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Coursework (Question 2)
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st
2 (
nd
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Final Mark
Question 2 (70 %)
1. Power Flow Procedure 2. Bus Matrix 3. Line Voltage 4. Slack Power 5. Line Current Calculation 6. Line Losses 7. Power Flow Diagram
Total
5 5 40 5 20
20 5
100
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2 Markers comments:
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Declaration of originality
I declare that this thesis is my own work and contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of the my knowledge. In addition, belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. List of reference is given at the end of the assignment report using Coventry University Harvard style referencing. This project is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the award of Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) in Electrical & Electronic Engineering.
Acknowledgment
First, I would like to thank to our Lecture Dr. Udayakumara of this module course work for his valuable guidance, advice and supervising. He inspired us greatly to work in this course work. His willingness to motivate us contributed tremendously to our course work. I also would like to thank the librarian for helping us with library resources. Besides, I would like to thank the management of Auston Institute for providing us with a good environment and facilities to complete this course work. In addition, I would like to take this opportunity to thanking Coventry University for offering this program, computing course work. It gave us an opportunity to learn about the Digital Signal Processing systems. Finally, an honorable mention goes to our families and friends for their understandings and supports on us in completing this project. Without helps of the particular that mentioned above, we would face many difficulties while doing this.
Abstract
Power flow is extremely important in evaluating the operation of power system, controlling them, and planning for future expansions. This course work contain with elaboration of power flow procedure and calculation. The gauss-seidel method is used here for calculations. It has iterative procedure for solving simultaneous equation.
Table of Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 Y-Matrix .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 Single Line Diagram ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Balanced System .............................................................................................................................................. 9 GaussSeidel method ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Slack Bus ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 Calculations ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Self-admittance calculations ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Mutual impedance calculations ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Bus admittance matrix of the system after calculation ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Iterations ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. First Iteration................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Second iteration ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Third Iteration ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Fourth Iteration ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Summary of all four iteration for bus 2,3, and 4 ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Approximate voltages of buses after 4th iteration ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Line current and line losses calculations........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Line current calculation: ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Transmission line power ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Calculation of line losses .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Calculation of the slack power .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Power Flow Diagram ..................................................................................................................................... 24 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................................... 25 References ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
Introduction
The power flow analysis is a procedure to analyze many parameters in a power system such as bus voltages, phase angles, active and reactive power of the system. It also assists in finding the fault parameters when there is a short circuit occurs. Another reason for power flow calculations is use when expanding the system in the future. The power flow analysis is performed on a system representation called Single line diagram. The calculations are made using the per unit values of the ratings of the system. Because of the nonlinear characteristics of the line voltages of the system, it is harder to calculate them. A technique called iterative method is used to solve such nonlinear equations. Gauss-Seidel method is a popular approach of solving nonlinear equations.(wiki 2013) Prior to proceed with power flow analysis, the following terms shall be familiarized. 1. Y matrix 2. Single line diagram 3. Balanced system
Y-Matrix
In power engineering, Y Matrix or Y bus is an n x n matrix describing a power system with n buses. It represents the nodal admittance of the buses in a power system. In realistic systems which contain thousands of buses, the Y matrix is quite sparse. Each bus in a real power system is usually connected to only a few other buses through the transmission lines. The Y Matrix is also one of the data requirements needed to formulate a power flow study (John 1994)
The admittance matrix (Y) is a N by N matrix that completely characterizes a linear, N -port device. Effectively, the admittance matrix describes a multi-port device the way that L Y describes a single-port device (e.g., a load)
Balanced System
When 120-volt AC power is balanced, one side of the circuit has +60 volts to ground while the other has -60 Volts to ground. (Across the circuit, the usual 120 Volts is still present. A European 230 Volt balanced power system has +115 Volts and -115 Volts to ground on the conductors. Standard unbalanced AC power systems have a "hot" conductor and a "neutral" conductor. In the US, the "hot" conductor nominally has 120 Volts to ground and the "neutral" conductor has 0 Volts to ground. Europe has a similar system but with 230 volts on the "hot" and 0 Volts on the "neutral." In a balanced three phase power system, the voltages on the system's three output terminals are 120 degrees out of phase to each other with respect to ground. The system reference (ground) originates at the center of the connection of three phases. In other words, the system's grounding reference (zero position) is located at the system's mean voltage differential or zero crossing point of the AC sine wave. This is a far more effective way to establish a reference potential for an AC system. The center tap is then grounded to Earth for electrical safety and for referencing shields.
There is never any voltage or current present on the ground reference in a balanced power system. Transient voltages and reactive currents which normally would appear on the neutral and ground wires are also out of phase and likewise, sum to zero at the ground reference thereby canceling out AC hum and noise. Procedures for the analysis In order to perform power flow analysis on a system, the following steps are 1. Represent the system in one line diagram 2. Convert all the given quantities to per-unit values 3. Draw impedance diagram 4. Calculate the Y matrix 5. Calculate the missing variables using the equations and formulas 6. Use iterative method to solve nonlinear equations 7. Write all the answers obtained together and document it Apart from Gauss-Seidel method, there are other methods such as Newton-Raphsen method, Holomorphic embedding load flow method and Fast-decoupled-load-flow method. Since the real power systems are massive in structure, it is very difficult to calculate the power flow quantities and it is very time consuming. To overcome this problem, there are plenty of software programs available to obtain them easily.
GaussSeidel method
The gauss-seidel method is iterative procedures for solving simultaneous equations. In numerical linear algebra, the GaussSeidel method, also known as the Liebmann method or the method of successive displacement, is an iterative method used to solve a linear system of equations. It is named after the German mathematicians Carl Friedrich Gauss and Philipp Ludwig von Seidel, and is similar to the Jacobi method. Though it can be applied to any matrix with non-zero elements on the diagonals, convergence is only guaranteed if the matrix is either diagonally dominant, or symmetric and positive definite. This method is used in solving non linear equations. The process of using Gauss-Seidel metod is explained below. Given a square system of n linear equations with unknown x:
where:
The GaussSeidel method is an iterative technique that solves the left hand side of this expression for x, using previous value for x on the right hand side. Analytically, this may be written as:
However, by taking advantage of the triangular form of computed sequentially using forward substitution:
Note that the sum inside this computation of xi(k+1) requires each element in x(k) except xi(k) itself. The procedure is generally continued until the changes made by an iteration are below some tolerance.
There are two important characteristics of the Gauss-Seidel method should be noted. Firstly, the computations appear to be serial. Since each component of the new iterate depends upon all previously computed components, the updates cannot be done simultaneously as in the Jacobi method. Secondly, the new iterate depends upon the order in which the
equations are examined. If this ordering is changed, the components of the new iterates (and not just their order) will also change. In terms of matrices, the definition of the Gauss-Seidel method can be expressed as
, and
upper triangular parts of , respectively.The Gauss-Seidel method is applicable to strictly diagonally dominant or symmetric positive definite matrices A.
Slack Bus
A Slack bus (or swing bus) is defined as V bus, that is used to balance the active |P| & reactive power |Q| in the system while performing Load flow studies in Electrical Power Systems. For Power Engineers, Load flow study is very important as it explains the power system conditions at various intervals during operation. Slack Bus is used to provide system losses by emitting or absorbing active/reactive power to/from the system. While this definition of the load flow problem is appropriate for a deterministic solution, it has an inherent drawback when dealing with uncertain input variables: the slack bus must absorb all uncertainties arising from the system and thus, will have the widest nodal power possibility (probability) distributions in the system. If even moderate amounts of uncertainty are allowed in a large system, the resulting distributions will frequently contain values well beyond the generating margins of the slack generator.
Calculation
Line Data: Branch 1-2 23 34 41 13 Impedance (R+jX) 0.1 + j0.3 0.9 + j0.395 0.04 + j0.38 0.15 + j0.45 0.02 + j0.42
I1 I2 I3 I4 =
V1 V2 V3 V4
Find self-admittance:
Find mutual-admittance:
2 3
-1+3j
0 -0.2740+j2.6027
-0.2740+j2.6027
Find the line voltages by using Guass-Seidel method: This method requires no. of calculations to reduce errors in voltage at each bus and bring the voltage closer to the value it is approaching. Bus data for the power system Bus Number Type 1 2 3 4 Slack P-Q P-V P-Q PG(MW) QG(MVAR) PD(MW) 0 0 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 0 100 QD(MVAR) kV 0 56 0 40 138 132 135 132 Load Generator Loads Voltage Reactive Power Limit Qmin 0 0 -200 0 0 300 0 Qmax
Base apparent power of the system (Sbase) Base voltage (Vbase) Load power
Bus No. 1 2 3 4
1st Iteration
2nd Iteration
3rd Iteration
4th Iteration
Line losses:
Conclusions
The complexity of obtaining a formal solution for load flow in a power system arises because of the differences in the type of data specified for the different kinds of buses. Although the formulation of sufficient equation is not difficult, the closed form of solution is not practical. Digital solution of the load flow problems we shall considered at this time follow and iterative process by assigning estimated values to unknown bus voltages and calculating a new value for each bus voltage from the estimated values at the other buses, the real power specified, and the specified reactive power or voltage magnitude. The iterative process is repeats until the changes at each bus are less than a specified minimum value.
References
Book References Nasar S.A, Schaums outline of theory and problems of electric Electric Power Systems. McGraw Hill 1990. Online References NPTEL(n.d) Power System [online] Available from :
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/powersystem/chapter_4/4_5.html[Accessed 08/05/2013] Searchcio midmarket (n.d) Apperant power [online] Available from : http://searchciomidmarket.techtarget.com/definition/apparent-power Wisegeek (n.d) What is apperant power? [Online] Available from :
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-apparent-power.htm# An Introduction to Reactive (n.d) Reactive power [Online] Available from : http://www.nationalgrid.com/NR/rdonlyres/43892106-1CC7-4BEF-A4347359F155092B/3543/Reactive_Introduction_oct01.pdf