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STRENGTH AND TOUGHNESS OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

Pankaj Singla, Puneet Jain, Sahil Jain, Supreet Sethi, Piyush Bansal, Anish Ohri, Sanjay Goel DAV Institute of Engineering and Technology Jalandhar, India

ABSTRACT. Self-compacting concrete [1] (SCC) offers several economic and technical benefits; the use of steel fibers extends its possibilities. Steel fibers acts as a bridge to retard their cracks propagation, and improve several characteristics and properties of the concrete. Fibers are known to significantly affect the workability of concrete, but to compensate the effect of workability, dosage of super-plasticizer was increased. . Therefore, an investigation was performed to compare the properties of plain normal self-compacting concrete and SCC with steel fiber. SCC was developed in Japan [2, 3] in the late 1980s to be mainly used for highly congested reinforced structures in seismic regions. The main motive was to compare the strength & toughness aspects between normal SCC and the fiber reinforced SCC. Fiber content was varied from .35 to 1 percent by weight of cement. The dosage of viscosity modifying agent (VMA) was varied from .1 to .2% by weight of cement. The workability was measured with slump-flow test, L-Box test and V-funnel test. The ductility/toughness of concrete was found to increase in fibre-reinforced concrete as observed from load-deflection study. The results indicated that high-volume of fly ash can be used to produce Steel fiber reinforced selfcompacting concrete (SFR-SCC), even though there is some increase in the concrete strength because of the use of steel fiber and high-volume of fly ash. Keywords: Toughness, Workability, Volume fraction of Fibers, Split Tensile Strength, Viscosity modifying agents, Super-Plasticizer.

Pankaj Singla, Puneet Jain, Sahil Jain, Supreet Sethi, Piyush Bansal, Anish Ohri are final year students of B Tech in Civil Engineering of DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab in India. Dr Sanjay Goel is Assistant Professor at DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab in India. His research interest is fatigue behaviour of fibre reinforced concrete, self compacting concrete.

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INTRODUCTION
Cement concrete is the most extensively used construction material in the world. The reason for its extensive use is that it provides good workability and can be moulded in any shape. In this modern age, civil engineering constructions have their own structural and durability requirements, every structure are intended to meet this purpose and hence modification in the conventional concrete has become mandatory. The proclivity of present engineers is to target the existing problems associated with concrete and with meagre resources, so as to define the new standards and methods. Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) is defined as concrete made with cement containing fine and coarse aggregate and corrugated steel fibers. In FRC, thousands of small fibers are dispersed and distributed randomly in concrete during mixing and thus improves concrete properties. Consequently, it improves tensile and compressive strength, energy absorbing capacity and ductility of concrete. Tests have shown that use of .25-1% steel fibers by weight of cement can produce concrete with better performance characteristics. The present work deals with experimental research of M25 grade Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with corrugated steel fibers of 1mm diameter and 30mm length at different fiber volume fractions as mentioned above. The dosage of super-plasticizer (Glenium-51) was varied from 1 to 1.6% by weight of cement and that of viscosity modifying agent [4] (VMA) was varied from .1 to .2% by weight of cement. The effect of steel fibers on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete was investigated and results obtained are presented.

CURRENT MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE

It is wise to tell how the materials are selected in the current project. The constituent materials, used for the production of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) shall generally comply with the requirements of EN 206. The materials shall be suitable for the intended use in concrete and not contain harmful ingredients in such quantities that may be detrimental to the quality or the durability of the concrete, or cause corrosion of the reinforcement. General suitability is established for cement conforming to EN 197-1. Aggregates shall conform to EN 12620. The moisture content should be closely monitored and must be taken into account in order to produce SCC of constant quality. Suitability is established for mixing water and for recycled water from concrete production conforming to EN 1008. Admixtures used shall comply with EN 934-2: 2000 (including Annex A), where appropriate. Finely-divided inorganic material used in concrete in order to improve certain properties or to achieve special properties. This specification refers to two types of inorganic additions (i) nearly inert additions (Type I), (ii) Pozzolanic or latent hydraulic additions (Type II). General suitability as Type I (semi-inert) addition is established for filler aggregate conforming to EN 12620, pigments conforming to EN 12878. General suitability as Type II (Pozzolanic or latent hydraulic) addition is established for fly ash conforming to EN 450, silica fume conforming to EN 13263 ground granulated blast furnace slag conforming to BS 6699.

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EX XPERIME ENTAL PROGRA P AMME

Mix de esign of M2 25 of conc crete was carried c out using NAN N-SU method. Ordinary Portland d cement of 43 grad de conformi ing to IS 81 112 was use ed. Fine ag ggregate of fineness mo odulus 2.57 7 ecific gravity y 2.61 was used along with the co oarse aggreg gate of finen ness modul lus 6.55 and d and spe specific c gravity of f 2.72 confo orming to IS I 383. Fly ash [5] wa as used as a substitute for cement t replacem ment. Steel l fibers wer re varied fr rom .35 to 1 % by weight of cement. The quantity of f super-p plasticizer (G Glenium-51 1) was varie ed from 1 to 1.6% by weight of c cement. The e properties s of steel fibers and fly ash are given in Ta ables 1 and 2 respective ely. Cubes o of sizes 150 0 x 150 mm m mpressive st trength, bea ams of 500 0 mm x 10 00 mm x 100 mm for r flexural st trength and d for com cylinder r of size 300(H) x 150( (D) were ca ast. All the s specimens were w water cured c and te ested at 3, 7 and 28 days of cu uring. The workability w was measu ured with th he slump co one test, L-b box and Vs were adde ed in wet state s of con ncrete and again a mixed thorough hly. Various s funnel test. Fibers hs studied in this pro oject were compressiv ve strength h, flexural strength, split s tensile e strength strength h and tough hness was al lso observed from the load vs. def flection plo ot using AST TM C-1018 8 and JCI I method. Ta able 1 Phys sical Proper rties of Stee el fibers S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. PR ROPERTIES S iameter :1 1mm Di Le ength : 30mm Te ensile Streng gth :4 400 MPa Ap ppearance :B Bright in cle ean wire Modulus of Elasticity E :2 200 GPa pecific Grav vity :7 7.850 Sp

T Table 2 Phy ysical Prope erties of Fly y Ash

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

PR ROPERTIES S ype Ty Pa article Size Colour D Density Blains Value pecific Grav vity Sp : Class sF : 1-100 0 : Greyi ish : 2200 0-2400 kg/m m3 : 3500-5000 cm2/g gm : 2.102 2

ios used in the t project are: a The rati

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TESTS CONDUCTED ON CONCRETE

In present study, tests [6, 7] such as compressive strength test, split tensile strength, flexural strength test and toughness were carried out on both normal SCC and Steel-Fiber reinforced selfcompacting concrete. The experimental set up for various tests and their results are described below: Compressive Strength Test Cubes compression tests were performed on standard cube of size 150 x 150x 150 mm after 3, 7 and 28 days curing as per IS 516-1959. The results are shown in table 3. The compressive strength is calculated by the following formula: fcu = Pc/A Where, fcu = compressive strength of specimen, N/mm2 Pc = Failure Load in compression, kN and A = Loaded area of cube, mm2 Table 3 Compressive Strength MIX SCC SFR-SCC .35 SFR-SCC .70 SFR-SCC 1.0 3 DAYS 12 15 16 18.4 7 DAYS 15.9 16.9 18.1 20.4 28 DAYS 22.5 25.6 26.6 30.2

Split Tensile Strength Test The test was carried out on cylinder by splitting them along the middle plane parallel to the edges by applying the compressive load to the opposite edges. Split tensile strength test [8] was tested after 28 days of curing. The results are shown in table 4. = 2P/3.14DL Where, = Tensile Strength, MPa P = Load at failure, kN L = Length of cylinder, mm and D = Diameter of cylinder, mm Table 4 Split Tensile Strength MIX SCC SFR-SCC .35 SFR-SCC .70 SFR-SCC 1.0 28 DAYS (N/mm2) 1.40 1.58 2.21 2.42

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Flexural Strength Test Flexural strengths [9, 10] tests were performed on beam specimens according to IS 516:1959. Standard beams of size 500 mm x 100mm x 100 mm were subjected to two pints loading till failure of specimen. It was performed after 28 days of curing on a flexural testing machine of capacity 25kN. The results are shown in table 5. To obtain load-displacement graphs some beam samples were also tested on a 100 kN capacity servo-controlled computerized flexural testing machine and is calculate by using formula: Where, = Flexural strength, MPa P = Load at failure, N Table 5 Flexural Strength MIX SCC SFR-SCC .35 SFR-SCC .70 SFR-SCC 1.0 28 DAYS (N/mm2) 3.66 4.78 5.81 7.24 = .45 P

Toughness of Self-Compacting Concrete The flexural toughness of SFR-SCC has been calculated by using ASTM-1018, ASTM C-1019, and Japanese Concrete Institute (JCI) methods with third point loading of beam size 100 x 100 x 500 mm over a span of 450 mm. As per ASTM C-1018 definition, the toughness is expressed as a ratio of amount of energy required to deflect a beam to a specified deflection, expressed as a multiples of the first crack deflection. The definition sketch for Flexural Toughness Indices (ASTM C-1018) and JCI is shown in figure 1 and 2. The results are shown in table 6. For example, toughness index, I5 is defined as: I5 = The curves are shown on the next page.

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Figure 1 Definition Sketch for Flexural Toughness Indices ASTM-C1018

Figure 2 Definition Sketch for Flexural Toughness Indices (JCI Method)

Table 6 Flexural Toughness

MIX TOUGHNESS INDICES (TF.C.) TOUGHNESS INDICES (TJCI)

SCC SFR-SCC .35 SFR-SCC .70 SFR-SCC 1.0

1.0 1.75 2.76 3.8

1.0 14.045 27.913 29.77

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Workability The 3 key properties of SCC and SFR-SCC are filling ability, Passing ability [11], and Resistance to segregation. The results are shown in table 7. Table 7 Workability
TESTS SCC SFR-SCC 0.35 SFR-SCC .70 SFR-SCC 1.00 EFNARC LIMTS STATUS

2.6 T50 Flow 780 Spread V-Funnel 8 L-Box PA 1 =H2/H1

3.2 720 10 0.91

3.8 690 11.2 0.87

4.1 680 12 0.82

2-5 sec 650-800 mm 6-12 sec .8-1.0

OK OK OK OK

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. It is observed that 3, 7, 28 day compressive strength in case of .35% steel fiber [12] is more than that of SCC and same is observed in the case of .70 and 1.00. It has also been observed that with increase in steel fiber the compressive strength also increases i.e. compressive strength of SFR-SCC .70 mixes at any day is more than that of .35 and compressive strength of SFR-SCC 1.00 mix is more than that of .35 and .70 mixes. So it is noticed that with increase in fiber content, compressive strength also increases. 2. The increase in split tensile strength for SFR-SCC 1.00, SFR-SCC 0.70 and SFR-SCC .35 is 85%, 77% and 23% over SCC. The maximum increase is for SFR-SCC 1.00. 3. The increase in flexural strength for SFR-SCC 1.00, SFR-SCC 0.70 and SFR-SCC .35 is 100%, 61% and 33% over SCC. The maximum increase is for SFR-SCC 1.00. 4. The toughness index for plain concrete in ASTM C 1018 Method is taken as 1.0 because plain concrete flexural test specimens fail immediately after the formation of first crack. From the above table, it is concluded that the flexural toughness index increases with increase in the content of fibers. It is maximum for the last case i.e. SFR-SCC 1%. The value of toughness indices for SFR-SCC .70 is approximately 13.5% more than SFR-SCC .35 and that in case of 1.0 is 27.56% more than .70% and 13% more than .35. 5. From the results of the workability tests for SCC and SFR-SCC, it can be seen that with the increase in the quantity of fibers the flowing ability and passing ability of the concrete decreases due to interlocking of fibers and hence the time taken by the concrete to reach a particular point increases. Therefore, to enhance the Flowing ability of the concrete, the dosage of the Super Plasticizer is to be increased along with the quantity of the fibers.

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CONCLUSIONS
The paper emphasizes on the fact that the optimum fiber content and addition of super-plasticizer to a limited amount is strength oriented. But beyond 4%, the balling of steel fibers is mainly responsible for decrease in all types of strengths. However, this type of innovative concrete can be successfully used for enhancement of highways, sky-scrapers, pre-cast structural elements and tunnels etc.

REFERENCES
1. OZAWA K, MACKAWA K, KUNISHIMA M AND OKAMURA H, Performance of concrete based on the durability design of concrete structures, Proc. of the Second East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction, 1989. 2. EFNARC, The European Guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete, Specification, Production and Use, May 2005, 68 pp. 3. OKAMURA H AND OUCHI M, Self-Compacting Concrete, 2003. 4. KHAYAT K H AND GUIZANI Z, Use of viscosity-modifying admixture to enhance stability of fluid concrete, ACI Mater.J. 94(4) (1997) 332-341. 5. IS: 3812 (Part 2) 1981 Specifications for Fly Ash: Part 2 for use as additive. 6. http://www2.cege.ucl.ac.uk/research/concrete/Testing-SCC/Guidelines for testing.pdf. 7. G DE SCHUTTER, Guidelines for testing fresh self-compacting concrete, 2005, pp.2-18 8. IS: 5816 1970 Method of test for splitting tensile strength of concrete cylinders. 9. IS: 9399 1979 Apparatus for Flexural Testing of Concrete. 10. http://www.ijest.info/docs/IJEST12-04-05-106.pdf 11. SONEBI M, GRUNEWALD S AND WALRAVEN J, Passing ability of Self Consolidating Concrete, ACI Material Journal, Vol. 104, No.2, 2007, pp. 162-170. 12. http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/85235/1/4.pdf.

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