydifferentfromthoseofthe
    nativepopulation..Charts2Aand2Bareagepyramidsforthetwopopulationgroups.The
    differencesareobvious,withtheimmigrantpopulationmuchmoreconcentratedinagesthat
    areeconomicallyactive.
    Chart2A:AgePyramidforMissouriImmigrants(2009)

    Age
    75+
    7074
    6064
    5054
    4044

    Female

    3034

    Male

    2024
    1014
    04

    201001020 Percent
    Chart2B:AgePyramidforMissouriNonImmigrants(2009)

    Age
    75+
    7074
    6064
    5054
    4044

    Female

    3034

    Male

    2024
    1014
    04

    201001020 Percent

    Table2showssimilarinformationfortheageandgenderdistributionofthreegroups:all
    immigrants,immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,andUSnatives.Intheimmigrant
    population,therearemoremalesthanfemales,whereastheoppositeistrueinthenative
    population.Intheimmigrantpopulationthereisamuchsmallerpercentageofthepopulation
    intheveryyoungandveryoldagecategories.Over74%oftheimmigrantpopulation,andover
    79%oftheimmigrantpopulationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,arebetweentheagesof19
    7

    and65(theagecohortthatincludesthegreatmajorityofthelaborforce).Thisistrueforboth
    malesandfemales.Thiscompareswithapproximately60%ofnativemalesand58%ofnative
    females.Thisdramaticdifferenceintheworkingagepopulationisareflectionofoneofthe
    longrecognizedLawsofMigration,thathasbeennotedbysocialscientistssincethe19th
    Century(Ravenstein,1885).Namelythatimmigrationisprimarilycausedbyeconomicforces.

    Table2
    BasicDemographicsofMissouriImmigrantsandNatives,2009
    Age
    Male

    Female

    All

    Immigrants
    05
    1515
    1.42%
    1972
    1.88%
    3487
    1.65%
    618
    11542
    10.80%
    11640
    11.10%
    23182
    10.94%
    1935
    38683
    36.19%
    31729
    30.26%
    70412
    33.23%
    3665
    45625
    42.69%
    46398
    44.18%
    92023
    43.43%
    65+
    9509
    8.90%
    13285
    12.65%
    22794
    10.76%
    Total
    106874 100.00% 105024 100.00% 211898 100.00%
    Mexican&CentralAmericanImmigrants
    05
    599
    1.76%
    415
    1.90%
    1014
    1.81%
    618
    3765
    11.04%
    2866
    13.12%
    6631
    11.85%
    1935
    15734
    46.15%
    9219
    42.19%
    24953
    44.60%
    3665
    12900
    37.83%
    8095
    37.05%
    20995
    37.35%
    65+
    1097
    3.22%
    1254
    5.74%
    2351
    4.20%
    Total
    34095 100.00%
    21849 100.00%
    55944 100.00%
    Natives
    05
    247357
    8.77%
    231886
    7.85%
    479243
    8.30%
    618
    520868 18.47% 494895 16.74% 1015763 17.59%
    1935
    637132 22.60% 645988 21.85% 1283120 22.22%
    3665
    1076781 38.18% 1120534 37.91% 2197315 38.04%
    65+
    337747 11.98% 462494 15.65% 800241 13.86%
    Total
    2819885 100.00% 2955797 100.00% 5775682 100.00%
    Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey2009

    ThereisinsufficientinformationintheAmericanCommunitySurveytoanalyzeseparatelythe
    age/gendercompositionofunauthorizedImmigrantsinthestateofMissouri.Howeverif
    Missourifollowsnationaltrends,thenthesamepatternwouldprevailofahighpercentageof
    workingagemales,andalowpercentageoftheveryyoungandveryold,thatprevailsforthe
    immigrantpopulationasawholeinMissouri.Wetakethisasevidencethattheunauthorized
    immigrantsofMissourifollowasimilarage/genderbreakdownastheUnitedStatesasawhole.
    Inthecountryasawhole,only1.2%ofunauthorizedimmigrantsare65yearsofageorolder,
    comparedwith12%ofnatives(PasselandCohn,2011,p.6).Similarly35%ofunauthorized

    immigrantsaremalesbetweentheagesof18and39,comparedwith14%ofthepopulationof
    natives.
    Theeconomiccausesforimmigrationarealsoreflectedinthelaborforcestatusofimmigrants,
    especiallymales,whencomparedtothatofnatives.Table3showsthatthemalelaborforce
    participationrate(percentemployedpluspercentunemployed)is77%forimmigrantsversus
    65%fornatives.Thefemalelaborforceparticipationrateisslightlyhigherfornativesthanfor
    immigrants,duetothefactthatimmigrantfemalesaremorelikelytobeyoung,haveyoung
    children,andstayathometocareforthosechildren(Fortuny,etal.,2009,p.1).Thelaborforce
    participationrateforimmigrantmalesfromMexicoandCentralAmericais81%.Combining
    Tables2and3clearlydemonstratesthattheimmigrationprocessisselectiveofworkingage
    males,andthatthisprocessisaccentuatedforimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.
    Theseresultsareconsistentwithnationaltrends.Althoughthereisnodirectestimateofthe
    laborforceparticipationratesofunauthorizedimmigrantsinMissouri,nationaldataindicate
    thatthelaborforceparticipationrateishigherforunauthorizedimmigrantsthanforall
    immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica(PasselandCohn,2009,pp.1213).

    Table3
    LaborForceStatusinMissouriofIndividualsover18yearsofAge2009
    EmploymentStatus
    Male

    Female

    All

    AllImmigrants
    Employed
    72130 76.88%
    51325 56.15% 123455 66.65%
    Unemployed
    5103
    5.44%
    3430
    3.75%
    8533
    4.61%
    Notinlaborforce
    16584 17.68%
    36657 40.10% 53241 28.74%
    Total
    93817
    100%
    91412
    100% 185229 100%
    Mexican&CentralAmericanImmigrants
    Employed
    24121 81.13%
    10601 57.09% 34722 71.89%
    Unemployed
    2074
    6.98%
    891
    4.80%
    2965
    6.14%
    Notinlaborforce
    3536
    11.89%
    7076
    38.11% 10612 21.97%
    Total
    29731
    100%
    18568
    100%
    48299
    100%
    Natives
    Employed
    1324251 64.55% 1272893 57.11% 2597144 60.67%
    Unemployed
    137296 6.69% 103088 4.62% 240384 5.62%
    Notinlaborforce
    590113 28.76% 853035 38.27% 1443148 33.71%
    Total
    2051660 100% 2229016 100% 4280676 100%
    Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey2009

    RecallthattheimmigrantpercentageofthepopulationinMissouriwas3.5%in2009.Inthe
    sameyear,immigrantsmadeup4.5%ofemployment.Immigrantmalesmakeup3.6%ofthe
    9

    Missourimalepopulation,and5.2%ofemployedmales,whereasimmigrantfemalesmakeup
    3.4%oftheMissourifemalepopulationand3.9%ofemployedfemales.
    ThesameinformationinTables2and3areavailablefor2008.TheyareincludedintheData
    AppendixasTablesA.2andA.3.Theyreflectthefactthat2009wasthesecondyearofa
    prolongedrecession.Forallpopulationgroups,theemploymentratewashigherin2008thanin
    2009.TherateofunemploymentwashigherforallgroupsexceptmalesfromMexicoand
    CentralAmericain2009thanin2008.Thelowerunemploymentratecombinedwithalower
    employmentrateforthesamegroupmaybeevidencethattherewasanincreasein
    discouragedworkersthataccountsforthereductionoftheunemploymentrate.
    AlsonotableinTable3isthefactthattheunemploymentrateisslightlyhigherforimmigrants
    fromMexicoandCentralAmericathanfornatives.Thisisconsistentwithnationaldata,andisa
    reversaloftrends(PasselandCohn,2009,p.14).TheconcentrationofimmigrantsfromMexico
    andCentralAmericaintheconstructionindustry(seeTable4below),asectorthatwas
    disproportionallynegativelyaffectedbytherecessionthatbeganin2008,explainsmost,ifnot
    all,ofthischangeintrend.
    Table4
    ParticipationinEmploymentofBroadIndustrialCategoriesbyImmigrantStatus&Gender(MO2009)
    ImmigrantsfromMexico&

    AllImmigrants
    CentralAmerica
    Natives

    Male
    Female
    Male
    Female
    Male
    Female
    Agriculture,Forestry,Fishing&Hunting
    2.69%
    0.94%
    1.88%
    0.29%
    81.18% 15.18%
    Mining
    0.00%
    1.45%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    94.53%
    4.02%
    Utilities
    0.53%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    81.72% 17.75%
    Construction
    3.17%
    0.02%
    2.46%
    0.10%
    88.01%
    8.80%
    Manufacturing
    3.85%
    2.50%
    1.48%
    0.81%
    65.69% 27.96%
    WholesaleTrade
    1.62%
    0.60%
    0.55%
    0.08%
    69.96% 27.81%
    RetailTrade
    1.39%
    1.57%
    0.14%
    0.17%
    42.37% 54.67%
    Transportation&Warehousing
    2.48%
    0.74%
    0.37%
    0.03%
    75.38% 21.40%
    Information&Communication
    1.32%
    0.51%
    0.17%
    0.00%
    50.65% 47.52%
    Professional,Scientific,Management*
    3.65%
    2.07%
    0.94%
    0.42%
    50.18% 44.10%
    Finance,Insurance&RealEstate**
    1.81%
    2.19%
    0.12%
    0.25%
    39.62% 56.37%
    Educational,Health&SocialServices
    1.65%
    2.09%
    0.11%
    0.25%
    21.27% 74.99%
    Arts,Entertainment,Recreation+
    3.98%
    3.23%
    2.09%
    1.15%
    41.74% 51.04%
    OtherServices(ExceptPubAdministration)
    1.72%
    2.99%
    0.53%
    0.50%
    45.39% 49.90%
    PublicAdministration
    0.65%
    0.59%
    0.13%
    0.00%
    51.56% 47.20%
    ActiveDutyMilitary
    1.99%
    0.59%
    0.95%
    0.00%
    77.47% 19.95%

    Source:ACS,2009
    *AlsoAdmin&WasteManagementServices
    **AlsoRental&Leasing
    +AlsoAccommodatn&FoodServices

    Table4presentsabreakdownofparticipationinthejobsinbroadindustrialsectorsby
    immigrants,immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,andnatives.Eachcellinthetable
    10

    showsthepercentageoftotaljobsinthatsectorthatisrepresentedbythespecifiedgender
    andimmigrantstatusindicated.So,forexample,ofalljobsintheconstructionindustryin2009,
    2.46%wereheldbyimmigrantmalesfromMexicoorCentralAmerica.Thesumofjob
    percentagesheldbyallimmigrants(maleandfemale)andallnatives(malesandfemale)is
    100%foreachsector.
    ThepercentofimmigrantjobsheldbyimmigrantswhoarefromMexicoorCentralAmericacan
    beinferredfromTable4.Forexample,wecaninferthat78%ofjobsheldbyimmigrantmalesin
    constructionwereheldbyimmigrantsfromMexicoorCentralAmerica(2.46%/3.17%).
    TheclassificationoftypeofindustryinTable4isbroadsectorsoftheNorthAmericanIndustrial
    ClassificationSystems(NAICS).Withineachofthesebroadcategories,thereistypicallya
    subcategoryinwhichtheindustryusesimmigrantlabordisproportionatelyinthestateof
    Missouri.Forexample,intheManufacturingbroadcategory,immigrantlaboris
    disproportionatelyusedintheanimalprocessingandslaughteringsubcategory.Restaurants,
    construction,highereducationandhospitalsaretheotherthreeindustriesthatuseimmigrant
    laborthemostinMissouri.Amoredetailedversionoftheindustriesthatemployimmigrant
    laborisincludedintheDataAppendixasTableA.4.
    Twodifferentdimensionsofthejobsofimmigrantsareimportant:1)thetypeofindustryin
    whichimmigrantsholdjobsand2)theoccupationsofimmigrantswithinthoseindustries.
    Occupationsobviouslyalignwithindustries,sotheoccupationsthatshowupmostfrequently
    forimmigrantsareconsistentwiththeindustrieswithinwhichimmigrantswork.Tables5and6
    containoccupationsforwhichthereweremorethanonethousandjobsheldbyimmigrantsof
    eachgenderin2009.Theoccupationcategoriesusedarefromthe1990StandardOccupation
    codes.ThetablesalsocontainthecountofoccupationsheldbyimmigrantsfromMexicoand
    CentralAmerica.AcompletelistofimmigrantoccupationsiscontainedintheDataAppendixas
    TablesA5andA6.
    Tables46paintapictureofthediversityofimmigrantoccupationsandindustriesinthestate
    ofMissouri.Thereisarealdichotomyofimmigrantoccupations.Therearemanylowskilled
    occupations,especiallyamongimmigrantsforMexicoandCentralAmerica.Buttherearealso
    manyhighskilledimmigrantoccupations.Amongmen,theoccupationsthatranksecondand
    thirdarephysicianandcomputersoftwaredeveloper,respectively.Ofthenineteen
    occupationalcategoriesheldbymorethan1000immigrantmales,sixwouldbeclassifiedas
    highlyskilled,sixwouldbeclassifiedaslowskilledandtheremainderwouldbeinthemiddle.
    Ofthetwentyoccupationalcategoriesheldbymorethan1000immigrantfemales,fivewould
    beclassifiedashighlyskilled,tenwouldbeclassifiedaslowskilledandtheremainderwouldbe
    inthemiddle.Nooccupationalcategoryformorethan1000maleorfemaleimmigrantsfrom
    MexicoandCentralAmericawouldbeclassifiedashighlyskilled.
    11

    Table5
    MissouriOccupationswith>1000MaleImmigrantsover18YearsofAge
    OccupationCategory1990SOC
    Cooks,variouslydefined
    Physicians
    Computersoftwaredevelopers
    Truck,deliveryandtractordrivers
    Subjectinstructors(HS\College)
    Managersandadministrators,n.e.c.
    Miscfoodprepworkers
    Machineoperators,n.e.c.
    Cashiers
    Laborersoutsideconstruction
    Gardenersandgroundskeepers
    Computersystemsanalystsandcomputerscientists
    Constructionlaborers
    Roofersandslaters
    Supervisorsandproprietorsofsalesjobs
    Painters,constructionandmaintenance
    Janitors
    Weldersandmetalcutters
    Mechanicsandrepairers,n.e.c.

    AllImmigrants
    3827
    3555
    3258
    3104
    3014
    2960
    2531
    2367
    2169
    1929
    1873
    1787
    1733
    1383
    1173
    1155
    1146
    1108
    1055

    ImmigrantsfromMexico
    &CentralAmerica
    3058
    89
    128
    278
    0
    503
    1901
    1620
    312
    1462
    1283
    0
    1375
    1383
    0
    991
    241
    813
    788

    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009

    Thefindingsofthisstudywithrespecttoindustrialandoccupationdistributionofthe
    immigrantlaborforceinthestateofMissouriareconsistentwiththefindingsofarecent
    nationalstudybytheBrookingsInstitution(Singer,2012).

    12

    Table6
    MissouriOccupationswith>1000FemaleImmigrantsover18YearsofAge
    Immigrantsfrom
    All
    Mexico&Central
    OccupationCategory1990SOC
    Immigrants
    America
    Cooks,variouslydefined
    3451
    1043
    Housekeepers,maids,butlers,stewards,&lodgingquarterscleaners
    3416
    1942
    Hairdressersandcosmetologists
    2872
    44
    Nursingaides,orderlies,andattendants
    2829
    659
    Retailsalesclerks
    2146
    0
    Cashiers
    1909
    623
    Managersandadministrators,n.e.c.
    1760
    94
    Registerednurses
    1702
    0
    Subjectinstructors(HS\College)
    1702
    0
    Packers,fillers,andwrappers
    1618
    1363
    Physicians
    1584
    101
    Childcareworkers
    1414
    981
    Gradersandsortersinmanufacturing
    1322
    47
    Laborersoutsideconstruction
    1317
    574
    Janitors
    1219
    510
    Assemblersofelectricalequipment
    1196
    415
    Customerservicereps,investigators&adjusters,exceptinsurance
    1131
    308
    Accountantsandauditors
    1079
    0
    Generalofficeclerks
    1043
    0
    Managersoffoodservingandlodgingestablishments
    1041
    312
    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009

    Thediverseskillcontentofimmigrantoccupationsisreflectedintheeducationalattainmentof
    immigrantsinTable7.Thetableisdividedintotwoparts.Thetoppartshowstheeducational
    attainmentofschoolagedMissouriansbyimmigrantstatus,andgender.Thebottompartof
    thetableshowstheeducationalattainmentofMissourians25yearsofageorolder,by
    immigrantstatusandgender.Only15%ofworkingage(>24)maleimmigrantsfromMexico
    andCentralAmericaand26%ofworkingageoffemaleimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentral
    Americahavemorethanahighschooldegree.Thiscompareswithover45%forbothnative
    malesandfemales.74%ofworkingagemaleimmigrantswithbirthplacesoutsideofMexico
    andCentralAmerica,havemorethanahighschooldegreeandalmost60%ofworkingage
    femaleimmigrantswithbirthplacesotherthanMexicoandCentralAmericahavemorethana
    highschooldegree.ImmigrantsfromoutsideofMexicoandCentralAmericaaremorehighly
    educatedthanarenativecitizensoftheUnitedStates.

    13

    Table7

    Education
    N/Aornoschooling
    Nurseryschooltograde4
    Grade5,6,7,or8
    Grade9
    Grade10
    Grade11
    Grade12
    1yearofcollege
    2yearsofcollege
    4yearsofcollege
    5+yearsofcollege

    Education
    N/Aornoschooling
    Nurseryschooltograde4
    Grade5,6,7,or8
    Grade9
    Grade10
    Grade11
    Grade12
    1yearofcollege
    2yearsofcollege
    4yearsofcollege
    5+yearsofcollege

    EducationalAttainmentbyImmigrantstatus,GenderandBroadAgeCategory(StateofMO)
    ImmigrantsfromMexicoand
    AllImmigrants
    CentralAmerica
    Natives
    Males624
    Females624
    Males624
    Females624
    Males624
    Females624
    Freq
    %
    Freq
    %
    Freq
    %
    Freq
    %
    Freq
    %
    Freq
    %
    198
    0.93
    623
    3.3
    119
    1.58
    168
    3.2
    5039
    0.66
    4682
    0.63
    3542
    16.57
    3995
    21.17
    1014
    13.5
    821
    15.63
    201676 26.43
    196918
    26.65
    6845
    32.03
    3888
    20.61
    3310
    44.06
    1175
    22.37
    170569 22.35
    150409
    20.35
    1209
    5.66
    761
    4.03
    773
    10.29
    175
    3.33
    43779
    5.74
    45296
    6.13
    475
    2.22
    1273
    6.75
    95
    1.26
    493
    9.39
    51153
    6.7
    42954
    5.81
    871
    4.08
    818
    4.34
    227
    3.02
    295
    5.62
    48545
    6.36
    47673
    6.45
    4518
    21.14
    3582
    18.98
    1521
    20.25
    1975
    37.6
    133136 17.45
    114339
    15.47
    2433
    11.38
    2012
    10.66
    152
    2.02
    150
    2.86
    71872
    9.42
    90046
    12.18
    359
    1.68
    150
    0.79
    0
    0
    0
    0
    13219
    1.73
    15763
    2.13
    835
    3.91
    1766
    9.36
    301
    4.01
    0
    0
    22824
    2.99
    28328
    3.83
    86
    0.4
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    1360
    0.18
    2584
    0.35

    Males>24
    Females>24
    Males>24
    Females>24
    Males>24
    Females>24
    Freq
    %
    Freq
    %
    Freq
    %
    Freq
    %
    Freq
    %
    Freq
    %
    2803
    3.34
    3064
    3.64
    2124
    8.17
    1821
    11.25
    11620
    0.64
    11962
    0.6
    2195
    2.61
    1652
    1.96
    2100
    8.08
    1116
    6.9
    4309
    0.24
    2509
    0.13
    7658
    9.12
    5676
    6.74
    6722
    25.87
    2854
    17.64
    55657
    3.08
    67190
    3.39
    2539
    3.02
    2074
    2.46
    1305
    5.02
    1050
    6.49
    29610
    1.64
    28584
    1.44
    907
    1.08
    699
    0.79
    466
    1.79
    290
    1.79
    48608
    2.69
    54648
    2.75
    842
    1
    1434
    1.7
    597
    2.3
    842
    5.2
    52400
    2.9
    61665
    3.11
    20209
    24.06
    24740
    39.39
    8787
    33.82
    3976
    24.57
    765303
    42.3
    818802
    41.25
    9899
    11.79
    9276
    11.02
    2168
    8.34
    1816
    11.22
    283211 15.65
    303121
    15.27
    3607
    4.29
    5535
    6.57
    349
    1.34
    646
    3.99
    109359
    6.04
    146354
    7.37
    14493
    17.26
    17450
    20.73
    623
    2.4
    1177
    7.27
    284218 15.71
    311924
    15.71
    18836
    22.43
    12614
    14.98
    743
    2.86
    594
    3.67
    165061
    9.12
    178160
    8.98

    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009

    Adiversityofeducationandoccupationwillbeassociatedwithadiversityofincome.That
    relationshipshowsupinthepovertystatistics.TheFederalGovernmentestablishes,foreach
    householdsize,apovertylevelofincome.Thehouseholdincomeofeachhouseholdisthen
    comparedtothepovertylevel,andcanbeexpressedasapercentageofthatpovertylevel.
    Table8showsthepercentofindividualswhoresideinhouseholdsthathavetheindicated
    percentageofthepovertylevel.Thetableisalsosubdividedbygenderandimmigrationstatus.
    ByFederalguidelines,anyindividualwhoresidesinahouseholdthathasanincomelevelless
    thanorequalto100%ofthepovertylevel(i.e.thefirsttworowsoftable8),isconsideredtobe
    poor.Bythiscriterionalittleover16%ofnativemalesliveinpovertyandalittleover18%of
    nativefemalesliveinpoverty.Bythesamecriterionamuchhigherpercentageofimmigrants
    fromMexicoandCentralAmericaliveinpoverty(approximately35%offemalesand25%of
    males).TherearemanyissuesinvolvedinusingFederalPovertyguidelinesasameasureof
    familiesinneedmostresearchwouldsaythatusingtheseguidelinestendstounderstatethe
    realextentofpoverty.3Usingothercriteriawouldnotchangethequalitativeresultfromabove.
    Infact,itwouldreinforcethoseresults.Alargepercentageofimmigrantsandanevenlarger

    Onealternativetothepovertylineisalivingwagecalculator,(http://www.livingwage.geog.psu.edu/)developed
    byPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.

    14

    percentageofimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericafallinthe101%200%ofpoverty
    category.ThetotalpercentageofimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericathatfallsbelow
    200%ofthepovertylineisover58%ofmalesandover65%offemales.
    Atthesametimethereisamuchhigherpercentageofimmigrants(bothmaleandfemale)from
    outsideofMexicoandCentralAmericawholiveinhouseholdswithincomeinthehighest
    categoryofthistable(morethan500%ofpoverty).Over31%ofimmigrantmalescomparedto
    almost23%ofnativemales,andalmost29%ofimmigrantfemalescomparedtoalmost20%of
    nativefemales,fallinthatcategory4.

    Table8
    PovertyStatusofMissouriansbyGenderandImmigrantBirthplace
    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&Central

    AllImmigrants
    America
    Natives
    PercentofPoverty
    Male
    Female Male
    Female Male
    Female
    050%
    9.25% 10.82% 9.33% 15.63% 8.89% 9.35%
    51100%
    9.09% 9.21% 15.58% 19.51% 7.01% 8.70%
    101200%
    20.22% 18.91% 33.73% 30.72% 17.51% 19.57%
    201300%
    15.63% 16.24% 18.52% 13.23% 17.78% 17.62%
    301400%
    12.89% 12.23% 10.72%
    8.08% 14.87% 14.46%
    401500%
    9.89% 9.17%
    6.15%
    6.54% 11.13% 10.36%
    501+%
    23.03% 23.42% 5.97%
    6.29% 22.81% 19.94%

    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009

    Anothercharacteristicoftheimmigrantpopulationthatdifferssignificantlyfromthatofthe
    nativepopulationisthehousingsituation.Althoughamajorityofimmigrantsliveinowner
    occupiedhousing,theincidenceofowneroccupancy(61%)iswellbelowthatofthenative
    population(70%),ascanbeseeninTable9.Noticethelowincidenceofgroupquarters
    residentsamongimmigrantsforMexicoandCentralAmerica.Thiswillhaveimplicationsforthe
    demandforcertaintypesofgovernmentservicesamongimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentral
    America,addressedinthefinalpartofthisstudy.
    TheAmericancommunitysurveyalsohasaseriesofquestionsregardingtheamountof
    propertytaxespaid.Table10showsthedistributionofpropertytaxespaidbyhouseholdsby
    immigrantstatus.Itshouldbeemphasizedthatsome,ifnotall,ofpropertytaxespaidby
    landlordsofrentalpropertiesgetspassedontotherenters,sothatrentersindirectlypay
    propertytaxes.

    ThesepercentagesarenotobservabledirectlyfromTable8.Theyarecalculatedbysubtractingtheimmigrants
    fromMexicoandCentralAmericafromtotalimmigrantspriortocalculatingthepercentage.

    15

    Table9

    HousingTypeofMissouriansbyImmigrantStatus
    Natives
    HousingTyoe
    Frequency
    %
    GroupQuarters
    164939
    2.86%
    Ownedorbeingbought(loan)
    4070022 70.47%
    Rented
    1540721 26.68%
    AllImmigrants
    Groupquarters
    3830
    1.81%
    Ownedorbeingbought(loan)
    129100
    60.93%
    Rented
    78968
    37.27%
    ImmigrantsfromMexico&CentralAmerica
    Groupquarters
    439
    0.82%
    Ownedorbeingbought(loan)
    25794
    48.35%
    Rented
    27117
    50.83%
    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009
    *TheCensusBureaudefinesgroupquarterstoinclude:collegeresidencehalls,

    residentialtreatmentcenters,skillednursingfacilities,grouphomes,militarybarracks,
    correctionalfacilities,workersdormitories,&facilitiesforthehomeless.

    Table10
    PercentDistributionofPropertyTaxAmountsPaidbyImmigrantStatus

    Natives
    Renters,GroupQuarter,etc.
    30.6%
    $0
    1.1%
    $1$999
    15.2%
    $1,000$1,999
    23.2%
    $2,000$2,999
    15.4%
    $3,000$3,999
    6.9%
    $4,000$4,999
    3.2%
    $5,000$5,999
    1.7%
    $6,000$6,999
    1.3%
    $7,000$7,999
    0.3%
    $8,000$8,999
    0.3%
    $9,000$9,999
    0.1%
    $10,000+
    0.5%
    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009

    16

    All
    Immigrants
    45.0%
    2.3%
    16.7%
    15.2%
    11.6%
    5.5%
    1.3%
    0.6%
    0.9%
    0.5%
    0.1%
    0.0%
    0.3%

    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&Central
    America
    44.9%
    3.3%
    25.4%
    16.9%
    7.9%
    1.0%
    0.1%
    0.0%
    0.5%
    0.0%
    0.0%
    0.0%
    0.0%

    TheEconomicContributionofImmigrantsintheStateofMissouri

    Toassesstheeconomiccontributionofimmigrantsweuseaneconomicdevelopment
    assessmentsoftwarepackageknownasIMPLAN.Thepackagemodelstheeconomyofa
    region,andhasdataappropriatetotheregionbeinganalyzedbuiltintothesoftware.
    IMPLANiscommonlyusedtoassesstheoverallresultfortheregionaleconomyofaddingor
    subtractingjobsinaparticularindustryorsetofindustries5.ThisisaccomplishedbyusingSocial
    AccountingMatricesthatcontainthedollaramountsofallformalbusinesstransactionstaking
    placeinaregionaleconomy(inthiscase,theregionisthestateofMissouri),basedonreports
    eachyearbybusinessesandgovernmentalagencies.TheIMPLANuserspecifiesachangethat
    occursinaregionaleconomy.Forexample,ausermightwanttoanalyzetheeffectofaddinga
    commercialeggproductionplantinsouthwesternMissourithatwouldhave200jobs.
    IMPLANthenprovidesthreetypesofeffectsthatresultfromtheuserspecifiedchange.The
    directeffectistheuserspecifiedchange(200jobswhichwouldimplyanadditiontotheincome
    streamandoutputthatisspecifictothecommercialeggproductionplant,withassociated
    income,propertyandindirectbusinesstaxes).Theindirecteffectsaredeterminedbythe
    amountofthedirecteffectspentwithinthestudyregiononsupplies,services,laborandtaxes.
    Inourexample,thecommercialeggproductionfacilitywouldpurchasesupplies,machinery,
    constructionlabor,etc.TheportionofthatspendingthatoccursinMissouriistheindirect
    effectofthechange.Finallytheinducedeffectmeasuresthemoneythatisrespentinthestate
    ofMissouriasaresultofspendingfromthedirectandindirecteffect.Eachofthesesteps
    recognizesanimportantleakagefromtheeconomicstudyregionspentonpurchasesoutsideof
    thedefinedarea.Eventuallytheseleakageswillstopthecycleofinducedeffects.
    IMPLANestimatesthedirect,indirect,andinductsimpactsofthespecifiedchangeonthe
    output,income,jobs,andfederal,stateandlocaltaxesgeneratedintheregionaleconomy.To
    estimate the economic contribution of immigrants, we use the American Community Survey
    count of jobs for all immigrants and for immigrants from Mexico and Central America by very
    detailed industry (appendix Table A4).6 Those jobs are removed from the Missouri economy,
    and the direct, indirect and induced effects are calculated. Table 11 shows that the result of that
    subtraction of immigrant jobs has a major impact on any general measure of economic activity:
    jobs, value added, employee compensation, proprietors income, and other property type income .
    Note that these categories are different measures of economic activity and should not be
    summed. The number of jobs held by immigrants in 2009 in those detailed industries is estimated
    at 147,641.

    AlistofclientscanbeviewedontheIMPLANwebsite.

    ThetotalnumberofjobsintheAmericanCommunitySurveymatchescloselythetotalnumberofjobsusedby
    IMPLANforitsmodeloftheMissouriEconomy.Thereweretwominordiscrepancies(involvingaggregationsof
    categories)betweentheNAICScategoriesusedbyIMPLANandtheACS.

    17

    Direct
    41,664
    2,529,092,057
    1,503,719,037
    211,909,691
    667,892,812

    656,623,403

    OtherPropertyTypeIncome

    Source:IMPLANandauthorsCalculations

    208,334,122

    Proprietors'Income

    1,478,346,666

    EmployeeCompensation

    40,961
    2,486,418,485

    ValueAdded

    Jobs

    Source:IMPLANcalculations

    Direct

    2,860,762,293

    OtherPropertyTypeIncome

    Jobs
    ValueAdded
    EmployeeCompensation
    Proprietors'Income
    OtherPropertyTypeIncome

    147,671
    10,253,611,880
    6,015,369,662
    694,523,498

    Direct

    Jobs
    ValueAdded
    EmployeeCompensation
    Proprietors'Income

    1,709,708,440

    75,844
    5,306,131,988
    2,719,605,972
    243,143,293

    Induced

    6,317,916,542

    287,979
    21,017,088,552
    11,540,741,433
    1,284,107,689

    Total

    Induced
    21,937
    1,474,036,060
    755,466,418
    91,680,592
    474,969,806

    517,806,489

    153,879,536

    899,233,927

    1,719,024,309

    22,287

    Indirect

    18

    466,955,603

    90,133,658

    742,719,373

    1,449,164,532

    21,567

    Induced

    1,641,385,494

    452,347,316

    3,120,299,965

    5,654,606,344

    84,816

    Total

    Total
    86,272
    5,751,654,469
    3,173,852,634
    460,110,802
    1,669,556,047

    UnauthorizedImmigrants

    Indirect
    22,670
    1,748,527,351
    914,667,179
    156,520,519
    526,693,429

    Mexican&CentralAmericanImmigrants

    1,747,445,808

    64,464
    5,457,344,684
    2,805,765,800
    346,440,897

    Indirect

    AllImmigrants

    8.80%

    0.91%

    1.23%

    1.03%

    0.99%

    1.17%

    Directas%of
    MOTotal

    2.29%

    2.66%

    2.18%

    2.26%

    Direct+Indirect+
    Inducedas%of
    MOTotal
    2.42%

    25.95%

    35.20%

    27.04%

    26.94%

    %of
    Immigrant
    Total
    29.49%

    Direct+Indirect
    Directas%of +Inducedas%of %ofImmigrant
    MOTotal
    MOTotal
    Total
    1.19%
    2.46%
    30.0%
    1.01%
    2.30%
    27.4%
    1.05%
    2.22%
    27.5%
    1.25%
    2.71%
    35.8%
    0.93%
    2.33%
    26.4%

    3.98%

    Direct+Indirect
    Directas%of
    +Inducedas%of
    MOTotal
    MOTotal
    4.21%
    8.21%
    4.09%
    8.39%
    4.22%
    8.09%
    4.09%
    7.56%

    Table11:AggregateMissouriImmigrantEconomicContribution (2009)

    ThepurposeoftheIMPLANsimulationexerciseistodocumentthecontributionof
    immigrantstotheeconomyofMissouri.Theresultsareannualresults,,andshouldbe
    interpretedasshortrunresultsfortheentirestateofMissouri.Theseresultsdonottakeinto
    accountlongtermconsequencesoftheeliminationofimmigrantjobs.Theresultsreflectthe
    economyofthestateasitiscurrentlyconfigured.Somepossiblelongtermconsequencescould
    mitigatetheeffectsofTable11andsomecouldexacerbatethem.InthefollowingparagraphsI
    addresssomeofthepossibilities.Thediscussioncentersonunauthorizedimmigrants,since
    policiesaimedataffectingimmigrationaregenerallyaimedatunauthorizedimmigration.7
    Itmightbearguedthatovertime,nonimmigrantswouldtakethejobscurrentlybeingheldby
    unauthorizedimmigrants.Thereisevidencethatthejobsperformedbyunauthorized
    immigrantsaresubstantiallydifferentfromthejobsperformedbynatives.(Card,2007,p.6)To
    attractnonimmigrantsintothesejobs,wagesforthejobscurrentlyheldbyunauthorized
    immigrantswouldhavetoincrease.In2009theunemploymentrateamongMissourinon
    immigrantswas5.6%(seeTable3above).Inthelast30yearstheunemploymentrateinthe
    stateofMissourihasaveraged5.7%(BLSLAUS)andhasneverbeenbelow2.0%(BLS)8.It
    seemsatleastequallylikelythat,giventheagingofthenonimmigrantpopulation,thelong
    termmayrequirethatunauthorizedimmigrantsmakeupalargerproportionofthelaborforce
    (Papademetriouetal.,2009).
    Itmightalsobearguedthatreducingunauthorizedimmigrantlaborwillincreasetheearnings
    ofnonimmigrants,thusmitigatingsomeoftheeffectsshowninTable11.Otherstudieshave
    shownthatnativelaborandimmigrantlaborarerelativelyweaksubstitutes(Card,2007).There
    issomeevidencethatthewagesoflowskillednonimmigrantsareadverselyaffectedby
    unauthorizedimmigration(Borjas,2003),butatthesametimethereisevidencethatthe
    averagewagesofthenonimmigrantlaborforceareincreasedbyimmigration(Shapiro&
    Velluci,2010,Card,2007,Orrenius&Zavodny,2006).
    Anotherlongrunfactorthatisnottakenintoaccountinthisstudyisthehistoricaltrendinthe
    demographicsofthestate.Muchofthepopulationgrowththathasoccurredinthestatesince
    1990isduetounauthorizedimmigration.In1990,1.6%ofthepopulationinthestatewas
    foreignborn(1990DemographicCensus).In2010,thatpercentagehadgrownto3.9%(2010
    ACS).Thisstudydoesnottakeintoaccountpotentialfuturegrowthintheforeignborn
    population,nordoesittakeintoaccountanyindirectorinducedeffectsofsuchgrowth.The
    realestateindustrywouldbeparticularlyhardhitbyareductioninimmigrationthrougheffects
    onthedemandforhousing.

    Whiletheostensibletargetofpolicymaybeunauthorizedimmigrants,theimpactofpoliciesaimedatreducingunauthorized

    immigrationisfeltbyallimmigrants.
    8
    Inthelast10years,unemploymenthasbeenaslowas4.7%.

    19

    Onbalance,theliteraturepointstoanegativecorrelationbetweenundocumentedimmigrant
    jobsandtheearningsoftheunskillednonimmigrantpopulation.TheresultsoftheIMPLAN
    simulationseemreasonableasshorttermestimates,andwewillproceedtoanalyzethose
    resultsinmoredetailintheparagraphsthatfollow.Wethenproceedtodiscusslongterm
    adjustmentstotheeliminationofundocumentedimmigrantjobs.
    AggregateEconomicContributionsofImmigrants
    Table11indicatesthatthedirecteffectofeliminatingimmigrantjobsisalossofabout4%of
    thegeneralmeasuresofeconomicactivity.Itisreasonabletoconcludethatimmigrationis
    directlyresponsibleforapproximately4%oftheMissourieconomy.Whenindirectandinduced
    effectsaretakenintoaccount,thispercentageincreasestobetween7.6%and8.8%.The
    averageMissourijobmultiplierforimmigrantjobsisalmost2(1.95).Foreveryimmigrantjobin
    Missourianadditional0.95ofajobiscreatedintheMissourieconomy,onaverage.Similarly
    thevalueaddedmultiplieris2.05.ForeverydollarofvalueaddedbyMissouriimmigrants,an
    additional$1.05ofvalueaddediscreatedintheMissourieconomy.Theseimpactstakeinto
    accounttheleakagesfromtheMissourieconomyassociatedwithimmigrantjobs.Oneexample
    ofsuchleakagewouldbeearningsthataresenttothecountryoforiginoftheimmigrant.
    FromTable11itcanalsobeseenthatimmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmericais
    responsibleforbetween26%and36%ofthetotalcontributionofimmigrationtothesegeneral
    measuresofeconomicactivity.Thefactthatthepercentofjobs(30%)ishigherthanthe
    percentofemployeecompensation(27%)verifiesthatimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentral
    Americahaverelativelylowearningsamongimmigrants.Thejobmultiplierisslightlyhigherfor
    immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica(2.07vs.1.95forallimmigrants),indicatingthat
    immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericaareengagedinactivitiesthathavetieswithmore
    laborintensiveand/orconsumecommoditiesfromMissourithataremorelaborintensivein
    theirproduction.
    Table11alsopresentstheaggregatecontributionofunauthorizedimmigrationontheMissouri
    Economy.Toestimatetheeffectsofunauthorizedimmigration,weusethefollowing
    assumptions:

    Therewere55,000unauthorizedimmigrantsinMissouriin2009(basedonPEW
    estimates)
    Unauthorizedimmigrantshavethesamedemographicandlaborforcecharacteristicsas
    immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica(thiswouldbeaconservativeestimateof
    theemploymentrate,accordingtoPEWresearch(PasselandCohn,2009,pp.1213).
    sinceunauthorizedimmigrantsaremorelikelytohaveajobthanallimmigrantsfrom
    MexicoandCentralAmerica).ThePEWnationalestimateisthat70%ofunauthorized
    immigrantsarefromMexicoandCentralAmerica.
    20

    Unauthorizedimmigrantshavethesameratioofjobstopopulationasdoimmigrants
    fromMexicoandCentralAmerica.

    Undertheseassumptions,40,961jobswereheldbyunauthorizedimmigrantsinthestateof
    Missouriin2009.Thetypesofjobsheldare,byassumption,distributedthesameasthejobs
    heldbyimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.Thegeneraleconomicimpactof
    unauthorizedimmigrantsontheMissourieconomycanbeseeninthebottompanelofTable
    11.
    IndustrialSectorImpacts
    IMPLANallowstheanalysttoviewtheimpactsofthepositedchangeonallindustries.9The
    nextsetoftablespresenttheindustriesthataremostsensitivetoimmigration,andthosethat
    aremostsensitivetoimmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.Eachofthefivegeneral
    measuresofeconomicactivityhasaseparatetableforimmigrationandimmigrationfrom
    MexicoandCentralAmerica.
    Webeginwiththeimpactofimmigrationonjobs.Tables12and13presentthetenmost
    sensitiveindustriestoimmigrationandtoimmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,
    respectively.10Thetablesarerankedbythetotalnumberofjobsattributabletoimmigration
    (thatis,includingindirectandinducedjobs).Therearesevenindustrialsectorssharedbythese
    twotables.ImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericahavestrongerjobeffectsinthe
    construction,livestock,andaccommodationsindustries,whileimmigrantsfromotherpartsof
    theworldhavestrongerjobeffectsinmorehighlyskilledindustries(educationalservices,
    hospitalsandambulatoryhealthcare).
    Noticethelargedifferencesbetweenindirecteffects(employmentinothersectorsofthe
    Missourieconomythatsupplythesectorinquestion)andinducedeffects(traditionalmultiplier
    effectsofspendinginasectorthatgetsrespentintheMissourieconomy).Considerthe
    Missouriwholesaletradeindustry.BecauseitpurchasesmuchofitsinputsfromMissouri
    suppliers,jobsinthewholesaletradeindustryhavestrongindirecteffectssomuchsothat
    indirectjobcreationisgreaterthandirectjobcreation(5685jobsversus2350jobsinTable12).
    Theambulatoryhealthcareindustrydoesnotpurchasemuchintermsofinputsfromthe
    Missourieconomy,soitsindirecteffectsaretiny.However,theimmigrantjobsinthatsector
    generatealotofincome,muchofwhichisrespentinMissouri,resultinginlargeinduced
    effects.

    ForadetailedexplanationoftheNorthAmericanIndustrialClassificationSystem(NAICS)industries,seethe
    BureauofLaborStatisticswebsite(http://www.bls.gov/iag/).
    10
    ByourassumptionstheimpactofunauthorizedimmigrantsisproportionaltothatofimmigrantsfromMexico
    andCentralAmerica,sotherankingsforunauthorizedimmigrationarethesameasthosefromMexicoandCentral
    America,forallfivegeneralmeasureofeconomicactivity.

    21

    Table12:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalJobs(MO2009)
    AttributabletoImmigration
    Rank IndustryDescription
    1
    Foodservices&drinkingplaces
    2
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    3
    Administrativesupportservices
    4
    Educationalservices
    5
    Hospitals
    6
    Ambulatoryhealthcare
    7
    Realestate
    8
    Wholesaletrade
    9
    Foodproducts
    10
    Government&nonNAICs
    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    Direct
    15989
    9577
    8528
    11167
    7667
    5663
    1962
    2350
    8750
    2460

    Indirect Induced
    2619
    8274
    7895
    104
    9
    243
    2815
    5685
    1026
    4126

    8358
    2676
    2817
    2113
    3947
    5489
    5464
    2134
    291
    3209

    Total
    26966
    20527
    19240
    13383
    11623
    11395
    10240
    10168
    10067
    9796

    Table13:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalJobs(MO2009)
    AttributedtoImmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
    Rank
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9

    IndustryDescription

    Direct

    Indirect

    Induced

    Total

    Foodservices&drinkingplaces
    Construction
    Administrativesupportservices
    Foodproducts
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    Wholesaletrade
    Livestock
    Government&nonNAICs
    Realestate

    7,742
    6,479
    3,222
    4,885
    1,332
    600
    406
    422
    178

    774
    195
    2,133
    550
    2,498
    2,320
    2,406
    1,446
    649

    2,417
    91
    815
    84
    774
    616
    50
    927
    1,580

    10,933
    6,765
    6,170
    5,519
    4,603
    3,537
    2,862
    2,795
    2,407

    2,176

    11

    22

    2,209

    10

    Accommodations
    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    TherankingsinTables14and15arebasedonvalueaddedbyimmigrationsensitiveindustries.
    Thisrankingcontainstwodifferentindustriesthantherankingforjobs(Insurancecarriersforall
    immigrantsandmanagementofcompaniesforimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica).
    Noticetheverylargeindirectandinducedeffectsoftherealestateindustry.Noticealsothat
    thereisnodirecteffectonvalueaddedinthemanagementofcompaniesindustryfor
    immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.Thisispossiblebecausetheoriginalchangethat
    causesalloftheeffectsinthistableiseliminationofallimmigrantjobs.Thereareno
    immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericawhoholdjobsinthemanagementofcompanies
    category,thusthereisnodirecteffectonthevalueaddedoftheindustry.Therearehowever
    immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericawhoworkforthecompaniesinMissourithatare
    managedbythemanagementcompanies.Thusthereareindirecteffects.Becausetheincome

    22

    earnedbythoseindirectworkershasbeentakenoutoftheMissourieconomy,thereare
    inducedeffects.
    Table14:TopTenImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalValueAdded(MO$2009)
    AttributabletoImmigration
    Rank IndustryDescription
    1
    Realestate
    2
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    3
    Wholesaletrade
    4
    Foodproducts
    5
    Ambulatoryhealthcare
    6
    Administrativesupportservices
    7
    Hospitals
    8
    Foodservices&drinkingplaces
    9
    Insurancecarriers&related
    10
    Government&nonNAICs
    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    Direct

    Indirect

    Induced

    Total

    372,911,856
    820,951,786
    297,626,458
    860,328,852
    423,199,411
    344,581,145
    511,982,242
    460,180,586
    180,318,471
    160,249,863

    534,967,747
    709,233,745
    719,967,380
    100,871,176
    18,162,755
    319,004,863
    581,943
    75,390,098
    229,150,415
    268,789,114

    1,038,448,127
    229,381,986
    270,206,904
    28,601,322
    410,187,632
    113,830,363
    263,588,504
    240,551,858
    274,049,450
    209,068,591

    1,946,327,730
    1,759,567,516
    1,287,800,742
    989,801,351
    851,549,798
    777,416,371
    776,152,689
    776,122,542
    683,518,336
    638,107,569

    Table15:TopTenImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalValueAdded(MO$2009)
    AttributedtoImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
    Rank
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10

    IndustryDescription
    Foodproducts
    Realestate
    Wholesaletrade
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    Construction
    Foodservices&drinkingplaces
    Administrativesupportservices
    Government&nonNAICs
    Managementofcompanies

    Ambulatoryhealthcare
    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    Direct

    Indirect

    Induced

    Total

    461,368,727
    32,497,826
    72,993,139
    109,677,998
    355,840,609
    214,036,209
    125,053,832
    26,405,971
    0

    51,933,826
    118,399,919
    282,288,225
    205,654,124
    10,688,135
    21,389,159
    82,804,641
    90,482,397
    140,467,612

    7,938,042
    288,527,949
    74,997,625
    63,709,312
    5,014,231
    66,822,744
    31,624,111
    58,034,430
    14,780,368

    521,240,595
    439,425,694
    430,278,989
    379,041,434
    371,542,975
    302,248,112
    239,482,584
    174,922,799
    155,247,980

    39,552,800

    1,535,209

    113,910,951

    154,998,959

    TherankingsinTables16and17arebasedonTotalEmployeeCompensationinimmigration
    sensitiveindustries.Notsurprisingly,theindustriesintheserankingsareverysimilartothejob
    rankings.Higherpayingsectorsmoveupintherankings.Managementofcompaniesnow
    entersintotherankingsforallimmigrants.Herealso,allimpactsareeitherindirectorinduced.
    Thehigherpayingsectorsofhospitalsandambulatoryhealthcareenterintotherankingsfor
    immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.
    TherankingsinTables18and19arebasedonTotalProprietorsIncomeinimmigration
    sensitiveindustries.Intheserankingsseveralnewindustriesappear,(personalandlaundry
    services,repairandmaintenance,cropfarming,trucktransportation,andbroadcasting)
    23

    becauseheretherankingsarebasicallyreflectiveofsmallenterprises(nailsalons,autorepair
    shops)forwhichproprietorsincomeisrelativelyimportant.AlthoughIMPLANdoesnottell
    theuserwhethertheactualproprietorsarenativesorimmigrants,thereisahighprobability
    thatthesesmallfirmsareatleastpartlyimmigrantowned.
    Table16:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalEmployeeCompensation(MO
    $2009)AttributabletoImmigration
    Rank IndustryDescription
    1 Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    2 Hospitals
    3 Ambulatoryhealthcare
    4 Wholesaletrade
    5 Government&nonNAICs
    6 Foodproducts
    7 Educationalservices
    8 Foodservices&drinkingplaces
    9 Administrativesupportservices
    10 Managementofcompanies
    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    Direct

    Indirect

    Induced

    532,839,616
    476,595,680
    335,951,744
    156,051,504
    141,793,648
    453,680,032
    434,744,864
    304,587,520
    227,643,136
    0

    460,328,906
    541,721
    14,418,284
    377,493,297
    237,832,271
    53,192,728
    4,041,672
    49,899,720
    210,746,490
    348,486,738

    148,880,618
    245,370,117
    325,622,502
    141,674,884
    184,989,850
    15,082,429
    82,247,252
    159,218,131
    75,200,576
    44,091,024

    Total
    1,142,049,140
    722,507,518
    675,992,531
    675,219,684
    564,615,769
    521,955,189
    521,033,787
    513,705,372
    513,590,202
    392,577,761

    Table17:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalEmployeeCompensation(MO
    $2009)AttributedtoImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
    Rank IndustryDescription
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9

    Foodproducts
    Construction
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    Wholesaletrade
    Foodservices&drinkingplaces
    Administrativesupportservices
    Government&nonNAICs
    Managementofcompanies
    Ambulatoryhealthcare

    Direct

    Indirect

    Induced

    Total

    243,295,083
    238,978,407
    71,186,620
    38,271,763
    141,667,769
    82,615,218
    23,364,756
    0
    31,398,513

    27,386,435
    7,178,027
    133,480,025
    148,009,362
    14,157,205
    54,703,829
    80,061,404
    116,363,792
    1,218,707

    4,185,994
    3,367,499
    41,350,596
    39,322,755
    44,229,101
    20,892,065
    51,350,518
    12,244,101
    90,426,834

    274,867,512
    249,523,933
    246,017,241
    225,603,880
    200,054,075
    158,211,112
    154,776,679
    128,607,893
    123,044,053

    36,483,206

    42,578

    68,124,130

    104,649,914

    10 Hospitals
    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    24

    Table18:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalProprietor'sIncome(MO$2009)
    AttributabletoImmigration
    Rank IndustryDescription
    1
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices

    Direct

    Indirect

    Induced

    Total

    137,215,920
    Personal&laundryservices
    107,006,232
    Administrativesupportservices
    51,248,836
    Ambulatoryhealthcare
    49,205,904
    Construction
    83,581,440
    Trucktransportation
    33,170,220
    Wholesaletrade
    16,610,486
    CropFarming
    24,292,590
    Repair&maintenance
    21,783,440
    Broadcasting
    17,148,034
    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    118,543,083
    6,799,635
    47,444,930
    2,111,805
    6,722,652
    39,178,073
    40,181,267
    40,378,831
    26,645,346
    22,826,274

    38,339,473
    36,273,216
    16,929,753
    47,693,007
    3,256,329
    8,078,100
    15,080,205
    4,140,604
    16,479,721
    7,398,283

    294,098,476
    150,079,083
    115,623,519
    99,010,717
    93,560,421
    80,426,393
    71,871,958
    68,812,025
    64,908,507
    47,372,591

    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10

    Table19:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalProprietor'sIncome(MO$2009)
    AttributedtoImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
    Rank IndustryDescription
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9

    Construction
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    CropFarming
    Administrativesupportservices
    Personal&laundryservices
    Wholesaletrade
    Repair&maintenance
    Trucktransportation
    Ambulatoryhealthcare

    10

    Broadcasting

    Direct

    Indirect

    Induced

    Total

    64,194,691
    18,331,852
    13,614,989
    18,598,996
    14,432,812
    4,073,736
    7,121,594
    503,804
    4,598,851

    1,928,171
    34,373,539
    21,747,234
    12,315,362
    1,661,006
    15,754,462
    9,011,293
    17,266,927
    178,501

    904,582
    10,648,532
    1,149,495
    4,703,388
    10,077,117
    4,185,606
    4,579,098
    2,244,889
    13,244,563

    67,027,444
    63,353,924
    36,511,717
    35,617,746
    26,170,935
    24,013,803
    20,711,986
    20,015,620
    18,021,915

    8,570,700

    6,857,739

    2,054,895

    17,483,334

    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    TherankingsinTables20and21arebasedonOtherPropertyIncomeinimmigrationsensitive
    industries.Severalindustrialcategoriesentertheserankings(chemicalmanufacturing,primary
    metalmanufacturing,utilities,lessorofnonfinanceintangibleassets,telecommunications).
    Theseareindustrialsectorslikelytohaveroyalties,dividends,rents,etc.

    25

    Table20:TopTenImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyOtherPropertyTypeIncome(MO
    $2009)AttributabletoImmigration
    Rank IndustryDescription
    1
    Realestate
    2
    Foodproducts
    3
    Insurancecarriers&related
    4
    Lessorofnonfinanceintangibleassets
    5
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    6
    Wholesaletrade
    7
    Telecommunications
    8
    Utilities
    9
    Transportationequipment
    10 ChemicalManufacturing
    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    Direct

    Indirect

    Induced

    Total

    289,941,184
    366,557,088
    84,215,648
    238,389,360
    127,182,680
    60,806,444
    57,546,632
    38,214,276
    173,592,544
    153,563,776

    415,940,610
    42,977,804
    107,022,040
    66,562,173
    109,875,211
    147,092,623
    112,301,581
    119,053,877
    8,852,030
    22,696,713

    807,399,605
    12,186,058
    127,991,613
    11,685,717
    35,536,090
    55,204,504
    61,377,037
    61,385,614
    2,407,209
    7,152,775

    1,513,281,399
    421,720,950
    319,229,301
    316,637,250
    272,593,981
    263,103,571
    231,225,249
    218,653,768
    184,851,782
    183,413,264

    Table21:TopTenImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyOtherPropertyTypeIncome(MO
    $2009)AttributedtoImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
    Rank IndustryDescription
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9

    Realestate
    Foodproducts
    Wholesaletrade
    Insurancecarriers&related
    Utilities
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    Foodservices&drinkingplaces
    Transportationequipment
    Construction

    10 Primarymetalmanufacturing
    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    Direct

    Indirect

    Induced

    Total

    25,267,253
    196,573,643
    14,912,831
    13,714,174
    0
    16,991,426
    40,038,120
    51,054,915
    47,799,481

    92,056,642
    22,127,250
    57,672,773
    20,839,780
    42,753,231
    31,860,145
    4,001,107
    2,623,789
    1,435,720

    224,332,199
    3,382,132
    15,322,357
    35,576,262
    17,039,561
    9,869,911
    12,500,020
    668,983
    673,553

    341,656,094
    222,083,025
    87,907,961
    70,130,216
    59,792,791
    58,721,483
    56,539,246
    54,347,687
    49,908,754

    44,124,023

    1,706,177

    29,553

    45,859,754

    Takenasawhole,Tables1221demonstratethediversityofindustrialcategoriesthatare
    sensitivetoimmigration.Thereare26ofthe88industrialcategoriesrepresentedinatleastone
    ofthesetables.Wholesaletradeappearsinalltentables.Thefactthatprofessionalservices
    showsupinalltenofthesetablesfurtherdemonstratestheimportanceoftheskilled
    immigrantpopulationtotheMissourieconomy.Therearemanyimmigrantprofessionals
    (doctors,dentists,professors,etc.)inthestateofMissouri.Notonlythat,butimmigrantsmake
    useoftheservicesofprofessionals,whethertheprofessionalsareimmigrantsornot.Other
    healthrelatedindustriesarealsosensitivetoimmigration.Construction,foodservices&
    drinkingplaces,andagribusinesscategories(foodproductindustry,cropfarmingandlivestock
    areallsensitivetoimmigration.

    26

    StateandLocalTaxRevenueEffects
    IMPLANproducesestimatesofthetaxrevenuegeneratedbythepositedchangeinaregional
    economy.Becausetheseestimatesarebasedontheactualtaxcollectionsthatoccurredinthe
    state,theyarenotsubjecttoerrorsofunderreportingoroverreporting.Theyarealsonot
    subjecttoerrorsassociatedwiththeinformaleconomy,sincetaxesareonlycollectedfor
    formaltransactions.AlthoughIMPLANgeneratesareportonfederaltaxgeneration,wedo
    notincludethatreportsinceitisbeyondthescopeofthisstudy.Wedoreporttheestimated
    stateandlocaltaxrevenuesfortheentirestateofMissouri.FromMaps1and2ofthisstudy,it
    isobviousthatthesetaximpactsarenotdistributedevenlyacrossthestate.Itisalsobeyond
    thescopeofthisstudytobreakdownrevenuecollectionsregionallywithinthestate.
    Stateandlocaltaxcollectionsin2009thataredirectlyattributabletoallimmigrantsaccounted
    foranestimated3.42%ofstateandlocaltaxrevenuecollections.Amongspecifictaxesthe
    highesttaxincidencewasforstateandlocalsalestaxesandthelowestwasforpersonalincome
    tax.Percapitastateandlocaltaxespaiddirectlybyimmigrantsin2009isestimatedat$3,073,
    whichisslightlylessthantheestimatedpercapitastateandlocaltaxespaiddirectlybynatives
    ($3,194).Whentheindirectandinducedcontributionsofimmigrantstostateandlocaltax
    revenuearetakenintoaccount,stateandlocaltaxesgeneratedmorethandoubles.The
    economicactivitiesthatimmigrantjobsareindirectlyassociatedwitharethereforemore
    importanttostateandlocaltaxrevenuethatthedirecteffects.Thisisparticularlytrueforsales
    taxesandnonvehiclepropertytaxes.
    Stateandlocaltaxcollectionsin2009thataredirectlyattributabletoimmigrantsfromMexico
    andCentralAmericaaccountedforanestimated0.83%ofstateandlocaltaxrevenue
    collections.Amongspecifictaxes,thehighestincidencewasforstateandlocalsalestaxesand
    thelowestwasforpersonalincometaxes.Percapitastateandlocaltaxespaiddirectlyby
    immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericain2009isestimatedat$2,964.Whentheindirect
    andinducedcontributionsofimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericatostateandlocal
    taxrevenuearetakenintoaccount,stateandlocaltaxesgeneratedmorethandoubles.The
    economicactivitiesthatjobsofimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericaareindirectly
    associatedwitharethereforemoreimportanttostateandlocaltaxrevenuethatthedirect
    effects.Thisisparticularlytrueforsalestaxesandnonvehiclepropertytaxes.

    27

    Table22
    EstimatedContributionofImmigrantstoStateandLocalRevenue(MO$2009)
    RevenueSource

    Direct
    Contributionby
    Immigrants**

    Direct+Indirect+
    TotalState&
    InducedContribution
    LocalRevenue***
    byImmigrants**

    Directas
    %ofMO
    Total

    D+I+Ias
    %ofMO
    Total

    $5,249,044,095

    5.57%

    14.89%

    AllImmigrants
    SalesTax

    $292,310,042

    NonVehiclePropertyTax

    $173,534,550

    $464,098,588

    $6,375,816,135

    2.72%

    7.28%

    PersonalIncomeTax

    $89,697,546

    $196,593,543

    $5,997,433,014

    1.50%

    3.28%

    OtherTaxes,Fees&Fines*

    $97,036,000

    $225,886,960

    $1,482,977,110

    6.54%

    15.23%

    $652,578,138

    $1,668,329,317

    $19,105,270,354

    3.42%

    8.73%

    Total

    $781,750,226

    ImmigrantsfromMexico&CentralAmerica
    SalesTax

    $70,981,296

    $218,514,032

    $5,249,044,095

    1.35%

    4.16%

    NonVehiclePropertyTax

    $42,139,188

    $129,724,368

    $6,375,816,135

    0.66%

    2.03%

    PersonalIncomeTax

    $21,046,309

    $52,092,869

    $5,997,433,014

    0.35%

    0.87%

    $23,970,976

    $62,911,564

    OtherTaxes,Fees&Fines*
    Total

    $158,137,769
    $463,242,833
    UnauthorizedImmigrants

    $1,482,977,110

    1.62%

    4.24%

    $19,105,270,354

    0.83%

    2.42%

    SalesTax

    $69,783,623

    $214,827,027

    $5,249,044,095

    1.33%

    4.09%

    NonVehiclePropertyTax

    $41,428,170

    $127,535,518

    $6,375,816,135

    0.65%

    2.00%

    PersonalIncomeTax

    $20,691,193

    $51,213,902

    $5,997,433,014

    0.34%

    0.86%

    $23,566,512

    $61,850,052

    $1,482,977,110

    1.59%

    4.17%

    $155,469,498

    $455,426,500

    $19,105,270,354

    0.82%

    2.38%

    OtherTaxes,Fees&Fines*
    Total

    Othertaxesandfeesinclude:motorvehiclelicense;motorcarrierproperty;stateportionofsocialinsurancetax;earnings,
    cigarette;tobacco;controlledsubstances;estatelicenses;andfees.
    **IMPLANcalculations
    ***MissouriDepartmentofRevenueTaxesAdministered,June,2010(http://dor.mo.gov/pdf/taxesadm.pdf)forallbutnon
    vehiclepropertytaxes,whicharefromtheStateTaxCommissionAnnualReport

    Stateandlocaltaxcollectionsin2009thataredirectlyattributabletounauthorizedimmigrants
    accountedforanestimated0.82%ofstateandlocaltaxrevenuecollections.Amongspecific
    taxes,thehighestincidencewasforstateandlocalsalestaxesandthelowestwasforpersonal
    incometaxes.Percapitastateandlocaltaxespaiddirectlybyunauthorizedimmigrantsin2009
    isestimatedat$2,827.Whentheindirectandinducedcontributionsofunauthorized
    immigrantstostateandlocaltaxrevenuearetakenintoaccount,stateandlocaltaxes
    generatedmorethandoubles.Theeconomicactivitiesthatjobsofunauthorizedimmigrants
    areindirectlyassociatedwitharethereforemoreimportanttostateandlocaltaxrevenuethat
    thedirecteffects.Thisisparticularlytrueforsalestaxesandnonvehiclepropertytaxes.

    28

    ImmigrantUseofStateandLocalGovernmentServices
    Thepurposeofthissectionistodocumentthecosttothestateofimmigrantuseofstateand
    localgovernmentservices.WewilldiscussK12educationservices,healthservices,
    transportationservicesandhighereducationservicesindividually.Otherstateandlocalservices
    willbetreatedasaresidual.

    Education(K12)

    ThesinglemostimportantuseofstateandlocalgovernmentservicebyimmigrantsisK12
    publiceducation,accountingformorethanhalfofthespendingfromstateandlocaltax
    generatedinthestate.AchildwhoisbornintheUnitedStatestoimmigrantsparentsisnotan
    immigrant.Butalegitimateargumentcanbemadethatnativechildrenoftheimmigrant
    populationshouldbeattributedtoimmigrants.Thisstudywillthereforeconsiderseparatelythe
    costofK12educationofimmigrantsandthecostofK12educationofnativechildrenof
    immigrants.WeuseTable2abovetoallocateschoolagedchildrenbetweenimmigrants,
    childrenofimmigrants,andchildrenofnatives.AccordingtotheMissouriDepartmentof
    ElementaryandSecondaryEducation(MODESE),therewere879,834K12publicschool
    studentsin2009(MODESE).11Weassumethatallimmigrantchildrengotopublicschools.By
    makingthisassumption,weassurethatourdirectcostestimatesforthethreeimmigrant
    categoriesareoverestimates.WeusetheMODESEaverageperstudentstateandlocal
    governmentcost(excludingfederalcontributions)of$11,541.70tocompleteTable23Table23
    showsourcostestimates.ThecountofunauthorizedimmigrantK12agedchildrenisestimated
    byassumingthatthisgroupisthesameproportionofthetotalunauthorizedimmigrant
    populationasK12agedimmigrantchildrenfromMexicoandCentralAmericaareofthetotal
    immigrantpopulationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.
    Tocalculateanestimateforthenativechildrenofeachofthethreeimmigrantgroups,weusea
    studybytheUrbanInstitutethatestimatedthetotalpercentageofchildrenofforeignbornat
    6%ofMissourichildren.(KarinaFortunyetal.p.16).Weadjustthatpercentageto5%to
    accountfortherelativelyhighpercentageofveryyoungchildren(notschoolaged)among
    immigrants.Wecalculatethenumberofnativechildrenofimmigrantsinpublicschoolsas5%
    ofthepublicschoolpopulationminusthenumberofimmigrantchildren(whowereassumedto
    beinpublicschools).Table23includesresultsforimmigrantchildren,nativebornchildrenof
    immigrants,andimmigrantchildrenplusnativechildrenforeachofthethreeimmigrant

    11

    Therewereapproximately104,359K12studentsinprivateschoolinthestateofMissouriin2009.In2010there
    wereapproximately26,643K12studentsinhomeschoolsinthestateofMissouri.
    (http://homeschooling.gomilpitas.com/weblinks/numbers.htm#how_many)Anyremainingdiscrepancybetween
    schoolagedchildrenTable2andthenumberofchildreninpublicschoolsisduetosamplingerror.

    29

    categories.Theestimatedcostiscalculatedbymultiplyingthecountofstudentsbytheper
    studentcostofpublicK12educationinMissouri.

    Table23
    EstimatedCostofEducatingImmigrantChildrenandNative
    ChildrenofImmigrantsinMissouri(2009)
    ImmigrationType
    AllImmigrants

    Immigrantsfrom
    MexicoandCentral
    America
    Unauthorized
    Immigrants

    Foreignbornornativeborn

    Count

    EstimatedCost

    Immigrantchildren

    11,542

    $133,214,301

    Nativechildren

    32,450

    $374,528,165

    Immigrantchildren+nativechildren

    43,992

    $507,742,466

    3,765

    $43,454,501

    Nativechildren

    10,585

    $122,171,074

    Immigrantchildren+nativechildren

    14,350

    $165,625,575

    3,701

    $42,715,832

    Nativechildren

    10,405

    $120,094,328

    Immigrantchildren+nativechildren

    14,106

    $162,810,160

    Immigrantchildren

    Immigrantchildren

    Source:2009AmericanCommunitySurvey,KansasStateDepartmentofEducation,andauthorscalculations

    TotalspendingonpublicK12schoolsinMissouri(excludingFederalaid)wasequalto31.4%of
    stateandlocaltaxrevenuein2009.ThecostofK12educationofimmigrantchildreninpublic
    schoolsisequalto20.4%ofthedirectcontributionbyimmigrantstostateandlocaltaxrevenue
    in2009.ThecostofK12educationofimmigrantchildrenplusnativechildrenofimmigrantsis
    equalto30.4%ofthedirect+indirect+inducedcontributionsbyimmigrantstostateandlocal
    taxrevenue.ThecostofK12educationofimmigrantchildrenfromMexicoandCentral
    Americainpublicschoolsisequalto27.5%ofthedirectcontributionbyimmigrantsfrom
    MexicoandCentralAmericatostateandlocaltaxrevenuein2009.ThecostofK12education
    ofimmigrantchildrenplusnativechildrenofimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericais
    equalto35.8%ofthedirect+indirect+inducedcontributionsbyimmigrantsfromMexicoand
    CentralAmericatostateandlocaltaxrevenue.ThecostofK12educationofunauthorized
    immigrantchildreninpublicschoolsisequalto27.5%ofthedirectcontributionby
    unauthorizedimmigrantstostateandlocaltaxrevenuein2009.ThecostofK12educationof
    immigrantchildrenplusnativechildrenofunauthorizedimmigrantsisequalto35.7%ofthe
    direct+indirect+inducedcontributionsbyunauthorizedimmigrantstostateandlocaltax
    revenue.
    UndertheseassumptionstheK12educationofimmigrants,immigrantsfromMexicoand
    CentralAmerica,andunauthorizedimmigrantswasmorethanpaidforbythetaxcontributions
    ofthoserespectivegroups.ThecostofK12educationofimmigrantchildrenplusnative

    30

    childrenofimmigrantsislessthanthedirect+indirect+inducedcontributionsofimmigrants,
    exceptforunauthorizedimmigrants.
    HealthServices
    FundingfromstateandlocaltaxrevenueinMissouriforhealthservicestotaledover
    $3,200,000,000in2009.12Becauseofalackofdataregardingusersofthehealthservices,we
    mustmakeassumptions.WeallocatetheusersofhealthprogramspaidforbystateofMissouri
    fundsbyusingthedatainTable8andTable2.Theassumptionisthatusersoftheseprograms
    willbeproportionaltothepopulationinpoverty(becauseonlythosethatmeeteligibility
    requirementsthataredrivenbythelevelofpovertyofthehouseholdarequalifiedtoreceive
    servicesfromtheseprograms).Acomplicatingfactoristhatunauthorizedimmigrantsarenot
    eligibleforallprograms.13Sothefirststepistocalculatethecostofeligibleprogramsthatis
    duetounauthorizedimmigrants.Wethentaketheunauthorizedimmigrantsoutofsubsequent
    calculations.Weassumethatunauthorizedimmigrantshavethesamepovertyincidenceasdo
    immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,resultinginanestimateof15,898unauthorized
    immigrantslivingbelowthepovertylevel.Thisis1.56%oftheMissouripopulationthatlivesin
    poverty.Wethencalculate1.56%oftheeligiblestatefundedhealthservicesprogramsfora
    totalof$10,101,303fromstatefunds.
    Byourdemographicassumptions,immigrantsthatarenotunauthorizedmakeup2.42%ofthe
    Missouripopulationinpoverty.Theestimatedcostofhealthservicesfromstatefundingfor
    theseimmigrantsis$88,451,149.14Bythesameassumptions,immigrantsfromMexicoand
    CentralAmericawhoarenotunauthorizedmakeup0.49%oftheMissouripopulationin
    poverty.Theestimatedcostofhealthservicesfromstatefundingfortheseimmigrantsis
    $22,935,13715.

    TransportationandHigherEducationServices

    Wetreatthesetwoservicestogetherbecausewemakesimilarassumptionswithregardto
    theirusebyimmigrants.

    12

    ThesumoftheFY2010budgetrequestfromthedepartmentsofHealthandSeniorServices,theDepartmentof
    MentalHealthandMOHealthNetwas$3,237,596,962(fromhttp://oa.mo.gov/bp/budg2012/HSS.pdfand
    http://oa.mo.gov/bp/budg2012/MentalHealth.pdf).Federalfundsareexcludedfromallthreedepartments.
    13
    In2009weassumethatunauthorizedimmigrantsareeligiblefrom20%ofstatefundedhealthprograms.This
    assumptionisbasedontheapproximateshareofemergencymedicalservicesplusprogramsforpregnantwomen
    andchildreninallstatefundedhealthprograms.
    14
    Thesenumberstendtooverestimatecosts.Therearefiveyearresidencyrequirementsformanystatehealth
    services,sothatonlyimmigrantswhohavebeeninresidenceforfiveormoreyearsareeligible.
    15
    Thisassumesthat70%ofunauthorizedimmigrantsarefromMexicoandCentralAmerica,basedonPEW
    estimates.

    31

    InMissouri,afterelementaryeducationandhealth,thenextlargeststateandlocalservice
    supportedbystateandlocaltaxrevenueistransportationservices.Thesearemostly(over
    90%)paidforbystateexcisetaxesongasoline($0.17/gallon).Allpopulationsgroupswhouse
    gasolinepaythesetaxes,sothereisnoreasontoexpectthatimmigrantsdontpaytheirfair
    shareforstatetransportationservices.WeassumethatMissouriimmigrantsinallcategories
    usestatefundedtransportationservicesproportionallytotheirincidenceinthepopulation.
    Thenextlargestcategoryofstateandlocalservicesfinancedbystateandlocaltaxrevenueis
    highereducation.Theincidenceofimmigrants,inthecollegesnationallyiswellbelowthatof
    nonimmigrants.Unauthorizedimmigrantsarenotallowedtousepubliclyfundedinstitutions
    ofhigherlearning.Weassumethatunauthorizedimmigrantsdonotusepubliclyfunded
    institutionsofhigherlearningandthattheotherimmigrantcategoriesusestatehigher
    educationalservicesproportionallytotheirincidenceinthepopulation.
    StatefundedK12educationservices,healthservices,transportationservices,andhigher
    educationservicesmakeupover80%ofthetotalspendingofstateandlocaltaxes.Table24
    demonstratesthatforallimmigrants,forimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,andfor
    unauthorizedimmigrants,estimatedspendingissignificantlybelow80%ofthestateandlocal
    taxdollarsgenerate,indicatingthatimmigrantsinallcategoriesaremorethanpullingtheirown
    weightintermsofmakingapositivenetcontributiontotheMissouristatepublicfinance.
    Theseresultsareconsistentwithresearchthatfindsthatimmigrantsmigrateinsearchofjobs,
    notinsearchofstateservices(Berk,etal.,2000,p.52).

    Table24

    TaxRevenueandSpendingSummary2009
    StateandLocalSpendingforImmigrants
    StateandLocal
    Stateand
    Stateand
    Stateand
    Stateand
    FundedK12
    Local
    LocalFunded
    Local
    LocalTaxes
    Public
    Funded
    Higher
    Funded
    Generated
    Education
    HealthCare
    Education
    Transportati
    Directly
    Services
    Services
    Services
    onServices

    Spending
    as%ofTax
    Revenue
    Generated

    AllImmigrants
    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&Central
    America

    $652,578,138

    $133,214,301

    $88,451,149

    $85,652,041 $45,883,032

    54.12%

    $158,137,769

    $43,454,501

    $22,935,137

    $15,550,252

    $8,330,131

    57.08%

    Unauthorized
    Immigrants

    $155,469,498

    $42,715,832

    $10,101,303

    $0 $11,885,060

    41.62%

    Source:PriorTablesandAuthorscalculations

    LongTermAdjustmentstotheLossofUndocumentedImmigrantJobs

    32

    Thereissomeevidencethatnonimmigrantunskilledlaborersareadverselyaffectedbythe
    presenceofunauthorizedimmigrants.Ifthisistrue,thenremovingunauthorizedimmigrant
    jobscoulddecreaseunemploymentandincreasethewagesoflowskillednonimmigrantsover
    time,asemployersadjusttoshortagescausedbyalackofunauthorizedimmigrantlabor.The
    extenttowhichthisoccursiscontroversial.Somearguethattheeffectsareminimal.Atone
    endofthespectrumarestudiesbyCard(2007)andPapademetriouetal.(2009)thatpointto
    smalladjustmentsofthistype(under10%).Thatis,asaneteffect,approximately10%ofthe
    jobsthatarecurrentlyheldbyunauthorizedimmigrantswouldbetakenbynonimmigrants.On
    theotherhand,Borjas(2003)hasanexpectationoflargeeffects(30%50%ofthejobsthatare
    currentlyheldbyunauthorizedimmigrantswouldbetakenbynonimmigrants).
    AstudybyPerryman(2010)usesinputoutputanalysistocalculatetheeconomicimpactof
    undocumentedimmigrantsonthelabormarketofeachstatein2008.Theycalculateaninitial
    staticeffectsimilartotheshorttermimpactsestimatedinthisstudy.Thestudythenlists
    possiblelongtermadjustments(Perryman,2010,p.60).Amongthelisteditemsthatwould
    tendtoreducetheimpactoflosingunauthorizedimmigrantsonjobsare:

    firmsrespondtothelossofworkersbytryingtoattractdomesticworkers,raisingwages,
    andotheractionsdesignedtominimizetheeffectsoflosingtheundocumentedworkforce
    asuccessfulguestworkerprogram(inotherwordsturnunauthorizedworkersinto
    authorizedworkers)
    increasedparticipationinthelaborforcebynonimmigrantswhoarecurrentlynotinthe
    laborforce

    Thestudyalsoarguesthattherearelimitationstohowmuchadjustmentcanoccur.The
    particularindustrieswhichhavehighimmigrantinvolvement(forexample,theconstruction
    industry)tendtobekeygrowthindustriesbottlenecksinthoseindustrieslimittheeconomic
    developmentthatwouldbenecessarytogeneratejobs.Inadditionthereisanhistoriclowto
    theunemploymentratethatshouldactasalimitingfactor.
    Ignoringthelimitingfactors,Perrymanestimatesthatafterlongtermadjustments,65%ofjobs
    currentlyheldbyunauthorizedimmigrantscouldbeheldbynonimmigrantsandauthorized
    immigrants.Thedistributionofthesejobsbetweennonimmigrantsandassumedguest
    workersisnotmadeavailableinthestudy(Perryman,2010,AppendixTable3,p.68).Even
    undertheseheroicassumptionsregardingtheabilityofthelabormarkettomakeupforthe
    lossofunauthorizedimmigrantsjobs,fully35%ofthepermanentjobsheldbyunauthorized
    immigrantswouldneverberecovered.
    InTable24,weestimatethatthestatespendsabout42%ofthestateandlocaltaxdollars
    generatedbyunauthorizedimmigrantsonK12education,health,transportationandhigher
    educationservicesforunauthorizedimmigrants.Sincethestatespendsover80%ofstateand
    localtaxdollarsontheseservices,thereisanetsubsidyfromunauthorizedimmigrantstothe
    33

    generalpopulationofthestate.Thisfindingisbasedonconservativeassumptions,andwould
    berobusttoanyreasonablesetofassumptionswithregardtolongtermadjustments.
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    (http://www.newpolicyinstitute.org/2010/05/).
    SingerAubrey.2012.ImmigrantWorkersintheU.S.LaborForce.BrookingsInstitution,March.
    (http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2012/0315_immigrant_workers_singer.aspx].
    Strayhorn,CaroleKeeton.2006.UNDOCUMENTEDIMMIGRANTSINTEXAS:AFinancialAnalysis
    oftheImpacttotheStateBudgetandEconomy.December.
    (http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/undocumented/).
    USBureauofLaborStatistics.LocalAreaUnemploymentStatistics.
    (http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LASST29000003).

    35

    UMKC CENTER FOR ECONOMIC INFORMATION

    Economic and Fiscal


    Contributions of
    International Immigrants
    in the State of Missouri
    Appendix Tables

    36

    TableA.1
    BirthplaceofMissouriResidentsDetailed
    RegionofNativity
    2008
    2009
    AmericanSamoa
    237
    155
    Canada
    6189 4940
    Mexico
    45023 40438
    CentralAmerica
    11320 12912
    Cuba
    3008 2373
    WestIndies
    2190 2330
    Americas,n.s.

    109
    SOUTHAMERICA
    6876 5747
    Denmark
    376
    476
    Finland
    241
    113
    Norway
    79
    0
    Sweden
    538
    610
    England
    3942 3180
    Scotland
    622
    573
    UnitedKingdom,ns
    1481 1856
    Ireland
    1144
    958
    Belgium
    249
    472
    France
    1142
    196
    Netherlands
    486 1082
    Switerland
    418
    843
    Albania
    1512 1957
    Greece
    706 1263
    Italy
    2393 1626
    Portugal
    193
    165
    Spain
    291
    757
    Austria
    310
    883
    Bulgaria
    628
    912
    Czechoslovakia
    116
    385
    Germany
    9050 7205
    Hungary
    1503
    198
    Poland
    1762 1307
    Romania
    2267 1523
    Yugoslavia
    9942 9618
    Latvia
    439
    76
    Lithuania
    57
    0
    OtherUSSR/Russia
    6246 12524
    Europe,ns
    23
    543
    China
    11703 11691
    37

    2010
    187
    7312
    43511
    12640
    3052
    5560
    118
    7274
    253
    379
    490
    470
    2892
    251
    2085
    655
    152
    571
    605
    349
    2817
    790
    1159
    0
    631
    529
    1487
    268
    8422
    684
    1664
    1047
    13509
    213
    169
    12831
    497
    15648

    Table1A(cont)RegionofNativity
    2008
    2009
    2010
    Japan
    2290 2757
    1378
    Korea
    8424 8477
    6683
    EastAsia,ns
    201
    0
    0
    Cambodia(Kampuchea)
    415
    711
    601
    Indonesia
    501
    272
    0
    Laos
    633
    612
    1518
    Malaysia
    1321
    380
    173
    Philippines
    8227 7236
    8329
    Singapore
    0
    120
    193
    Thailand
    2655 1570
    932
    Vietnam
    9773 8882 12067
    Afghanistan
    1295
    871
    1014
    India
    13579 16488 18135
    Iran
    1992 1536
    1389
    Nepal
    812
    593
    2120
    Iraq
    827 5534
    1031
    Israel/Palestine
    789 1704
    337
    Jordan
    1163
    137
    432
    Kuwait
    0
    165
    86
    Lebanon
    1108
    613
    158
    SaudiArabia
    455
    636
    1235
    Syria
    0
    355
    166
    Turkey
    631
    0
    754
    Yemen
    0
    0
    85
    Asia,nec/ns
    2201 1585
    516
    AFRICA
    15896 17290 16986
    AustraliaandNewZealand
    1135
    425
    3328
    PacificIslands
    1130
    953
    648
    Other,nec
    176
    0
    837
    Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey2008
    2010

    38

    TableA.2
    BasicDemographicsofMissouriImmigrantsandNatives,2008
    Male

    Female

    All

    Immigrants
    05
    1340
    1.27%
    2032
    1.90%
    3372
    1.59%
    618
    12106
    11.47%
    10719
    10.04%
    22825
    10.75%
    1935
    37447
    35.49%
    32975
    30.87%
    70422
    33.17%
    3665
    44928
    42.58%
    47368
    44.35%
    92296
    43.47%
    65+
    9705
    9.20%
    13711
    12.84%
    23416
    11.03%
    Total
    105526 100.00% 106805 100.00% 212331 100.00%
    Mexican&CentralAmericanImmigrants
    05
    354
    1.09%
    102
    0.43%
    456
    0.81%
    618
    3105
    9.58%
    4792
    20.02%
    7897
    14.02%
    1935
    17011
    52.49%
    10931
    45.67%
    27942
    49.59%
    3665
    11177
    34.49%
    7499
    31.33%
    18676
    33.15%
    65+
    763
    2.35%
    609
    2.54%
    1372
    2.44%
    Total
    32410 100.00% 23933 100.00% 56343 100.00%
    Natives
    05
    240126
    8.64%
    226055
    7.74%
    466181
    8.18%
    618
    515451 18.54% 490156 16.79% 1005607 17.64%
    1935 633749 22.80% 636120 21.79% 1269869 22.28%
    3665 1064010 38.27% 1112792 38.12% 2176802 38.19%
    65+
    326724 11.75% 454091 15.56% 780815 13.70%
    Total 2780060 100.00% 2919214 100.00% 5699274 100.00%
    Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey2008
    Age

    39

    TableA.3
    LaborForceStatusinMissouriofIndividualsover18yearsofAge2008
    EmploymentStatus
    Male

    Female

    All

    AllImmigrants
    Employed
    71472
    77.62%
    50439
    53.63% 121911 65.50%
    Unemployed
    4680
    5.08%
    3049
    3.24%
    7729
    4.15%
    Notinlaborforce
    15928
    17.30%
    40566
    43.13%
    56494
    30.35%
    Total
    92080 100.00% 94054 100.00% 186134 100.00%
    Mexican&CentralAmericanImmigrants
    Employed
    24091
    83.21%
    8306
    43.63%
    32397
    67.51%
    Unemployed
    2467
    8.52%
    516
    2.71%
    2983
    6.22%
    Notinlaborforce
    2393
    8.27%
    10217
    53.66%
    12610
    26.28%
    Total
    28951 100.00% 19039 100.00% 47990 100.00%
    Natives
    Employed
    1382149 68.27% 1300053 59.01% 2682202 63.45%
    Unemployed
    89787
    4.44%
    72653
    3.30%
    162440
    3.84%
    Notinlaborforce
    552547 27.29% 830297 37.69% 1382844 32.71%
    Total
    2024483 100.00% 2203003 100.00% 4227486 100.00%
    Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey2008

    40

    TableA.4
    ParticipationinEmploymentofIndustrialCategoriesbyImmigrantStatus&Gender
    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&
    AllImmigrants
    CentralAmerica
    Natives

    Male Female Male Female Male


    Female
    Industry
    3.16% 1.42% 2.25% 0.17% 83.42% 11.99%
    Cropproduction
    2.23% 0.44% 1.72% 0.33% 78.63% 18.70%
    Animalproduction
    0.82% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 90.08%
    9.10%
    Logging
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 79.11% 20.89%
    Forestryexceptlogging
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 90.76%
    9.24%
    Fishing,hunting,andtrapping
    3.70% 1.04% 1.99% 1.04% 72.21% 23.04%
    Supportactivitiesforagricultureandforestry
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 91.16%
    8.84%
    Oilandgasextraction
    0.00% 51.22% 0.00% 0.00% 36.59% 12.20%
    Coalmining
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 92.73%
    7.27%
    Metaloremining
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    97.88%
    2.12%
    Nonmetallicmineralminingandquarrying
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 0.00%
    Supportactivitiesformining
    0.39% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 87.38% 12.23%
    Electricpowergeneration,transmissionanddistribution
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 76.42% 23.58%
    Naturalgasdistribution
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 66.26% 33.74%
    Sewagetreatmentfacilities
    1.66% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 78.92% 19.42%
    Water,steam,airconditioning,andirrigationsystems
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 81.96% 18.04%
    Electricandgas,andothercombinations
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 35.53% 64.47%
    Notspecifiedutilities
    3.17% 0.02% 2.46% 0.10% 88.01%
    8.80%
    Construction
    7.09% 14.00% 0.00% 0.00% 32.54% 46.37%
    Sugarandconfectioneryproducts
    4.08% 3.42% 4.08% 0.00% 52.89% 39.61%
    Fruitandvegetablepreservingandspecialtyfoods
    1.43% 13.19% 0.00% 0.00% 51.71% 33.66%
    Dairyproducts
    18.92% 10.63% 9.97% 8.34% 38.05% 32.40%
    Animalslaughteringandprocessing
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 47.49% 52.51%
    Retailbakeries
    7.46% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 74.43% 18.11%
    Bakeries,exceptretail
    3.05% 3.16% 2.64% 3.16% 57.15% 36.64%
    Animalfood,grainandoilseedmilling
    6.17% 5.36% 6.17% 0.00% 48.26% 40.20%
    Seafoodandothermiscellaneousfoods,n.e.c.
    8.69% 3.25% 8.69% 3.25% 61.32% 26.74%
    Notspecifiedfoodindustries
    0.00% 1.38% 0.00% 1.38% 77.89% 20.73%
    Beverage
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 39.94% 60.06%
    Tobacco
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 100.00%
    Fiber,yarn,andthreadmills
    0.00% 14.57% 0.00% 0.00% 17.73% 67.69%
    Fabricmills,exceptknitting
    13.04%
    45.95% 0.00% 0.00% 29.41% 11.61%
    Textileandfabricfinishingandcoatingmills
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 0.00%
    Carpetandrugmills
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 6.21% 36.13% 63.87%
    Textileproductmillsexceptcarpetsandrugs
    1.36% 17.06% 0.00% 0.00% 20.59% 60.99%
    Cutandsewapparel
    0.00% 5.39% 0.00% 0.00% 23.99% 70.62%
    Apparelaccessoriesandotherapparel
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 36.33% 63.67%
    Footwear
    41

    TableA.4IncidenceofImmigrantEmploymentbyIndustry,
    ImmigrationStatusandGender(cont)
    Industry
    Leathertanningandfinishingandotheralliedproducts
    manufacturing(2008onward)
    Knittingfabricmills,andapparelknittingmills(2008onward)

    Sawmillsandwoodpreservation
    Veneer,plywood,andengineeredwoodproducts
    Prefabricatedwoodbuildingsandmobilehomes
    Miscellaneouswoodproducts
    Pulp,paper,andpaperboardmills
    Paperboardcontainersandboxes
    Miscellaneouspaperandpulpproducts
    Printingandrelatedsupportactivities
    Petroleumrefining
    Miscellaneouspetroleumandcoalproducts
    Resin,syntheticrubber,andfibersandfilaments
    Agriculturalchemicals
    Pharmaceuticalsandmedicines
    Paint,coating,andadhesives
    Soap,cleaningcompound,andcosmetics
    Industrialandmiscellaneouschemicals
    Plasticsproducts
    Tires
    Rubberproducts,excepttires
    Pottery,ceramics,andrelatedproducts
    Structuralclayproducts
    Glassandglassproducts
    Miscellaneousnonmetallicmineralproducts
    Cement,concrete,lime,andgypsumproducts
    Aluminumproductionandprocessing
    Nonferrousmetal,exceptaluminum,productionandprocessing

    Foundries
    Ironandsteelmillsandsteelproducts
    Metalforgingsandstampings
    Cutleryandhandtools
    Machineshops;turnedproducts;screws,nutsandbolts
    Coating,engraving,heattreatingandalliedactivities
    Ordnance
    Structuralmetals,andtankandshippingcontainers
    Miscellaneousfabricatedmetalproductsmanufacturing
    Agriculturalimplements
    Constructionminingandoilfieldmachinery

    AllImmigrants
    Male Female

    Natives
    Male
    Female

    0.00% 80.12% 19.88%


    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 100.00%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 93.06%
    6.94%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 90.63%
    9.37%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 58.51% 41.49%
    4.76% 0.00% 4.76% 0.00% 66.29% 28.94%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 79.49% 20.51%
    11.06% 0.00% 11.06% 0.00% 59.01% 29.93%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 77.00% 23.00%
    1.09% 0.99% 0.00% 0.34% 60.17% 37.76%
    11.70% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 79.78%
    8.52%
    10.84% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 88.11%
    1.04%
    4.49% 0.00% 3.33% 0.00% 68.27% 27.23%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 73.35% 26.65%
    3.07% 3.63% 0.00% 0.00% 45.34% 47.96%
    4.88% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 55.72% 39.40%
    6.91% 5.62% 0.00% 0.00% 43.84% 43.64%
    0.00% 0.74% 0.00% 0.00% 68.85% 30.41%
    8.68% 1.15% 2.21% 0.37% 56.79% 33.38%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 79.30% 20.70%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 100.00%
    22.71% 0.00% 22.71% 0.00% 64.30% 13.00%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 78.58% 21.42%
    14.30% 0.00% 14.30% 0.00% 76.77%
    8.92%
    2.63% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 93.56%
    3.81%
    2.90% 12.29% 2.90% 12.29% 76.81%
    7.99%
    2.28% 0.00% 2.28% 0.00% 72.79% 24.93%
    11.55% 2.81% 11.55% 0.00% 67.27% 18.37%
    2.07% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 84.91% 13.02%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 84.66% 15.34%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 75.49% 24.51%
    1.46% 1.04% 0.00% 0.00% 89.84%
    7.66%
    7.52% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 77.57% 14.91%
    2.65% 0.00% 2.65% 0.00% 80.29% 17.06%
    0.88% 1.61% 0.20% 1.05% 80.67% 16.84%
    1.73% 1.50% 0.10% 0.00% 71.62% 25.16%
    14.92% 0.00% 4.69% 0.00% 58.25% 26.83%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 70.10% 29.90%
    42

    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&
    CentralAmerica
    Male Female

    TableA.4IncidenceofImmigrantEmploymentbyIndustry,
    ImmigrationStatusandGender(cont)
    Commercialandserviceindustrymachinery
    Metalworkingmachinery
    Engines,turbines,andpowertransmissionequipment
    Machinery,n.e.c.
    Notspecifiedmachinery
    Computerandperipheralequipment
    Navigational,measuring,electromedical,andcontrolinstruments

    Communications,audio,andvideoequipment
    Electroniccomponentsandproducts,n.e.c.
    Householdappliances
    Electricalmachinery,equipment,andsupplies,n.e.c.
    Aircraftandparts
    Aerospaceproductsandparts
    Railroadrollingstock
    Shipandboatbuilding
    Othertransportationequipment
    Motorvehiclesandmotorvehicleequipment
    Furnitureandfixtures
    Medicalequipmentandsupplies
    Toys,amusement,andsportinggoods
    Miscellaneousmanufacturing,n.e.c.
    Notspecifiedmetalindustries
    Notspecifiedindustries
    Motorvehicles,partsandsupplies
    Furnitureandhomefurnishing
    Lumberandotherconstructionmaterials
    Professionalandcommercialequipmentandsupplies
    Metalsandminerals,exceptpetroleum
    Electricalgoods
    Hardware,plumbingandheatingequipment,andsupplies
    Machinery,equipment,andsupplies
    Recyclablematerial
    Miscellaneousdurablegoods
    Paperandpaperproducts
    Apparel,fabrics,andnotions
    Groceriesandrelatedproducts
    Farmproductrawmaterials
    Petroleumandpetroleumproducts
    Alcoholicbeverages

    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&
    AllImmigrants
    CentralAmerica
    Natives
    Male Female Male Female Male
    Female
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 44.38% 55.62%
    4.61% 0.00% 2.58% 0.00% 81.44% 13.95%
    4.37% 3.77% 0.00% 0.00% 56.84% 35.02%
    2.98% 0.50% 0.52% 0.00% 69.57% 26.95%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 83.84% 16.16%
    8.32% 3.91% 0.00% 0.00% 65.85% 21.93%
    9.88% 7.30% 0.00% 0.00% 45.69% 37.13%
    8.63% 0.60% 0.00% 0.00% 59.27% 31.49%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 73.70% 26.30%
    3.15% 0.65% 0.37% 0.28% 59.43% 36.77%
    2.61% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 73.71% 23.68%
    2.26% 0.79% 0.00% 0.00% 76.24% 20.71%
    1.97% 0.00% 1.97% 0.00% 66.67% 31.36%
    0.90% 8.66% 0.90% 0.00% 70.49% 19.94%
    15.90% 0.00% 15.90% 0.00% 66.20% 17.91%
    3.04% 1.12% 0.89% 0.54% 76.77% 19.07%
    1.32% 0.68% 0.00% 0.00% 73.53% 24.47%
    0.37% 7.63% 0.00% 0.00% 51.44% 40.56%
    3.22% 5.68% 0.00% 5.68% 54.22% 36.89%
    1.72% 2.47% 0.00% 1.26% 62.99% 32.82%
    0.00% 57.40% 9.22% 18.33% 29.61% 12.99%
    2.19% 1.50% 0.00% 0.00% 66.00% 30.31%
    3.78% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 75.50% 20.72%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 49.76% 50.24%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 82.11% 17.89%
    1.23% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 69.00% 29.77%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 84.75% 15.25%
    1.42% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 70.53% 28.05%
    2.72% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 77.75% 19.53%
    0.78% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 70.46% 28.76%
    9.59% 0.00% 9.59% 0.00% 78.63% 11.78%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 71.09% 28.91%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 55.43% 44.57%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 72.90% 27.10%
    2.08% 0.40% 1.43% 0.40% 73.52% 24.00%
    0.00% 3.90% 0.00% 0.00% 68.94% 27.16%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 90.11%
    9.89%
    0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 87.01% 12.99%
    43

    TableA.4IncidenceofImmigrantEmploymentbyIndustry,
    ImmigrationStatusandGender(cont)
    Farmsupplies
    Miscellaneousnondurablegoods,merchantwholesalers
    Drugs,sundries,andchemicalandalliedproducts
    Wholesaleelectronicmarkets,agentsandbrokers
    Notspecifiedtrade
    Automobiledealers
    Othermotorvehicledealers
    Autoparts,accessories,andtirestores
    Furnitureandhomefurnishingsstores
    Householdappliancestores
    Radio,tv,andcomputerstores
    Hardwarestores
    Buildingmaterialandsuppliesdealers
    Lawnandgardenequipmentandsuppliesstores
    Grocerystores
    Specialtyfoodstores
    Beer,wine,andliquorstores
    Pharmaciesanddrugstores
    Healthandpersonalcare,exceptdrug,stores
    Gasolinestations
    Clothingstores
    Shoestores
    Jewelry,luggage,andleathergoodsstores
    Sewing,needleworkandpiecegoodsstores
    Bookstoresandnewsdealers
    Musicstores
    Departmentstores
    Miscellaneousgeneralmerchandisestores
    Florists
    Officesuppliesandstationarystores
    Gift,novelty,andsouvenirshops
    Usedmerchandisestores
    Miscellaneousretailstores
    Electronicshopping(2005onward)
    Electronicauctions
    Mailorderhouses
    Vendingmachineoperators
    Fueldealers
    Otherdirectsellingestablishments

    AllImmigrants
    Male Female
    0.00% 5.91%
    2.50% 2.96%
    1.92% 0.52%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.85% 0.34%
    0.00% 0.00%
    2.68% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    2.97% 0.63%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.97% 0.39%
    0.22% 0.00%
    1.22% 1.26%
    3.02% 1.31%
    0.00% 0.00%
    1.32% 2.30%
    0.85% 0.92%
    7.66% 1.50%
    0.00% 3.06%
    0.00% 2.19%
    0.00% 9.29%
    0.00% 6.26%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    1.15% 4.00%
    0.00% 1.44%
    0.00% 0.59%
    5.38% 0.00%
    1.85% 2.77%
    0.00% 0.00%
    1.62% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    2.73% 6.61%
    0.00% 0.00%
    5.04% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    44

    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&
    CentralAmerica
    Male Female
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.45% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.63%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.31% 0.41%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.43%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.15% 0.52%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    1.05% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%

    Natives
    Male
    Female
    64.47% 29.62%
    55.46% 39.07%
    45.43% 52.13%
    54.26% 45.74%
    72.75% 27.25%
    75.59% 23.22%
    62.07% 37.93%
    74.55% 22.78%
    42.66% 57.34%
    68.77% 31.23%
    46.30% 50.11%
    56.52% 43.48%
    72.37% 26.27%
    66.99% 32.79%
    40.03% 57.49%
    31.22% 64.46%
    62.51% 37.49%
    23.73% 72.65%
    23.17% 75.07%
    29.24% 61.60%
    16.47% 80.46%
    28.10% 69.71%
    24.76% 65.95%
    28.90% 64.85%
    24.55% 75.45%
    65.45% 34.55%
    31.19% 63.66%
    39.04% 59.52%
    20.69% 78.73%
    62.85% 31.77%
    24.94% 70.43%
    26.85% 73.15%
    42.70% 55.67%
    49.18% 50.82%
    40.58% 59.42%
    22.69% 67.97%
    78.66% 21.34%
    72.95% 22.01%
    34.14% 65.86%

    TableA.4IncidenceofImmigrantEmploymentbyIndustry,
    ImmigrationStatusandGender(cont)
    Airtransportation
    Railtransportation
    Watertransportation
    Trucktransportation
    Taxiandlimousineservice
    Busserviceandurbantransit
    Pipelinetransportation
    Scenicandsightseeingtransportation
    Servicesincidentaltotransportation
    Postalservice
    Couriersandmessengers
    Warehousingandstorage
    Sportinggoods,camera,andhobbyandtoystores
    Notspecifiedretailtrade
    Newspaperpublishers
    Publishing,exceptnewspapersandsoftware
    Softwarepublishing
    Motionpicturesandvideoindustries
    Soundrecordingindustries
    Broadcasting,exceptInternet
    Wiredtelecommunicationscarriers
    Othertelecommunicationservices
    Dataprocessing,hosting,andrelatedservices
    Librariesandarchives
    Internetpublishingandbroadcastingandwebsearchportals
    Otherinformationservices,exceptlibrariesandarchives,andinternet
    publishingandbroadcasting

    Savingsinstitutions,includingcreditunions
    Nondepositorycreditandrelatedactivities
    Insurancecarriersandrelatedactivities
    Bankingandrelatedactivities
    Securities,commodities,funds,trusts,andotherfinancialinvestments

    Realestate
    Automotiveequipmentrentalandleasing
    Videotapeanddiskrental
    Otherconsumergoodsrental
    Commercial,industrial,andotherintangibleassetsrentalandleasing

    Legalservices
    Accounting,taxpreparation,bookkeepingandpayrollservices

    Architectural,engineering,andrelatedservices

    AllImmigrants
    Male Female
    0.89% 2.08%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    4.42% 0.21%
    8.06% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.20%
    4.81% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.65% 3.47%
    1.91% 0.53%
    0.41% 0.43%
    8.04% 0.00%
    1.56% 0.78%
    0.35% 0.72%
    1.09% 0.00%
    2.51% 3.11%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 1.63%
    0.00% 0.00%
    2.39% 0.00%
    0.33% 0.00%
    2.92% 0.39%
    0.00% 0.00%
    1.25% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%

    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&
    CentralAmerica
    Male Female
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.07%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    6.83% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    1.24% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%

    Natives
    Male
    Female
    63.95% 33.08%
    96.64%
    3.36%
    72.11% 27.89%
    84.86% 10.51%
    91.94%
    0.00%
    50.88% 48.92%
    95.19%
    0.00%
    77.25% 22.75%
    66.58% 29.29%
    56.44% 41.11%
    80.90% 18.26%
    74.92% 17.03%
    52.06% 45.60%
    32.92% 66.01%
    46.75% 52.16%
    38.04% 56.35%
    43.43% 56.57%
    63.96% 34.41%
    0.00% 100.00%
    51.42% 46.19%
    58.35% 41.32%
    56.22% 40.46%
    57.91% 42.09%
    22.16% 76.59%
    77.52% 22.48%

    0.00%
    3.29%
    0.97%
    0.67%
    5.30%
    1.75%
    0.78%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    6.89%
    0.69%
    0.39%
    3.55%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.10%
    0.77%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    26.99%
    0.00%
    33.89%
    35.47%
    31.83%
    51.26%
    46.02%
    66.37%
    25.79%
    68.59%
    77.47%
    40.28%
    30.66%
    64.46%

    45

    0.00%
    0.48%
    1.09%
    4.14%
    3.01%
    2.68%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.79%
    1.91%
    0.66%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.35%
    0.32%
    0.00%
    0.40%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.58%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    73.01%
    100.00%
    62.33%
    62.47%
    63.35%
    40.43%
    49.56%
    32.85%
    74.21%
    31.41%
    15.63%
    58.24%
    67.04%
    31.32%

    TableA.4IncidenceofImmigrantEmploymentbyIndustry,
    ImmigrationStatusandGender(cont)
    Specializeddesignservices
    Computersystemsdesignandrelatedservices
    Management,scientificandtechnicalconsultingservices
    Scientificresearchanddevelopmentservices
    Advertisingandrelatedservices
    Veterinaryservices
    Otherprofessional,scientificandtechnicalservices
    Managementofcompaniesandenterprises
    Employmentservices
    Businesssupportservices
    Travelarrangementsandreservationservices
    Investigationandsecurityservices
    Landscapingservices
    Servicestobuildingsanddwellings
    Otheradministrative,andothersupportservices
    Wastemanagementandremediationservices
    Elementaryandsecondaryschools
    Colleges,includingjuniorcolleges,anduniversities
    Business,technical,andtradeschoolsandtraining
    Otherschools,instructionandeducationalservices
    Officesofphysicians
    Officesofdentists
    Officeofchiropractors
    Officesofoptometrists
    Officesofotherhealthpractitioners
    Outpatientcarecenters
    Homehealthcareservices
    Otherhealthcareservices
    Hospitals
    Nursingcarefacilities
    Residentialcarefacilities,withoutnursing
    Individualandfamilyservices
    Communityfoodandhousing,andemergencyservices
    Vocationalrehabilitationservices
    Childdaycareservices
    Independentartists,performingarts,spectatorsportsandrelatedindustries

    Museums,artgalleries,historicalsites,andsimilarinstitutions

    Bowlingcenters
    Otheramusement,gambling,andrecreationindustries

    AllImmigrants
    Male Female
    11.57% 0.00%
    8.41% 2.27%
    2.83% 2.09%
    9.39% 8.28%
    1.08% 0.96%
    0.00% 1.69%
    2.87% 0.96%
    0.00% 0.00%
    1.22% 2.25%
    1.79% 3.44%
    6.62% 0.00%
    0.57% 0.00%
    8.56% 0.00%
    4.80% 6.74%
    1.41% 0.93%
    3.95% 0.00%
    0.46% 0.94%
    5.24% 3.44%
    0.00% 0.00%
    1.69% 1.30%
    2.37% 1.15%
    2.14% 1.08%
    0.00% 4.92%
    8.16% 0.00%
    11.36% 0.00%
    2.33% 1.12%
    1.89% 1.86%
    1.48% 2.53%
    1.80% 2.80%
    0.48% 2.01%
    0.99% 0.48%
    0.73% 5.82%
    0.00% 1.84%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 2.37%
    0.53% 0.43%
    2.92% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    3.03% 1.86%
    46

    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&
    CentralAmerica
    Male Female
    11.57% 0.00%
    0.79% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.51%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.75% 0.17%
    0.13% 1.47%
    1.16% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    6.86% 0.00%
    0.54% 2.26%
    0.00% 0.93%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.01% 0.13%
    0.25% 0.06%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.13%
    0.00% 1.41%
    0.00% 0.23%
    0.25% 0.11%
    0.00% 0.42%
    0.99% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 1.84%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 1.37%
    0.00% 0.43%
    0.19% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.18% 0.00%

    Natives
    Male
    Female
    44.61% 43.81%
    60.94% 28.39%
    41.25% 53.83%
    44.85% 37.47%
    53.79% 44.16%
    22.73% 75.58%
    39.04% 57.12%
    47.49% 52.51%
    43.65% 52.88%
    31.13% 63.64%
    24.28% 69.10%
    65.73% 33.69%
    80.12% 11.32%
    51.68% 36.78%
    53.41% 44.25%
    87.99%
    8.06%
    22.24% 76.35%
    35.81% 55.51%
    37.33% 62.67%
    28.39% 68.61%
    15.79% 80.70%
    18.26% 78.53%
    18.31% 76.77%
    28.80% 63.04%
    14.51% 74.13%
    16.34% 80.21%
    10.50% 85.75%
    27.47% 68.53%
    21.32% 74.08%
    12.25% 85.26%
    22.59% 75.94%
    17.49% 75.97%
    40.26% 57.90%
    49.05% 50.95%
    1.74%
    95.89%
    52.01% 47.03%
    48.20% 48.88%
    59.75% 40.25%
    54.54% 40.57%

    TableA.4IncidenceofImmigrantEmploymentbyIndustry,
    ImmigrationStatusandGender(cont)
    Traveleraccommodation
    RVparksandcamps,androomingandboardinghouses
    Drinkingplaces,alcoholbeverages
    Restaurantsandotherfoodservices
    Carwashes
    Automotiverepairandmaintenance
    Electronicandprecisionequipmentrepairandmaintenance
    Commercialandindustrialmachineryandequipmentrepairandmaintenance

    yay!
    Barbershops
    Beautysalons
    Nailsalonsandotherpersonalcareservices
    Funeralhomes,cemeteriesandcrematories
    Drycleaningandlaundryservices
    Otherpersonalservices
    Religiousorganizations
    Laborunions
    Business,professional,politicalandsimilarorganizations
    Civic,social,advocacyorganizationsandgrantmakingandgivingservices

    Privatehouseholds
    Publicfinanceactivities
    Othergeneralgovernmentandsupport
    Executiveofficesandlegislativebodies
    Administrationofhumanresourceprograms
    U.S.Army

    U.S.AirForce
    U.S.Navy
    U.S.Marines
    U.S.Armedforces,branchnotspecified
    Militaryreservesornationalguard
    Nationalsecurityandinternationalaffairs
    Administrationofenvironmentalqualityandhousingprograms

    Administrationofeconomicprogramsandspaceresearch
    Justice,publicorder,andsafetyactivities

    AllImmigrants
    Male Female
    5.75% 6.54%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    4.45% 3.58%
    0.00% 0.25%
    1.98% 0.00%
    8.59% 0.00%
    4.89% 0.00%
    2.13% 1.70%
    0.00% 0.00%
    1.87% 4.90%
    6.78% 30.69%
    1.62% 0.00%
    3.45% 2.24%
    0.00% 0.00%
    1.28% 0.98%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 2.01%
    0.00% 0.71%
    0.00% 7.96%
    0.00% 0.96%
    0.00% 0.00%
    1.02% 0.13%
    1.46% 1.30%
    3.81% 1.20%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    67.50% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    0.49% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00%
    1.50% 0.00%
    0.37% 0.78%

    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009

    47

    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&
    CentralAmerica
    Natives
    Male Female Male
    Female
    3.31% 3.91% 27.97% 59.74%
    0.00% 0.00% 35.83% 64.17%
    0.00% 0.00% 43.08% 56.92%
    2.70% 1.16% 39.78% 52.18%
    0.00% 0.25% 63.89% 35.86%
    1.00% 0.00% 83.89% 14.12%
    0.00% 0.00% 82.11%
    9.30%
    2.72% 0.00% 86.64%
    8.46%
    0.00% 0.00% 74.33% 21.84%
    0.00% 0.00% 79.30% 20.70%
    0.00% 0.22%
    3.18%
    90.05%
    0.00% 0.00% 15.78% 46.75%
    0.00% 0.00% 74.93% 23.44%
    3.15% 0.61% 32.58% 61.74%
    0.00% 0.00% 26.48% 73.52%
    0.45% 0.00% 49.36% 48.38%
    0.00% 0.00% 70.39% 29.61%
    0.00% 0.00% 25.27% 72.72%
    0.00% 0.00% 37.41% 61.88%
    0.00% 4.99%
    6.03%
    86.02%
    0.00% 0.00% 30.83% 68.21%
    0.00% 0.00% 34.24% 65.76%
    0.00% 0.00% 48.87% 49.98%
    0.00% 0.00% 20.40% 76.84%
    1.92% 0.00% 74.75% 20.25%
    0.00% 0.00% 75.26% 24.74%
    0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 0.00% 32.50%
    0.00%
    0.00% 0.00% 75.18% 24.82%
    0.00% 0.00% 66.10% 33.41%
    0.00% 0.00% 64.85% 35.15%
    0.88% 0.00% 45.97% 52.53%
    0.16% 0.00% 65.23% 33.63%

    TableA.5
    MissouriOccupationsofMaleImmigrantsover18YearsofAge
    All
    ImmigrantsfromMexico
    OccupationCategory1990SOC
    Immigrants
    &CentralAmerica
    Chiefexecutivesandpublicadministrators
    929
    0
    Financialmanagers
    835
    0
    Humanresourcesandlaborrelationsmanagers
    354
    169
    549
    0
    Managersandspecialistsinmarketing,advertising,andpublicrelations
    Managersineducationandrelatedfields
    201
    0
    Managersofmedicineandhealthoccupations
    374
    0
    Managersoffoodservingandlodgingestablishments
    720
    0
    Managersofpropertiesandrealestate
    194
    0
    Managersofserviceorganizations,n.e.c.
    229
    229
    Managersandadministrators,n.e.c.
    2960
    503
    Accountantsandauditors
    370
    0
    Otherfinancialspecialists
    508
    0
    Managementanalysts
    730
    35
    Personnel,HR,training,andlaborrelationsspecialists
    213
    213
    Buyers,wholesaleandretailtrade
    300
    0
    Purchasingmanagers,agentsandbuyers,n.e.c.
    81
    0
    Businessandpromotionagents
    80
    0
    Architects
    278
    0
    Aerospaceengineer
    63
    0
    391
    0
    Metallurgicalandmaterialsengineers,variouslyphrased
    Civilengineers
    138
    0
    Electricalengineer
    897
    0
    Mechanicalengineers
    206
    91
    Notelsewhereclassifiedengineers
    105
    0
    Computersystemsanalystsandcomputerscientists
    1787
    0
    Chemists
    418
    0
    Physicalscientists,n.e.c.
    520
    20
    Agriculturalandfoodscientists
    384
    0
    Medicalscientists
    226
    0
    Physicians
    3555
    89
    Dentists
    355
    0
    Podiatrists
    412
    0
    Registerednurses
    255
    0
    Pharmacists
    94
    0
    Subjectinstructors(HS/college)
    3014
    0
    Primaryschoolteachers
    527
    0
    Teachers,n.e.c.
    428
    0
    126
    0
    Economists,marketresearchers,andsurveyresearchers
    Socialworkers
    323
    0
    48

    TableA.5MissouriOccupationsofMaleImmigrants
    OccupationCategory1990SOC
    Recreationworkers
    Clergyandreligiousworkers
    Lawyers
    Designers
    Art/entertainmentperformersandrelated
    Athletes,sportsinstructors,andofficials
    Clinicallaboratorytechnologiesandtechnicians
    Radiologictechspecialists
    Licensedpracticalnurses
    Engineeringtechnicians,n.e.c.
    Airplanepilotsandnavigators
    Computersoftwaredevelopers
    Programmersofnumericallycontrolledmachinetools
    Supervisorsandproprietorsofsalesjobs
    Insurancesalesoccupations
    Realestatesalesoccupations
    Financialservicessalesoccupations
    Salesengineers
    Salespersons,n.e.c.
    Retailsalesclerks
    Cashiers
    Officesupervisors
    Secretaries
    Typists
    Transportationticketandreservationagents
    Receptionists
    Fileclerks
    Postalclerks,excludingmailcarriers
    Mailcarriersforpostalservice
    Mailclerks,outsideofpostoffice
    Dispatchers
    Shippingandreceivingclerks
    Stockandinventoryclerks
    Weighers,measurers,andcheckers
    Materialrecording,scheduling,production,planning,andexpeditingclerks

    Insuranceadjusters,examiners,andinvestigators
    Customerservicereps,investigatorsandadjusters,exceptinsurance

    Generalofficeclerks
    Housekeepers,maids,butlers,stewards,andlodgingquarterscleaners

    Police,detectives,andprivateinvestigators
    Otherlawenforcement:sheriffs,bailiffs,correctionalinstitutionofficers

    49

    All
    Immigrants
    101
    503
    294
    770
    224
    491
    167
    120
    376
    28
    37
    3258
    123
    1173
    189
    46
    232
    19
    662
    728
    2169
    415
    175
    50
    126
    266
    119
    138
    189
    96
    462
    72
    559
    400
    96
    73
    354
    94
    721
    140
    80

    ImmigrantsfromMexico
    &CentralAmerica
    0
    193
    0
    708
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    128
    0
    0
    0
    0
    53
    0
    194
    128
    312
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    72
    0
    400
    0
    0
    0
    0
    467
    94
    0

    TableA.5MissouriOccupationsofMaleImmigrants
    OccupationCategory1990SOC
    Bartenders
    Waiter/waitress
    Cooks,variouslydefined
    Waiter'sassistant
    Miscfoodprepworkers
    Nursingaides,orderlies,andattendants
    Supervisorsofcleaningandbuildingservice
    Janitors
    Hairdressersandcosmetologists
    Baggageporters
    Childcareworkers
    Farmmanagers,exceptforhorticulturalfarms
    Farmworkers
    Supervisorsofagriculturaloccupations
    Gardenersandgroundskeepers
    Gradersandsortersofagriculturalproducts
    Timber,logging,andforestryworkers
    Supervisorsofmechanicsandrepairers
    Automobilemechanics
    Bus,truck,andstationaryenginemechanics
    Autobodyrepairers
    Industrialmachineryrepairers
    Repairersofindustrialelectricalequipment
    Repairersofelectricalequipment,n.e.c.
    Precisionmakers,repairers,andsmiths
    Repairersofmechanicalcontrolsandvalves
    Elevatorinstallersandrepairers
    Mechanicsandrepairers,n.e.c.
    Supervisorsofconstructionwork
    Masons,tilers,andcarpetinstallers
    Carpenters
    Drywallinstallers
    Electricians
    Electricpowerinstallersandrepairers
    Painters,constructionandmaintenance
    Plasterers
    Plumbers,pipefitters,andsteamfitters
    Insulationworkers
    Roofersandslaters
    Sheetmetalductinstallers
    Productionsupervisorsorforemen
    50

    All
    Immigrants
    191
    486
    3827
    535
    2531
    457
    160
    1146
    855
    132
    111
    294
    722
    173
    1873
    123
    148
    153
    421
    360
    305
    346
    152
    99
    100
    270
    71
    1055
    273
    800
    905
    212
    119
    118
    1155
    618
    261
    345
    1383
    45
    528

    ImmigrantsfromMexico
    &CentralAmerica
    0
    258
    3058
    329
    1901
    0
    160
    241
    0
    0
    0
    194
    722
    77
    1283
    123
    125
    0
    308
    105
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    121
    0
    788
    273
    369
    661
    212
    94
    118
    991
    618
    64
    0
    1383
    0
    168

    TableA.5MissouriOccupationsofMaleImmigrants
    OccupationCategory1990SOC
    Machinists
    Boilermakers
    Butchersandmeatcutters
    Bakers
    Batchfoodmakers
    Heattreatingequipmentoperators
    Woodlathe,routing,andplaningmachineoperators
    Nailandtackingmachineoperators(woodworking)
    Printingmachineoperators,n.e.c.
    Typesettersandcompositors
    Textilesewingmachineoperators
    Pressingmachineoperators(clothing)
    Laundryworkers
    Packers,fillers,andwrappers
    Slicingandcuttingmachineoperators
    Photographicprocessworkers
    Machineoperators,n.e.c.
    Weldersandmetalcutters
    Assemblersofelectricalequipment
    Gradersandsortersinmanufacturing
    Supervisorsofmotorvehicletransportation
    Truck,delivery,andtractordrivers
    Busdrivers
    Taxicabdriversandchauffeurs
    Parkinglotattendants
    Constructionlaborers
    Productionhelpers
    Garbageandrecyclablematerialcollectors
    Garageandservicestationrelatedoccupations
    Vehiclewashersandequipmentcleaners
    Packersandpackagersbyhand
    Laborersoutsideconstruction
    Military
    Unemployed
    Unknown
    Source:2009AmericanCommunitySurvey

    51

    All
    Immigrants
    313
    87
    480
    169
    73
    163
    595
    14
    55
    104
    72
    128
    62
    672
    118
    150
    2367
    1108
    642
    704
    72
    3104
    25
    236
    640
    1733
    197
    73
    198
    623
    749
    1929
    470
    1398
    9972

    ImmigrantsfromMexico
    &CentralAmerica
    26
    0
    45
    0
    73
    163
    139
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    62
    0
    118
    0
    1620
    813
    560
    161
    72
    278
    0
    0
    0
    1375
    197
    0
    0
    260
    316
    1462
    223
    605
    1249

    TableA.6
    MissouriOccupationsofFemaleImmigrantsover18YearsofAge

    OccupationCategory1990SOC
    Chiefexecutivesandpublicadministrators
    Financialmanagers
    Humanresourcesandlaborrelationsmanagers
    Managersandspecialistsinmarketing,advertising,andpublicrelations
    Managersineducationandrelatedfields
    Managersoffoodservingandlodgingestablishments
    Managersofpropertiesandrealestate
    Managersofserviceorganizations,n.e.c.
    Managersandadministrators,n.e.c.
    Accountantsandauditors
    Insuranceunderwriters
    Otherfinancialspecialists
    Managementanalysts
    Personnel,HR,training,andlaborrelationsspecialists
    Purchasingmanagers,agentsandbuyers,n.e.c.
    Managementsupportoccupations
    Computersystemsanalystsandcomputerscientists
    Chemists
    Physicalscientists,n.e.c.
    Agriculturalandfoodscientists
    Medicalscientists
    Physicians
    Dentists
    Otherhealthandtherapy
    Registerednurses
    Pharmacists
    Physicaltherapists
    Subjectinstructors(HS/college)
    Kindergartenandearlierschoolteachers
    Primaryschoolteachers
    Secondaryschoolteachers
    Teachers,n.e.c.
    Vocationalandeducationalcounselors
    Economists,marketresearchers,andsurveyresearchers
    Socialworkers
    Clergyandreligiousworkers
    Lawyers
    52

    All
    Immigrants
    86
    53
    217
    46
    443
    1041
    102
    225
    1760
    1079
    119
    452
    216
    497
    206
    72
    882
    90
    74
    135
    888
    1584
    84
    144
    1702
    310
    203
    1702
    294
    782
    23
    597
    401
    136
    550
    288
    55

    ImmigrantsfromMexico
    &CentralAmerica
    0
    53
    0
    0
    0
    312
    0
    0
    94
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    101
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    86
    74
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0

    TableA.6MissouriOccupationsofFealeImmigrantsOccupation
    Category1990SOC
    Writersandauthors
    Designers
    Artmakers:painters,sculptors,craftartists,andprintmakers
    Art/entertainmentperformersandrelated
    Clinicallaboratorytechnologiesandtechnicians
    Dentalhygenists
    Healthrecordtechspecialists
    Radiologictechspecialists
    Licensedpracticalnurses
    Healthtechnologistsandtechnicians,n.e.c.
    Engineeringtechnicians,n.e.c.
    Drafters
    Computersoftwaredevelopers
    Legalassistants,paralegals,legalsupport,etc
    Supervisorsandproprietorsofsalesjobs
    Realestatesalesoccupations
    Financialservicessalesoccupations
    Advertisingandrelatedsalesjobs
    Salespersons,n.e.c.
    Retailsalesclerks
    Cashiers
    Doortodoorsales,streetsales,andnewsvendors
    Officesupervisors
    Secretaries
    Interviewers,enumerators,andsurveyors
    Transportationticketandreservationagents
    Receptionists
    Humanresourcesclerks,exceptpayrollandtimekeeping
    Fileclerks
    Bookkeepersandaccountingandauditingclerks
    Payrollandtimekeepingclerks
    Billingclerksandrelatedfinancialrecordsprocessing
    Telephoneoperators
    Mailclerks,outsideofpostoffice
    Messengers
    Shippingandreceivingclerks
    Stockandinventoryclerks
    Materialrecording,scheduling,production,planning,andexpediting
    clerks
    Customerservicereps,investigatorsandadjusters,exceptinsurance
    Billandaccountcollectors
    53

    All
    Immigrants
    17
    120
    175
    456
    260
    179
    76
    203
    388
    154
    206
    83
    933
    206
    681
    785
    431
    105
    177
    2146
    1909
    114
    88
    530
    46
    92
    193
    223
    52
    65
    63
    314
    23
    455
    73
    128
    891

    ImmigrantsfromMexico
    &CentralAmerica
    0
    0
    0
    150
    0
    0
    0
    0
    143
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    178
    0
    0
    0
    0
    623
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    65
    0
    0
    0
    359
    0
    67
    332

    28
    1131
    105

    0
    308
    0

    TableA.6MissouriOccupationsofFealeImmigrantsOccupation
    Category1990SOC
    Generalofficeclerks
    Banktellers
    Dataentrykeyers
    Housekeepers,maids,butlers,stewards,andlodgingquarterscleaners
    Police,detectives,andprivateinvestigators
    Bartenders
    Waiter/waitress
    Cooks,variouslydefined
    Kitchenworkers
    Waiter'sassistant
    Miscfoodprepworkers
    Healthaides,exceptnursing
    Nursingaides,orderlies,andattendants
    Supervisorsofcleaningandbuildingservice
    Janitors
    Supervisorsofpersonalservicejobs,n.e.c.
    Hairdressersandcosmetologists
    Recreationfacilityattendants
    Publictransportationattendantsandinspectors
    Welfareserviceaides
    Childcareworkers
    Personalserviceoccupations,nec
    Farmworkers
    Gradersandsortersofagriculturalproducts
    Productionsupervisorsorforemen
    Dressmakersandseamstresses
    Dentallaboratoryandmedicalappliancetechnicians
    Bookbinders
    Butchersandmeatcutters
    Batchfoodmakers
    Plantandsystemoperators,stationaryengineers
    Woodlathe,routing,andplaningmachineoperators
    Textilesewingmachineoperators
    Laundryworkers
    Packers,fillers,andwrappers
    Paintingmachineoperators
    Photographicprocessworkers
    Machineoperators,n.e.c.
    Assemblersofelectricalequipment
    Gradersandsortersinmanufacturing
    Truck,delivery,andtractordrivers
    54

    All
    Immigrants
    1043
    452
    212
    3416
    131
    289
    695
    3451
    464
    544
    619
    142
    2829
    438
    1219
    372
    2872
    117
    189
    82
    1414
    119
    88
    70
    162
    188
    286
    19
    236
    34
    106
    119
    913
    277
    1618
    106
    52
    867
    1196
    1322
    352

    ImmigrantsfromMexico
    &CentralAmerica
    0
    117
    0
    1942
    0
    0
    76
    1043
    85
    180
    277
    31
    659
    0
    510
    0
    44
    0
    0
    0
    981
    0
    88
    47
    72
    0
    0
    0
    236
    34
    0
    0
    120
    57
    1363
    0
    52
    387
    415
    0
    0

    TableA.6MissouriOccupationsofFealeImmigrantsOccupation
    Category1990SOC
    Busdrivers
    Productionhelpers
    Machinefeedersandoffbearers
    Vehiclewashersandequipmentcleaners
    Packersandpackagersbyhand
    Laborersoutsideconstruction
    Military
    Unemployed
    Unknown
    Source:2009AmericanCommunitySurvey

    55

    All
    Immigrants
    23
    60
    23
    93
    631
    1317
    139
    1062
    27102

    ImmigrantsfromMexico
    &CentralAmerica
    0
    0
    23
    7
    324
    574
    0
    253
    4931

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