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OD;bjrpf qkdwJh ykvdyfpmoifwa,mufudk bdk;cspfqkdwJhvlqkd;[m uGrf;jcHukef;

bkef;NuD;ausmif;em;rSm acsmif;NyD;&kdufvkdufwmuHaumif;vkdU
raow,fqkdwmvnf; armifEkrodbl; / ulvDukvm;urSm;aeovm; ?
'Dvlqkd;awGu rSm;aeovm;qkdwmudkvnf; armifEkrodbl;/
ulvDukvm;wa,mufxJukd Arm trsm;u 0kdi;&kdufaewm jrif&wmeJU
olUESvkH;om;aqGUaqGUckef jzpfvmNyD; ArmawGudk twif;0ifxkd;wmygbJ/
udkpHxGef;&JU om;qkdwm tJ'dvlqkd;awG odaeMuvkdU olvGwfoGm;wmyJ/ 'dvkdom
r[kwf&if tJ'Dae&mrSm oltawmfemr,f/
aemufNyD;awmhvnf; / 0g;c,fr wbufur;f &Gmopf&GmrSm atmifoif;qkdwm
&Sdw,f/ atmifoif;u armifEkxuf ESpfESpfavmufMuD; w,f?
t&yfvnf;tawmf&Snfw,f tm;vnf;odyfaumif;w,f/
vufvnf;odyfjrefw,f/ oleJUpum;ajym&if wbufom;[m tifrwef
owdxm;ajym&w,f/ pdwfrxif&if bmr[kwfwmav;eJu xcswmyJ/
olcsckduf&ifvnf; roufombl;/ vuf0g;a&? vufoD;a&m? 'l;a&m? zaemifha&m?
tukefokH;w,fqkdawmh csNyD;&if wbufom;ukd ESmESyf,l&wmcsnf;bJ/
pdwftxdtckduf tifrwef jrefwJh armifEk[m waeUaomtcg ? tJ'datmifoif;eUJ
urf;em;vrf; ausmufrD;aoG;&kHtem;rSm oGm;NyD; &ifqkdifrdMuw,f/
armifEkeJUygvmwJh oli,fcsif;udk atmifoif;u olUpmtkyfawG
jyefay;bkdUawmif;w,f/ tJ'doli,fcsif;uvnf; atmifoif;udk odyfaMumufNyd;
jyefay;yghr,fvkdU wkefwkef&D&DeJU jyefajymw,f/ 'gayrJh atmifoif;[m
a'goxGufNyD; rif;,loGm;wmMumNyD? 'DuaeU vmay;csifay;/ ray;&if rif;udk
wD;&vdrfhr,f vkdUpdwfvkdufrmefyg Mudr;farmif;w,f/ 'dvkd Mudrf;armif;wmudk
armifEk rMudKufbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh bmpmtkyfrSef;vnf; rodbl;/ ,lxm;wm
b,favmufMumaeNyDqkdwmvnf; rodbl; / a[haumif-pmtkyfudk jyefray;eJUvkdU
armifEku olUoli,fcsif;udk vSrf;ajymvkdufw,f/ tifrwef vufjrefwJh
atmifoif;[m tacstwif pum; ajymaebkdU armifEkudk cGifhray;bl;/ olUAveJU
armifEk &JU b,fbufar;&kd;udk wtm;xkd;vkdufwmarmifEkvnf; tJ'Dae&mu
'DcJvkH;ykHay: ykHvsufom;usoGm;w,f/ armifEk[mvufoD;'PfaMumifh
rl;rl;aemufaemuf jzpfae&m u qGJrdqGJ&mudk qGJvkdufwm 'DcJvkH;wvkH;udk
qGJrdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh twif;ukef;xNyD; 'DcJvkH;eJU atmifoif;&JU em;xifukd
wcsufbJxkekdifw,f/ olUxuf t&yfeJU Avaumif;wJh atmifoif;[m
tay:upD;NyD; vufod;rkd;? 'l;rkd;? ajcaxmufrkd;awG &Gmcsaevkdufwm
armifEk&JUnDarmifOom tJ'Dae&mudk ESpfrdepfavmufaemufusNyD;
a&mufvmr,fqkd&if armifEk&JUtouf[m xGufoGm;ekdifp&m

taMumif;&Sdw,f/olUnDarmifO[m &ef jzpfae&mudk a&mufvmNyd; 'DcJvkH;wvkH;eJU

wtm;vTJaygufvkdufwmatmifoif;vnf; tJ'dae&mrSm ykHvsufom;usoGm;w,f
xifw,f/ atmifoif;&JU vuf uvGwfwJhtcsdefrSm armifEk[m owdr&awmhbl;/
tawmfESmESyf,l&w,f/
aemufwckajym7Od;r,f/ 1921 ckESpfxJrSm 0Iduf (Whyte) aumfr&SifvkdUac:wJh
pkHprf;a&;tzGJUwckudk bdvyftpkd;&wkdUu zGJUay;vkdufw,f/ tJ'dtzGJUudk *sDDpDbDat
toif;csKyfu oydwfarSmufw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DtzGJU[m 0g;c,frudk
a&mufvm&if oHykH;wD;NyD; qE?jyMubkdU 0g;c,fr *sdpdbDat toif;cGJ&JU
acgif;aqmifwcsKdU upDpOfMuw,f/ tJ'dvkd oHykH;wD;rJhvlawGxJrSm ae&Sife,f
ausmif;u armifEkwkdUvlpkvnf;yg,wf/ 0Idufaumfr&Sif[m 1921 ckESpf
'DZifbmvxJrSm ykodrf udktoGm; 0g;c,frrSm cP em;w,f/ olwkdU&JU
oabFm[m 0g;c,frNrDKUxdyf 0ifvmwJhtcsdefupNyD; wNrKdUvkH;qlnHoGm;atmif
oHykH;awG wD;MuwmyJ/ armifEkwkdUvlpk[m oabFmqdyfem;uyfNyD;
wm0ef,l&w,f/ txuftrdefUt& olwkdU[m oHykH;awGudkom
r&yfrem;wD;ae&r,f? wjcm;bmrS rvkyf&bl;/ 'gayrJh armifEk[m
oHykH;wD;ae&if; ESvkH;om;awG aqGUaqGU ckefvmw,fxifw,f/ bmrS rajymyJ
olwkdUvlpkxJu xGufNyD; tem;rSm&SdwJh qkdifwqkdifu bdvyf&nfykvif;udk
twif;qGJNyD; 0Idufaumfr&SifpD;vmwJh oabFmukd wtm;aygufvkdufw,f/
ykvif;[m oabFmukd xdNyD; tpdyfpdyfaMurGoGm;w,f/ armifEkvnf; cPawmh
tzrf;cHvkduf&ao;w,f/

(*)
1922ckESpf/ rwfvxJrSm armifEk[m ae&Sife,fausmif;u 8 wef;atmifw,f/
tJ'dtcsdefu armifEkrSm ynmqufoifbkdU &nf&G,fcsufr&sdbl;/
ynm&JUwefbkd;udkvnf; olrodbl; 'gayrJh olUrdbawGu txl;ojzifh
olUtazu ausmif;qufxm;csifw,f/ jzpfEkdif&ifolUom;ukd 0wfvkHjzpfap
cskifw,f?tJ'gaMumifh &efukefo&ufawmausmif;wkdufxJrSm
zGifhxm;wJhtrsKd;omausmif;rSm ynmqufoifbkdU olUtaz udkpHxGef;u
pDpOfw,f/
&efukefudk roGm;cif av;ig;&ufavmuftvkdrSm 0g;c,frukef;vrf;u ? ukvm;r
barmif vkdUac:wJh oli,fcsif;wa,mfu&JU tdrfrSm bk&m;ukd;ql uyfw,f/

tJ'dtdrfrSm oli,fcsif;awG pkNyD; pum;ajymaeMu7if; at;armif pufuif;[m

armifekukd vufwkdUNyd; tjyifac:oGm; w,f? armifEkwkdUtwef;xJrSm
at;armifESpfa,muf&Sdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'Dat;armifESpfOD;ukd cGJjcm;wJhtaeeJU
olUudk pufuif; at;armifvkdU ac:wmjzpfw,f/ tdrftjyifbuf a&mufwJhtcg
at;armif pufuif;u armifEk rif;7efukefrSm ausmif;oGm;aeawmhr,f? tJ'dawmh
rif;udk igtaumif;qkH;eJU {nfhcHr,fvkdUajymw,f/ b,fvkd{nfhcHrSmvJ vkdU
armifEkuar;wJhtcg tdrfrJu aumifrtopfav;wa,mufa&mufvmw,f vdkU
igMum;&w,f/ rif;udk tJ'dac:oGm;r,fvkdU at;armifpufuif;u jyefajymw,f/
at;armifpufuif;[m armifEkukd a7S;OD;pGm olUtdrfac:oGm;w,f/ armifEk[m
at;armifpufuif;&JU nTefMum;csuftwkdif; acgif;7if;bufu
tdrfMum;xJukdoGm;NyD; jyLwif;aygufatmufrSm apmifhae7w,f/ at;armif
pufuif;[m olUwmzufwm tay:tuFsD topfw xnfudk bk&m;MuD;vr;fem;u
w7kyftaygifqkdifrSm oGm;aygifMuw,f/ &wJhaiGav;usyf,lNyD
;0g;c,frta&SUykdif;rSm &SdwJh tdrfrJu aumifrtopfuav;qDukd
olwkdUoGm;Muw,f/
tJ'dnu armifEk awGUcJh&wJh tawGUtMuKH[m olvlvm;ajrmufwJh t&G,frSm
yxrqkH;awGUMuKH&wJhtawGUtMuKH jzpfw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhxrif;csufyef;&D&JU
wkdufwGef;csuft& vSaMuGqkdwJh aumifrav;eJU vifr,m;vkyfwrf;
upm;cJhMupOfu awGUMuKHcJh&wJh tawGTtMuKH eJU wjcm;pD? wbmompD
jzpfaewmudk awGU&NyD; armifEk&JUpdwfxJrSm 0r;fomwma&m?
tHhtm;oifhwma&m/MudKufwma&m aAsmif;qefoGm;wmyJ/
tcef;(3)
(u)
armifEk[m 1922 arv tpavmufrSm o&ufawmausmif;wkdufxJu
ae&Sife,fausmif; udk a&mufvmw,f? &yfa0;u a&mufvmMuwJh
ausmif;om;awG aebkdU pm;bkdUtwGuf ausmif;tkyfcskKyfa&;tzGJUu
vSnf;wef;xJrSm wkdufwvkH;iSm;ay;xm;w,f? aemuf ajcmufv MumwJhtcg
ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU [m tJ'dwkdufudk qufriSm;Ekdifawmhbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh
armifEkwkdUvlpk[m o&ufawm ausmif;wkdufxJu bkef;MuD;ausmif;rSm
vSnf;wef;wkef;uvkd ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;awGtwGuf pnf;urf;
odyfrMuD;awmhbl;/
nwnawmh &efukefta&SUykdif;rSm rD;tMuD;tus,favmifw,f? armifEkeJU
olUoli,fcsif;[m o&ufawmausmif;&JU tjyifbufukd xGufNyd; tay:udk

xkd;wuffaewJh rD;a&mifawGukd vSrf;MunfhaeMuw,f? armifEkudk

'Dvl&JUemrnfar;vkdUr&bl;/ rD;avmifwmudk vSr;fMunfhvkdU tawmfuav;
MumvmwJhtcg armifEku tJ'Doli,fcsif;udk vSr;fNyD;/ jhynfhwefqmrawG
b,frSm&SdovJ/ cifAsm;odovm; vkdUar;w,f/ odw,fvkdU tJ'dvlu ajzw,f/
tJ'dudk usaemfoGm;csifw,f? cifAsm;vkdufykdUrvm; vkdU armifEku xyfar;wJhtcg
csmwdwf rif;oGm;csifvkdufykdU r,f? 'gayrJh igykdUw,fqkdwm rif;b,folUudkrS
rajym&bl;vkdU 'Doli,fcsif;u uwdawmif;w,f? armifEkuvnf; rajymygbl;
vkdU uwday;NyD; olwkdUESpfa,muf xGufoGm;Muw,f? vrf;rSm armifEk
t&ufaomufcsifw,fqkdwJhtwGuf olUoli,fcsif;[m armifEkudk
w&kwfaysmfyGJpm;qkdif wqkdifac:oGm;w,f? armifEk[m t&ufukd
rcsdefqwwfbl;/ t&r;faomufcsifw,f? olUoli,fcsif;u xdef;xm;wJhtwGuf
eJeJaomufNyD; jhynfhwefqmwef;udk xGufoGm;Muw,f?
t&ufaomufwm b,favmuftjypfMuD;w,fqdkwm armifEkrawG;rdbl;/
jynfhwefqmwef;udk oGm;wmuvnf; b,favmufqkdw,f qdkwmarmifEk
rawG;rdbl;/ awG;EkdifavmufwJh nmPfvnf; olUrSm r&Sdbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh ol[m
&efukefjrdKUMuD;xJu w&kyfaysmfyGJpm;&kHw&kHrSm t&ufudkvnf; aomufzl;Nyd/
jynfhwefqmwef;rSm jynhfwefqmr wa,mufeJUvnf; aysmfyg;bl;NyD/ ol[m
vlvnfwa,mufjzpfvmNyD qkdNyD; armifEk[mb0ifjrifhaew,f/ olUudk,fol
tawmf[kwfvSNyDvkdUxifNyD; ausmif;ydwfvkdUtjyef olUjrdKU u oli,fcsif;awGudk
azmufonf csbkdUawmif olpdwful;xm;vkdufao;w,f?
tJ'Daemuf armifEk[m aiGvnf;&Sdr,f/ taz:vnf;aumif;r,fqkd&if
t&ufqkdifeJU jynfhwefqmrtdrfudk ra&SmifrvTJ omwJht vkyfwck tjzpfeJU
olUukd,fol xdef;odrf;jcif;r&SdyJ oGm;aewmyJ/ 1923ckESpfavmufa&mufwJhtcg
armifEkrSm a&m8gwck &vmw,f? olUoli,fcsif;udk ar;MunfhwJhtcg 'g[m *Ekd
a&m*gvkdUajzw,f/ aygifxdyfrSmvnf; tMudwfwvkH;xGufw,fvdkU armifEku
xyfajymwJhtcg 'D a&m*gu 'DvkdbJvkdU ololi,fcsif;u jyefajzw,f? tJ'daemuf
'doli,fcsif;&JU tultnDeJU r*kdvrf;? bif*srifaq;qkdifu aq;wykvif; 0,f
w,f? aq;emrnfudkawmh armifEk aumif;aumif;Mud; rrSwfrdbl;/ bJvqrf;
athmzfukd aybvkdUac:w,fxifw,fvkd Uajymjybl;w,f/ aygifu tMudwfay:rSm
awmh tJ'doli,fcsif;u a&cJwifay;w,f?
vli,fawG&JUpdwf [m b,fvdkpdwfvnf; rqkdEkdifbl;/ tajym& tawmfcufw,f/
'Db0a7mufaewmawmif oHa0* r&Ekdifao;bl;/ 'Daq;pm;NyD; a&cJtkHae&wmudk
atmufusaemufus tajctaeu txufwef;udk wdk;wufvmwJh
txdrf;trSwfwcktjzpfeJU awmif armifEk[m MudwfNyD; *kPf,laevkdufao;w,f/

]
tJ'DESpf rwfv pmar;yGJtjyD; ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; armifEk[m 0g;c,frudk
jyefoGm;w,f/ {NyD v 13&uf oMuFeftMudK&ufukd a7mufwJhtcg armifEkeJU
oli,fcsif; av;ig;a,muf[m &,fp&m t0wftpm;rsKd;pkHawGudk 0wfNyD; NrKdUxJrSm
a&yufcHxGufbkdU qkH;jzwfMuw,f? tJ'D qkH;jzwfcsuft& NrdKUxJudk rxGufcif
urf;em;vrf;u w&kwfacgufqGJqkdifudk oGm;Nyd; armifEkwkdUvlpk[m
t&ufawGudkaomufMuw,f? taomufvGefoGm;wJhtwGuf 'DaumifawG[m
NrdKUxJudk a&yufcH rxGufEkdifawmhbl;/ acgufqGJqkdifxJrSmbJ0wfvpfpvpf
Munfhraumif; &Iraumif;awGjzpfNyD; olwkdU&UJ tefzwfykHawGay:rSm vJaeMuw,f?
olwkdU&JUrdbawGodawmhrS 'DaumifawGudk xrf;NyD;ac:oGm;Mu&w,f?
armifEk[m tJ'daeUuwJu rl;aevkdufwm oMuFef b,fvkdwufoGm;w,f qkdwm
rodvkdufbl;/ olUrdbawGvnf; tifrwef pdwfylNyd; trl;ajyatmif
{u&mZfjrpfwkdU oHyk&m&nfwkdU tp&SdwJh tdrfeD;em;csif; awG ajymorQ
aq;rD;wkdawGeJU tawmfajz,l&w,f/ tdrfrSmae&if aemufxyft&ufrl;aerSm
pkd;wJhtwGuf armifek&JUtaz udpHxGef;[m ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif;
wvkdif;&Gmpktem;u pyg;usnfrSoGm;aezkdU olYom;udk em;csw,f/
olUoli,fcsif;awGygrS vkdufoGm;r,fqkdvkdU udkpHxGef;[m olUom;&JUtvkdudk
vkdufNyD; oli,fcsif;awGudk cGifhjyKcJh7w,f? pyg;usnf[m 0g;c,frok?ef
eJUrsufapmif;xkd;jrpfwbufurf;rSm &Sdw,f? tawmfom,mwJhae&mav;ygyJ/
pyg;usnf&JU a&SUrSmESpfxyftdrfuav;wtdrf&Sdw,f? tJ'DtdrfrSm armifEkeJU
oli,fcsif;awG aeMuw,f? ukdpHxGef;[m olUom;eJU oli,fcsif;awG pm;zkdUqkdNyD;
pm;p&mawG tjynfhtpkH 0,fay;xm;w,f? tJ'Daemuf pyg;usnfudkapmihfaewJh
olU&JUnD 0r;fuGJ ukdb0kdif;udk ac:NyD;? a[h b0kdif; 'DaumifawGudk 'DrSm
aysmfatmifxm;aemf/ jrdKUzufurf;udk roGm;apeJUvkdUrSmoGm;w,f? nDb0kdif;[m
tudk&JUtrdefUudk t"dyg,fjyefwmvGJaew,f/ 'dtcsuft& 'daumifawG vkdcsifwm
bmrqkd vkyfay;vkduf/ 'DaumifawG jrdKUbufurf;udk ul;roGm;&if NyD;a7mvkdU
rSwfxm;vkdufw,f? tJ'gaMumifh ESpf&ufavmufMumawmh armifEku jrdKzufudk
ul;csifw,f vkdufydkUprf;ygvkdU ajymwJtcg rifhtaz ihgwD;vdrfhr,f/
igrykdUEkdifbl;/ vkdU udkb0kdi;fu jyefajymw,f/ 'Dvkdqkd&if t&ufaomufcsifw,f
&Smay;ygvkdU armifEkuajymwJhtcg at;'gawmh ig&Smay;r,fqkdNyD;
csuft&ufwykvif;udk udkb0kdif;&Smay;w,f/ aemufESpf&ufavmufMumvkdU
armifEku Od;av; rdef;rr&Sdbl;vm;? &Smay;prf;ygvkdU
ylqmwJhtcgrSmvnf;udkb0kdif; at;?'gawmh ig&Smay;r,fqkdNyD;
rdef;rwa,mufudk ac:vmw,f? udkb0dkif;uvnf;wlawmfarmif

aysmfygapqkdwJ hapwemeJU r&ruqGJvmw,f xifyg&JU? rsufESmuvnf;

oeyfcg;bJMum; vl;vmjyefqkdawmh tawmfMunfh&qkd;wmbJ/ 'gayr,fh
'Daumifuav;awGu apmufiwfuav;awG tJ'gaMumifh awmfovif;vxJrSm
acG;rudk rjrifbl;whJacG;okd;tkyfwtkyfvkd xkd;xkd;xefUxefUjzpfaeMw,f? olwkdU[m
tMumMuD; pOf;pm;raebl;/ a&mufvmwmeJU tdrfay:ac:oGm;NyD;
b,folNyd;b,fol qkdwm rJcsw,f? oli,fcsif;ig;a,muf&SdwJhteuf armifEku
eHygwfig;usw,f/
aemufawaeHusawmh aumifuav;awGudkpkNyD; a[haumifawG? 0,fwJht&ufu
raumif;bl;/ rid;wkdUudk igudk,fwkdif t&ufaumif;aumif;csufwkdufr,fvkdU
OD;av;udkb0kdif;u aMunmw,f?'daMunmcsuf twkdif;
a7eHqDyHk;tvGwfwckxJukd a&S;OD;pGm xef;vQufxnfhw,f? a&udk
ykH;w0ufavmufxnfhw,f/ tJ'dykH;udk pyg;usDxJu pyg;ykHawGxJrSjrKyfxm;w,f?
okH;&ufavmufMumvkdU zGifhMunfhwJhtcg xef;vQufawG [m tcsOfaygufaeNyD/
tJ'doHykH;ay:rSm aygif;acsmiftkd;wifNyD; xef;vQufa&&JU a&ckd;a&aiGUawG[m
tjyifbufrxGuf&atmif aygif;acsmiftkd;&JU taygufuav;awGxJudk
tukef0ifatmif oHykH;eJU tkd;eJUxdwJhae&mawGudk t0wfpkwfawGeJU
tvkHavsmufywfw,f? tJ'daygif;acsmiftkd;xJrSm
yefuefvkH;tMuD;wvkH;xnfhw,f? 'Dvkd tcsOfaygufaewJh ykH;udk
atmufurD;jyif;jyif;jrdKufwJh tcg taiGUawG[m aygif;acsmiftkd;&JU
taygufawGxJ udk0ifNyD; ',ftkd;zifudk xdw,f/ tJ'd',ftkd;zifurS acGs;tjzpfeJU
atmufu yef;uefvkH;MuD;xJudk usvmw,f/ tJ'g[m csuft&ufjzpfvmw,f?
csuft&uf[m odyfjyif;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh udkb0kdif;[m olwleJU
oli,fcsif;awGudk tJ'Dtwkdif; rwkdufbl;/ zefcGufxJrSm
t&ufvufwvkH;avmufxnfhNyD; oMum;a&awG trsm;MuD;a&mwkdufw,f?
vGefcJhwJh oMuFefwkef;u vlrSef;rodatmif rl;cJhwmudk owd&Mujyd;
armifEkwkdUvlpkuvnf; t&ifvkd t&rf;raomufMuawmhbl;/ OD;av;Od;b0kdif;
wkdufoavmufbJ aomufMuw,f?
bJMum;rMuD;udk udkb0kdif;ac:vmwJhaeUu pNyd; jrdKUbufukd jyefMuwJhtxd
q,f&ufavmuftwGif; olwkdU&JU vkyfief;pOfu xl;xl;jcm; jcm;awGr[kwfygbl;/
cyf&kd;&kd;uav;ygbJ/ tdyf,mu 7em&DavmufxNyD; jrpfxJrSm a&ul;w,f/
wHwm;ay:u 'kdufAifxkd;w,f/ avSavSmfw,f/ urf;ajcuvwmawGay:rSm
vlESpfpkcGJ? &GHUcJawGeJUaygufNyd; ppfwkdufwrf;upm;Muw,f?
tawmfav;armvmwJhtcg tdrfay:wufvmNyD; OD;av;udkb0kdif; auGs;wJhtpmudk
csuft&ufeJU pm;MuaomufMuw,f/ pm;vkdU0Nydqkd&if rJuswJtwkdif;

Od;av;b0kdif; ac:vmwJh [mrMud;&JU tcef;xJudk apmufiwfuav;awG

wa,muf wvSJUpD0if wm naetxdygyJ/ Mum;xJrSm [mrMuD;udk a&csKd;bkdU/
oeyfcg;vl;bkdU? aq;vdyfaomufbkdU/ xrif;pm;? aumfzDaomufbkdU? avmufbJ
tem;ay;w,f? nae ig;em&davmufMuawmh 'DbJMum;rMud;udk udkb0kdif;[m
&GmxJjyefykdU&w,f?
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armifEkeJUoli,fcsif;wa,muf[m &SefumawG ay:vmw,f/ A[kokw&SdwJh
rdwfaqGwa,mufukdcsOf;uyfNyD; wnfhchwJhtcg rdwfaqGu &Sefumudk
[kduf'&kd*sifyg&kdqkduf qkdwJh aq;a&eJU aq;NyD; w&kwfrsufeSmwrsKd;udk jzL;ay;bkdU
Mo0g'ay;w,f? 'DMo0g'twkdif; vkdufemwJhtcg
armifEkrSmtawmfoufomoGm;w,f? 'gayrJh vkH;0raysmufao;cif
ausmif;zGifhwJhtwGuf &efukefudk jyefvmcJh&w,f? &efukefa7mufawmh
olUrdwfaqGudk tusKd;taMumif;ajymjywJhtcg olUrdwfaqG[m armifEkudk
q&m0efwa,mufqD csufcsif;ac:oGm;w,f/ q&m0efu ed,dkqmvAmqif
aq;udk xkd;ay;w,f? tm;vkH;aygif; ajcmufMudrfavmufxkd;vkduf&w,f?
aomufaq;tjzpfeJUvnf; csif'l&GKdifaq;qkdifu aq;a&udkwkdufw,f?
&SefumaysmufoGm;wJhtcg tJ'drdwfaqG u armifEk rif;qifjcifawmh
'Dumvom;a&m*g [m rif;udka&m? aemiftcg rif;&vmrJh om;orD;awGudka&m?
tMuD;tus,f 'ku?ay;Ekdifw,fvkdU tpcsDNyd; umvom;a&m*g&JU
aMumufp&maumif;ykHawGudk avsmufajymjyw,f/ armifEk[m tpu 'gawGudk
bmrS rodbl;/ od&wJhtcg odyfvefUoGm;w,f/ odyfvefUaewmudk
awGUwhJtwGuf olUrdwfaqGu rifhudk tvkdvkdufrdwm igrSm;oGm;w,f/
tJ'DaeUnrif;ajymwkef;u igjiif; vkduf&if rif;'dvkd jzpf&rSm r[kwfbl; vkdU
armifEkudk ajymw,f/ cifAsm; tvkdrvkduf&ifvnf; uGsefawmf[m uGsefawmf
wenf;enf;eJU a&mufatmifoGm;cJhwmbJ/ cifAsm;eJU roGm;cif
0g;c,frrSmuwnf;u uGsefawmfoGm;zl;aeNyD/ tJ'Dawmh 'Dvkdjzpf7wm cifAsm;eJU
bmrS rqkdifbl;/ 'g[m usaemh tjypfbJvkdU armifEku jyefajymw,f/ tJ'Dawmh
armifEka7? rif;raeEkdif&if rdef;r,lygvm;uGm/
'DjynhfwefqmrawGqDawmhroGm;ygeJU?
cifAsm;ajymwmukd Mum;&NyD;uwnf;u 'D[mawGqDudk xyfNyd;oGm;7rSm
uGsefawmfodyfaMumufaew,f/
tJ'dawmh 'gawGqdudk roGm;awmhbl;vkdU rif;ighudk uwday;rvm;/
uwdawmh ray;ao;bl;/ uGsefawmfpOf;pm;OD;r,f/
rdef;rvkdufcsifwJhpdwfukd wjcm;buf vSnfhay;ygvm;uGm/

b,fvkd vSnfhay;&rvnf;/
vufa0SUoifuGm/ aemufjyD;awmh abmuefuGm/ 'gawGvkyfae7if
rdef;rvkdufcsifwJhpdwfawG aysmufukefrSmbJ/
aemufwaeUupNyd; armifEk[m vufa0SUxkd;wmvnf;oifw,f/ abmvkH;vnf;
upm;w,f/ vufa0SUxkd;wJhtcg abmvkH;upm;wJh tcg tm;&Sdatmif
tarmcHEkdifatmifqkdNyd; tajy;usifh&w,f/ MudK;ckef&w,f
bm;wef;ay:rSmupm;&w,f/ tJ'dvkdvkyf&wJhtwGuf rdef;rvkdufwJU bufudk
olUpdwfawG vGifhaewm tawmfMuD;enf;oGm;w,f/
(c)
&efukefae&Sife,fausmif;udk a&mufwJhtcg tEkdifusifhcH
vlwef;pm;bufuvl&JMuD;vkyfcsifwJh pdwf[m a&S;wkef;uxuf
armifEkrSmjyif;xefvmw,f/ 'gayrJh olU ESvkH;om;[m olUOD;aESmufxuf
ykdNyD;Mud;aewJhtwGuf oloGm;NyD;umuG,fwJhol[m wu,ftEkdifusifhcH&wJhol
[kwfovm;/ r[kwfbl;vm;qkdwm olrpOf;pm;Ekdifbl;/ pGmw,fvkdU
ol,lqwJhol[m wu,fh vlpGm[kwfovm;
r[kwfbl;vm;qdkwmolrawG;wwfbl;/ tEkdifusifhaew,fvkdU
olowif;&wJhol[m tEkdifusifhwJhol[kwfovm;r[kwfbl;vm;qkdwm
olrawG;wwfbl;/ ausmif;om;wa,muf[m odyfjyD;pGmw,fvkdUolUpdwfxJu
xif&kHeJU oleJUqkdifqkdif rqkdifqkdif twif;0ifNyd;&efjzpfwmyJ/ tJ'dvkdyJ
ausmif;om;wa,muf[m b,folUudk tEkdifusifhvkdufw,fvkdU
wa,mufa,mufu vmajym&ifvnf; oleJUqkdifqkdif rqkdifqkdif oGm;Nyd;&ef
jzpfwmyJ/ &efjzpfwJhtcg olucsnhfEkdifwmr[kwfygbl;/ olESHwJhtcg ESHcJh7w,f/
cHwJhtcg cHcJh7w,f/ b,favmufyJcH&cH& oloHa0*r&bl;/ jzpfcsifvm&if
ZGwfw&GwfjzpfwmyJ/
'DvkdjzpfcJhwmawG avQmufajym&&if qkH;rSm r[kwfbl;/ tJ'Dawmh tJ'gawGxJu
vlodtawmfrsm;wJh tjzpftysuf wckESpfckavmufudk ajymjy&Od;r,f/
1923 ckESpfxJrSm ae&Sife,fausmif;awGudk tpkd;&u todtrSwfjyKw,f/
tJ'gaMumifhtodtrSwf jyKwJhausmif;eJU todtrSwf rjyKwJh ausmif;qkdNyD;/
ae&Sife,fausmif;awG[m 2jcr;fuGJoGm;Muw,f? o&ufawmausmif;wkduf u
&[ef;awmfawG[m todtrSwftjyKrcH7wJh ae&Sife,fausmif;udk axmufcHw,f/
tJ'gaMumifh todtrSwf tjyKcH&wJh ae&Sife,fausmif;[m txufwef;udk
a&Twd*kHapwD taemufbufapmif;wef; eJUrsufESmcsif;qkdifrSm&SdwJh
t8Fvdyfppfom;awG&UJ ppfwef;vsm;wckrSm zGifh7w,f? tJ'Dppfwef;vsm;&JU
taemufbufjcrf;rSm ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;awGaew,f/ armifEk[m tJ'drSm

ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; tjzpfeJUaew,f/ olUtwef;u q,fwef;/ olUtoufu

wq,fhajcmufESpf&SdoGm;NyD/ tJ'dabmf'grSm abmf'gq&mu q&mwifhjzpfw,f/
q&mwifh[m ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;awGudl odyf*&kpkdufw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh
ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;awGuolUudk odyfcspfw,f/ 'gayrJh q&mwifh[m
odyfpnf;urf;Mud;wJhtwGuf pnf;urf; azmufzsufvm7if b,foludkrS
nSmavhr&Sdbl; {&mrausmif;om;MuD;awGudkvnf; wD;wmyJ/ iykawmu
ausmif;om;MuD;wa,muf[m touf 20avmuf&SdNyd/ wnrSm
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q&mwifh[m taMuG;rxm;bl;/ 'dausmif;om;ukd pmMunfhcef;xJu ckHjrifhay:rSm
rwfwyft&yfckdif;NyD; ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;awG rsufeSm pkHnD a&SUrSm MudrfvkH;eJU
wtm; vTJNyd;cswm / ausmeJUwifyg;rSm t&kd;awG jyKdif;jydKif;xoGm;wmyJ/
tJ'Dnu ausmif;om;awG[m toufudk jyif;jyif;awmif r&I0Hhbl;/
waeUusawmh q&mwifh[m olUtaz aeraumif;vkdU rif;vSudk
cPjyefoGm;w,f? vufaxmufabmf'g q&m q&mbausmf u
abmf'gq&mwufvkyf&w,f/ tJ'dnrSmyJ q&mbausmf[m
wjcm;b,fausmif;om;ukdrS cGifhray;bJoltacsmf (vlMuD;em;wGif
uyf?aeaomol) wa,mufudk *sLAvDa[mrSm zkd;pdefyGJMunfhbkdU cGifhjyKvkdufw,f/
'gudkodwJh ausmif;om;wOD;[m armifEkqDudk ajy;vmNyD; owif;ay;w,f/
armifEk[m q&mbausmf&JU tcef;0udk oGm;NyD;? igzkd;pdefyGJoGm;rvkdUa[h?
b,folvkdufrvJ/ vkdufcsifwJholawG vmMu / igcGifhay;w,fvkdU
av;ig;Mudrfavmuf atmfw,f/ ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;awG&JU
cef;rMuD;xJrSmvnf; oGm;atmfw,f/ okH;cGu odef;armifwa,mufbJ
armifEkeJUvkduf0Hhw,f/ wjcm;b,folrS rvdkuf0HMubl;/ armifEkeJU odef;armif[m
zkd;pdefyGJudk rMunfhcsifygbl;/ q&mbausmf[m rw&m;vkyfvkdU oufouf
t7GJUwkdufwm/ tJ'gaMumifh olwkdUESpfa,muf[m zkd;pdefyGJukd roGm;yJ
a&Twd*kHapwDawmfudk oGm;NyD;zl;Muw,f/ n 11 em&DavmufrS abmf'gudk
jyefvmMuw,f/
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olwkdUESpfa,mufxGufoGm;wmeJU wjyKdifeuf ausmif;om;pm&if;udkac:w,f/
'DaumifESpfaumifudkomodyfNyD; rJaewJhtwGuf pm&if;ac:w,fvkdUom
ajym&w,f/ tukefac:wmr[kwfbl;/ armifEk?odef;armifqkdwJh eHr,f
2ckxJudkom ac:? olwkdUr&Sdbl;vdkU pma&;rSwfxm;vkdufNyd; ausmif;om;awGudk
olwkdU&JU tcef;jyefvTwfvkdufw,f/
q&mbausmf[m aemufwaeUreufus&if olwkdUESpfa,mufudkac:r,f/

tJ'dvkdac:NyD; olwkdUudkac:7if bmjzpfvkdU q&m rw&m; vkyf&ovJvkdU

olwkdUjyefajymr,f/ q&muolwkdUudk tMurf;udkif&if odef;armifu
q&mbausmf&JU acgif;udk 'kwfeJU&kduf&r,f/ armifEku rsufESm udk
vufoD;eJUxkd;&r,f? NyD;awmhrS tmPmykdifawGu olwkdUudk ausmif;u rxkwfcif
olwkdUu t&ifxGufr,f/ tJ'dvdkwkdifyifxm;w,f/ 'gayrJh aemufwaeUrSm
q&mbausmf[m olwkdUESpfa,mufudk rac:bl;/ aemufwaeUrSmvnf; rac:bl;/
tJ'gaMumifh 'Dq&m[molwkdUuk d rac:&Jygbl; qkdNyD; olwdkUESpfOd;
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jyefa&mufvmw,f/ nae xrif;pm;NyD;csdef avmufMuawmh armifEkeJU
odef;armifwkdU[m ppfwef;vsm;&JU ta&SUajrmufa'gifhu0&efwmrSm
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tacsmf[m q&mwifhu ac:aew,fvkdU/ armifEkeJUodef;armifwkdUukd
taMumif;Mum;w,f/ rvmbl;vkdU armifEku pum;jyefw,f/ 'Dtacsmf[m
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rif;wkdUudk q&mwifh odyfpdwfqkd;aew,f/ rif;wkdUESpfa,mfuigeJU tck
vkdufcJhygvkdU tJ'dtacsmfu xyfajymw,f/ rvkdufbl;/ oGm;/
aemufwcgxyfvm&if rif;udk yg;&kdufr,fvkdU armifEku pum;jyefw,f/ tJ'geJU
tacsmfvnf; vSnfhxGufoGm;Nyefw,f/ aemuf 15rdepfavmuf&SdwJhtcg
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q&mbausmfrw&m;wmawGudk &Sif;jyvkdufayhgvkdU ajymw,f/ udkarmifuav;[m
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q&mwifhtcef;xJudk armifEkua&SUu/ odef;armifu aemufu 0ifoGm;Muw,f/
odef;armifuawmh olwm0ef,lxm;wJh udp?ukd vkd&if
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avQmufaew,f? tcef;&JUwae&mrSm xm;0,fMudrfvkH;MuD;udk axmifxm;wm
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rif;aumygovm;/

ygw,f/
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r&bl;/
rif;wkdU tjypf&Sdovm;/
r&Sdbl;/
bmjzpfvkdU r&SdovJ/
q&mbausmf&JU wynfh[m zkd;pdefyGJudk oGm;Ekdifw,fqkd&if
wjcm;ausmif;om;awGvnf; oGm;Ekdif&r,f/
q&mbausmfudk qGJoGif;rvmeJU/ q&mbausmfrSm tjypf&Sd&if olUukd
wjcm;oyfoyf tjypfay;&r,f/ rif;wkdU&JUudp?omrif;wkdUajz/rif;
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uGsefawmfwkdU udk a&TrIefpm;NyD; arG;xm;w,fvkdU uGsefawmfwkdU wcgrs
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q&mbausmf rw&m;wmvkyfw,f qkd&if igjyefvmatmif apmihfNyD; ighudk
rif;wkdUwkdifygvm;/ q&mbausmfuk dta7;r,l&if ightqkd;aygh/ tckawmh
rif;wkdUu 'Dvkdt&GJUwkdufwm aumif;ovm;/
armifEkvnf;bmrS jyefrajymbl;/ cyfwnfwnf&yfMunfhaew,f/
tawmfav;MumwJhtcg q&mwifhu oGm;Mu/ oGm;Mu/ 'g[m aemufqkH;yJ/
aemufwcg'grsKd;jzpf&if rif;wkdUeJU igeUJawGUr,fvkdU armifEkeJU odef;armifudk
Mudrf;armif;vTwfvkdufw,f/
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olrSm;avjcif;vkdU awG;rdNyD; armifEk[m aemifw&aew,f/
1924ckESpfrSm ar;cGef;awG aygufMum;wJhtwGuf q,fwef;pmar;yGJudk
ESpfMudrfwkdifwkdif a&TUqkdif;ypf&w,f/ tJ'dvkd a&TUqkdif;NyD;wJh aemuf
pmar;yGJvkyf&if ajzbkdU armifEk[m ausmif;rSmtoifhapmihfae&w,f/ q,fwef;rSm
armifek[m okH;ae&majymif;cJh&w,f/ a&S;Od;pGm a&Twd*kHapwDawmfem;u
t8Fvdyfppfom; ppfwef;vsm;udk ajymif;&w,f/ ajcmufvMumwJhtcg
tJ'dae&mu jynfvrf; a*:&cg; ppfwef;vsm;udk ajymif;&w,f/
pmar;yGJESpfMudrfa&TUjyD;aemufwMudrftwGuf apmifh&wJhtcg jynfvrf;

a*:&cg;ppfwef;vsm;ueHygwf 1 ADGKif;vrf; taqmuftOD;udk ajymif;&w,f/

tJ'D eHygwf1 ADGKif;vrf; udk ajymif;wJhtcsdefrSm 1924ckESpftwGuf ausmif;awmif
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ol[m w&kyfujym;? armifEk[m tJ'DtcsdefrSm
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armifEkqdudkvmNyd; armifEk&,f 'DaumifMud;[m odyftpm;Mud;w,f/ olrsm;awG
tm;vkH;pm;NyD;wmawmif olrNyD;ao;bl;/ wjcm;ckHawGrSm usefaewJh xrif;awG
[if;awG udk olUckHudk a&TUNyD; tukefwkyfypfwmyJ/ tJ'gaMumifh ola&mufvmrS
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wHjrufpD;vSJorm;awG udk 'Dvkd tEkdifusifh&yghrvm;qkdNyD; armifEk [m
'DaumifMud;ukd xkd;zkdU csufjcif;qkH;jzwfvkdufw,f/ 'gayrJhxkd;&rSmrvG,fbl;/
'DaumifMud;u odyfMud;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh armifEk[m ausmif;om;awG tdyfwJh
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'DaumifMud;0ifvmwmeJU wjydKifeuf armifEk[m tJ'dpm;yGJckHay:uae
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tpm;MuD;wmawmh [kwfw,f/ 'gayrJh odyfoabmaumif;w,f/
ausmif;0ifwJhaeUupjyd; ol[m tpm;MuD;w,f/
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wHjrufpD;vSJorm;awG xrif;r0qkdwmvnf;rrSef ? wHjrufpD;vSJorm;awG
pm;NyD;wJhaemuf xrif;usef[if;usef awG jrLeDpyg,f trIdufykH;xJukd trsm;MuD;
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apmfum;rdavjcif; vkdUaemifw&NyD; awmhvnf;idkcsifovkdvkd jzpfaew,f/
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armifEk-rif;olUukd uefw,fvkdUigMum;w,f/ [kwfovm;vkdU ar;w,f/
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q7mMuD;OD;bvGif[m armifEk&JUwifyg;udk ig;csuf&kdufNyd; vTwfvkdufw,f/

tJ'dt7G,fwkef;u waeUrSm olUtaz udkpHxGef;eJU jzpfMuwJhtjzpftysuf[m ydk

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avmif;w,f/ udkpHxGef;[m tJ'davmufjrwfEkd;aewJhopfyifay:udk waeUMuawmh
armifEk[m olYyg;pyfrSm ikHxm;wJh a&eJUtrSwfwrJhaxG; csvkdufw,f/
udkpHxGef;[m tem;rSm&SdaewJhtwGuf olU&ifbwfudk bkwfueJjrnfatmifxkNyD;
'Daumif[modyfrkdufwJhtaumifbJ vkdU armifEkudk a[mufvkdufw,f/ armifEk[m
yxrtMudrfwkef;uawmh trSwfwrJh axG;csvkdufwmygbJ/ 'gayrJh oltaz[m
olUudk aigufNyD;wJhtcgusawmh armifEk[m aemufxyf a&awG trsm;Mud;ikHvmNyD;
wrifoufouf tJ'd&GufvSyifay:rSm tukefaxG;csvkdufjyefw,f/ udkpHxGef;vJ
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armifEkaxG;csvkdufwJh a&awG pifoGm;atmif olU[mol aq;ypfaew,f/
tJ'DawmhrS armifEk[m trsm;MuD;aemifw&NyD; olUtaz&JUcg;udk oGm;zufw,f/
acsmhwJhtaeeJU olUtaz&JU cg;udk [kd&rf;'D&rf; &rf;w,f/ watmihfavmuf
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tdrfxJa&mufwmeJU wjydKifeuf olwkdUom;tz upm;aeMutwkdif;
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ikyfvQKd;ae&muae armifEkq,fwef;udk a&mufptcsdefrSm AsKH;ueJ ay:vmw,f/
waeUrSm armifEk[m bmudp?eJUrSef;rodbl;/ &efukefu 0g;c,frudk
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r{ausmf eJU vufxyf&w,fvkdU tdyfrufrufw,f/ armifek[m r{ausmfudk
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r[kwfbl;/ tJ'dtcsdeftxd armifEk[m b,frdef;uav;udkrS cspfvnf; rcspfbl;/
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tjzpftysufukdjrifNyD; ol&ifxJrsm {ueJ/{ueJ jzpfoGm;wJh twGuf ol[m

r{ausmfudk pGJvr;faejyDqkdwm odvmw,f/ armifEk[m xl;xl;axGaxG

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we*FaEGwywfavmufMum&if r{ausmfqDu jyefpmvmvdrfhr,fvkdU
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0g;c,frrSm&Sdwkef; olaqmif7Guf7rJh 0w?&m;rysufbl;/ oli,fcsif;armif[ef
eJUtwl vifarmifpdefcsKdomwJhpum;7,feJU qkdwJhodcsif;udk r{ausmfwkdUtdrfa&SUrSm
nwkdif;tcsdefrSefrSefav;ig;ajcmufacgufavmuf acgufwkefUacgufjyef avQmufNyD;
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abmf'gaqmifrSmarmifEkeJU twlaewJh armif0rf;uGJwa,muf armifEkqDudk
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pmzwfMunfhygOD; vkdUajymjyD; armifEkudk olUvufxJrSm udkifxm;wJh pm
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pmuk duAsmu,mzwfMunfhwJhtcg r{ausmfu olUqduk d a&;wJhpm;r[kwfbl;/
olUarmif0rf;uGJqD a&;wJhpm jzpfaewmudk awGU&wJhtwGuf armifEk&JU&ifxJ
rSm'dwfueJ jzpfoGm;w,f/ pmudk zwfMunfhwJhtcg armifEkolqDuk dpmcPcP
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trsm;MuD;awmif;yefwJhtaMumif; r{ausmfudk ajymjyvkdufyguGm? aemufxyf
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armifEkuajymvkdufw,f/
olUwoufrSm OD;OD;zsm;zsm;cspfrdvkdU olUtcspfOd;jzpfaewJh r{ausmfudk
r7wJhtwGuf armifEk[m tawmfaqG;w,f/ 'gayrJh tcspfjy?emrSm ukd,fcspf,kHeJU

rNyD;bl;/ oluvnf; cspfOd;rS jyD;w,fqkdwJh oabmw&m;udk armifEk[m

MudKwifNyD;odaewJhtwGuf olUpdwfudk ajzEkdifw,f/tJ'gaMumifh r{ausmf&JU
armif0rf;uGJ xGufoGm;wJhtcg armifEk[m tdyf,may:rSmvSJNyD; r{ausmf&JU
tdrfa&SUrS ajcat; 0r;fa,mif? acG;a[mifjyefajy; tjzpfeJU tMudrfaygif;rsm;pGm
toHukef[pfcJhbl;wJh vifarmifpdefcsKdomwJhpum;&,feJU qkdwJh
ESpfyg;oGm;oDcsi;fuav;udk wa,mufxJ rwkd;rus,f oDqkdaew,f/
ESvkH;[m OD;aESmufxuf MuD;aewJh armifEk&JU a&m*g[m tJ'gavmuf x&kHeJU
rNyD;ao;bl;/ aemufxyfjyD; trsm;MuD;xp7m&Sdao;w,f/
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(C)
armifEk[m pmbufrSm nHhw,f/ ausmif;uppfwJh pmar;yGJawG[m
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ausmif;pmar;yGJawG rSm atmifbkdU armifEktwGuf tcuftcJr&SdvSbl;/
q,fwef;pmar;yGJuawmh tpkd;&ppfwJhpmar;yGJ jzpfaejyD/tJ'gaMumifh 'Dpmar;yGJrSm
atmifbkdU armifEk twGufcufw,f/ wwef;wnf;om;csif; armifEk&JU
oli,fcsif;awGuvnf; armifek[m q,fwef;rSm ratmifEkdifbl;vkdU
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armifEkudk,fwkdifvnf; twef;om; awG olUq&mawG edrdwfzwfwJhtwkdif;
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armifEkrSm txufwef;ynmawG qufoifbkdU 'dynmawGudk oifNyD;wJhaemuf
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q&mawGu q&mMuD;udk 0kdif;jyD;wkdufwGef;wJhtwGuf

q,fwef;ausmif;om;tm;vkH;pmar;yGJ0ifcGifh jyKvkdufw,f/
q,fwef;pmar;yGJMuD;twGuf atmifpm&if;xGufvmwJhtcg tprf;pmar;yGJrSm
uswJ ausmif;om;awGxJu armifEkeJU armfvjrDKifu ausmfpdefwkdU&JU eHr,fawG
ygvmw,f/ausmfpdefu u wef;u atmifw,f/ armifEku c wef;u
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ausmif;om;ususefae&pfw,f/
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rdwfaqG&if;csmawGudk omru eJeJyg;yg;avmufom oduGsrf;zl;wJh vlawGudkyg/
olUom;pmar;yGJatmifwJhtaMumif; avsmufajymw,f/ aemufwaeUusawmh
armifEk&JU oli,fcsif; awGukd tzdwfckdif;NyD;
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armifEktwGuf ykdvG,fw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh bmewfa&Sm&JU pmtkyfESpftkyfudk

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yg&pDruav;awG&JU armfawmfum; xGufoGm;wJhtcg armifEk[m
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aemufwvMumwJhtcg vSarmifqkdwJh oli,fcsif;wa,muf udk Ek cifAsmh

yg&pDruav;&JU vdyfpm7NyD qkdNyD; vdyfpm wckay;w,f/ tJ'dvdyfpmxJrSm

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ZGJaumif;aumif;eJU qufMudK;pm;zkdU armifEkukdtm;ay;w,f/
armifEkvnf;tJ'dtm;ay;csuft& aemufxyf wapmifxJhvkdufw,f/
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tlwufatmif&,f&if;vSarmifu armifekukd &Sif;jyw,f/
armifEkvnf;0g;c,frwkef;u armif&SefeJU xGef;&ifqkdwJh oli,fcsif;awGudk 'DvkdyJ
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csdef;w,f/ vmwJhtcg armifEkeJU oli,fcsif;wpk[m arSmif&dyfxJu acsmif;NyD;
tJ'Darmif&SdefeJU xGef;&ifudk a&awGeJU0kdif;avmif;w,f/ tJ'gawGud karmifEk
jyefowd&NyD; igvn;f0#fvnfwmyJvkdU oabmaygufwJhtwGuf vSarmifudk
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tkdifat 'kwd,ESpfrSm armifEk[m t7ufukd a&S;uxuf ykdNyD; aomufvmw,f/
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olwkdUaomufykHaomufenf; udkpkHpr;fMunfhvkdU od&wJhtwkdif;qkd&if

;aysmfp&mMuD;ygbJ/ a*smfed0g;um; 0DpuDwykvif;udk0,f ZvkHMuD;xJrSm Aifrwkd/

bdvyfa&/ a&cJawGeJUa&m tzGJUxJygwJh ausmif;om;awG[m 'D0dpuDazsmfa&udk
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t7ufrl;ayrJh tawmftdajE?&w,f/ armifekuawmh 'dvkdr[kwfbl; /
t&ufrl;vm&if tvGef tdajE?rJhw,f/ tJ'dESpfu waumif;eJU
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ausmif;aqmifrI;awG / q7mawG ausmif;olausmif;om;awG xkdifjyD;
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armifEk[m aumvdyfausmif;udk a&mufuwnf;u pifjrifhay:u pum;ajymaewJh
ausmif;olausmif;om;awGudk jrifNyD; olvnf;tJ'dausmif;olausmif;om;awGvkd
odyfjzpfcsifaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh pum;&nfvkyGJawG aqG;aEG;yGJawGqkd7if
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t"dXmef vkyfoGm;w,f/ 'gayrJh t"dXmefvnf; ru,fEkdifygbl;/
wukd,fvkH;ewfyl;ovkdvkd jzpfNyD; vufavsmhcJh&wmbJ/ tJ'Dvkd vufavsmh
cJh&wkdif; t"DXmefawG wkd;wdk;NyD;wifvmvkdufwm pum;rajym&J&ifokH;&ufwkdifwkdif
tpmrpm;bl; qkdwJht"dXmef txda&mufvmw,f/ wnusawmh
ausmif;oltoif;u MuD;MuyfNyD; pum;&nfvkyGJwck usif;yw,f/ ajym&r,fh
bmom&yfu 'g;oGm;xuf? uavmifoGm;u ykdNyD;xufonf/
qkdwJhbmom&yfyJjzpfw,f/ 'dyGJrSm t*fvdyfvkdajym&r,f/ pifjrifhay:rSmtqkdeUJ
twkduftcHbuf u ajymMurJh yk*?Kdvfav;Od;pvkH;[m ausmif;olawGcsnhfyJ/
aemufNyD;awmhvnf; ausmif;ola[mi;fMud;awG pum;&nfvkyGJrSm
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pum;&nfvkyGJ rprDSuwJu armifEk 'Daumifrav;awG ajymekdifwJhyGJrSm
rif;rajym&J&if rif;udk av;7ufiwfxm;r,f/ vkdU olUukd,fol

Mudrf;armif;xm;w,f/tJ'dyGJrSm tqkdwifoGif;r,fhausmif;ol[m
pDpDatmifMuD;jzpfaw,f/ 'Dausmif;ol[m touftm;jzifh armifEkeJU
&G,fwlcsif;avmufjzpfrSmyJ/ 'gayrJh pDpdatmifMud;[m
abmhbfqHawmufxm;wJhtjyif olUrsufESmuav;[m tifrwefcsKdNyd;
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pDpD[m olUtcsdefa&mufwmeJU wjydKifeuf? oLUtqkdudk raMumufr&GHU
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pum;ajymodyfaumif;w,f rqkdEkdifbl;/ 'gayrJh rnHhbl;/
tjcm;ausmif;olokH;OD;uvnf; tawmfem;axmifaumif;atmifolUenf;eJUol
ajymqkdoGm;MuwmyJ/ pifjrifhay:u ausmif;olav;a,mufajymNyD;wJhtcg
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cGifhjyKvkdufwmeJU wjydKifeuf armifEk[m jAKef;ueJ xvkdufwmbJ/ olUrsufpdxJrSm
bmudkrS oJoJuGJuJG rjrif&bl; / a&xJikyfNyD; rsufpdzGifhMunfae&ovkd
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tJ'dnpum;ajymwatmifjrifoGm;wJhtwGuf armifEk[m odyfaysmfaew,f/
'gayrJh aysmfwmcsnf;oufouf r[kwfbl;/ rMumcP xaeMu olUa&m*g [m
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pum;&nfvkyGJrSm tqkdwifoGif;oGm;wJh pDpDatmifMuD;jzpfaew,f/
pDpDatmifMuD;udk Munfhvkduf&if olUrsufESmuav;[m tpOfjyKH;aeovkd
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abmhbfqHawmufeJU Armt0wftpm;udk 0wfxm;jyef w,fqkdawmh AsKH;ueJqkd7if
tqifrajyovkdvkdjzpfaew,f/ 'Dvkdqkd&if armifEk[m pdpDrSm bmudk
rufoGm;wmvJ/
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aMumufpdwfawG vTrf;aewmaMumifh olajymcsifoavmuf ususee
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'gayr,fh twkduftcHbufu ajymwmawGudk jyefajzbkdUusawmh
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armifEk&JU rsufpdeJUem;xJu tonf;ESvKH;xJtxd pdrfhNyD;0ifoGm;w,f/

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&kyf&Sif&kHwck&JU a&SUudk armifEka&mufoGm;w,f/ tJ'D&kHa&SUrSm pDpDatmifMuD;eJU
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om;awG[m tdajE?MuD;wJh ausmif;olawGeJUawGUwJhtcg
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armifEk[mcyfvSrf; vSrf; u &yfNyd;apmifh aew,f/ vltawmfyg;oGm;wJHtcg
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tawmfav;MumawmhrS armifekvnf; &kHxJvkduf0ifoGm;w,f/
armifEk[m &kyf&Sifudkom Munhfae&w,f/ bmawGudk
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armifEk[m tdyfvkdUr&wmeJU pDpDatmifMud;qdudk ykdUbkdU pmwapmif xkdifa&;w,f/

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tm;rudk;0HhyJ pmykdUukvm;udkom tpOfxm0& tm;ukd;&&Smaom armifEk[m
aemufwaeUreufukd a&mufvmwJhtcg tJ'daeUtwGuf yxrqkH;tvkyftaeeJU
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armifekwGufxm;w,f/ 'gayrJh we*faEG okH;ywfukefwJhtxd bmoHrS rMum;bl;/
pDpdvufxJudk pmra&mufbl;/ vrf;rSm aysmufoGm;wmjzpfEkdifw,fvkdU
olUukd,foltm;ay;NyD; armifEk[m aemufxyfpmwapmifxnfhvkdufw,f/
we*faeGokH;ywfMumonfhwkdifatmif bmoHrS rMum;&bl;/
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armifek[m pDpdatmifMuD;qDudk wwd,pmykdUjyefw,f/ wvavmufMumvkdU
bmoHrS rMum;&wJhtcg 'Dudp?udk b,fvkdvkyf&rvnf;vkdU armifEk[m yef;uef
ukdA*srf;eJU wkdifyiw,f/ udkA*srf;u olUrSm&nf;pm;&SdaeNyDxidw,fvkdU ajzw,f/
uGsefawmfuawmh'dvkdrxifbl;/ uGsefawmhudk arw?mr&SdvkdUpmrjyefwmvkdU

,lqw,f/[kdaeUu &kyf&Sif&kHa&SUrSmolwkdUtem;roGm;rdwm odyfuHaumif;w,f/

oGm;rd&if vlawGxJt&SufuGJrSmyJvkdU armifeku jyefajymw,f/ armifEk[m
tJ'dtcsdefu pNyD;pDpdatmifMuD;qd udk bmpmrS ra&;awmhbl;/
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cef;rMuD;wckxJrSm twlwlajz&w,f/ aemufqkH;bmomudk ajzNyd;wJhtcg pDpDu
crf;rMuD;xJu t&ifxGufw,f/ pDpd&JUaemufu armifEkxGufw,f/
armifek&JUaemufu udkA*sr;fxGufw,f/ pdpd[m ukdufokH;q,favmuf
avsmufrdwJhtcg armifEkwkdU zufudk vSnfhMunfhNyD; &yaewmudk
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apmihfaew,/f oGm;oGm;vkdU armifekudk tvefUwMum;
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tcef;xJudk vkdufvmNyD; pDpDu cifAsm;udk apmifhaewmoGm;ygAsm vkdU armifEkudk
xyfwkdufwGef;w,f/ pmokH;apmifudk ay;NyD;Nyd/ pdpdqDu jyefpmr&uwJu
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pmra&;eJUawmhvkdU ajym zkdUapmifhaewm uGsefawmfroGm;csifbl;/ vkdU
armifekujyefajymw,f/ cifAsm;[m wjcm;ae&mawGrSm tifrwefpGmNyd; 'dae7mrSm
odyfow?daMumifw,f/ uGsefawmfomqkd&if pDpdqDudk oGm;r,f/
olupmra&;eJUvkdU ajym&if at;aumif;NyD/ aus;Zl;wifw,fvkdU cyfwnfwnf
jyefajymr,f? cifAsm;vkdawmh zkd;om0 eodk;vkd oa0xkd;Nyd;rajy;bl;/ cifAsm;[m
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olrsm;xufykdw,f/ vmAsm / usaemfvnf;vkdufr,f/ aemufxyfolUqDukd
pmra&;ygeJU vkdUajym7if cifAsm;bmrS rajymeJU / usaemfajzr,f/ vmygqkdNyD;
udkA*sr;f[m armifEkukd twif; qGJac:w,f/ olwkdUESpfa,mufxGufvmwJh tcg
pdpD[m tJ'dae&mrSmr&Sd awmhbl;/ ausmif;olawG tyef;ajzcrf;roGm;NyD;
pdpDeJUawGU&atmif udk A*srf;u tqkdoGif;ao;w,f/ armifeku
twif;acgif;cgNyD; jiif;wmeJU 'DtMuHysufoGm;cJh&w,f/
aumvdyfausmif;om;awG[m ausmif;wufcsdefrSm aumvdyfausmif;olaGudk
awGUcsif&if tJ'd ausmif;ol tyrf;ajzcef;rudkoGm;MuwmyJ? olwkdU awGUcsifwJh
ausmif;olawG[m cef;rxJu xGufvmNyD; tJ'DteD;w0kdufrSm ausmif;om;awGeJU
awGUMuwmyJ/'Dtcef;em;udk jzwfoGm;MuwJh ausmif;om;awG[m 'dteD;w0kdufrSm
'DvkdyJ rwfwyf&yf7if; pum;ajymMuwJh pkHwGJawGudk tcsdefra&G;jrifEkdifygw,f/
ausmif;qif;csdefrSm aumvdyfausmif;olawGudk awGUcsifwJhausmif;om;awG[m

tif;vsm;ausmif;aqmifudk oGm;MuwmyJ/ armifEk[m aumvdyfrSm 8ESpf

wkdifwkdifaechJayr,fh tJ'Dtyef;ajzcef;r teD;tem;rSm b,fausmfi;oleJUrS
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tifvsm;ausmif;aqmifudk awmif wcgyJ a&mufcJhbl;w,f/ tJ'g[mvnf;
wjcm;aMumifhr[kwfygbl;/ bkwvif ukdodef;azu olUrdwfaqG rodef;Ekudk
oGm;awGUrvkdU vkdufcJhyg ac:wmeJUygoGm;wmygbJ/ olUtvkdtavsmuf
b,foleJUrS rawGUzl;bl;/ tJ'dvkdowd?aMumifwJhpdwfawG[m
twif;0kdif;NyD;zsufwJhtwGuf tyef;ajzcef;rrSm pdpDukdvkdufawGUqkdwJh ukdA*srf;&JU
zl;pma&;tqkdMuD;[m ysufoGm;&wmjzpfw,f/
pDpD[m 1926 ckESpfZGefvxJrSm ausmif;jyefzGifhwJhtcg jyefrvmawmhbl;/ armifEk
pkHpr;fMunfhwJthcg tqkwfema&m*geJU tedp?a&mufoGm;w,fvkdU Mum;&w,f/
'gayrJh olwkdU&UJ a7puf[mrukefao;bl;/ aooGm;w,fqkdwJh pdpDeJU armifek
wkdU[m xlqef;pGm jyefawGUMu&ao;w,f/ b,fvkdawGUw,fqkdwm oufqkdif&m
tcef;a&mufrS yJ qufajymawmhr,f/
tcef; 6
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jyefoGm;w,f/ 0g;c,frrSm oli,fcsif;awGeJU pkNyD; t&ufaomufaeMuwkef;
olpmar;yGJusoGm;w,f/ qkdwJhowif;udkMum;&w,f/ q,fwef;wkef;uqkd&i
txufwef;ynmeJU ywfoufNyd;olUrSm arQmfrSef;xm;wm [m bmrS
r&SdwJhtwGuf 'Dvkdpmar;yGJusw,fqkdwJh owif;rsKd;[m oUpdwfudk b,fvdkrS
xdckdufrSm r[kwfbl;/ 'gayrJh aumvdyfausmif;udk a&mufNyD;rS
txufwef;ynmawGudk oifcsifwJ qef'awG jzpf Ekdif&if bdvyfukdoGm;NyD;
pmqufoifcsifwJh arQmfrSef;csufawG/ t*Fvdyfvkd jyZmfa&:q&m? 0wfxk a&;q&m
vkyfcsifwJh &nf&G,fcsufawG/ olUwukd,fvkH; wzGm;zGm;ay:aewJh tcdseftcgrsKd;rSm
'Dusw,fqkwJh 'Pfukd olrcHEkdifbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh pmar;yGJusw,fqkdwJh
owif;Mum;&wJhtcg armifEk[m tawmfwkefvIyfoGm;w,f/
aomufazmfaomufzufawGa7SUrSm [efvkyfNyD;awmhoma e&w,f/
olUpdwfxJrSmawmh rcsdvSbl;/
tJ'Dn tdyfaewkef; ausmif;tkyfMud; qavmhu atmifpm&if; aemufqufwGJ
wck xyfNyD;xkwf w,f/ tJ'daemufqufwGJxJrSm olUeHr,f ygvmw,fqkdNyd;
armifEktdyfrufrufw,f/ aemufnawGrSmvnf; wnjcm; ESpfnjcm; tJ'dvkdbJ

qufrufw,f/t&ifwkef;uqkd&if tjyifrSmom oli,fcsif;awGeJU

tcsdefjzKef;aeMu armifEk[m tJ'd owif;Mum;&NyD;wJhaemuf 'Doli,fcsif;awGeJU
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armifEk[m oH'kwfaumufav;udk ukdifNyd; ajcOD;wnfh7m oGm;aew,f/ nwn
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t&ufraomufbl;vkdUarmifEK[m t"dXmefvkyfvkdufw,f/
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jyEkdifyghrvm/
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jrifEkdifw,f/ ewfawG/ jA[?mawG ajymwmudkvnf; Mum;Ekdifw,f/
vGefcJhwJhb0wkef;u rif;[m bmawG jzpfcJhbl;w,f/ig[m
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todnmPf&atmif tm;xkwfbdkUqkdwm cufvm;/
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todnmPf7bkdU rcufygbl;/
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vkyfcJhMuwJh aumif;wmawGeJU raumif;wmawG[m b,fvkdtusKd;ay;rvJ/
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cyf&Sif;&Sif;ajymyg/ a[m'gawGa[m'gawG tukokdvduHawG /
a[m'gawGa[m'gawG[m ukodkvf uHawG/ tJ'Dvkd cyf&Sif;&Sif;ajymyg/
vluav; 'dtukodkvfeJu ukodkvdtaMumif;udk ajym&r,fqkd&if 31
bkHtaMumif; a&S;OD;pGm ajym&r,f/ tJ'dvkdajymrS vluav;[m ukokdvf
tukokdvf taMumif;udk vG,fvG,feJU oabmaygufr,f/
usaemf'gawG udk em;raxmifcsifbl;/ usaemhudkcyfwkdwkdbJ ajymyg/
tukokdvfuHawGqdkwm bmawGvJ/ ukokdvfuHawGqkdwm bmawGvJ/
vluav;onf;cHNyD;em;axmifygOD;/ 31bkHu pNyD; ajymyg&ap/ em;axmifNyd;&if
vluav;oabmusvdrfhr,f vkdU usaemfxifw,f/
usaemf em;raxmifcsifbl;/ tukokdvfuHawGqkdwm a[m'gawG/
ukokdvfuHawGqkdwm a[m'gawG tJ'dvkd wkdwkdajymyg/
'Dvkdqkd&ifaumif;NyD/ tukodkvfuHawGu pNyD; taza jymr,f/
[kwfuJhajymyg/
1/ owfwm/ 2/ ckd;wm/ 3/ ukd,fhvifukd,fr,m; r[kwfwJholawGeJU
arxkHrSd0Jwm/4/ vdrfajymwm/ 5 / *kH;wkdufwm/ 6/ qJwm/Mudrf;wm/
atmfwmtp&SdwJh Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf;ajymqkdwm/ 7/ odrfzsif;wJh tusKd;r&SdwJh
pum;awGudk ajymwm/ 8/ olwyf;&JUom;orD; r,m;/ pnf;pdrfOpmawGudk

vkdcsifwmwyfrufwm/9/ a'gojzpfwm olwyg;udk ESdyfpufcsifwm/

ysufpd;apcsifwm/ aoapcsifwm/ 10 / tukokdvfuHeJU
ukokdvfuHqkdwmr&Sdbl;vkdU ,kHMunf,lqaewm/ tJ'd10rsKd;[m tukodkvfuH
10rsKd;jzpfw,f/vluav;/
taz 'gawGudk tukodkvfuHvkdU bmjzpfvkdUac:wmvnf;/
raumif;wJhtusKd;ay;EkdifvkdU 'D[mawGudk tukodkvfuH awGac:wmyJ/
b,fvdk raumif;wJhtusK;dawGay;vJ/
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usL;vGefwJholawG[m aowJhtcg tyg,f av;yg; bkHxJu wbkHbkHudk
a&muf&r,f/
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towfcHaeMu&wJh bJMuufiSufawGudk Munfh&jcif;tm;jzifh 'Dtyg,f av;bkHrSm
ow0gawG b,favmuf qif;&Jr,fqdkwm cefUrSef;MunfhEkdifw,f/
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ewfawGjyefjzpf&ifvn;f vlqif;&JawG/ ewfqif;&JawG/ jzpfatmif
tusKd;ay;jyefao;w,f/
armifEk[m bmrS rajymbJ ceavmufawGNyD; pOf;pm;aew,f/
tJ'dvkdpOf;pm;NyD;wJhtcg/ ukodkvfuHawGqkdwm bmawGvnf;
qufNyF;ajymygOD;/vkdUar;w,f/
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raumif;wmrvkyfatmif/ rdrd&JU udk,feJU EIwfudk apmifhxdef;wm/ 3/ bk&m;w&m;
oHCmawmfawG&JU *kPfawmfawGudk tzefwvJvJowd&wm/ 4/ rdbq&m/
ynm&Sd/ 7aoh? &[ef;pwJh olawmfaumif;awGudk &kdaoudkif;nTwfwm/ 5/
tultnDvkdaomolrsm;udk tultnDay;wm/ 6/ aumif;rIwckudk
jyKvkyfNyD;wkdif;tjcm;aom ewf tp&SdwJh ow0gawGom"kac:Ekdifatmif
trQa0wm/ 7/ olwyg; trQa0wJhtcg rdrdudk,fwkdifuvnf; om"kac:wm/ */
olwyg; a[majymwJh opmav;yg; w&m;udk ukd,wkdif Mum;emwm/ 9/

rdrduvnf; olwyg;tm; opmav;yg;w&m;udk wwfpGrf;Ekdifoavmuf

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vkdU,kHMunfwmawG[m ukodkvfuHawGjzpfw,f
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tJ'DukodkvfawGudkpsmef ukokdvfvkdUac:w,f/
psmefukodkvawGjzpfatmif bmawGudk vkyf7vnf; taz/
t&m0wfxk wckckay:rSmjzpfap/ ow0gwOD; tay:rSmjzpfap/ rdrd&JU pdwfudk
rdrdtvkd&Sdoavmuf wnfNidrfatmifxm;Ekdif&if psmef ukokdvfjzpfwmbJ
vluav;/ aowJh tcsdeftxd 'dpsmefukokdvf awGjzpfatmif tm;xkwfEkdif&if tJ'd
yk*kdvf[m aowmeJU wjyDKifeuf jA[mbkH 20 &SdwJHtxJu wckckrSm jA[m
jzpfw,f/
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touf&Snfw,f/ ta&miftqif;&Sdw,f/ vluav;tckajymcJhwJhtyg,f av;bkH/
vlbkH1bkH/ ewfbkH6bkH/ jA[mbkH 20 udk aygif;vdkuf&if 31 bkHjjzpfw,f/'D 31
bkHxJrSm ow0gawG[m tckajymcJhwJhukokdvfuHawG tukokdvf awG
tavsmufaowJhtcg b0topfawGjyefjyefNyD; jzpfMu&w,f/ tukokdvfawG
vkyfcJhwJh ow0gawGu i&J wd&dpm?ef/ Nydwm/ tol&u,f qkdwJh tyg,fav;bkH
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vkyfcJhMuwJh ow0gawGu jA[mbkH 20xJu wbkHbkHrSm jA[mawGjzpfMuaygh/
taz jA[m jzpf&ifb,fawmhrS rtkdbl;/ rembl; raobl;vkdU Mum;bl;w,f/
tJ'grSef&JUvm;/
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jzpfNyD;rysufyJ wnfNrJaew,fqkdwm ouf&Sdow0gawG&JU avmurSmvnf;
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usqif;oGm;Ekdifw,f/
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raumi;fbl; vluav;/ jzpfav&m b0rSm tkd&r,f/ em&r,f/ ao&r,f/
cspfwJhcifwJholawG eJU uGJ&r,f/ ukd,fvkyfcJhwJh tukokdvfawG/

0iffNyD;tusKd;ay;vkduf&if tyg,fav;bkHxJu wbkHbkHus&OD;r,f/

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tJ'dusifhwJholawG/ewfawG/ jA[mawG[m tck ajymcJhwJh tzefzef
tdkemaouGJqkdwJhqif;&J'kwfcawGu vGwfr,f/
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oem;pdwfawG tifrwefMuD;MuD;us,fus,f &SdwJh yK*Kdvf rsK;dawGrS
bk&m;zjpfatmi usifhfEkdifMuw,f vluav;/
bmawGusihf&vnf; taz/
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b,favmufMumMumusihf&vJ taz/
tenf;qkH; av;oacsFeJU ur?mwodef;usifh&w,f/ b0aygif; uka#aygif;rsm;pGm
usihf&w,fvkdU cyfvG,fvG,frSwfxm;aygh/ vluav;&,f/
taz usaemfwkdU&JU a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;[m bk&m;jzpfvmatmif
b,fvkdusifhcJh&ovJ/ enf;enf;avmufajymjyprf;yg/
'kdU&JU a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;[m vGefcJHwJh av;oacsF urm wodef;txufu
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&aoHvkyf&w,f/ rsm;rMumcif 'dyuF&m jrwfpGmbk&m;eJU awG&w,f/
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w&m;udk tm;xkwfvkduf&if &[E?mjzpfNyD; tzefzef/
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wOD;xJ ukd,fvGwf&kef;NyD; edAmef 0ifroGm;csifbl;/ bk&m;jzpfatmifusifh /
jzpfNyDqkdawmhrSuGswfxkdufwJh ow0gawGudk cGswf/ tJ'dvkduGswfNyD;
wJhow0gawGeJU twl wl edAmef pH0ifcsifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DyuF&m
jrwfpGmbk&m;qDrSm bk&m; qkawmif;w,f/ tJ'daemuf ukokdvfq,frsKd; ukd
tMudrfMudrf toufpGef&onftxd av;oacsFeUJ urmwodef; wkdifwkdif
jznfhusihfNyd;rS tckurmrSm bk&m;jzpfvmw,f/

usaemfvnf;bk&m;jzpfcsifw,ftaz/ jzpfEkdifyghrvm;/ ow0gawGudk

u,fcsifw,f/
jzpfEkdifwmayhgvluav;/
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vdrfajymcJhbl;w,f/ t&ufaomufcJhbl;w,f/
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vluav;vkdbJ owfwJhtcg owfcJhbl;w,f/ ckd;wJhtcg ckd;cJhbl;w,f/
umrrSmrSm;,Gif;pGmusifhwJhtcg usifhcJhbl;w,f/ t&ufvnf;aomufwJhtcg
aomufcJhbl;w,f/
tazu usaemfpdwfcsrf;omatmif awGUu&mawG avsmufajymaewmvm;/
bk&m;tavmif;[m 'gawGudk vkyfcJhbl;w,fqkdwm usrf;tudk;tum;eJu
jyEkdifyghrvm;/
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vkcJhbl;wmawGudk vluav;awGU&r,f/ tamiv;awmf[m [7dwp
7aohMuD;b0wkef;u&Sifbk&ifppfwkdufxGufaewkef; rdzk&m;acgifMuD;eJU
usL;vGefcJhbl;wmbJ/ pdO?rme tavmif;eJU pawGUcsdefwJhb0rSmvnf;
tavmif;awmf[m t7uform;MuD; uG vluav;&/ 'gayrJh
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uHqkdwm&Sdw,f / uH&JU tusK;dqkdwm&dSw,f/ raumif;wJhuHukd vkyf&if
raumif;wJhtusKd;ukd cH&r,f/ aumif;wJHuHukd vkyf&if aumif;wJh
tusKd;ay;cH&r,f qkdwJhtcsufudk rrSdwfrokef ,kHMunfw,f/'D,kHMunfcsufudk
b,fawmhrS rpGefUbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh bk&m;tavmif;awG[m wcsKdUb0awGrSm
rSm;wJhtcg rSm;wmbJ/ 'gayrJh ckeu ajymcJhwJh rrSdwfrokH,kHMunfcsufaMumifh
rSm;&ifvnf; cebJ/ trSm;udkodwmeJU wjydKifeuf tJ'dtrSm;udk pGefUvkdufNyD;
olawmfaumif;awG jzpfvmw,f/ b,fb0rSmrS jyifr&atmi fqkd;wJhvlqkd;awG
rjzpfcJhMubl;/
usaemfbk&m;jzpfcsifw,f/ taz/ usifh&rJh ukokdvf10rsKd; qkdwm bmawGvJ/
vluav; bk&m;jzpfcsifwJh yk*kdvf[m ukokdvf10rskKd;ukd vkyfay;&w,f/
'dukokdvfawGudk b0aygif;rsm;pGmvkyf&w,f/ b0fwkdif;b0wkdif;rSmvnf;

tMudrfaygif;rsm;pGmvkyf&w,f/ 'dvkdtMudrfMudrf vkyfay;awmh ukokdvfawG

rsm;vmawmhwmaygh/ tJ'Dvkdrsm;vmwJh ukokdvfawGudk yg7rDvkdU ac:w,f/
ukokdvfawGudk tckvkd tMudrfMudrf vkyfay;aewmudk yg7rDjznhfw,fvkdU
ac:w,f/ yg&rD 10yg;qkdwm wjcm;r[kwfbl;/
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t"dXmef/ 9/ arwm/ 10/ Oayu?mwkdUbJjzpfw,f/
vluav;'dcsdefrSmawmh yg&rDawGudk twkdcsKyfavmufyJ &Sif;jyr,f/ 1/ 'geqkdwm
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raumif;wm rajymatmif apmihfxdef; wm 3/ edu?rqkdwm om;orD;
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rem;raeMudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufwm/ 6/ cEDqkdwm onf;cHwm/ 7/ opmqkdwm
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qkH;jzwfwJhtwkdif; vkyfwm rvkyfbl;vkdU qkH;jzwfxm;&ifvnf; qkH;jzwfwJhtwkdif;
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0r;fomjcif;/ cspfjcif;/ rkef;jcif;/rjzpfbJ vspfvSsL&Ixm;wm/
vluav;tckawmh 'DavmufyJ rSwfxm;OD;/ bk&m;jzpfcsifwJh yk*kdvf wOD;twGu
fyg&rD 10yg;odyfta&;MuD;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'dyg&rD10yg;udk tus,fcsJUNyD;
pkHpkHvifvif jynfhjynfhpkHpkH a&;ay;xm;r,f/
vluav; / tJ'dyg&rD awGudk t,kwfpm; tvwfpm;/ tjrwfpm;qkdNyD;
okH;rsKd;cGJjcm;xm;w,f/ cGJjcm;ykHudk vluav;oabmaygufEkdifatmif OyrmeJU
azmfjyr,f/ Oyrm vluav;[m vluav;&JUom;orD; r,m;pnf;pdrf awGudk
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ajcvkH;awGudk vSLvkduf&if vluav;[m 'gerSm
tvwfpm;yg&rDjznfhw,fvkdUac:w,f/toufvSLvkduf&if vluav;[m
'get&mrSm tjrwfpm;yg&rD jznfhw,fvkdU ac:w,f/
vluav;udk vlqkd;wpku zr;fNyd; t&ufaomuf&ifaomuf/ raomuf&if/
vluav;&JU om;orD; / r,m;/ pnf;pdrfawGudk ,lr,fvkdU
jcdrf;ajcmufw,fqkdygpkdU/ tJ'dvdk Ncdrf;ajcmufNyD; 'dom;orD; r,m;/
pnf;pdrfawGudk ,loGmonhf wkdif vluav;[m t&ufraomufbl;qkd&if

vluav;[m oDvrSm t,kwfpm;yg&rD jznhfw,fvkdU ac:w,f/ vluav;&JU

ajcvufawGud k jzwfrsufvkH;awGudk azmufonfhwkdifatmif
t&ufraomufyJae&if vluav;[m oDvrSm tvwfpm;yg&rDjznfhw,f
vkdUac:w,f/ vluav;udk owfonfhwkdifatmif vluav;[m
t&ufraomufyJae&if vluav;[m oDvrSm tjrwfpm;
yg&rDjznfhw,fvkdUac:w,f/
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vluav; bk&m;avmif;awG[m Asm'dyf&wJhtcsdefupNyD; bk&m;jzpfonfhwkdifatmif

'dyg&rD q,fyg;udk tjrwfpm;txd tMudrfMudrf yg&rD jznfh&w,f/ b0aygif;

ra&rwGufEkdifatmiftMudrfMudrf yg&rdjznfh&w,f/
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tMudrfMudrfyg&rDjznfh&w,f/
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usaemf'gawGudk r,kHbl;qkdNyD; vluav;[m tazajymaewmudk
twif;&yfckdif;wmyJ/ xkdifae&mu wjcm;udk ZGwftwif; xcsifxoGm;wmyJ/

wcgrS em;raxmifbl;/tJ'gaMumifh tckvdk vluav;u tazhudk vmar;wJhtcg

taz odyf0rf;omwmbJ/
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tJ'Daemuf wynfhawmfonf yg&rD 10yg;/ tjym;30udk ,aeUrSp
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olUom;udk qkawmif;ckdif;w,f/ tJ'daemuf olUom;tay:rSm tjypfawG
pifoGm;atmif olUudkvnf; uefawmhvkdU Od;pHxGef;u ajymcsifw,f/ 'gayrJh
olom;armifEk[m a&S;wkef;uvkd olU udk uvefuqefvkyfae&if
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vluav;oabmusvdrfhr,f vkdU usaemfxifw,f/

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jzpfNyD;rysufyJ wnfNrJaew,fqkdwm ouf&Sdow0gawG&JU avmurSmvnf;

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w&m;udk tm;xkwfvkduf&if &[E?mjzpfNyD; tzefzef/

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rjzpfcJhMubl;/
usaemfbk&m;jzpfcsifw,f/ taz/ usifh&rJh ukokdvf10rsKd; qkdwm bmawGvJ/
vluav; bk&m;jzpfcsifwJh yk*kdvf[m ukokdvf10rskKd;ukd vkyfay;&w,f/
'dukokdvfawGudk b0aygif;rsm;pGmvkyf&w,f/ b0fwkdif;b0wkdif;rSmvnf;
tMudrfaygif;rsm;pGmvkyf&w,f/ 'dvkdtMudrfMudrf vkyfay;awmh ukokdvfawG
rsm;vmawmhwmaygh/ tJ'Dvkdrsm;vmwJh ukokdvfawGudk yg7rDvkdU ac:w,f/
ukokdvfawGudk tckvkd tMudrfMudrf vkyfay;aewmudk yg7rDjznhfw,fvkdU
ac:w,f/ yg&rD 10yg;qkdwm wjcm;r[kwfbl;/
1/ 'ge/ 2/ oDv/ 3/ edu?r/4/ ynm/5/ 0d&D,/6/ cE?D/ 7/ op?m/ 8/
t"dXmef/ 9/ arwm/ 10/ Oayu?mwkdUbJjzpfw,f/
vluav;'dcsdefrSmawmh yg&rDawGudk twkdcsKyfavmufyJ &Sif;jyr,f/ 1/ 'geqkdwm
ay;ur;fpGefUMuJwm/ 2/ oDvqkdwm ukd,f uraumif;wm rvkyfatmif EIwfu
raumif;wm rajymatmif apmihfxdef; wm 3/ edu?rqkdwm om;orD;
/r,m;pnf;pdrfawGudk pGefUNyD;qdwfuG,f&mrSm w&m;tm;xkwfwm/ 4/
ynmqkdwm olwyg;wkd;wuf aumif;pm;bkdUtwGuf A[kokw pkaqmif;wm/
'DA[kkokwawGudk jzefUjzL;ay;wm/ 5/ 0d&D, qkdwm aumif;usKd;wckcktwGuf
rem;raeMudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufwm/ 6/ cEDqkdwm onf;cHwm/ 7/ opmqkdwm
rSefaom pum;ukd ajymwm/ 8/ t"dXmefqkdwm vkyfr, fvkdUqkH;jzwfxm;&if
qkH;jzwfwJhtwkdif; vkyfwm rvkyfbl;vkdU qkH;jzwfxm;&ifvnf; qkH;jzwfwJhtwkdif;
rvkyfyJ a&Smifwm/ qkH;jzwfxm;wJhtwkdif; woa0rwdr;fvkdufemwm/ 9/
arw?mqkdwm rdwfaqGyJ/ 7efolyJ wpdrf;yJvkdU ykdif;jcm;jcif;r&SdbJ
ow0grSeforQudk nDndrQrQ cspfwm/ 10 / Oayu?m qkdwm rdrdMudKufwmeJU
awGUwJhtcgyJjzpfjzpf/ rMudKufwmeJU awGUwJhtcgbJjzpfjzpf/ 0r;fen;fjcif; /
0r;fomjcif;/ cspfjcif;/ rkef;jcif;/rjzpfbJ vspfvSsL&Ixm;wm/
vluav;tckawmh 'DavmufyJ rSwfxm;OD;/ bk&m;jzpfcsifwJh yk*kdvf wOD;twGu
fyg&rD 10yg;odyfta&;MuD;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'dyg&rD10yg;udk tus,fcsJUNyD;
pkHpkHvifvif jynfhjynfhpkHpkH a&;ay;xm;r,f/
vluav; / tJ'dyg&rD awGudk t,kwfpm; tvwfpm;/ tjrwfpm;qkdNyD;

vluav;udk vlqkd;wpku zr;fNyd; t&ufaomuf&ifaomuf/ raomuf&if/

vluav;&JU om;orD; / r,m;/ pnf;pdrfawGudk ,lr,fvkdU
jcdrf;ajcmufw,fqkdygpkdU/ tJ'dvdk Ncdrf;ajcmufNyD; 'dom;orD; r,m;/
pnf;pdrfawGudk ,loGmonhf wkdif vluav;[m t&ufraomufbl;qkd&if
vluav;[m oDvrSm t,kwfpm;yg&rD jznhfw,fvkdU ac:w,f/ vluav;&JU
ajcvufawGud k jzwfrsufvkH;awGudk azmufonfhwkdifatmif
t&ufraomufyJae&if vluav;[m oDvrSm tvwfpm;yg&rDjznfhw,f
vkdUac:w,f/ vluav;udk owfonfhwkdifatmif vluav;[m
t&ufraomufyJae&if vluav;[m oDvrSm tjrwfpm;
yg&rDjznfhw,fvkdUac:w,f/
vluav;b0wckrSm a8gwr bk&m;avmif;[m 7aohMuD;wyg;jzpfw,f/
onf;cHwJh yg&rDudk jznfhaewJhtwGuf olukd cEd0g'D 7aohvkdU
vlawGuac:Muw,f/ waeUusawmh uvmvmAlqkdwJh &Sifbk&ifwOD;[m
olUrdbK7m;awG aemufvkdufaemufygawGeJUtwl 'D&aohMuD;&SdwJh awmxJrSm
awmupm; &atmif a&mufvmMuw,f/ &Sifbk&if[m awmupm;NyD; armarmeJU
tdyfaewkef; olUrdzk&m;awG[m &aohMuD;qdoGm;NyD; uefawmhMuw,f/ &Sifbk&if
Ekd;vmwJhtcg olUrdzk&m;awGudk rawGUwmaMumifh odyfpdwfqkd;w,f/ cED7aohMuD;
qDukd oGm;Muw,fvkdU pkHprf;od&SdwJhtcga'go trsufacsmif;acsmif; xGufaewJh
&Sifbk&if[m cE?D7aohMuD;uk dzrf;cJhMubkdU csufcsif; trdefUay;vkdufw,f/
&aohMuD;eJUawGUwJhtcg a'goxGufaewJh &Sifbk&ifu &aoh oifb,ftusifhudk
usifhovJvkdU ar;w,f/ tuGsEkfyf[m onf;cHwJhtusifhudk usifhaeygw,f vkdU
&aohMuD;uajzw,f/ tJ"dtcg &aohMuD;udk MudK;eJUwkyfNyD; oHql;wyfxm;wJh
MudrfvkH;eJU wtm;&kdufckdif;w,f/ 7aohMud; &JU wukd,fvkH;rSmvnf;
'Pf&muxGufwJh aoG;awGeJU eD&JaewmygJ/ &Sifbk&if[m &kdufwmudk
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ar;w,f/ &aohMuD;u tuGsEfkyfusifhEkdifao;w,f/ tuGsEkyfukd&kdufwJh
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&Sifbk&if tay:rSmvnf; trsufrxGufbl;vkdUajzw,f/ tJ'dtcg &Sifbk&if [m

&aoMuD;&JU ajcqpfvufqpfawGudk tjzwfckdif;NyD; t&ifvkdbJ

ar;w,f/&aohMuD;uvnf; t&ifutwkdif; ajzw,f/ &Sifbk&ifvnf;
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towfcH&awmhrJh qJqJrSmawmif a'gorxGufyJ t&iftwkdif; ajzNyD;
towfcHoGm;w,f/ &aohMuD;[m aoG;awGxGufvmwJhtxd t&kdufcHNyD;
a'gorxGufatmif xdef;Ekdif&if &aohMuD;[m cE?D rSm t,kwfpm; yg&rDjznfhw,f
vkdU ac:Ekdifw,f/ ajcqpfvufqpfjzwfwJhtxd a'gorxGufatmifxdef;ekdif&if
&aohMuD;[m tvwfpm;yg7rDjznfhw,fvkdU ac:w,f/ towfcH&wJhtxd
a'gorxGufatmif xdef;Ekdif&if tjrwfpm; yg&rDjznfhw,ffvkdU ac:w,f/
vluav; bk&m;avmif;awG[m Asm'dyf&wJhtcsdefupNyD; bk&m;jzpfonfhwkdifatmif
'dyg&rD q,fyg;udk tjrwfpm;txd tMudrfMudrf yg&rD jznfh&w,f/ b0aygif;
ra&rwGufEkdifatmiftMudrfMudrf yg&rdjznfh&w,f/
Asm'dyf&w,fqkdwm bmvJ taz/
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jrwfpGmbk&m;xHrSm bk&m;qkawmif;MuwJhvlawG/ ewfawG[m jynhfaewmyJ/
'Dvkdqkawmif;Muolwkdif;udk bk&m;jzpfr,fvkd U jrwfpGmbK7m;u
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b0aygif;rsm;pGmu ukokdvfawG trsm;Mud;tm;xkwfxm;wJh yk*kdvfudkrS
jrwfpGmbk&m;u tckurm u pNyD; aemufudk ur?maygif;
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bk&m;tavmif;jzpfvmwmyJ/ tJ'dbk&m;favmif;[m yg&rD 10yg;udk av;oacsFeJU
urmwodef;twGif; b0aygif;rsmpGm ra&rwGufEkdifatmif tjrwfpm;txd
tMudrfMudrfyg&rDjznfh&w,f/
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tawmfMudK;pm;&OD;r,f/
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vGwfNidr;foGm;atmif trsm;Mud;u,fEkdifw,f/ vluav;&JU apwemudk azaz
trsm;MuD;om"kac:w,f/
tazhudk usaemf wckar;cskifw,f/
ar;yg vluav;/

tazusaemhukd 'Dw&m;awG t&ifwkef;u bmvkdUra[movJ/ a[m&if

'Dtukodkvf awGudk usaemfvkyfjzpfrSm r[kwfbl;/
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ajym&ufyavv luav;&,f/ taz[m vluav;ukd tMudrfrsm;pGm
ajymygoaum/ vluav; wcgrS aumif;aumif; em;raxmifbl;/ tukokdvf/
ukokdvf vkdU tazu pvkduf&kH&SDao;w,f/ 'gawGudk rajymygeJU taz/ usaemf
r,kHbl;qkdNyD; vluav;[m tazajymaewmawGudk twif;&yfckdif;wmyJ/ opm
w7m; av;yg;taMumfif; pvkduf&KH7Sdao;w,f/ 'gawGudk rajymeJU taz/
usaemf'gawGudk r,kHbl;qkdNyD; vluav;[m tazajymaewmudk
twif;&yfckdif;wmyJ/ xkdifae&mu wjcm;udk ZGwftwif; xcsifxoGm;wmyJ/
wcgrS em;raxmifbl;/tJ'gaMumifh tckvdk vluav;u tazhudk vmar;wJhtcg
taz odyf0rf;omwmbJ/
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tay:rSmvnf;qkd;cJhw,f/ rdbtay:rSmvnf;qkd;cJhw,f/ vlawGtay:rSmvnf;
qkd;cJhw,f/ bJMuufiSufig;awGtay:rSmvnf; qkd;cJhw,f/
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tJ'gaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;[m ow0gwOD;udk cGswfcsif NyDqkd&if
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twif;rvkdufvmbl;/
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tJ'Daemuf wynfhawmfonf yg&rD 10yg;/ tjym;30udk ,aeUrSp
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waeUaomtcgwGif bk&m;pifppf {uefjzpf&ygvkd\ t&sifbk&m;vkdU OD;pHxGef;u
olUom;udk qkawmif;ckdif;w,f/ tJ'daemuf olUom;tay:rSm tjypfawG
pifoGm;atmif olUudkvnf; uefawmhvkdU Od;pHxGef;u ajymcsifw,f/ 'gayrJh
olom;armifEk[m a&S;wkef;uvkd olU udk uvefuqefvkyfae&if
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uefawmhwJhtcg OD;pHxGef;[m odyf0rf;omwJhtwGuf AsKH;ueJ qkray;Ekdifao;bl;/
0rf;omwJh rsuf&nfawG wawGawGusaew,f/

tcef;7
bk&m;qkyefvkdufwJhtwGuf armifEk[m waeUaomtcg bk&m;jzpfr,fqkdwm
b,folrS rajymEkdifbl; bk&m;jzpfbkdUqkdwm rajymxm;eJU/ bk&m;wqlql&UJ
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armifEk[m olUtazajymwmudk Mum;&NyD; AsKH;ueJjzpfay:vmwJh o'?gw&m;eJU
AsKH;ueJ qkawmif;vkdufjcif;omjzpfw,f/ bk&m;wql jzpfbkdU usihf&rJU
tcdsefumvMud;udk ykdydkNyD;odvmwJhtcg tJ'dtcsdefumvMuD;twGif;rSm
ra&SmifrvTJombJawGU&rJh/ tkdemaouGJ tp&SdwJh oHo&m 0#fqif;&JawGtaMumif;
ukd ydkydkNyD;pOf;pm;vmrdwJhtcg armifek[m bk&m;tjzpfusihf&rSmudk
aMUumufvmw,f/ armifEkvkdyJ bk&m; qkawmif;cJhayrJh oHo&m0#f qif;&JawGudk
aMumufvmMuwJhtwGuf bk&m;qkudk pGefUNyD; 'Db0rSmbJ wr*f wzkdvf&atmif
usifhoGm;MuwJh yk*kdvfawG 'keJUa';bJ/ tJ'dawmh oHo&m 0#fqif;&J awGudk
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&atmif tm;xkwfNyD; yuwdom0utjzpfeJhbJ Zmwfrodrf;ygbl;qdkwmvnf;
b,folrS rajymEkdifbl;/
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awmh ajymEkdifw,f/ b,fvkdaumif;oGm;w,fqdkwm wckpD&Sif;jyyg&ap/
cyfvG,fvG,feJU owfjzwfavh&SdwJh wd&dpm?efawG tay:rSm
olb,fvkdpdwfajymif;oGm;w,fqkdwm a&S;OD;pGmMunfh&atmif/
bk&m;qkyefNyD;wJhaemuf nbufrSm tdyf,m0ifwJhtcg olcwfcJhbl;wm awGxJu
MuufESpfaumifudk armifEk xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jrifaew,f/ waumifu Muufz/
aemufwaumifu Muufr jzpfaew,f/ Muufz[m olUtdrfatmufudk
0ifvmwJhtcg armifEk[m ausmhuGif;eJUaxmifNyD; zrf;w,f/ NyD;awmhrS
tdrfatmufu wkdifwwkdifrSm wkyf/ acig;udk 'kwfwacsmif;eJU &kdufNyd;
wajz;ajz;owfw,f/ aoawmhrS yef;&dukd tcsufckdif;NyD;
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olUcav;awGeJu tpm&Smpm;aewkef; armifEk[m tkwfcJusKd;wckeJU
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olUoli,fcsif;awG[m wefaqmif;awmfNuD; t0u tdrfwtdrfrSm
csufpm;ypfvkdufMuw,f/
'DMuufzeJU Muufrudk wpdrfhpdrfhjrifNyd; olrSm;avjcif;v dkU armifEk tMud;tus,f
oHa0*&w,f/ 'dMuufawGudk oem;vmNyd; armifEk[m ikdcsifovdkvdk
jzpfvmw,f/ 'ghxuf MuD;us,fwJh tEkdifusifhrI [m &Sdao;ovm;vkdU

olUudk,folar;NyD; olUukd,fol a'gojzpfaew,f/ olUyg;udk okH;av;csufavmuf

wtm; &kdufvkdufawmhrSyJ 'Da'goawGajyoGm;w,f/ ceavmufMumwJhtcg
bJMuufiSufawGudk ypfbkdUtwGuf oltjrwfwEkd;aqmifxm;wJh oa&*GawG/
avmufpmvkH;awGeUJ avaoewfawGud kolajy;NyD;owd&w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh
aemufaeUtxd taMuG;rxm;bJ tdyf,muxNyD; tJ'dvufeufawGqD
qif;oGm;w,f/ tJ'dtcsdefqkd&if oef;acgifausmf wcsufwD;avmuf &SdaeNyD/
armifEk[m olUoa&*GawGudk 'g;eJUckwf/ avmufpmvkH;awGudk vGifhypf/
avaoewfudkvnf; wydkif;pD jzKwfEkdiforQ jzKwfNyD;vTihfypf/ tJ'dvkdtm;&atmif
vkyfNyD;awmhfrS olUtdyf,mxJudk jyefw,f/ reufvif;tm;MuD;avmufusrS
armifEktdyf aysmfoGm;w,f/
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wd&dp?awGeJU ywfoufNyD; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ay:vmjyefw,f/ armifEk[m
xrif;pm;yGJrSm [if;cGufawGud kjrifvkdufwmeJU wNydKifeuf olowfcJhwJh MuufzeJU
Muufr [m rsuf&nfawGusNyD; ikdaewm olUrsufpdxJrSm ay:vmw,f/ tJ'dvkd
ay: vm&if tom;[if;udk armifEkpm;vkdUr&bl;/ 'Dvkday:vmwm av;ig;&uf
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eJeJrS pm;vkdUr&awmhbl;/ wcgwcg tvkyfursm; / tpm;uenf;NyD;
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tom;pm;bkdUwkdufwGef;wmawmif armifEk[m pm;vkdUr&bl;
tawmfuav;MumvmjyefwJhtcg wd&dp?mefawGay:rSm armifEk &JU pdwfajymif;vJrI
wck xyfwkd;vmw,f/ tJ'gu'Dvkd/ wd&dp?mefawGudk reif;rdatmifqkdNyd;
vrf;avQmufwJhtcg armifEk[m acgif;armhravQmufyJ vr;fudk
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vr;favQmuf&if olUacgif;[m atmufpkdufaewmudk awGU&r,f/ armifEk[m
acgif;armh&if cPwjzKwf avmufyJ7w,f/ rMumcifacgif;jyefpkdufoGm;wmyJ/
b,fvkdjyifjyif jyifvkdUr&awmhbl;/
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tvkyfMud;wcktaeeJU armifEk avQmufvkyfaejyefw,f/ 'DtvkyfrsKd;[m
tjcm;vlawGrSm tao;tzGJjzpfaeayr,fh armifEkrSmawmh tao;tzGJr[kwfbl;/
tvkyfMud;wvkyfjzpfaew,f/
owfwmajymNyD;vkdU ckd;wmuk dqufNyD; ajym7OD;r,f/ ypfpnf; wck[m MuD;wm
i,fwm tzkd;wefwm rwefwm y"me r[kwfbl;/ ykdif&Sifray;bJ ,lrd&if

ckd;wmbJvkdU olUtaz ajymwmudk

armifEkaumif;aumif;rSwfrdxm;w,f/tJ'dvkdrSwfrdxm;wJhtwGuf
olwyg;ypfpnf;eJU ywfoufvm&if armifEk[m txl;owdxm;w,f &Hzef&Hcg
armifEk[m oli,fcsif;awGeJUtwl o&ufjcHawG rmvum jcHawG
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&Sdr,frxifygbl;/ 'gayrJU taysmftyg;taeeJU ykdif&SifukdryefMum;yJ
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o&ufoD;wkdU yef;wkdUudk ypfcsavh tyifaywufNyD; cl;avh
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armifEk u ajzw,f/ tJ'gudk tjrpfjywfatmif ukypf ruk&if

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OD;av;0kdif;ac:vmwmyJ/
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tusKd;trsm;MuD;&SdoGm;w,f/ tJ'dtcsdefupNyD; armifEk[m

jynhhfwefqmeJUtqufoG,f jywfoGm;w,f/
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olrsm;tay: tjypf rvTJcseJU/
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datmifrSwf ay;vkdufr,f/ 'Dpum;Mum;&wJhtcg wynhfarmifekxuf

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[kdvlauGs;'DvlauGs;wmudkpm; ae&wJh ajcovkH;tdrfwkdiform;wa,mufjzpfw,f/

waeUusawmh armifEk&JU taz OD;pHxGef;u zkd;jrdKifukd oem;NyD; pyg;usDrSm
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aexkdifaumif;vmw,f/ wcgwcg waeUvkH;a&;/naebu

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'gayrJh n'v0rfzkd;jrdKifeJU armifEk eJU rwlwJhtcsuf wcsufuawmh
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olwD;wwfw,f/ olUvkdqkdwwf wD;wwfwJhvl 0g;c,fr wjrdKUvkH;rSm
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tJ'DpdwfMud;[m wa7G;om;rS avsmhroGm;bl;/ armifEkuawmh awmfygao;&JU/
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pma&;q7mavmu udk ajcpkHypfNyd; 0ifvkdufcsifwJh qef'awGtrsm;MuD; &Sdaew,f/
'gayhr,f olUqef'&Sdoavmuf olUvufu rygbl;/ tawmfnHhaeao;w,f
qdkwmudk oljrifoavmuf jrifaewJhtwGufpma&;q&m avmuxJukd ajcpkHypf0if

&rSm olqkwfqkdif;jzpfaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh oltpk;d&vcpm;vnf;

rvkyfcsifwmeJU bDt,fvf Oya'wef;rS Oya' qufoifbkdY qkH;jzwfvkdufw,f/
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cPvmygOD;vkdU &kdufvkdufwJh oHMudK;udk &wmeJU armifek[m yef;waemfudk
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{nfhonf armifEkud kESpfacgufpvkH; tdrfxJt0if rcHbl;/ tdrf0rSmbJ

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armifEku [uf[ufyufyuf tm;wufoa7m/ pdwfyg0ifpm;wmudk rjrifwJhtcg
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jzpfvmMuw,f/
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ynm0eftay:rSmvnf; pGmus,fus,f oGm;vkyfvkdufao;w,f/ vkyfykHu 'Dvkd/

ynm0ef[m yef;waemf trsKd;om;ausmif;udk wESpfwMudrfppfavh&Sdw,f/

armifEkvnf; 'Dausmif;udk ra&muf cifESpfwkef;u ynm0ef&JU rSwfcsufxJrSm
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MuwJhtwGu fyGJawmf[m odyfpnfum;w,f/ armifek ausmif;q&mMuD;vkyfwJh ESpf
rSm aeUvnfzufvnf; vlpnfum;atmifqkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJU ausmif;aygif;pkH
ajy;yGJ/ jydKifyGJ awGvkyfay;w,f/ tJ'djydKifyGJrSm t&ufrl;aewJh vlwa,muf[m
0if0ifNyd; &Iyfaew,f/ vlawG0kdif;NyD;awmif;yefvkdUr&bl;/ t7uform;a[mif;

armifek[m t&ufjywfNyD;uwnf;u t&ufrL;aewJhvlawGuk dwzufowf

rsufrkef;MudK;aew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'Dt&uform;&Iyfwm vGefvGef;vmwJhtcg
olUpdwfudk xdef;vkdUr&wJhtwGuf ajy;NyD; wtm;ypfuef vkduw,f/
t&uform;vnf; tJ'dae&mrSmyJ ykHvQufom;vJaew,f/
aemufwcsufxyfuefOd;r,f tvkyfrSm vlawG0kdif;NyD; qGJxm;MuwJhtwGuf
armifekruefjzpfawmhbl;/ armifEk[m uef&wJhvlqkdawmh uefNyD;wmeJu
'dtjzpftysufudk arhoGm;wmyJ/ 'gayrJh tuefcH&wJhvluawmh cH7wmudk
b,farhEkdifrvJ/ tJ'dtjzpftysuf jzpfNyD;vkdU wvavmuf Mumawmh armifek[m
olUa':av; ESpfa,mufeJU naps;wef;bufudk avQmufvmMuw,f/
olUa':av;ESpfa,muf[m naps;wef;u rkefU[if;cg;qkdifwqkdifrSm
rkefU[if;cg;pm;Muw,f/ armifeku rpm;bl;/ olwkdUtem;rSm rwfwyf&yfaew,f/
armifek &yfaewJh ae&m[m yGJawmfrSmwkef;u armifEk uefvTwfvkdufwJh
t&uform;&JU tdrfeJU rsufapmif;xkd;jzpfNyD; q,fudkufavmufyJuGmw,f/
wkdwkdajymMuygpkdU/ tJ'dtuefcH&wJhvl[m armifek &JU acgif;udk aemufuae
'kwfeJ U wtm;&kdufNyD; olUtdrfay:wufajy;wmyJ/ armifekvn;f a'go jzpfjzpfeJU
tJ'dvl&JU aemufukd twif;ajy;vkdufNyd; olUtdrfay:wuf wJh wHwm;ay:rSm
vufxJu 'kwfeJU wcsufjyef&kdufvkduf&w,f/
yGJawmfwkef;u yxryGJrSmawmh t&ufrl;wJholu emw,f/ 'gayrJ h
naps;wef;'kwd,yGJrSmawmh armifekeme,/f cskdapmif;rSm
uGJoGm;wmtawmfrsm;w,f/ ODav;jzpfol q&m0efu tJ'dtuGJuk djrif;jrD;eJU
csKyfay;w,f/ armifekeJU &if;ESd;wJholawGu rcHr&yfEkdfifjzpfjyD; *wfwkdifbkdU
armifekudk 0kdif;NyD; wkdufwGef; Muygao;w,f/ 'gayrJ olu vlv,facgifrSm
cyfemem uefxm;vkdU olUudk jyef&kdufwmyJvkdU ajzmifhajzmifhMuD;
oabmaygufaewJh armifEk[m olUrdwfaqGawGudk bmrS jyefrajymbl;/ jyKH;pdpd
vkyfaew,f/ armifeku 'dvkd jyKH;pdpd vkyfEkdifayr,fh ausmif;aumfrwDuawmh
rjyKH;Ekdif&Smbl;/ txufwef;ausmif;q&mMuD; vkyfwJhvlwa,muf[m t&yfxJu
umvom;acgif;wa,mufvkd &Gm&kd;avQmufNyD; &efjzpfaewmrsK;duk olwkdUtaeeJU
pdwfawmifrul;zl;bl;/ wcgrSvnf; rawGUbl; / rMum;zl;bl;/ 'Dvkd rMum;bl;/
rjrifbl;/ pdwfawmif rul;bl;wJhtwGuf olwkdwif xm;wJh ppfuJ armifEkuk
db,fvkdjyefcs&r,fqkdwm rMuHwwfEkdifatmif jzpfNyD; MudrfrD;tkH;ovkd
jzpfaeMuw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh wESpfaphvkdU Oya'wef;udk jyefwufbkdU
ausmif;q&mMuD; &mxl;u armifekEIwfxGufvkdufwJhtcg jzpfEkdif7if
wESpfavmufawmh vkyfapcsifao;w,fuGm qkdwJh avmuGyf

pum;rsK;duav;udkawmif b,faumfrwD vlMud;qdurS xGufrvmEkdif&Smbl;/

&if0rSm wufaqmifhaewJh tvkH;MuD; usoGm;ovkd aumfrwD vlMuD;tm;vkH;
touf&I&wmtawmfacsmifoGm;Muw,f/
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1930ckESpfxJrSm armifEk[m wufuokdvfudk jyefvmNyD; bDt,fvf
Oya'wef;wufw,f/ wvcGJ ESpfvavmufMumwJhtcg 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kH;0if
ocifwOD;eJU jrdKUxJrSm awGUw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefrSm 'DkUArm oDcsif;udk pyfMyD;ump/
&efukefjrdKUxJrSmawmif okH;av;Mudrfavmufom qkd&ao;w,f/ tJ'geJU
tJ'DocifrdwfaqGu wufuokdvfrSm tJ'dodcsif;udk qkdcsifw,f/
pDpOfay;prf;ygvkdU armifEkudk ajymw,f/ 'Dodcsid;eJU 'DoDcsid;udkqkdrJh 'kdUArm
tpnf;t&kh;0if ocifawGudk tmPmykdifawGu tawmfrsufrkef;MudK;aew,f/
tawmfxdwfvefUaew,fqkdwmawGudk armifEku bmrS rpOfpm;rdbJ
qkdcsifvmqdkMuav pDpOfay;r,fvkdU cyfvG,fvG,f ajzvkduf w,f/ tJ'dtcdsefu
armifEk[moxkHausmif;aqmifrSmaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh
oxkHausmif;aqmif&JUatmufqkH;xyfu cef;raqmifrSm odcsif;qkdbkdU armifek[m
oxkHausmif;aqmifu vlwcsKdUeJU pDpOfw,f/ tJ'daemuf ausmif;tkyfMuD;
qavmhudk awGUbkdU olUtdrfudk armifEk oGm;w,f/ ausmif;tkyfMud;tdyfaew,fvkdU
olcsmy&mpDu ajymwJhtwGuf csmy7mpDqDu pufulav;w&Gufawmif;NyD; tJd'aeU
nbuf 7em7D csdefavmuf oxkHcef;raqmifrSm 'kdUArmodcsif;udk qkdcsifw,f/
cGifhjyKyg/ vkdU pmuav;wapmifa&;w,f/ tJ'daemuf
ausmif;tkyfMuD;Ekd;ekd;csif;'Dpmukd ay;vkdufbkdU csmy&mpdudk ajymNyD; armifEk[m
olUausmif;aqmifudk oljyefvmw,f/ aemufwem&DavmufMumwJhtcgf
armifek[m ausmif;tkyfMuD;tdrfudk jyefvmNyD; olUpmtaMumif; uk dpkHprf;w,f/
olpmukd zwfMunfhNyD; ausmif;tkyfMuD;qkwfypfvkdufw,f/vkdU csmy7mpdu
ajymw,f/ aemufjyD;awmhvnf; ausmif;tkyfMud; tdrfrSmr&Sdbl;wifepf
&kduf&atmifxGufoGm;NyD;vkdU csmy&mpDu ajymjyefw,f/ armifEk[m odyftw,f/
ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmhudk 'dvkdvkyfvkdU b,f7rvJ/ ,leDAmpwD
aumvdyfuausmif;om;rSeforQ olUudk zdefzdefUwkefatmif aMumuf&wm/
b,fausmif;om;rSmolUudk olutdrfoGm;NyD; rawGU0Hh/ 'Dpufulpkwfav;ay:rSm
pma&;NyD;csmy&mpD qDuwqifh cGifhawmif;w,fqkdwmrsKd;awmh
pdwfawmifrul;&Jbl;/ qkdwJhtcsufawGudk armifEk rod/ enf;enf;av;rS

rod&Smbl;/ ol[m 'kdUArmoDcsif;udk qkd&atmif pDpOfay;bkdU uwd ay;NyD;NyD;

tJ'duwdt& pFpOfay;&r,fqkdwm wckbJ odw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh
ausmif;tkyfMuD;[m olUpmudk qGJqkyfypfvkdufw,fqkdwm udk od&if odjcif;/
wjcm;ausmif;om;wOD;omqkd&if tJ'dtcsdeftcgu odcsif;qkdyGJudk
csufcsif;zsufypfvkdufrSm jzpfaywJh / vltarmifEk uawmh rzsufbl; /
ausmif;tkyfMuD;u cGifhray;&if oxkHausmif;aqmif rSL;qDrSm cGifhawmif;r,fvkdU
armifeku qkH;jzwfvkdufw,f/ tJ'dtcgu ausmif;aqmifrSL;[m ygarmufc
OD;azarmifwifjzpfw,f/ ausmif;aqmifrSL;eJU awGUwJhtcg tcuftcJr&SdyJ
qkdcGifh&w,f/ tJ'gaMumif;n7em&D rSm csdef;xm;wJhtwkdif; oxkHcef;raqmifrSm
'kdUArmoDcsif;udk ausmif;om;awG 0kdif;NyD;qkdvkdfufMuwm
ywf0ef;usifwckvkH;odrfhodrfhwkefoGm;w,f/ aemufESpf&ufavmuf MumwJhtcg
tJ'doDcsif;qkdyGJtaMumif;eJU wuG 'kdUArmoDcsif;&JU t"dyfyg,fyg
aeUpOfowif;pmwapmif rSm ygvm w,f 'DrQ ruao;bl; /
pDtkdif'DXmecsKyfuvnf; b,folu pdpOfay;w,f/ b,folawGvmqkdw,f/
tJ'dvlawGxJrSm b,folawG[m EkdifiHa&;orm; t,lonf;orm;awGjzpfw,f/
b,fol[m tMurf;zuform;awGjzpfw,f/ tp&SdwJh taMumif;csif;7m
pkHpkHvifvifygwJh tpD7ifcHpmwapmifukd ausmif;tkyfMuD;qdukd ykdUEkdifp&m
taMumif;&Sdw,fvkdUawmif ,lqEkdifw,f/
nae av;em&Davmuf&SdwJhtcg oxkHausmif;aqmif armifekaewJh tcef;wHcg;rSm
EkdUwpfpm wapmifvmuyfwmudk armifEkawGU&w,f/ tJ'dekdUwpfpmxJrSm
armifek[m aemufwaeU 2 csufwD;wJhtcsdefrSm ausmif;tkyfMuD; eJU
ol&kH;cef;xJrSm vmawGU7r,fqkdazmfjyxm;w,f/ tJ'g[m vkyf&kd;vkyfpOf
r[kwfbl;/ b,fausmif;om;awG[m bmvkyf&r,f/ bmrvkyf&bl;qkdwJh
EkdUwpfpmawGudk ausmif;om;trsm;qkdif7m EkdUwpf bkwfrSm
uyfMuwmygbJ'Dvkdausmif;om;aewJh tcef;0rSm vmuyfw,fqkdwm
wcgrSrMum;zl;bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh tcef;teD;em;csif; ausmifom;awGu armifEk
[m oDcsif;qkdyJG eJUywfoufNyD; ausmif;xkwfcH&awmhrSmbJvkdU
,lqvkdufMuw,f/ EkdUwpfpmuyfNyD;wmeJUarmifEk[m qGJcGmvkdufNyD;
qkwfypfvkdufw,f/ tJ'daemufEkdUwpfpmrSm ygwJhtwkdif; aemufwaeU nae
2csufwD;rSm ausmif;tkyfMuD;eJYoGm;rawGUyJ wrifoufouf t&GJUwkdufNyD;
aemuf2&ufavmufMumawmhfrS reufbufrSm ausmif;tkyfMud;eJUoGm;awGUw,f/
armifEk[m ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmh7JUatmufrSm ausmif;om;tjzpfeJU aevmwm
ig;ESpfausmfausmfyJ/ tJ'dig;ESpftwGif; ausmif;tkyfMuD;eJu teD;uyfNyD; awGU7wJh
tMudrfaygif;[m okH;MudrfavmufYyJ&Sdvdrfhr,fvkdU armifekrSwfxm;wf/ 1924

ckESpfrSm jynfeJU waumif;ausmif;aqmif awGudk pNyD;zGifhw,f/

'kwd,ausmif;aqmifrSL;awG&JU pDpOfcsuft& 'Dausmif;aqmifawGrSm
abmvkH;toif;woif;pdzGJU7w,f/ tJ'd2oif;[m av;ig;ajcmufMudrfavmufjynf
ausmif; aqmif &JU taemufbuf abmuGif;xJrSm upm;Mu&wf/ trSwf
trsm;qkH;&wJh waumif;abmoif;udk ausmif;tkyfMuD; qavmhu zvm;wck
qkcsw,f/ aemufNyD;amwh aumfr&Sifemvrf;xJu olU&kH;crf;xJrSm
npmausG;w,f/ armifEk[m tEkdif&wJh waumif;abmtoif;xJrS
ygaewJhtwGuf 'Dnpmpm;yGJukd wuf&w,f/ tJ'g[m ausmif;tkyfMud; qavmhudk
armifEk yxrtMudrf teD;uyfawGU&wmygbJ/
1926ckESpf rwfvxJrSm armifEk[m tkdifat txufwef;pmar;yGJukd
yxrtMudrfajz&w,f/ 'dvkdtwef;wif pmar;yJGudk ajzwJhtcg
ajzrJhausmif;om;[m pmar;yGJ0ifcudk a&S;Od;pGmay;&w,f/ tJ'daemuf
pmar;yGJ0ifbkdUtwGuf avQmufvTmwifoGif;&w,f/ 'DvkdyJ
avQmufvTmwifoGif;&w,fqkdwmudk wausmif;vkH;odw,f/ armifEkrodbl;/
tJ'dvkd rodwJhtwGuf armifEk[m pmar;yGJ0ifcudkom ay;NyD; avQmufvTm
rwifrdbl;/ tJ'gaMumfifh pmar;yGJ 0ifrJh ausmif;olausmif;om;pm&if;
xGufvmwJhtcg armifEk&JUemr,f ygrvmbl;/ bmqmqkdwJh &kH;tkyfMud;udk
oGm;ajymwJhtcg igrwwfEkdifbl; ausmif;tkyfudk
rif;oGm;ajymvkdUqlvTwfvdkufw,f/ armifEk[m ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmhfudk
0ifawGUwJhtcg ay;NyD;NyDvm;vkdU ausmif;tkyfMud;uar;w,f/ ay;Nyd;NyDvkdU
armifekuajzw,f/ ajymwJhtwkdif;rSefovm; vkdUpkHprf;csifwJhtwGuf
ausmif;tkyf[m pm&Gufuav;w&Gufay:rSm pma&;NyD;bmqmqDukdykdUvkdufw,f/
q,hfig;rdepfavmuftMumrSm pm&Gufav;w&Guf jyef0ifvmw,f/ tcef;xJrSm
ukvm;xkdif7Sd&ufeJu armifEkrxkdif7bl;/ wcsdefvkH;
rwfwwf&yfNyD;apmifhae&w,f/ 'gayrJh iguvnf; avQmufvTmoGifh;7r,fh [m
roGifbJ aerdwmudk;/ ighrkdufjypfyJ/ bmqmqDu pmar;yGJ0ifc ay;oGif;NyD;NyDvkdU
pmjyefvm&if ighudpfp NyD;oGm;rSm yJvkdU olUpdwfukdajzNyD; armifEk[m ausmif;
tkyfMuD;a&SUrSm jidrfjidrfav; rwfwwf&yfaew,f/ bmqmqDu jyefpmudk
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&,f*spfpwmukdrif;oGm;ajym/ lwwfEkdif&if vkyfay;vdrfhr,f/
olvkyfray;Ekdif&ifrif;udk igrulEkdifbl;/ rif;avmufrkdufrJwJh ausmif;om;
,leDAmpwD wausmif;vkH; b,frSmrS r&Sdbl;/ vkdU qlvTwfvkdufw,f/ armifEk[m
&,f*spfpwm uif;bJvfudkoGm;awGUwJh tcg 'gcufwJh udpfp r[kwfygbl; qkdNyD;
armifEk&JU emr,fudk cyfvG,fvG,f pm&if;oGif;ay;vkdufw,f/ tJ'dtMudrf[m

ausmif;tkyfMuD; qavmhudk armifEk eD;ed;uyfuyf 'kwd,tMudrf awGU&wmyJ/

aemufwMudrfuawmh pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;w,f/ armifEk[m wufuokdvf
a&mufwJhtcsdefupNyD; olUrsufpdxJrSm pyg;arT; ql;aewhJ tcsufwcsufudk
b,foGm;oGm;awGU ae&w,f/ tJ'gu wjcm;r[kwfbl; ausmif;tkyfMuD;utp
ygarmufceJUvufaxmuf q&mawG tqkH;&SdwJh ausmif;tmPmykdifawGudk
wufuokdvf ausmif;om;awG[m awGUwJhae&mrSm
qvHay;aeMu&wmyJjzpfw,f/ armifek[m q7mawGudk r&kdraorvkyfcsifygbl;/
Armh,Ofaus;rIt& uefawmh 7r,f qkd&if OD;rav;yJ uefawmhEkdifygw,f/
'gayrJhqvHay;wm[ Armh,Ofaus;rIvnf; r[kwf /ArmhtpOftvmvnf;
r[kwfwJhtwGuf qvHay;wmudk rMudKufbl;/ odyfNyD;jrifjyif;uyfw,f/
tJ'gaMumifh oludk,fwkdifvnf; b,fawmhrS qvHray;bl; / oleJU &if;ESD;wJh
rdwfaqGawGudkvnf; qvHray;bkdU oltNrJwr;fw&m;a[mw,f / waeUusawmh
armifEk[m oli,fcsif;ESpfa,mufeJUtwl jynfvrf;rMuD;ay:udk oGm;bkdU jynfeJU
waumif; ausmif;aqmif0if;xJu xGufvmw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefrSm ausmif;tkyfMud;
qavmh pd;vmwJh armfawmfum;[m t&SdefowfNyD; jynfvrf;ray:u jynfeJUw
aumif;ausmif; aqmif0if;xJ ajz;ajz;vSdrfh0ifvmw,f/ armifEkwkdU[m
armfawmfum;eJU vufwurf;avmuftvkda7mufawmholeJUygvmwJh
oli,fcsif;ESpfa,mfu[m ausmif;tkyfMuD; qavmhudk qvHay;7atmif olwkUd&JU
nmvuftoD;od;udk ajrmufvkdufMuw,f /armifEk[m olUvufESpfbufeJU
tJ'dausmif;om;awG&JU nmvufawGukd AswfueJ qGJcsypfvkdufw,f/
ausmfi;tkyfMuD; qavmh[m tHtm;oifhoGm;NyD; olUarmfawmfum;
cyfvSrf;vSr;fa&mufonfhwkdifatmif armifEkudk vSnhfMunfhoGm;w,f/ armifek[m
ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmheJuU tckvdk eD;eD;uyfuyf awG&wm tckajymcJhwJh
okH;MudrfavmufyJ &Sdvdrfhr,fvkdU armifEk rSwfrdw,f/
'kdUArm odcsif;qdkyGJeJu ywfoufNyD; awGU&atmif armifek[m
ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmh&JU &kH;cr;fxJudk 0ifoGm;wJhtcg ausmif;tkyfMuD; qavmhu
ig csdef;wJhaeUrSm rif;bmjzpfvkdU vmrawGUovJ vkdU
pdwftaESmuft,SufjzpfaewJh rsufeSmxm;eJU armifEkudk ar;w,f/ usaemf
ta&;MuD;wJh udpfpawG udk aqmif7Gufaew,fvkdU armifEku
cyfwnfwnfjyefajzw,f/
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7w,f/
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oxkHausmif;aqmifrSL;qDu/

,leDAmpdwD aumvdyf0if;twGif;rSm wckck vkyfcsif&if ighqDu

cGifhawmif;&r,fqkdwm rif;rodbl;vm;/
odw,f/
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tputqkH;txd &Sif;jyw,f/
oxkHausmif;aqmifrSL;ygarmufc OD;azarmifwifqDu cGifh&wJhtwGuf
armifEkoufomoGm;w,f/'dvkdomcGifhr&&if ausmif;xkwfcH&aumif; cH7Ekdifp7m
taMumif;&Sdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhaumvdyf0if;twGif;rSm EkdifiHa&;vIy&Sm;rI wckckudk aemufwMudrf xyfvkyf&if
rif;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef ta7;,l7vdrfhr,fvkdU ausmif;tkyfMuD;u
owday;NyD;armifekudk jyefvTwfvkdufw,f/
aemuf q,f&ufavmufMumwJhtcg usKwmwOD; armifEkqDudk a&mufvmNyD;
ausmif;tkyfMud; qavmhu armifEkeJU pum;ajymcsifw,fvkdU
taMumif;Mum;w,f/ armifek [m ausmif;tkyfMuD;eJU awGUwJhtcg armifek rif;wkdU
wkdif;jynfrSm a&SUaeawG[m vkdtyfwmxufydkaew,f/ 'dwkdif;jynfeJUvlrsKd;udk
xddxda7mufa&muf tusKd;jzpfapwJh vkyfief;awG0ifvkyfoifhw,f /igrif;twGuf
tvkyfwckudkpOf;pm;rdw,f/ tJ'gor0g,rtvkyfyJ/ or0g,rvkyfief;[m 'kdU
t*fvefeJU Oa&myu wcsKdU EkdifiHawGrSmodyfMuD;yGm;aew,f/ rif;wkdUEkdifiHrSmawmh
t&nftcsif;&sdwJhvlawG[m 'dvkyfief;rSm pdwfr0ifpm;wJhtwGuf'Dvkyfief;[m
ratmifjrifbl;/ tJ"dvkyfief;rSm ri;f0ifvkyfEkdif&if odyfaumif;r,f/ waeUwkef;u
face=WinKalaw b@ma&;rif;MuD; 'gef; / or0g,rrif;Mud; zkd*gwD wkdUeJU ig
pum;vufqkHus&if; rif;taMumif;udk igajymjyw,f/ olwkdUuvnf; rif;eJU
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pwmeJU wjYydKifeuf olwkduajymaeMutwkdif; ausmif;om;tawmfrsm;rsm;[m
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zdESdyfcsifvkdU vkyfwmyJqkdwmawGudk xyfcgwvJvJ ajymMuw,f/
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udkwkdufbkdUtwGuf oydwfarSmuf&r,f qkdwJhtoHawG
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ausmif;om;MuD;wOD;ESpfOD;u xNyD;/ oydwfrarSmufcif ausmif;tkyfMud;qavmheJU
aqG;aEG;oifhw,f/ aqG;aeG;vkdUr&rS oydwfarSmufoifhw,f/ vkdU tMuHay;w,f/
tJ"dtMuHudk ausmif;om;xku vufcHNyD; wufuodkvf or*f* Ou?Xukd
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'DokH;OD;tzGJU[m ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmheJU aemufwaeUrSmoGm;awGUNyD;
b,fvkdvnf;qkdwm 'DZifbm ausmif;rydwfcif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;udk
tpd&ifcH&r,fvkdU ausmif;om;xku awmif;qkdw,f/ aumif;ygNyDvkdU Ou?Xu
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tMuHjzpfaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DtMuHtwkdif; vkyfr,fvkdU olUpdwfxJrSm

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,wdjywfqkH;jzwfvkdufw,f/
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oabmwlwJhtcg udkEkwkdUvlpk[m arm&d,eJU jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwkduf
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tJ'drxrtqidfh NyD;wJhaemuf ukdodef;azu txufArmjynfudk oGm;&w,f/

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ausmif;tkyfMud;qavmh tjreff xGufoGm;avmhqkdwJh qkH;jzwfcsufudkyJ

csrSwfvkdufMuw,f/
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uawmfao;w,fvkdU udkEku jyefajymw,f/ rif;wkdU pOf;pm;MuOD;uGm aeUvnf

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pm;yGJckHay:udk ypfwifvkdufw,f/ Ou?X udkEk &r;fum;aewmudk jrif&Mum;7wJh

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tckajymcJhwJh tpOftvm awG[m pnf;rsOf;xJrSm &Sdw,f qkdwm Ou?X ukdEk
rodbl; / 'DukdEk Ou?X oufwrf;rSm 'Dpnf;rsOf;ud kwacgufjnhfatmif
zwfbl;ykHray:bl;/ tvkyftrIaqmifawGu tckvkd 0kdif;qlwJhtcg Ou?XukdEk[m
bmrS jyef rajymbl;/ pyfNzJNzJvkyfaew,f/ tvkyftrIaqmifawGvnf;
qlvkdUtm;&wJhtcg aemifoif;vkH;uRwftpnf;ta0;awG usif;ywJhtcg
tpOftvmtwkdif; vkyf&r,f vkdU qkH;jzwfcsufcsw,f/
aemifoif;vkH;uRwftpnf;ta0;awGusawmh taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; eJU
Ou?XwkdU tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJ ukdr0ifcif 'kwd, Ou?X ukd&m&Spfu
tvkyftrIaqmif tzGJU&JU qkH;jzwfcsufudk zwfjy&w,f/ Ou?X ukdEkvn;f
tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJudk acgif;aygif;aygif;Nyd;0if&w,f/
olOu?XtjzpfeJUwufuokdvf or*f* pifjrifhay:rSm cPcP
pum;ajymcJhbl;wmyJ/ 'gayrJhbmawG ajymcJhw,fqkdwmukdawmh
olvnf;aumif;aumif;rrSwfrdbl;/ tJ'Dwkef;u or*f* toif;0if wOD;ESpfOD;&JU
ajymjycsuft7 qkd&if tmPmykdifawGudk ausmif;om;awGuqvHay;MuwJh
udpfpudk ukdEk tifrwef pufqkwfykHay:w,f/ wufuokdvf or*f* &JU
pifjrifhay:rSm ig;cgajym&if tJ'dqvHudpfp[m av;cgavmufygw,f/

vkdUod&w,f bmtaMumif;ukdbJ ajymajym tJ'D qvHudpfp[ Mum;xJrS

nSyfygvmowJh?
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olOu?XjzpfNyD;vdkU wvavmufMumwJhtcg udpfpwck ay:vmw,f/
ausmif;tkyfMud;qavmh [m cGifheJU t*Fvefudk jyefoGm;wJhtwGuf
wjcm;yk*f*kdvfwOd; [m olUae&MrSm acwfw ausmif;tkyfvkyfaewkef;
waeUusawmh acwfw ausmif;tkyfqdrSm yef;waemf uausmif;om;av;wOD;[m
tdrfjyefcsifwJhtwGuf cGifhoGm;awmif;w,f /trSefpifppfqkd&if wufuokdvfrSm
tJ'dvkd cGifhawmif;wJh xkH;pHr&Sdygbl;/ tdrfjyefcsifwJh ausmif;om;[m
aeUausmif;om;qkd&if b,folUrS rajymyJ ol[mol jyefoGm;wmyJ/
ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm ; qkd&if 'kwd,taqmifrSL; 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf;
ausmif;aqmif usLwmudk ajymNyD;jyefoGm;MuwmbJ/ udkEkudk,fwkdifvnf;
olUZeD;eJU orD;av;udk atmufarhvmwkdif; 'DvkdyJajymajymNyd; olUtdrfudk cPcP
jyefaewmyJ/ tu,fa&GU tJ"dausmif;om;awG[m twef;wufwJhtrSwfvkdcsif&if
twef;xJrSm ausmif;om;pm&if; ac:wJhtcg olwkdUukd,fpm; xl;vdkufzkdU rdwfaqG
wOd;Od;udk rSmypfcJhwmyJ? 'davmuftxd vG,fvsufom;eJU 'Dausmif;om; [m
tdrfjyefcsifwJhudpfpudk bmjzpfvkdU acwfwausmif;tkyfqDrSm
wufajymw,fqkdwmudkek em;rvnfEkdifbl;/
'Dausmif;om;u cGifhawmif;wJhtcg acwfwausmif;tkyfu
rif;bmjzpfvkdUjyefcsifwmvJvkdU ar;w,f/ cPjyefvmcJh ygvkdU usaemhftdrfu
pm&w,f/ 'gaMumifhcPjyefyg&ap vkdU 'dausmif;om;u xyfNyd;cGifhawmif;w,f/
rifhpmb,frSmvnf; ighjyprf;/ vkdU acwfw ausmif;tkyfu ausmif;om;udk
ajymw,f/ ausmif;om;u olUpmudk xkwfjyw,f/ acwfwausmif;tkyfu pmudk
zwfMunfhNyd; pmrSmvufrSwfxkd;xm;wmb,folvJ vkdU ar;w,f /
ausmif;om;u olUtrMud;vkdUajymw,f/ rihftazeJU taru bmjzpfvkdU
vufrSwfrxkd;ovJ vkdU acwfw ausmfi;tkyfu xyfar;w,f/ olUrdzawG[m
olUqDukdb,fawmhrS pmra&;bl;/ pma&;p&m&Sdwkdif; tJ'dtrMud;u
a&;avh&SDw,f/ vkdU ausmif;om;u jyefajzw,f/ tJ'Dtcg acwfw
ausmif;tkyfu rifhtazeJUtar vufrSwfrxkd;wJhtwGufrif;Ukd cGifhray;Ekdifbl;vkdU
ausmif;om;udk ajymvkdufw,f/ acwfwausmif;tkyfudk umuG,fcsifvkdU
ajymwmr[kwfygbl;/ trSeftwkdif;ajym&r,fqkd&if tJ'dwkef;u
acwfwausmif;tkyf[m t*fvdyfwa,mufu Armwa,mufukd
apmfum;vkdufwJhtaeeJUajymvkdufwmvnf; r[kwfbl;/ olUpdwfxJrSm

wufuokdvfausmi;olausmif;om;awGtm;vkH;[m olUom;orD;awGjzpfaew,f/
'ghtjyif 'Dausmif;om; ausmif;ukda&mufp vlopf / touftm;jzifh qkd7if
16ESpfavmufbJ&SdOD;r,f/ t&G,fi,fvGef;wJh twGuf olUukdjrif&if cav;vdk
qufqHcsifp&m jzpfaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh acwfwausmif;tkyf[m rdztaeeJU
ajymvkdufwm ygyJ/ 'gayrJh tJ'dwkef;u ukdEkwkdUvlpk&JU pdwfxJrSm t*fvdyfqkd&if
b,ft*fvdyfyJjzpfjzpf/ e,fcsJUorm;jzpf&r,f/ tJ'dt*Fvdyf[m bmbJvkyfvkyf
e,fcsJU&nf&G,fcsufeJU vkyf&r,fvkdU w,loefpGJxm; Muw,f/
'dvkdw,loefpGJxm;wJhtwGuf tJ'Dausmif;om;&JU owif;udkMum;&wJhtcg
e,fcsJUorm; rsufESmjzlLu Armudk apmfum;w,f vkdU ,lqNyd; udkek[m
odyfa'gojzpfw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh acwfwausmif;tkyfudk olukd,fwkdif
oGm;awGUNyd; tdrfjyefbkdUcGifhawmif;r,f/ bmjzpfvkdUjyefcsifwmvJar;&if
tdrfupm&vkdU jyefcsifw,fvkdUajzr,f/ pmjypr;fvkdU acwfwausmif;tkyfu
ar;&if atmufpzkdUeJU udef;b&pf qkdwJh jAdwdoQ wufuokdvfawGrSm
ausmif;om;awG&JUpmudk q&m awGu awmif;Munhf0Hovm; / t*FvefrSm
rvkyf0HhwJhudpfpudk bmjzpfvkdU 'DrSm vmvkyf&wmvJ/ cifAsm;Armudk
apmfum;wmbJ tp&SdwJh&efpum;awG ajymzkdU txd udkek qkH;jzwfxm;w,f/
tJ'dqkH;jzwfcsuft& aemufwaeUusawmh udkEk[m acwfw
ausmif;tkyfeJUoGm;awGUw,/f /
usaemftdrfjyefcsifw,/f
bmudpfpjyefcsifwmvnf;/
tdrfupm&w,f/
at;............ aumif;NyD/ jyefEkdifw,f/
&efjzpfp&mr&SdawmhwJhtwGuf acwfwausmif;tkyf eJU 7efjzpf&atmifoGm;wJh
ukdEk[m bmqufvkyf&rSef;rod jzpfaew,f/ tJ'gaMumihf rdepf0ufavmuf
acwfwausmif;tkyfudk MuufaoaoMunfhaerdw,f/
p/
wufuokdvk or*f*Ou?Xukdek[m waeUusawmh 'D'kwf*sme,fwdkufudk
tvnfoGm;w,f/ tJ'DrSm 'kdUArmtpnf;t &kH;
ocifacgif;aqmifwOd;eJUawGUw,f/ pum;ajymaeus&if;
em&d0ufavmufMumwJhtcg Od;Ow?r[m vmr,fh a&G;aumufyGJrSm
aiGwaxmifEIef;eJU vufcHNyd; ig;yGifhqkdiftzGJUbufu rJw&m;
awGvkdufa[may;awmhr,f/ OD;Ow?r[m t7ifwkef;uvkd trskKd;om;acgif;aqmif
r[kwfawmhbl;/ tJ'dawmh trsKd;om;aeUus&if wufuokdvf

or*f*pifjrihfay:uaeNyD; Od;Ow?rudk opfpmazmuftjzpfeJU &IHUcsygvkdU

tJ'Docifacgif;aqmifu ukdEkudkwkdufwGef;w,f/ zkdufpuGJ,m; yef;jcH
vlxktpnf;ta0;rSm oluvnf; tJ'dvdkYyJ &IHUcsr,fvkdU tJ'docifacgif;aqmifu
uwday;w,f/ 'Docifacgif;aqmifjyefoGm;wJhtcg 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdu armifEk rif;
'Daumifajymwkdif; rvkyfeJU? owdxm; 'Daumifu r,kH&bl;vkdU
owday;&Smygao;w,f/ 'gayr,hf olrsm;ajymorQ ,kHvG,fwwfwJh udkekuawmh
trsKd;om;aeUrSm wufuodkvf or*f8 pifjrifhay:uaeNyD; OD;Ow?rudk csbdkU
qkH;jzwfNyD;Nyd/
trSeftwkdifqkd&if wufuodkvf or*f*[m EkdifiHa&;toif;r[kwfbl;/
ArmhEkdifiHa&;xJ rSm bmrS 0ifpGufp&m taMumif; r&Sdbl;/ tu,f?0ifpGufEkdifonf
qkdonfhwkdifatmif OD;Ow?reJUywfoufvkdU tJ'Docifacgif;aqmifa jymoGm;wJh
pGyfpGJcsufawG[m rSefovm;/rSm;ovm; qdkwmudk udkEKpkHprf;MunfhbkdU
aumif;w,f/ pkHprf;Nyd;rSefw,f vkdUawGU7onfhwkdifatmif 'Dyk*f*kdvfMuD;wOD;udk
Ou?XtaeeJU or*f*pifjrifhay:u &IHUcsbkdU udpfprSm Ou?X udkEk[m
olUtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJuk dwkdifyifbkdUaumif;w,f/ ukdEk[m tJ'gawG bmrS
rvkyfbl;/ [kdocifacgif;aqmifajymwmudkbJ ol,kHMunfNyd; Od;Ow?rudk &IHUcsbdkU
olU[molqkH;jzwfvkdufwmygyJ?
ukdEk[m tawmf&,fp&maumif;wJhvlwa,mufbJ/ b,fvkdrSef;rodbl;/
wbufom;ajymorQ odyf,kHvG,fNyd; AsKH;ueJ 'kdif;ueJ qkH;jzwfcsufcswwfw,f/
tJ'gaMumifh olUtaMumif;udk odwJhvlwcsKdU[m ukdEk&JU ,kHvG,fwJh oabmudk
tvGJokH;pm;vkyfNyD; olwkdUtwGuf tjrwfxkwfMuw,f/ ukdEkeJU &if;ESD;wJh
rdwfaqGawGu udkEk cifAsm;[m odyf,kHvG,fw,f/ wbufom;ajymwkdif;
odyfr,HkygeJUvkdU owday;&if odwfpdwfqkd;w,f/
cifAsm;odyf,KHvG,fw,fqkdwmpum;vSatmif Munfhajymwm/
trSeftwkdif;ajym&&if cifAsm;odyf,kHvG,fw,fqkdwm cifAsm;odyftw,fqkdwmeJU
bmrS rjcm;bl;/ twlwlyJvkdU udkeku ,lqw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ,lqwJhtwGu
fcsufqkd7if ecGufu rd;awmufaew,f vkdU olUukdoltxifMuD;aewhJ udkEk/
wbufom;u yg;pyf[vkdufwmeJU/ zif0rSm csD;b,fESpfwkH; &Sdw,fqkdmw txd
olodEkdifygw,fvkdU olUukd,fol txifMuD;aewJh ukdEk[m olUudk
odyf,kHvG,fw,fvkdU wa,mufa,mufuajym&iftJ'Dvl[m olUudk
apmfum;vkdufw,f/vkdU oltNrJwrf;,lqw,f/
trsKd;om;aeUa&mufwJhtcg wufuodkvf or*f*u MuD;Muyfusif;yay;wJh
trsKd;om;aeU tcrf;tem;udk wuf&atmifvmMuwJh &efukefNrDKUxJu *kPfoa&&Sd
{nhfonfawmf awG owif;axmufawG/ ausmif;olausmif;om;awG[m

wufuokdvf or*f*&JU ta&SUbufu uGufvyfwckvkH; jynfhvQHoGm;wmyJ/

tJ'dtcrf;tem;rSm Ou?Xudkek[m [kdocifacgif;aqmif ajymoGm;wJhtwkdif;
OD;Ow?rudk tm;&yg;& pGwfpGJNyd; opfpmazmuftjzpf tjyif;txef
&IHUcsypfvkdufw,f/ tJ'dtcrf;tem;eJU wcdsefwnf;vkdvkd zkdufpuGJ,m;xJrSm
usif;ywJh trsKd;om;aeUtcrf;tem;rSmawmh [kdocifacgif;aqmif[m ukdEkudk
oluwday;xm;wJhtwkdif; OD;Ow?rukd &IHUcsbkdUqkdwm a0;a&m/
OD;Ow?reJUywfoufNyD; olUrdfefUcGef;xJrSm bmrS xnfhrajymoGm;cJhbl;/
OD;Ow?r[m axmifwef;tuscH? tzdESdyf tnSOf;qJ cHNyD; wEkdifiHvkH;udk
pwifrsufvkH;zGifhay;cJhwJh EkdifiHa&;aus;ZL;&Sif MuD;jzpfwJhtwGu fukdEk&JU
pGyfpGJcsufawG? &IHUcscsufawGudk Mum;&wJhtcg ausmif;olausmif;om; awGvnf;
Ou?X ukdEk tay: rSm tawmf rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfMuw,f/
tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUuvnf; 'Davmufta&;MuD;wJhudpfprSm olwkdUrwkdifyifbJ
ZGwfvkyfvkdufwJhtwGuf tawmf rausreyfjzpfMuw,f/ aemufwaeUusawmh
tJ'drdefUcGef;eJUywfoufNyD; owif;pmawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m rkduf&kdif;aom /
vlrSef;rodwwfaom/ aus;Zl;uef;aom tp&SdwJhemr0daooeawGudk ukdEk eHr,f
a&SUrSm wyfNyD; udkekudk 0kdif;tkyfMuw,f/
q/
wufuodkvf or*fOu?XtjzpfeJU udkEk awGUcJh&wJh om"u uav;wckudk
'Dae&mrSm qufajym&OD;r,f/ tcsdfefuawmh rwfvpmar;yGJMuD;
eJUuyfaewJhtcdsefyJtJ'dtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;awG[m aeUa&mnyg pmufkd
tjyif;txefMunfhaeMuw,f/ 'gayrJh ppfukdif;ausmif;aqmifa&SUu tdrfwtdrfrSm
aewJh ppfudkif;ausmif;aqmif&JU0g'ifac: taqmifrSL;[m w&ufjcm
/ESpf&ufjcm;fvkdvkd nbufus&if olUtdrfudk {nhfonfawGzdwfNyd;
odcsif;awGqkdMu/ t&ufawGrl;Nyd; atmfMu[pfMueJU w&kef;&kef;jzpfaew,f/
waeUrSmawmh ppfudkif;ausmif;aqmifu ukdausmfjrifhqkdwJh
ausmif;om;wa,muf[m tJ'dtaqmifrSL;qd ogm;Nyd; qlqlnHnHrvkyfbkdU
awmif;yefw,f/ taqmifrSL;u udkausmfjrifhudk atmfvTwfw,f/ nbufusawmh
cgwkdif;vkd {nhfonfawGeJU w&kef;&kef;jzpfaejyefwmbJ/ udkausmfjrifhvnf;
onf;rcHEkdifawmhbl;/ ausmif;om;av;ig;q,fa,muf avmuf pkNyD;
taqmifrSL;udk tHwkwJhtaeeJU oHykH;awG wtm; wD;Muw,f/
'kwd,taqmifrSL;vmMunfhwJhtcg ukdausmfjrifhudk awGUoGm;w,f/ tJ'd
'kwd,taqmifrSL;u ausmif;tkyfudk wkdifwJhtwGuf ausmif;tkyfu tJ'd
udkausmfjrifhudk wESpfausmif;xkwfypfvkdufw,f/

'Dvkd ausmif;xkwfypfvkdufwmudk ukdEkod&if wckck ta&;,lcH&vdrfr,f/

tJ'dvkdta&;,l&if wESpfausmif;xkwfcH&wJhtjyif tjypf'Pf[m woufvkH;
ausmif;xkwf cH&wJhtxd wkd;oGm;Ekdfifp&m taMumif;&Sdw,fvkdU udkausmfjrifhu
awG;rdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh udkEkudk 'dudpfp todray;bJ wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf
wufuokdvf uxGufoGm;bkdU qkHjzwfNyd; udkausmfjrifh[m olUypfpnf;awG
xkwfykd;aew,f/ wjcm;rdwfaqGwOD;qDu 'Dowif;Mum;Mum;csif; ukdEk[
mudkausmfjrifhqDudkvkdufoGm;w,f/udkausmfjrifh[m olausmif;xkwf cH&wJh udpfpudk
ukdEkeJU aqG;aEG;&rSmawmif cyfvefUvefUjzpfaeykH&w,f/ ukdEkvnf; tcdsef
jzKef;raebl;/ wkdufyGJwyGJrS rwkduf&yJ tckvdk vufajrmuftnhHcHoGm;awmh udk
ausmfjrifhudk tjypfwifNyd; ausmif;u wESpfxkwfypvkdufwJh EkdUwpfpm
b,frSmvnf;vkdU ar;w,f/ EkdUwpfpmudk zwfNyd;wmeJU wjydKifeuf udkEk[m
ukdausmfjrifhudk jrdKUxJu 0wfvkHwa,mufpd ac:oG;mw,f 0wfvkHu
'Dausmif;om; [m wESpf ausmif;xkwfcH&wJhtwGuf trsm;MuD; epfemoGm;Nyd/
tJ'gaMumifh&kH;awmfudk OD;wkdufavQmufNyd; ausmif;tkyfqDu
avsmfaMu;awmif;&r,f/ 'DvkdvkyfrJhtaMumif; ausmif;om;&JUudk,fpm ;0wfvkHu
ausmif;tkyfMud;ukdEkdUwpfpm ay;r,fvkdu udkEkudkajymjyw,f/ ukdEku
'DtMuHukdvufcHw,f/ ausmif;tkyfMuD;[m EkdUwpfpm&NyD; aemufwaeU rsm
udkausmfjrifhudk ac:vkdufw,f/ awGUwmeJU wjyDKifeuf
olUudkvnf;w&m;pGJraeygeJUawmh udkausmfjrifhudkvnf;
olausmif;rxkwfawmhygbl;vkdU ausmif;tkyfMud;u ajymvkdufw,f/
Z/
tJ'dvkdeJU wESpfukefcged;Nyd/ wufuokdvf or*f*&JU SESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;
usif;ywJhaeUudk a&mufvmw,f/ tJ'dtcsdeftcgwkef;u wufuodkvfor*f*&JU
ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;awGudk wcrf;wem; usif;yMuw,f/
tJ'daeUutcrf;tem;rSmqkd&if eef;&if;0efeJU 0efMud;wcsKdU/ Oya'jyK trwfwcsdKU/
[kdufukwf w&m;olMud;wcsKdU/ eHr,fMuD; 0wfvkHwcsKdUupNyD; wjcm;emrnfMud;
{nfhonfwcsKdUvnf; wufa&mufMuwmudk awGU&w,/f
tcrf;tem;tpDtpOft& Ou?X ukdEku rdefUcGef;ajymwJhtcg pcgprSmawmh
tawmfav;tdajE?&& ajymekdifw,f/ 'gayrJh ed*KH;em;a&mufwJhtcg *kPfoa&&Sd
y&dowfawG twGuf uHraumif;csifawmh Ou?X ukdEk[m ausmif;om;awG
qvHay;wJhudpfpudk jAKef;ueJ trSwf&oGm;w,f/ tJ'dvkd owd&Nyd;
'DtaMumif;udk ajymwJhtcg t&ifuvkd r[kwfawmhbl;/ eJeJazmufvmNyd;
olUrsufESm xm;ukd,ftrLt,meJU avoHyg enf;enf; ajymif;vmw,f/

azmufw,f qkdayrJH 'Dtxd'gavmufrqkd;ao;bl;/ 'dtaMumif;udk ajymaewkef;

tdrfjyefcsifwJh ausmf;om;av;qDu acwfw ausmif;tkyfMuD;u
pmawmif;Munfhwmukdyg ukdEk ajy;owd&vmjyefw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefrSm udkEk[m
atmufajctawmfMud;vGwf oGm;Nyd; oLUrsufESmxm;uvnf;
ykdNyD;wif;rmvmw,f/ vufoD;vufarmif;wef;wmvnf;
ydkNyd;Murf;wrf;vmw,f/ toHuvnf;ydkNyd;jyif;xefvmw,f/ tJ'dvkdajym&if;
acwfwausmif;tkyfMuD;eJU ta&;qkdbkdU oludk,fwkdif oGm;whJ tydkif;udk
a&mufvmw,f/ tdrfupm&vkd oljyefcsifw,fvkdU ajymwJhtcg tu,f?rsm;
acwfwausmif;tkyfMud;u olUpmudk Munfhcsifw,fvkd awmif;&if 'dacwf
wausmif;tkyfMuD;udk &kH;cef;xJu tjyifa&mufoGm;atmif
oluefxkwfypfvkdufr,fvkdU udkEk[m jyif;jyif;xefxefMuD;ajymcs vkdufw,f/
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG&JU wcJeuf MobmoHMuD; xGufvmfw,f/
{nfhonfawGuawmh wa,mfufrS rvIyfbl;/ 'Dvkd &kdif;pkdif;&ifhoD;wJh pum;udk
*kPfoa&&Sd {nfhonfawGu b,fvkd axmufcHEkdifyghrvJ/ ukdEkukd,fwkdif vnf;
wcJeuf MobmoHawGudk Mum;aewkef;uawmh olU[mol
[kwfvSNydxifvkdufao;wmyJ/ tJ'dn tdyf,m0ifcged; olUukd,fwGif;u
wufMuGaewJh t&SdefawG avQmhusoGm;awmhrS olrSm;oGm;Nydqkdwm
oabmaygufvmNyd; wpdrfhpdrfh&Sufaew,f/ tcrf;tem;tNyd;rSm
{nhfonfawmfawGxJU [kdufukwfw&m;olMuD;ba&mif;qkdol[m
ukdEktem;udkuyfNyD;armifEk ausmif;om;wOD; qDu acwfwausmif;tkyf u
pmawmif;zwfw,f qdkwJh rif;wifwJhtrI[m trItaeeJu tifrwef aumif;wJh
trI yJ / 'gayrJh ri;fwifjyykHraumi;fwJhtwGuf rifhtrI &IH;NyDvkdU
&,fNyd;ajymoGm;wJhpum;ukd jyefowd&wJhtcg udkEk[m a&S;uxufawmif ykdNyD;
&Sufvmw,f/ udkEk[m tawmf &,fp&maumif;w,f/ atmufpzkdUeJU
uif;b&dwfqkdwJht*Fvdyf wufuodkvf awGrSm t*Fvdyfq&mawG[m
wynfhawG&JUpmukd awmif;rMunfhbl;qkdwmudkawmhodw,f/ 'gayrJh
'Dt*FvdyfwufuodkvfawGrSm ausmif;tkyfukd &kH;cef;xJu
uefxkwfypfr,fqkdwmrsKd;txd &ifhoD;&kdif;pkdif; &kef;&if; Mur;fwrf;wJh pum;rsKd;udk
b,ft*Fvdyfausmif;om;urS rajy,bl;bl; qkdwmusawmh udkekodykHray: bl;/
ps?
tJ'dESpfywfvnf tcrf;tem ;NyD;wJhaemuf 15&ufavmufMumwJhtcg
rwfvpmar;yGJMud;twGuf ausmif;olausmif;om; awG pmusufekdifatmif
pmoifwef;awG ydwfay;w,f/ Ou?X udkEkvnf; [kd[m 'D[mawGudk

avQmufvkyfaewJhtwGuf twef;pmawGudk aumf;aumif; rzwfjzpfbl;/

tJ'gaMumifh pmar;yGJMuD;rvkyfcifusefaeao;wJh &uftenf;i,ftawmtwGif;
pmusufvkdufOD;r,fqkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJU Oya'pmtkyfawGudk
avQmufvSefaew,f/ tckw wd,tMudrf rs rxreJU
'kwd,tMudrfawGwkef;uvkd txpftaighr&SdbJ Oya'bGJUudk ol&awmhr,f
qkdNyd;awmhvnf; 0r;fomaew,f/ aemufokH;av;&uf MumwJhtcg
aeUvnfwcsufwD;avmufrSm ausmif;tkyfMud;qavmh&JU &kH;u
pmwapmifvmay;w,f/ t&ifwkef;uvkdyJ/ olUudk ac:awGUNyD; tvkyfwckck
ay;vdrfhOd;r,f/ 'dtcgawmh t&ifay;cJhbl;wJh or0g,r vufaxmuf
&D*spfpwmxufykdMud;wJhtvkyfudk ay;vdrfhr,f/ b,f,lvkdUjzpfrvnf; /
,lvkduf&if ol[m ausmif;om;awG&JU wHawG;cGufxJrSm yufvufarsmoGm;rSmaygh
vkdU qkdwJh pdwful;,OfawG[m ukdEk&JU OD;aESmufxJ&dyfceJjzwfoGm;w,f/ pmudk
azmufzwfNyd;wJhtcg udkEkjyKH;aew,f/ bmjzpfvkdUvJqkdawmh pm[m
ukdekxifwJhtwkdif; tvkyfay;wJhpmr[kwfbJ ukdekudk ausmif;u
xkwfypfwJhpmjzpfaew,f/ ukdek[m olUa&SUu Oya'pmtkyfudk pkdufMunfh&if;
Oya'a& rif;udk awmhigcspfygw,f/ cspfvkdUvnf; rif;qdudk igjyefvmwm
okH;acguf&SdoGm;Nyd/ 'gayrJh jynfyef;ndK csKdcsifygvsuf qm;uzsufw,f /
'kdUESpfudk vkdcsifygvsuf Mum;uzsufw,f qkdwJh aw;uAsm uav;vkd
Mum;uzsufwJhtwGuf rif;udk igcGJ&jyefNyd/ 8GwfbkdifvkdU qkdNyd; zGifhxm;wJh
Oya'pmtkyfukd ydwfvkdufw,f/ tJ'Daemuf ol tdyf,may:rSmcPvSJae&if; ukdEk
acwfw tdyfaysmfoGm;w,f/
ukdEk[m 'dpmudk &wJh taMumif; b,folukdrS rajymbll;/ 'dpmudk
awGUNyd;owif;aygufoGm;&if pmar;yGJMuD;vkyfcgeD; rSm olUtwGuf
ausmif;om;awG pmMunfhysufrSmukd pkd;7drfw,f/ tJ'gaMumif h tdyf,mu
Ekd;wmeJU wjydKifeuf pmudk rD;&IdUypfvkdufw,f/ aeUvnf 2csufwD;avmuf
&SdwJhtcg t0wftpm;vJNyd; &kyf&Sif Munfh&atmif ukdEkjrdKUxJxGufoGm;w,f/
olrajym&if olUtaMumif;b,folrS rodEkdibl;vkdU ukdEku ,lqxm;w,f/
trSefjzpfwmuawmh 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;/ ukdEkqDukd pmra&mufcifuwJu
ausmif;tkyfMud;&JU &kH;u owif;aygufMum;aeNyd/ tprSm awmh
ausmif;om;av;ig;a,muf avmufom odwmygbJ/ aemufwaeUreufusawmh
ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm ; rSeforQ tukefvkH;vkdvkd odaeMuNyD/
reuf10em7davmuf &SdwJhtcg 'kwd, Ou?X udk&m&Spfacgif;aqmifNyD;
tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU[m ukdEkudk vmawGUMuw,f/
ukdEk cifAsm;udk ausmif;xkwfypfvkdufNyDvkdMum;w,f/ cifAsm;odNyD;NyDvm; /

cifAsm;wkdU 'dowif;b,fu Mum;vmwmvJ/

cifAsm;rodao;bl;vm; / wausmif;vkH;rSmawmh 'Dowif;[m yGaeNyd/
odNyD;ygNyd/
bmjzpfvkdU cifAsm;usaemfwkdUudk taMumif;rajymwmvJ/
pmar;yGJMuD; uyfaewJhtcg ausmif;om;awG pmusufrysufapcsifbl;/
Ou?Xudk ausmif;xkwfypfwm[m cifAsm;wudk,fwnf; eJU qkdifwJh
udk,fa&;ukd,fwm udpfp r[kwfbl;/
wu?odkvf or*f* wckvkH;eJU qkdifwJhudpfpjzpfw,f/ ododcsif; usaemwkdU
tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUudk cifAsm; taMumif;Mum;bkdUaumif;w,f/
cifAsm;wkdUrSm taeSmuft,Suf jzpfaerSmpkd;vkdU? usaemfrajymwmyJ/
rqkdifygbl;/ cifAsm;ajymbkdUoifhw,f/ usaemfwkdU wckck vkyf&r,f/ 'dvkdjidrfcHvkdU
rjzpfbl;/
rvkyfygeJUAsm/ usaemf awmif;yefygw,f/
'g[m cifAsm;wa,mufxJeJU qkdifwJhudk,fa&;udk,fwm udpfpr[kwfbl;/
usaemfem;vnfygw,f/ 'gayrJhbmrS rvkyfMuygeJUawmh/
udkatmifqef;udkvnf; ausmif;uxkwfypfOD;r,f/
bmjzpfvkdUvnf; /
olUr*f*Zif;xJrSm i&Jjynfu vGwfvmwJhacG;MuD; qkdwJh acgif;pOfeJU
aqmif;yg;wyk'f ygvmw,f/ tJ'g[m ausmif; tmPmykdif wa,mufudk
ykwfcwfxm;wJh aqmif;yg;jzpfaew,f/ 'gb,fola&;wmvJ vkdU udkatmifqef;
udk tmPmykdifawGu ar;w,f/ udkatmifqef;u rajymbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh
xkwfypfrSmbJ/
tJ'daemuf tvkyftrIaqmif tpnf;ta0;vkyfMuNyd; tvkyftrIaqmif
tzGJU0ifawGtm;vkH; tJ'dESpf pmar;yGJMuD; 0ifrajzbl;vkdU qkH;jzwfw,f/
ta&;ay:oif;vkH;uRwf tpnf;ta0;wckac:Nyd; tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU&JU
qkH;jzwfcsufudk wifjybkdUvnf; aemufxyfqkH;jzwfMuao;w,f/
ta&;ay:oif;vkH;uRwftpnf;ta0;rSm 'kwd, Ou?X ukd&m&Spfu
tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU&UJ qkH;jzwfcsufudk wifjyNyD;wmeJU wjydKifeuf
oydwfoydwfarSmufarSmuf qkdwJh toHMuD;[m wcJeufxGufvmNyd;
oydwfarSmufvkdufMuw,f/
tcef; 13
1936 ausmif;om;oydwf[m av;vavmufMumw,f/ ausmif;uxkwfxm;wJh
udkekeJU ukdatmifqef;udk vnf; ausmif;rSm jyefvufcHr,f/ wufuodkvf

pkHpr;fa&;aumfrwDwck zGJUNyD;oydwfarSmuf ausmifom;awG awmif;qdkxm;wJh

awmif;qkdcsufawG udk pkHprf;r,f/ oifhawmfwJhtcsufawGudk wufuokdvf
Oya'xJrSm jyifqifcsufawGtaeeJU xnhfay;r,fvkdUtmPmykdifawG u
taMumi;fjyefwmeJU oydwfvSefMuw,f/ ukdEkeJU ausmif;om;wcsKdUuawmh
ausmif;jyefrwufMuawmhbl;/ ausmif;xGufvkdufMuw,f/
udkek[m 'D;'kwf*sme,frSm tvkyfoif&if; aqmif;yg;awGudkvnf;olEkdifoavmuf
a&;w,f/ oltifrwefMudKufwJh jyzmwfawGudkvnf; olMudK;pm;Nyd;a&;w,f/
olUjyZmwft&SnfMuD;awG[m vlMudKufeJwJhtwGuf 'D;'kwf*sme,f
eHr,fysufr,fpkd;vKdUukdEk[m wcef;&yfjyZmwfwkd uav;awGudk a&;w,f/
t,f'DwmOD;bcsKduvnf; tifrwef oabmaumif;&Smygw,f/ ukdEka&;orQ
olU*sme,fxJrSm xnhfay; w,f/'D;'kwf *sme,frSm vkyfvkdU wESpfavmuf&SdwJhtcg
ukdEk[m e*g;eD pmtkyfwkdufudk wnfaxmifw,f/ ukdEk[m pvQifpjcif;
paumhaps;&JU taemufzufwef;u aps;aygwJhae&mrSm tcef;uav; wck iSm;Nyd;
'de*g;eD pmtkyfwkdufudk zGifh&w,f/ 'Dpmtkyfwkdufuav;[m EkdiiHa&;udk a&m
wjcm;ta&;awGudka&m ajcOD;wJh&m avQmufajymaewJh EkdifiHa&;orm;awG
ausmif;om;awG pmtkyf0,folawGeJU aeUpOfaeUwkdif; w&kH;&kH;jzpfaew,f/
e*g;eDpmtkyfwkduf[m t*Fvefu Apfuwma*:vefUZf&JU vuf0Jpmtkyftoif; udk
twk,lNyd; xlaxmifxm;wJh pm tkyftoif; jzpfw,f/ e*g;eDpmtkyfawGudk
tifrwef vlMudKufrsm;wJhtwGuf udkEk[m vpOf pmtkyfawG xkwfa0ae&mu
ESpfvwMudrf/ okH;vwMudrfavmufqkdovkd txl;pmtkyfrsm;udk rMumcif
wkd;wufxkwfa0vmekdfifw,f/ aemufrsm;rMumcif e*g;eD *sme,f
xkwfa0vmekdifjyefw,f/ e*g;eD aeUpOf owif;pmwapmifxkwfa0bdkU
pDpOfaewkef; 1942 ckESpf twGif ; 'kwd,urfbm ppfMud; Armjynfudk
ul;pufvmNyd; ocifEk ('DtcsdefrSm ocifEkjzpfaeNyD) wkdUvlpk[m tmPmzDqefrI
tpdk;&wkdU&JU ppfbufqkdif&m vkyfief;rsm;udk aESmuf,Suf zsufqD;rI
tp&SdonfwkdUeJU axmifusoGm;Muw,f/ tJ'daemuf e*g;edudk qufNyd;
rxkwfEkdifawmhyJ ydwfvkduf&w,f/
1936 -37 ckESpfrS udk&m&Spf[m wufuokdvf or*f*&JU Ou?X jzpfvmw,f /
1937-38ckESpfrSm udk atmifqef;[m wufuokdvf or*f* &JU Ou?X
jzpfvmw,f/ tJ'dESpfrSm wufuodkvf pkHpr;fa&;aumfrwD[m pkHprf;vkdU
NyD;oGm;w,f/ oydwfarSmufausmfi;om;awG&JU awmif;qkdcsufawGxJu
ta7;MuD;wJhtcsufawGudk aumfrDwDu vufcHw,f/
'DaumfrwDu wifjywJh axmufcHcsufawGudk a'gufwmbarmfacgif;aqmifwJh
tpkd;&u vufcHNyd; Oya'jyKvTwfawmf wifoGif;awmhrJhqJqJjzpfaewJhtwGuf

wufuokdv fausmif;olausmif;om;awG odyf0rf;omaeMuw,f/

tJ'dtcsdefrSm rlqvifeJU Ak'f" bmom0if awG&JU t"du&kPf; wckjzpfay:vmNyd;
wbufeJUwbuf owfjzwfckwfxpfrIawG &efukefjrdKUay:rSm
tawmfuav;jzpfw,f/ waeUusawmh ukdEk[m paumhaps; tay:xyfrSm
rdwfaqGawGeJU pum;ajymaewkef; atmfoHMum;&wJhtwGuf paumhaps;a&SUu
25vrf;Mum;xJudk vSr;fMunfhvkdufwJhtcg qGrf;cHaewJh &[ef;awmfwyg;udk
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vkdufawmhrS tJ'd rlqvif[m olUwkdufay:wufajy;w,f/&[efk;awmf&JU
acgif;uae pD;usaewJh aoG;awGudk jrif&NyD; ukdEktrsm;MuD;pdwfxdckdufoGm;w,f/
tJ'gaMumifh &[ef;awmfudk vefcsm;wpD;ay:wif ab;u tomav; zufxm;NyD;
udkekudk,fwkdif aq;&kHudk vkdufykdUvkdufw,f/
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a&muf&SdaeMuwJh y&dowfeJU ukdEkwkdU[m t"du&kef; taMumif;udk ajcOD;wJh&m
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tawmfemw,fvkdUajymvkdufw,f/ emrSmaygh/ a'gufwmbarmfudk,fwkdif
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rlqvifudk cswmvnf;rMudKufbl;/ rlqvifu Ak'f"bmom0if udkcswmvnf;
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w&m;wJhenf;awGeJU aqmif&Guf ay;wmudk om ukdEkMudKufw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh
eef;&if;0ef a'gufwm Aarmf[m rlqvifwcsKdUeJU aygi;fNyd; rlqvifawGbufu
yif;aew,f qkdwm mjum;wJhtcg 'dvkdbufvkdufaewJh a'gufwmAarmf tpkd;&
udk olb,fvkd wkduf&r,fqkdwm ukdEkpOf;pm;aew,f/ ol bmvkyfaeae/
b,foGm;oGm; 'dtpkd;&udk b,fvkdwkduf&rvJ qkdwJhpdwf awGyJ olUOD;aESmufxJrSm
rsm;aomtm;jzifh ay:aew,f/ aemuf&uftenf;i,fMumwJhtcg
&efukefaxmifMuD;&JU taemufzufrSmaewJh rdwfaqGwOD;u zdwfac:vkdU udkekeJU
rdwfaqG ESpfO;d/okH;OD; tvnfoGm;Muw,f/ tJ'du tjyef
&efukefaq;&kHMuD;tem;qDa&mufawmh vufwGef;vSnf;uav;eJU tavmif;wck
wGef;vmwm udkEkawGU&w,f/ tJ'dtavmif;rSm vnf;aoG;awG ayaew,f/
pkHpr;fMunfhwJhtcg rlqvifwOD; uvSHeJU xkd;vkdufvkdU aooGm;wJh

qdyfurf;ukefwifukefcs tvkyform;wOD;&JU tavmif;vkdU ukdEkwkdUod&w,f/

'Dtavmif;udk jrif&wmeJU ukdEk[m eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmAarmfudk 'ufceJ
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'kdif;ueJ qkH;jzwfNyd; wufuodkvfudk tjyif;vkdufoGm;w,f/ ukdatmifqef;[m
tJ'dtcsdefu tjyfixGufaewJh udkekrawGU&bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh 1/
rlqvifawGbufu yif;Nyd; Ak'f"bmom0ifawG towfcH&atmif vkyfaewJh
a'gufwmAarmf tpkd;&udk tvkdr&SD/ eef;&if;0ef&mxl;u tjrefxGufavmh qkdwJh
pmudka&;/ 2/ tJ'd pmrSM ausmif;olausmf;om;awG&JUvufrSwfawG axmifeJUcsDNyd;
&atmifvkyf/ 3/ tJ'dpmudk eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmAarmfqDudkvnf; ykdU
owif;pmwkdufawGudkvnf;ykdU vkdU udkek pma&;xm;ypfcJhw,f/
udkatmifqef;wdkUvlpk e*g;eDpmtkyfwkdufrSm udkekudkvmawGUMuw,f/
udkEk cifhAsm tpDtpOfraumif;bl;/ 'gxufaumif;wm usaemf pdwful;xm;w,f/
bmvJ/
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jyKwfusrSm aMumufvkdU 'DOya'Murf;udk rwifyJ qGJxm;&&if 'DDwufufokdvf
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a'gufwm Aarmfu 'DOya'eJU ywfoufNyD; t7rf;*kPf,laew,f/
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ausmif;om;awG Mum;wJhtcg wufuokdvf or*f* tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU
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tpnf;ta0; usif;yw,f/ wufuodkvf Oya'Mur;fudpfp[m
ausmif;olausmif;om;wkdif; odyfpdwf0ifpm;aewJh udpfpjzpfwJhtwGu
ftJ'dtpnf;ta0;udk ausmif;olausmif;om; awG vSdrfhNyd; wufvmMuw,f/
pum;xajymwJhausmif;om;awG[m wufuokdvf or*f* tvkyftrIaqmif

tzGJUudk jyif;jyif;xef xef ykwfcwfMuNyD; 1/ wufuodkvf or*f* oif;vkH;uRwf

ta7;ay: tpnf;ta0; udk csufcsif; ac:ay;zkdUawmif;qkd&ef 2/ tJ'd
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qkH;jzwfvkdufMuw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh aemufwaeUudk a&mufwJhtcg
udkatmifqef;eJU tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if wcsKdU[m e*g;ed pmtkyfwkduf udk
a&mufvmMuNyd; udkEkeJU awGUMuw,f/
ausmif;om;awG odyfNyd;tkHMuGaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh olwkdU awmif;qkdwJhtwkdif;
ta&;ay:oif; vkH;uRwftpnf;ta0; udk ttJ'daeU nae 5em&D ac:ay;&r,f/
tpnf;ta0;rSm t,kHtMunfr&Sd tqkdwifoGif;NyD; tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUudk
jzKwfcsvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dawmh olwkd U rjzKwfcscif usaemfwkdU EIwfxGuf&if
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tJ'guav;udk 'Dae&mrSm enf;enf; ajymyg&ap/
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uaxmufcHygw,f vkdU qkH;jzwfcsufcs bkdUtwGuf? wufuokdvf or*f*

oif;vkH;uRwf tpnf;ta0; ac:xm;w,f qkdwJhowif;rsKd;yg/ udkEk[m 'kdrDeD,H
tkyfcsKyfa&;udk rvkdcsifbl;/ vkH;0 vGwfvyfa&;bJ/ vkdcsifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh
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oleJu tazmfvkdufrJh jrdKUr ausmif;q&m a[mif; q&mwifh[m
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bdeyfMudK;jywfoGm;w,f/ edrdwfraumif;bl;a[h / tpnf;ta0;rSm
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axmufcHygw,f/ qkdwJh tqkdudk wifoGif;w,f/
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rajymygeJU/ qif;oGm;ygvkdU udkEkudk trdefUay;w,f/ tckudpfp[m
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&Sufvnf;&SufaewJhtwGuf bmrS qufrajymekdifbJ &SufbG,f&sufB,f vkdU

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udkEkxGufoGm;w,f/
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igEkdifiHa&;rvkyfcsifbl;/
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0goemrygbl;qkdwm b,f[kwfrvJ/
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zkd;atmifqef;udk igMunhfaew,f wjcm;vlawGqkd&if vluJcwfodyfaumif;w,f/
zkd;atmifqef; vluJcyfvkduf&if rSefaewmcsnf;bJ/ ighudkusawmh zkd;atmifqef;
vluJcyfvkdUr&bl;/ igbmvJqkdwm tckxufxd zkd;atmifqef; rodao;bl;/
cifAsm;bmvJ/
ig EkkdifiHa7;orm;r[kwfbl;/ wyGJwkd;orm;
bmvn;fAs wyGJxkd;orm;qkdwm
igajymjyr,f zkd;tmifqef;aoaocsmcsmrSwfxm; EkdifiHa&;orm;qkdwm
xkdif&ifvnf; EkdifiHa&;pdwfeJUxkdifwmyJ/ oGm;&if;vnf; ekdfifiHa&;pdwfeJUoGm;wmbJ/
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igrvkyfyg7apeJUuGm/ igrvkyfcsifbl/
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vmygAsm/ 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kH;xJudk tckyJoGm;0if&atmif/
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tcsdtcs ajymaeMuwm ESpfem&Davmuf &SdoGm;w,f/)
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rajymbl;/ ikwfwkyfMuD;xkdifaew,f/ Ou?X ocifxdyfwifukd,fawmfMud; [mudk
atmifqef;udk toif;om;vufrSwf 2apmifxkwfay;vkdufw,f/
wa,mufukd0ifaMu; wrwfuspDeJU udkatmifqef;u ig;rl;ay;vkdufw,f/
tJ'dtcsdefupNyD; udkekeJU udkatmifqef;wkdU i,feHr,fawG aysmufNyd; ocifEkeJU
ocifatmifqef; jzpfoGm;Muw,f/
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usaemf odxm;&wJY Ak'f"ujrifwJY ]avmutjrif}-udk ajymygYr,f/

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yyOfptjrif-vdkY ajymvsif vkH;NyD;ajymvdkufwm jzpfygw,f/ bmyyOfptjrifvJvdkY cGJjcm;ajym&ygYr,f/ onftjrif[m ]umrtjrif}- jzpfygw,f/

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]&lytjrif}- jzpfygw,f/
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umrokcvfvdumEka,m*(umrtjriftpGef;)?
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They are invisible.

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usifhoHk;wmu wuefryg?
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0ifvmwJhtwGuf jynfolvlxk&JU axmufcHrSK wkd;wufvmwmudkawmh
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&oavmuf&vmatmif vkyfay;EkdifwJh yk*KdvfrSm ocifudk,fawmfrskdif;jzpfw,f /
ocifudk,fawmfrSkdif;udk rsKd;cspfyk*DKvfMuD;taeeJU jynfolvlxku av;pm;w,f?

ocifodef;az (bkwvif) &JU vkHUv ya,m*aMumifh ocifukd,fawmfrSkdif;[m

'kdUArm tpnf;t&kH;&JU em,uMuD;jzpfvmw,f? 'Dem,uMuD;&JU t&Sdeft0gudk
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pnf;&kH;vmEkdifw,f?
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'dkUArm tpnf;t&kH;xJrSm ocifvSaZmf? ocifav;armif? ocif
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ocifatmifqef;[m XmecsKyfrSm aew,f/ olUudk 0kdif;NyD; ulnDMubkdUtwGuf
ocifwifOd;/ ocifoufwif? ocifvSarmifqdkwJh ocifuav; 3OD;vnf;
oleJUtwl XmecsKyfrSm aeMuw,f/
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rlqvif txufwef;ausmif;rSm ausmif;q&m
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ocifatmifqef;a7;qGJay;wJh ykHpHudk tif*sieD,mMuD; ocifoef;xGEf;u
taqmuftOD;jzpfatmi faqmufay;w,f/ ocifatmifqef;u t*Fvdyf-Arm
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pmzwfodyf0goemygw,f/ trsm;MuD;vnf; zwfbl;w,f? ocifatmifqef;u
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wa,mufa,mufudk olYpdwfxJrSm oabmrus&if [efvkyfvkdUr&bl;/
wjcm;bufudk rsufeSm vSnfhcsifvSnfhaer,f? wckckudk zwfcsifzwfaew,f?
tJ'dvlu oludk pum;ajym&ifvnf; oljyefajymcsifrS ajymr,f?

ocifoef;xGef;u'dvkd r[kwfbl; ? b,foleJU rqdk tvdkuftxkduf

ajymvkdU&w,f/ qufqHvkdU&w,f/ ocifatmifqef;[m tcefUroifhwJhtcg
olUa'go[m tjyifbufudk jyif;jyif;xefxef aygufxGufwwfw,f/
ocifoef;xGef;[m olUa'goudk olxdef;Ekdifw,f/ ocifoef;xGef;[m
b,fcgrSmbJjzpfjzpf b,foleJUbJjzpfjzpf pum;odyfrajymbl;/
awmfoihf&kHajymw,f? ocifatmifqef;[m olajymcsifwJh tcgrsKd;rSm qkd7if
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olUtaMumf;oabmaygufEkdifatmif om"uav; ESpfckudk wifjyvkduf&OD;r,f?
wcku *syefvufxuf ol umuG,fa7;0efMuD; vkyfaewkef;jzpfwJh om"u/
amufwcku 'kwd,urm ppfMuD; tNyd; olzqyv OufuX vkyfaewkef;
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AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m twGif;0efwa,muf&JU tdrftem;udk ajymif;vmw,f?
twGif;0ef[m umuG,fa&;0efNuD;&JUtdrfudk oGm; t&kdtao ay;csifw,f?
olajymcsifvm&if AkdvfcsKyf[m pum;aMumodyf&Snfw,fvkdU emrnf
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vkdU qkH;jzwfNyD; nae ig;em&DavmufrSm oGm;awGUw,f? 'dtwGif;0ef[m
uHqkd;csifawmh tJ'daerSmrS AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf;
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AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; [m xrif;pm;Nyd;aeNyD/ tJ'dnae ig;em&Du
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m pum;tqufrjywfajymaevkdufwm ? nukd;em&DavmufrS
tJ'DtwGif;0efu AkdvfcsKyfvnf; xrif;rpm;&ao;bl;/ usaemhfudk jyefcGifh jyKyg?
qkdwJh pum;av;ig;q,fcGef;ajymEkdifatmif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU pum;awG[m
wrdepfavmuf tqufjywfoGm;w,f/ twGif;0efu tJ'dvkd ajymwJhtcg
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pum;tjywfrSm uysmu,mxNyD; jyefcGifhjyKygvkdU twGif;0efu
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&nf&G,fcsufeJU twGif;0efeJUtwl vdkufxGufvmw,f? 0if;0udk a&mufwJhtcg
45rdepfavmuf aemufxyf rwfwyf&yf ajymaewkef; twGif;0ef][m qD;atmifh
vGef;vkdU tom;awGyg qwfqwfwkefNyD; idkoHygMuD;eJU awmif;yefawmhrS
jyefcGifh&&Smw,f/

'kwd, om"uuawmh 'kwd,urmppfMuD;tNyD;rSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m

zqyv OufuX vkyfaewkef; A[kdaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;wckrSm OufuX
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pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;ygw,f/ tJ' D wkef;u olvnf;
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tzGJU0ifawGtm;vkH;rSm ocifEkudk oltcifqkH;/ ocifEk&JU tdrfudk
olrMumcPvmw,f/ tawmftwGif;uswJh olUtwGi;fa&;awG ocifEkudk
tawmfrsm;rsm;ajymw,f/ ocifEkuvnf; ESKwfvkHw,f? 'DuaeUtxd
'dtwGif;a&;awGudk b,folrS rajymbl;/ olUrsufvkH;[m wrsKd;yJ &,fp&mawGudk
ajymNyD; olUrsufESm[m &,fwJhtoGifudk aqmifaewJhtcgrsKd;rSmawmif
olUrsufvkH;awG[m a'goxGufaeovkdyJ? olvnf; ocifatmifqef;wkdU
ocifoef;xGef;wkdUvkdpmtawmfrsm;rsm;zwf zl;olwOD;jzpfw,f/
uGefjrLepfpmayawGusawmh ol[m ocifatmifqef;wkdU
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trSefpifppf qkd&if Murf;oihfw,f vkdU ol,lqwJhtcg ol[m
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aygw,f/ ArmhxGuf&yf*kdPf; acwfwkef;u ocifawGeJU a'gufwm Aarmf&JU
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wjcm;ocifawGeJU qkd&if "g;rawG[m w,fNyD; tqifrajycsifbl;/
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wa,maumif;aumif;xkd;wwfw,f/ oDcsif;vnf; aumif;aumif;qkdwwfw,f?
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ocifav;armif/ ocifjr/ ocifwifwkdU[m 'DkUArm tpnf;t&kH;
xlaxmifpuwnf;u ygvmMuwJh ocifa[mi;fMuD;awGjzpfw,f?
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acgif;aqmifrSKudk ay;cJhwJh ekdifiHa&;tzJGUMuD;jzpfvmatmif vkyfay;cJhwJh yk8f*kdvf

awGxJrSm 'Docifa[mif;MuD;awG[m a&SUwef;u yg0ifcJhw,f/

ocifav;armif[m odyfNyD; tdajE MuD;wJHhacgif;aqmiftjzpfeJU emrnf MuD;w,f/
ocifjru odyfpdwf&SnfwJh acgif;aqmiftjzpfeJU emrnfMuD;w,f?ocifwif u
cufcJwJh jyemawGudk vlxkem;vnfatmif &Sif;jywwfwJh acgif;aqmiftjzpfeJU
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aumif;avmufwJh yk*f*kdvf tajrmuftrsm; 7Sdygao;w,f? 'DpmtkyfxJrSm yk*f*Kdvf
awG tm;vkH;udk pkHpkHvifvif azmfjybkdUcufw,f?
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twGif;a&;rSL;u b,ufaem&mudk b,foleJU w&m; a[m oGm;ygqkdwJhtcg
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olrarhEkdifwJh w&m;yGJESpfck&Sdw,f? wyGJu aysmfbG,f w&m;yGJjzpfw,f/
wjcm;w&m;yGJu a&eHacsmif;w&m;yGJjzpfw,f?
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0efMuD;jzpfw,f? jrdKUwjrdKUudk c&D;xGufwJhtcg (yJcL;xifw,f) tJ'DjrdKUu
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jy&r,fvkdU XmecsKyfu qkH;jzwfcsufcsw,f/ OD;apm uvnf; oHykH;wD;wJh
ocifawGudk 0g;&if;wkwfeJu &kdufr,fvkdU aMunmw,f/
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OD;apm[m aysmfbG,f udkoGm;r,fqdkwJh owif;wck xGufvmw,f/ aysmfb,f[m
ocifawG tiftm;awmifhwif;wJhae&m wck jzpfwJhtwGuf
ocifawGuvnf;tjyif;txef oHykH;wD;NyD; qef' jyMubkdUpdpOdw,f?
OD;apmbufom;awGuvnf; tm;usrcH/ oHykH;wD;wJhocifawGudk 0g;&if;'kwfeJU
twif;0if&kdufbkdU vlpkMuw,f? wbufeJU wbuf tajctae[m

tawmfMuD;wif;rmvmwmaMumifh jidrf0yfydjym;a&;udk okH;bkdUtwGuf ykvdyf&kd;&kd;eJU

rvkHavmufawmhbJ ppfykvdyfawGeJU jrif;pD;yKvdyfawGudkyg okH;bkdU
tmPmykdifawGu fqkH;jzwf&wJhtxd tajctae [m qkd;0g;vmw,f/ 'Dvkd
qdk;0g;vmwmaMumifh olwkdUudk acgif;aqmifbkdU XmecsKyfu acgif;aqmifawG
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(p)
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(q)
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'dkUvnf; vGwfvyfa&;ay;csifay;/ ray;&if wkdufyGJ0ifr,f vkdUausnmNyD;

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ausnm&r,f/
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&SdwJhtaMumif; rif;AkdvfcsKyfudk oGm;ajymcsDuGm/ vkdU ocifEku ajymwJhtwGuf
OD;ausmfNidr;f[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; &Sd&m twGif;0ef&kH;udk vkdufoGm;bkdU
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ausmfNidrf;a& vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifr,fqkd&if jrefjref0if&r,f/
vufaES;vdkU rjzpfbl;/ jynfolvl xkqkdwm pdwftajymif;tvJ
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vufu uGefjrLepfawG&JU vufxJ a&mufoGm;Ekdifw,f/ 'g[m igwrifuvm
csJUNyD;ajymwm r[[kwfbl; / igEkdifiHa&;vkyfvmwmMumNyD/ vlxk7JUoabmudk
igaumif;aumif;odw,f/ tJ'Dawmh vGwfvyf&;wdkufyGJ0ifbkdU 'dkUvufaES;ae&if
EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrI[m uGefjrLepfawG&JU vufxJ a&mufoGm;ekdifw,fqkdwm
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usrqif;oGm;bl;/ olUtqkdudk vufcHatmif enf;trsKd;rsKd;eUJ pdwfvefrmefyg
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tydkif;eJU tmPmzDqef&efqkdwJhtydkif;udk jzKwfypfNyD; wESpftwGif;
vGwfvyfa&;ay;ygr,fqkdwJh NAdwdoQ tpk;d&tzGJUUu 1947 ckESpf? Zefe0g&dv
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rqkH;jzwfwmuydkaumif;OD;r,f qkdNyd; ocifEku oa&mfawmfawmf
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qufNyD; pOf;pm;bkdU AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u tvkyftrIaqmif tpnf;ta0;udk

a&TUqkdif;ypfvkdufw,f/
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usaemfwkdU vlawG tMurf;rzufbkdU tawmfxdef;ay;&r,f/
tMurf;zufvkduf&ifawmh vGwfvyfa7;wkdufyGJvnf; ysufoGm;rSmbJ/
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rausnm&if usaemfwkdUu bmvkyfr,fqkdwmyg yg7r,f/ tJ'gryg7If
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wGJxm;vdrfhr,f/ pufuL pkwfxnhfwJh jcif;xJ
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ausnmw,f/ NAdwdoQtpkd;&udkvnf taMumif;Mum;w,f/]
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AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ac:vkdufw,f/ Od;ausmfNidrf; jyefvmwJhtcg bdvyfudk
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zdwfMum;vTmudk vufcHvkdufNydvkdU ocifEkudk taMumif;Mum;w,f/

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bk&ifcHudkpum;jyefNyD;Nyd/ tcktcsdefrS pum;jyif&if raumif;bl;qkdwmbJ

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vtwGif;rSm taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJBuD;udk pwifusif;ycJhw,f/ tdEd,[m

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'DrQbJygw,f/ aemufwaeUreuf 11em&Davmuf&SdwJhtcg AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJU

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tpkd;&zGJUbkdU bk&ifcHuajymw,f/ olaqmif&Guf&rJh udwfp wck tcuftcJr&SdbHJ

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'DvlUavmuBuD;udk wnfaqmufay;r,fvdkU atmf[pfcJhwm usaemfwa,muf

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'gayrJh ocifoef;xGef;wkdUeJU ywfoufNyD; ocifEk&JU 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omrI[m

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t&dktaoay;wJh taeeJU tm;vHk;rwfwyf&yfw,f? uHraumif;csifawmh tJ'Dvkd

rwfwyf&yfwJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyf[m ppfAdkvfwa,muf&JUcg;rSm ajcmufvHk;jyL;
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acgufwkefUacgufjyef avQmufae wHk; (15)rdepfavmufMumwJhtcg
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AdkvfaZ,sudk cPavmuf awGUcGifjyKapcsifygw,f?olUrSm ta&;MuD;wJh

udwfpwck ajymp&m&dSaew,f?
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rif;jyefawmhvdkU ajymNyD; ocifEk[m tdyfay:wufoGm;w,f? olUtcef;xJudk
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0efNuD;csKyfqDudk olwa,mufwnf; oGm;NyD; olUudk umuG,fa&;0efMuD;cefUbkdU
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uGJoGm;Nuw,f?
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AkdfvfaZ,sbuf udk ygaew,f? olu tpdk;&udk ykefuefcsifw,f? 'kwyf&if;rSL;AdkvfcspfNrdKifuawmh EkdifiHa&;orm;r[kwfbl;? tpdk;&ay:rSm

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AdkvfcspfNrdKifu rMudKufbl;? tawmfuav; aqG;aEG;NyD;wJhtcg
olykefrxwmudkNudKufwJh AkdfvftMuyfwyfom;awG[m udk,fhaoewf udk,f,NlyD;
'kwd,wyf&if;rSL; AdkvfcspfjrKdifeJU wyfpcef;rSmae&pf? 'DvkdESpfpkcGJwJh
tcsdefupNyD;(36)em&DtwGif; wOD;udkwOD; rwdkufckdufpwrf;?
(36)em&Dausmf&ifawmh 'Dtkyfpk[m rdrdwdkU&JU txuftrdefUtwdkif; wkduf&rSmyJvkdU
ESpfbuf oabmwlMuw,f? tJ'DoabmwlnDcsuftwkdif; wyf&if;(3)[m ESpfpk
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olykefbufudkygoGm;&if tajctae[m odyftonf;xdyfp&maumif;r,f?
tJ'Dwyf&if;(3)[m &efukefNrdKUxJudk0if/ 0efMuD;csKyfeJU 0efMuD;awGudkzrf;/
olwkdUukd,folwkdU tpkd;&tjzpfeJU ausnmvdkufr,fqkd&if/ olUudkapmifhbkdU
jynfaxmifpk ppf&JwyfpkwpkeJU csif;ppfom; wyfpdwfwpdwfom&dSwJh 0efMuD;csKyf
ocifEk/ bmrS r[kwfwmuav;eJUvJ pdwfvkdufrmefyg rMumcPvkyfwwfwJh
ocifEk[m bmrSjyefvkyfEkdifrSm r[kwfbl;? Muufcsif;xJxnfhxm;wJh Muuf[m
bmrS cHrvkyfEkdif&SmyJ acgufqGJqkdif&Sif tMuifqGJxGufoGm;wmudkcH&NyD;
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jynfwGif;rSm xwJholykefawGuvnf; xukefMuNyD; aemufvmrJh
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'DuaeU uRefawmfhtdrfudk cPvmtHk;vkdU u|efawmfolUudk ac:xm;w,f?

olvm&if tdrf0if;xJudk r0ifayapeJU? wcgwnf; zrf;oGm;vkdU &JawGudk
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ajymwwfw,f? udkodef;azuawmh pum;vHk;a&m/ av,lavodrf;a&m
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usLwmawG/ uxduawGjzpfw,f? ukdEk[m tJ'Dvkd ajymwmawGudk

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OD;ausmfNidrf;udk ocifEkuajymvkdufwmygyJ?
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awG;r,fqkd&if awG;Ekdifp&m taMumif;&dSw,f? 'gayrJh 0efMuD;csKyf&JU
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olykefawG[m om,m0wDajrmufbufu u|ef;uav;qkdwJh t&yfudk

a&muftvmrSm Armhavwyfu wkdufav,OfawGeJUoGm;NyD; wkd;rdMuw,f?
wkdufav,OfawGu puftajrmufeJU tukefoGefNyD; ypfcsvdkufwm
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avmufygvmw,fxifw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf vSrf;MunfhvkdufwJhtcg

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tJ'DvkdtcsdeftcgrsKd;rSm tedwfpa&mufoGm;wm[m
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o&ufNrdKUu qif;vmwJholykefwyfudk ul&atmif xGufvmwJhtcg tpkd;&wyfeJU
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(29)&ufaeUudk a&mufwJhtcg &JabmfjzLawG vufeufudkifNyD;

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&JabmfjzLawG awmckdoGm;wJh tcsdefrSm ocifEktpdk;&tzGJ@[m wGef;vkduf&HkeJU

NydKusoGm;awmhrJh tdrftdk tdrfaqG;MuD;vkd jzpfaeNyD;? tJ'Dtajctaeudk jrif&NyD;/
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bmrSem;rvnfygbl;? olUoli,fcsif;awG vkyfovdk vkdufvkyf&wm?qkdovdk

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{nfhcHauR;arG;Muw,f? tMudrftawmfrsm;rsm; aqG;aEG;Muw,f? tJ'Daemuf
u&if-Armjy?emudk qufvufajz&Sif;wJhtaeeJU ocifEkacgif;aqmifwJh
tzGJU0ifwpk[m jrpf0uRef;ay:&dS u&if-Arma'oawGudkoGm;NyD; u&ifArmcspfMunfa&;w&m;awGudk a[mMuw,f? ppfMuD;rNyD;cif
wvavmuftvdkrSmawmif u&if-Arm cspfMunfa&; w&m;awGa[m&atmif
ocifEkeJU [oFmw OD;jrwkdU[m jrpf0uRef;ay:u u&if-Arm a'oawGudk

a&mufcJhMuao;w,f?
u&ifeJArm jyefcsMu&if OoQpfoD;ESpfvHk;udk udkifNyD;xkovkd ESpfzufpvHk;
emMutHk;awmhrSmbJ? &dSpkrJhpk tkd;tdrfav;awGvnf; avmifpmeJUjymyHk
jzpfukefMutHk;awmhrSmbJ? uGJ&SusKd;yJh aoausysufpD;MuwJht xJ bmrStjypfr&dSwJh
rdef;reJU uav;awGvnf; wyHkwacgif;MuD; ygukefMutHk;awmhrSmbJqdkwJh
pOf;pm;rIawG[m oloGm;av&mudk vdkufNyD;
xrif;vHk;wapajcmufovkdjzpfaewJhtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyf jzpfvmNyD;wJhaemuf
'Du&if-Arm jy?emudk ocifEkypfrxm;bl;? wwfEkdifoavmuf ajz&Sif;w,f?
apmbOD;MuD;? ref;*sdrf;xGef;atmif? q&momudk tp&dSwJh u&ifacgif;aqmifawGeJU
ocifEk[m tMudrfMudrf awGUqHkaqG;aEG; w,f? tJ'D u&ifacgif;aqmifawGudk
zdwfac:NyD; jrpf0uRef;ay:&dS u&if-Arma'oawGudk c&D;xGufMuw,f?
a&mufwJhae&mwkdif;rSm u&if-Arm temqdk;MuD;udk aysmufygapqkdwJh apwemeJU
cspfMunfa&;w&m;awG a[m Muw,f? cspfMunfa&;udk tm;ay;rJh
aygif;oif;qufqHa&;awGudk MudK;pm;NyD;vkyf<uw,f?
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u u&if-Arm temqkd;MuD;[m? ief;ref; tawmfvkdufaeMyD
jzpfwJhtwGuf ocifEkwkdU? apmbOD;MuD;wkdU[m rMumaomwaeUwGif
pwifjzpfay:vmawmhrJh u&if-Arm t"du&kPf;awG udk rydwfyif
rwm;qD;EkdifcJhMuygbl;? 'gayrJh 'DMudK;yrf;rIawGaMumifh aemifaomtcg u&ifArm t"du&kPf;awG ay:vmayrJh ocifEktpdk;&[m u&ifvlxk wpdwfa'o&JU
axmufcHrIudk aumif;aumif; &&dScJhw,f? zqyveJU autif,ltzGJU(2)zGUJ[m
tzGJUtm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? rltm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; wkdufaeMuayrJh
wcsKdUacgif;aqmiftcsif;csif; wOD;eJUwOD; em;vnf;rIawG? ,HkMunfrIawG?
cspfcifrIawGudk txl;auseyfavmufatmif &cJhMuw,f? tvsOf;oifhvkdU
'Dae&mrSm om"uwckudk xkwfaz:jycsifw,f?
tcsdefuawmh 1948ckESpf ZGefvukefavmufbJ? r*Fvm'Hku wyf&if;(3)[m
wjcrf;yJhNyD; olykefxoGm;NyD;? o&ufu wyf&if;(1) wwyfvHk;uvnf;
&efukefukdodrf;zkdU qif;vmaeNyD;? tpdk;&uvnf; tifrwefMuD;
tm;udk;&mrJhjzpfaew,f? tJ'Dvkd tcsdefrsKd;&JU aeUwaeUrSm apmbOD;MuD;wkdU
vlwpk[m 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEkeJU awGUyg&apvkdU ta&;wMuD; cGifhawmif;w,f?
0efMuD;csKyfeJUawGUwJhtcg vuf&dS tajctae&JU tef'&m,frsm;yHkudk aqG;aEG;MuNyD;
ref;*sdrf;xGef;atmifu 0efMuD;csKyfbmrS rpdk;&drfeJU? uGefjrLepfawG
&efukefNrdKUxJ0ifvm&if 0efMuD;csKyfudk vHkjcHKwJhae&mwckrSm 0Sufxm;NyD;
tumtuG,f ay;r,fvkdUajymw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm ocifEk&JUtzGJUwGif;u
vlwcsKdUawmif uGefjrLepfudk vufurf;vmMuNyD;? &JtzGJUeJU wcsKdUt&m&dSawG[m

uGefjrLepfawG &efukefxJ 0ifvm&if cHrypfMueJU? vufeufcsvkdufMuvdkU

trdefUay;xm;NyD;NyD qkdwmawmif ocifEkodae&NyD? tJ'Dvdktm;udk;&mrJh
jzpfaewJhtcsdefrsKd;rSm ocifEk[m ref;*sdrf;xGef;atmif&JU pum;udk
Mum;vkduf&wJhtcg 0rf;omvHk;qdkUoGm;w,f?
0efMuD;csKyfocifEk[m u&if-Armjy?emudk ajz&Sif;zkdUtwGuf w&m;yGJrsm;?
aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;eJUom &yfrxm;yJ u&ifjynfe,fzJGUpnf;ay;zkdUtwGuf
zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'&JU yk'fr (199)eJU/ yk'fr (200)t&
aumfolave,fedrdwf owfrSwfa&; aumfr&SiftzGJUwckudk {NyDv (6)&ufaeUrSm
zGJUpnf;ay;vkdufw,f?
atmufwkdbmv(20)&ufaeUusawmh w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf&JU w&m;0efMuD;csKyf
a'gufwmbOD; acgif;aqmifNyD; vlrsKd;pkudk,fpm;vS,frsm; rQrQww yg0ifwJh
jynfe,fpHkprf;a&; aumfr&SiftzGJUwckudk 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk zGJUay;jyefw,f?
'DtzGJU&J yxrtpnf;ta0;rSm rGef-u&if-&ckdif-vlrsKd;pkwkdU&JU w&m;aom
qef'rsm;udk jynfh0apEdkifwJh enf;aumif;vrf;aumif;rsm;udk
aESmifhaES;MuefUMumjcif;r&dSyJ 'Daumfr&SiftzGJUu &SmazGay;MuygvkdU
0efMuD;csKyfocifEk udk,fwkdif aumfr&Siftpnf;ta0;udk wufa&mufNyD;
wkdufwGef;cJhw,f? tJ'Dvkd wkdufwGef;wJh tcgwkef;u rGef? u&if? &ckdifawGudk
jynfaxmifpktwGif; jynfe,f ay;zkdU 0efMuD;csKyf&JU pdwfxJrSm qHk;jzwfxm;NyD;ygNyD?
aumfolave,fedrdwf owfrSwfa&;aumfr&SifeJU jynfe,fpHkprf;a&; tzGJUawGudk
zGJUpnf;ay;vdkufayrJh trSeftwkdif;ajym&&if ocifEk&JUpdwfxJrSmawmh
tJ'DtzGJUawG[m u&if? Armjy?emudk ajz&Sif;Ekdifvdrfhr,f vkdU odyfr,HkMunfvSbl;?
'Dvkdr,HkMunfp&mtaMumif;awG olUrSm&dSaew,f? 'DtaMumif;awGudk 'Dae&mrSm
eJeJavmufazmfjycsifw,f?
(1) 1947 ckESpf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdU rusqHk;cifuwnf;u autif,l
u&iftrsKd;om; tzGJU[m u&ifrsKd;om;umuG,fa&;tzGJU qdkwJhtrnfeJU
u&ifvufeufudkifwyfawGudk avQmufzGJUw,f? tJ'DtzGJU&JU twkdaumufuawmh
autif'Dtkd jzpfw,f?
jynfolU&JabmfeJU uGefjrLepfawGuvnf; udk,fykdifwyfawG zGJUxm;Muw,fqdkawmh
autif,luvnf; autif'DtkdudkzGJUrSmbJ? ocifEktpdk;&[m tifrwef
tm;eJaewJhtwGuf 'DwyfawGudk zsufvJrypfEdkif/ olwkdU&JU vufeufawGudkvnf;
rodrf;Ekdif jzpfaew,f? tJ'Dtajctae[m rMumcifaom aeUrSm u&if-Arm
t"du&kPf;awG jzpfay:vmzkdUtwGuf tMuD;qHk;taMumif;MuD;jzpfw,f?
(2) autif,l u&iftrsKd;om;tzGJU[m (u) u&ifjynfe,fudk vkdcsifw,f? (c)
tJ'Du&ifjynfe,frSm jynfaxmifpkxJu cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufEkdifcGifh&dS&r,fvdkU

autif,luawmif;qkdw,f? (*) u&ifjynfe,fxJrSm yJcl;wdkif;/ weoFm&Dwkdif;/

{&m0wDwkdif;xJu ArmEkdifiH&JU w0ufavmuf eD;eD;avmuf&dSwJh e,fajrawGudk
xnfhay;&r,fvkdU awmif;qkdw,f?
autif,l&JUvkdvm;csuf (3)ckxJu (u)udk ocifEktpdk;&tzGJUu
vkdufavsmEdkifw,f? (c)udk vHk;0rvdkufavsmEdkifbl;? (*)udkawmh
aumfolave,fedrdwftzGJUaumfr&SiftzGJUu axmufcHrJha'oudkom
u&ifjynfe,fxJ xnfhay;zkdU tpdk;&tzGJUu qHk;jzwfw,f?
tckvkd autif,leJU ocifEktpkd;&wkdU&JU oabmuGJvGJcsuf[m rMumaomaeUrSm
u&if-Arm t"du&kPf;awGjzpfay:vmzkdUtwGuf wwd,taMumif;jzpfw,f?
tckajymcJhwJh taMumif;MuD; (3)aMumif;u 0kdif;NyD; wGef;ay;MuwJhtwGuf
1948ckESpf ZlvkdifveJU Mo*kwfvxJrSm jynfaxmifpkppf&Jwyfu
u&ifawGtawmfrsm;rsm; vufeufawG,lNyD; autif'Dtdk tzGJUxJ0ifoGm;Muw,f?
zmyGefeJUu,m;rSm&dSMuwJh autif'DtkdawG[m tpkd;&wyfawGudk
twif;0ifwdkufMuw,f? oxHkeJU armfvjrdKifqdkwJh c&kdif&Hk;pkduf&m jrdKUMuD;
(2)jrdKUudk autif'DtdkawG[m cPavmuf odrf;xm;EkdifcJhMuw,f?
uGefjrLepf?jynfolU&Jabmftp&dSwJh olykefawGaMumifh tvkdvdkurS
tawmfqdk;ae&wJh jynfwGif; tajctae[m tJ'DtcsdefupNyD; tpkd;&tzGJU
touf&IrSm;avmufatmif ykdNyD; qkd;0g;vmjyefw,f?
'Dvkdqkd&if 'DolykefawGudk &ifqkdifzkdUtwGuf vufeufudkifwyfawG
jrefjrefaxmifygvm;? tpdk;&bmvkyfaeovJvkdU ar;p&m&dSw,f?
tpdk;&vufeufudkifwyfawGu (60)&mckdifEIef;avmuf[m vufeufawG,l
olykefawGeJU aygif;NyD; tpdk;&udk ykefuefaewJh tcsdefrsKd;rSm tpdk;&[m
wyftopfzGJUzkdUudwfpudk tawmfav;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;&r,f?
vG,fvG,fvkyfvkdufvkdU rjzpfbl;?
vufeufudkifawGudkzGJUzkdU tpdk;&qHk;jzwfjyef&ifvnf; vufeufb,fu&rvJ
EkdifiHwckvHk;[m ysufoavmuf jzpfaeNyD;? tJ'Dvkd EdkifiH&JU tpkd;&udk
aoewfawGay;&if olwkdU&JUaoewfawG[m wGif;eufMuD; xJ
a&avmif;csovkdaerSmbJvkdU aoewfay;&rJhEkdifiHawG[m awG;aeMurSm
"rwmygbJ? tJ'gaMumifh aoewf&bkdU qdkwmrvG,fbl;?
tJ'Dvkd tajctaersKd;rSm ocifEkvJ bmrSrwufEkdifbl;? apmbOD;MuD;tp&dSwJh
u&ifacgif;aqmifawGukd rMumcPzdwfNyD; vuf&Hk;tm;udk; vkyfvmwmawG
rjzpfygapeJU? i,fom;awGudk wyfEdkifoavmuf xdrf;ay;ygvkdUom
awmif;yefae&wmbJ?
1948ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvukefavmufqDudk a&mufwJhtcg tajctae[m

ykdqdk;vmw,f? tJ'gaMumifh 'DZifbmv(4)&ufaeUusawmh 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk[m

e,faygif;pHku&wJhowif;t& jynfaxmifpkwpkvHk;[m &ifrat;bG,f&m
tifrwefqdk;wJhtajctaeudk a&mufaeygNyDvkdU ausnmcJh&w,f?
tJ'Daemuf Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aemufqHk;ajcvSrf;taeESifh
apmbOD;MuD;wkdUvlpkudk zdwfNyD; tMurf;rzufMuzkdU autif'Dtkd
acgif;aqmifawGudk oludk,fwkdif arwm&yfcHcsifw,fvkdUocifEkuajymw,f?
'Dvkd'DvkdbJ 0efMuD;csKyfocifEk[m tif;pdefrSm&dSwJh autif'DtkdXmecsKyfudk oGm;NyD;
autif'Dtkd acgif;aqmifawGeJUawGUr,f qkdwmudk rdwfaqGawGodwJhtcg
oGm;zkdUrawmfbl;vkdU tm;vHk;u0dkif;NyD; uefUuGufw,f? tJ'DxJrSm
0efMuD;csKyfuawmf a':jr&Du tjyif;xefqHk; uefUuGufw,f? 'gayrJh b,fol
uefuGufvkdUrS r&bl;? csdef;wJhaeUusawmh 0efMuD;csKyfudkac:&atmif
apmbOD;MuD;eJU taz:wa,muf a&mufvmw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m
apmbOD;MuD;udk,fwkdif armif;vmwJh armfawmfum;eJU tif;pdefudk vkdufoGm;w,f?
oleJUtwl AdkvfMuD;pkd;jrifhqdkwJh olUukd,f&HawmfwOD;ukdom ac:oGm;w,f?
oloGm;wJhae&mwkdif;udk vkdufaeMu tifrwefopfpm&dSwJh csif;ppfom;av;awGudk
ac:roGm;bl;? oleJUtwlvdkufvmwJh AdkfvfMuD;pdk;jrifhudkvnf; bmvufeufrS
,lrvm&bl;vkdU wif;wif;MuyfMuyf trdefUay;xm;w,f?
apmbOD;MuD;&JU a,mufcrMuD; OD;ZHtdrfrSm 0efMuD;csKyfocifEkudk
tkef;EkdUMumZHacgufqGJeJU {nfhcHw,f? pm;aomufNyD;wJhtcg autif'Dtkd
acgif;aqmifawGudkom ocifEkawGU&w,f? autif'Dtdk acgif;aqmifawG[m
0efMuD;csKyf ocifEkudk av;av;pm;pm;qufqHyg&JU? 'gayrJhtMurf;rzufMuygeJU?
u&if-Armjy?emudk u&if-Armacgif;aqmifawG[m rdom;pkawGvkd
twlwlxdkifNyD; tEkenf;eJU ajz&Sif;Mu&atmifvkdU ocifEku arwm&yfcHwJhtcg
olwkdUrsufESmxm;awG[m aysmhaysmhajymif;ajymif; r&dSbl;qkdwmudk ocifEk
tuJcwfrdvdkufw,f?
bmoHrsm;Mum;&rvJqkdNyD; 0efMuD;csKyftdfrfrSm wxdwfxdwf wvefUvefU?
vnfwqefUqefUeJU apmifharQmfaeMuwJh rdwfaqGawGeJU 0efMuD;csKyfuawmf
a':jr&DwkdU[m 0efMuD;csKyf jyefa&mufvmawmhrS oufjyif;csEkdifMuawmhw,f?
aemufwaeUusawmh ykodfrfrSm u&ifeJUArmawG apmifaeMuNyD/
t"du&kPf;jzpfp&mtaMumif;&dSw,f qdkwJhowif;udk &wmeJU ocifEk[m
a&wyfu u&ifppfAdkvfapm*sufqdkol OD;pD;wJh ppfoabFmav;eJU ykodrfudk
uwkdufu&kdufvkdufoGm;&w,f/ ykodrfrsm ocifEk[mArm-u&if
acgif;aqmifawGeJUawGUNyD; ESpfbufpvkH;udk tMurf;rzufbkdU arwm&yfNyD;
&efukefudkjyefvmw,f/

'gayr,fh ocifEk&JU arwm&yfcHcsufaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJhaysmhaysmif;rI[m

MumMum rcHygbl;/ 1949 Zefe0g&DvukefavmufqDusawmh autJef'Dtkd
awG[mukef;bufua&wyfAkdvfapm*sufOD;pD;wJh ppfoabmFu
a&bufuESpfzufnSyfNyD; ykodrfudkpD;zkdY MudK;pm;MuwmygbJ? tJ'Dtcsdefu
rtlyifeJU ykodrfrSm u&if-Arm tajctae[m tifrwef qkd;0g;aewJhtwGuf
tpdk;&[m wyf&if;(4)udk tJ'DESpfae&m w0ufpDcGJxm;&w,f?
AdkvftMuyfwyfom;awG[m tawmfowfwdajymifajrmufMuygw,f?
a&bufeJUukef;bufESpfzufnSyfNyD; wkdufckdufwmawmif tnHhrcHbl;?
&dSorQtiftm;eJU jyefcswm autif'Dtkdvnf; aemufqkwfay;&w,f? apm*suf&JU
ppfoabFmvnf; wae&mukdxGufajy;wm avwyfu wkdufav,mOfysHwpif;eJU
oGm;wdk;rdw,f? tJ'DrSm wkdufav,mOfysHu puftajrmufeJUypfwJhtwGuf
ppfoabFmvnf;tawmfysufpD;w,f? a&wyfom;awGvnf;
tawmfaoausysufpD; 'Pf&m&Muw,f? Adkvfapm*sufeJU oHk;av;a,mufom
oabFmay:u ckefcsxGufajy;EdkifvkdU toufab;u oDoDav;vGwfoGm;Muw,f?
0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekvnf; wkdufyGJtNyD;rSm wzufeJUwzuf tvGeftuRH
rjzpf&atmifqkdNyD; ykodrfudk csufcsif; vkdufoGm;w,f? u&ifArmacgif;aqmifawGeJU awGUNyD; cspfMunfa&;w&m;awGa[mw,f? wkdufyGJaMumifh
tdk;rJhtdrfrJhjzpf&wJh u&if-Arm'kufconfawGudk aiGeJUypfpnf;axmufyHhw,f?
ArmawG zsufypfvkdUysufpD;oGm;wJh u&ifacgif;aqmifMuD; a'gufwmpHpDzkd;&J
oif;csKdif;udk jyefwnfaqmufzdkU aiGtvHktavmuf olUom;wa,muf&JU
vufxJtyfcJhw,f? u&ifawG zsufvdkUysufpD;oGm;wJh jrwfpGmbk&m;
&kyfyGm;awmfwqludkvnf; jyefvnfwnfaqmufzkdU aiGtvHktavmuf oufqkdif&m
&yfuGufacgif;aqmifawG &JU vufxJtyfvkdufw,f? ocifEk
ykodrfujyefcgeD;usawmh rdwfaqGwa,muf
okwfoD;okwfjymeJUoabFmay:wufvmw,f?
0efMuD;csKyf 'DoabFmrSm u&ifppfom;awGygovm;
uRefawmfrodbl;
taetxkdiftoGm;tvmowd&dSygAsm
bmjzpfvkdUvJ
t&ifwywfwkef;u 'Dudk cifAsm;pD;vmwJh ppfoabFmuav;rSm apm*suf[m
a&wyfAdkvfbJ/ waeUu 'Daumif olykefxawmhrS [dktacgufwkef;u
0efMuD;csKyfudk olbmjzpfvkdU rzrf;wmvJqkdwm uRefawmfpOf;pm;rdw,f?
0efMuD;csKyf ocifEkvnf; bmrS jyefrajymygbl;/ NyHK;aew,f?
1949ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv tv,favmufudk a&mufvmwJhtcg

tifrwefpdwfrcsrf;omp&maumif;wJh owif;w&yfukd
tpdk;&tzGJU0ifawGMum;&w,f? 'Dowif;[mwjcm;r[kwf/ tif;pdefXmecsKyfu
autif'Dtkd awG[m tif;pdef? MudKUukef;? orkdif;rSm wm0efusaewJh tpdk;&
trIxrf; t&mxrf; wcsKdUqDu vufeufawG
vkdufodrf;aew,fqdkwJhowif;bJjzpfygw,f? 'DvkdvufeufawG odrf;wJhae&m[m
&efukefNrdKUeJU (7)rdkif twGif;rSm&dSw,f? tJ'gaMumifh
vufydkufMunfhraeEdkifawmhwJhtwGuf tpdk;&tzGJU[m tJ'Dt&yfawGudk
vufeufudkif trIxrf;? t&mxrf;wcsKdUvTwfNyD; autif'DtkdawG vufeuf
rodrf;atmif twm;ckdif;vkdufw,f tckvdkwm;&if;u 1949ckESpfZefe0g&D
(31)&ufaeUusawmh tpdk;& vufeufudkiftzGJU awGeJU autif'DtkdawG
y#dyujzpfvmMuNyD; tif;pdefu autif'DtkdawG[m tif;pdefNrdKUudk
odrf;vdkufMuw,f? tif;pdefaxmifMuD;xJu ESpfaxmifavmuf&dSwJh
tusOf;om;awGudkvnf; vTwfypfvkdufMuw,f? tpdk;&aiGwkdufxJu
&dSorQaiGawGudkvnf; xkwf,loGm;Muw,f?
tif;pdef[m &efukefNrdKU&JU tayguf0rSm &dSaewJhtwGuf tpkd;&tzGJUeJU
&efukefNrdKUom;awG[m b,favmuf ajcrudkifrD vufrudkifrd rsufvHk;jyL;
rsufqHjyL; jzpfaeMur,fqdkwm pHkvifwdusatmif pma&;NyD; azmfrjyEkdifygbl;?
pmzwfolawG udk,fh[mudk,fomawG;MunfhMuayawmh?
tJ'Dtcsdefu pNyD; autif,l u&iftrsKd;om;tzGJU acgif;aqmifwJh
autif,lykefuefrIMuD; ay:aygufvmwmygbJ?
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&Sm;udk;udk ajcmufvdKUr&wJhtwGuf vufavQmhNyD; jyefoGm;Mu&w,f? tJ'gaMumifh

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apmifhray;Edkifawmhbl;? olykefawGeJU tpdk;&opfzGJUygvkdU cPcPajymaewmeJU

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w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfu w&m;0efMuD; a'gufwmat;armifudk

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tcef;(24)
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vSrf;ar;vkdufw,f? oHtrwf bkd;um;[m olckbJ NyD;ygawmhr,fvkdU ajymNyD;

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a,mifa,mifNyD; igvkyfvkduf&if 'Dvkdapmuf&rf;MuD;bJqkdwJh pum;awG
xGufxGufvmw,f?
a':jr&Dvnf; tprSmawmh bmrSrajymbl;? olU
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u&kPmeJU vSrf;ar;vkdufw,f? bmjzpfjzpf rifhtylr[kwfbl;vkdU ocifEku
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xrif;pm;aewkef; wykdif;wpMuD;eJ pm;yGJu xoGm;w,f?
aemufw&uf ESpf&ufavmufMumvkd@ pdwftaESmuft,SufjzpfwmawG
tawmfuav; &Sif;oGm;wJhtcg 0efMuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;udkac:NyD;
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0efcHw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf&Sif;rjycifuwnf;u EkdifiHjcm;0efMuD;ajymjyvkdU
0efNuD;awGtawmfrsm;rsm;[m taMumif;pHkudkodaeMuNyD? 0efMuD;csKyfajymjywJhtcg
0efMuD;wcsKdUu NAdwdoQ tpdk;&uacs;r,fqkdwJhaiGudk&zkdU odyfta&;MuD;ygw,f?
'DaiGudk roHk;pGJcsif&ifawmif tomuav; odrf;xm; vdkufyg? NAdwdoQtpdk;&u
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk aiGacs;w,fqdkwJhowif;[m wcsKdU
olykefawGudkwkduf&wJhae&mrSm vufeufaumif; wckjzpfEdkifw,f? tJ'gaMumifh
yxraqG;aEG;yGJysufoGm;ayrJh pdwfrysufygeJU/ 'DaiGudk&atmifxyfMudK;pm;ygtHk;vkdU

0efMuD;csKyfukd 0dkif;MyD; wkdufwGef;Muw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m xyfNyD; MudK;pm;&rSm

&Sufaew,fxifw,f? bmrSrajymbl;? acgif;iHkUNyD; ikwfwkwfMuD;xkdifaew,f?
tJ'Dtcg EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efMuD; a'gufwmat;armifu tck csufcsif;awmif;vkdU
raumif;bl;? tcGifhomwJhtcg olMudK;pm;Munfhyghr,fvkdU uwday;w,f?
acs;aiGeJU ywfoufwJh aemufaqG;aEG;yGJrSmawmh 0efMuD;csKyfrygawmhbl;xifw,f?
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pwmvifaygif(6)oef;&w,f?
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csif;txl;0daoowkdif; 0efMuD; olwkdU&JU ygvDref twGif;0efawG? awmifwef;om;
ygvDref trwfwcsKdU 0efMuD;csKyfeJUvmawGMuw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfudk awGUawGUjcif;
tjcm;pum;awGrajymbJ 0efMuD;csKyfcifAsm; tajctaeuawmh tawmfqdk;aeNyD?
uRefawmfwdkUtxif tpdk;&[m &efukefuawmif wjcm;ae&mwckckudk
qkwfay;&r,fxifw,f? tu,fa&GU 0efMuD;csKyfrSm 'DvkdtpDtpOfawG&dS&if
uRefawmfwkdUvJ tcsdefrSD odyg&ap? ArmjynfrrSm &efoludk wkdufvdkUrEdkif&if
u,m;jynfxJudk a&TUNyD; &efoludkwkdufMuwmaygh? u,m;jynfrSmvnf;
r[efao;&if &Srf;jynf &Srf;jynfrSmvnf; r[efao;&if ucsifjynf/
ucsifjynfrSmvnf; r[efjyefao;&if csif;awmifudk a&TUNyD; &efoludk
wkdufMuwmaygh? 0efMuD;csKyfu uRefawmfwdkUudk aoewfom&Smay;yg?
uRefawmfwkdU wkdufyghr,f? &efolqDrSmawmh uRefawmfwkdU b,fenf;eJU rS
'l;raxmufbl;? tpdk;&udk uRefawmfwkdUb,fawmhrS opfpmrazmufbl;qkdwm
uRefawmfwkdU awmifwef;om;awG tm;vHk;&JU udk,fpm;
uRefawmfuwdjyKygw,fvkdU &Srf;jynfe,f OufuX pyfcGefcsKdu 0efMuD; csKyfudk
ajymw,f?
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&Srf;jynfe,f OufuX pyfcGefcsKd&JU pum;awGudk Mum;&wJhtcg ocifEk[m
trsm;MuD; tm;wufoGm;w,f? 'Dawmifwef;om;nDawmfaemifawG[m
wu,fvkdwJhtcsdefrSm wu,ftm;udk;&wJh rdwfaqGaumif;awG ygbJvkdU
awG;NyD;awmhvnf; 0efMuD;csKyf[m vIdufvIdufvSJvSJjzpfNyD;
idkcsifovdkvkdjzpfvmw,f? tJ'gaMumifh rsuf&nfawG pD;usrvmatmif pdkUxGufp
rsuf&nfaygufuav;awGudk cyfjrefjrefrsufawmifcwfNyD; xdef;odrf;&if;/
uRefawmftrsm;MuD;aus;Zl;wifw,f? uRefawmfhpdwfudk trsm;Mud;
xdckdufw,fvkdUajymNyD; jAKef;ueJpum;qufrajymEkdifao;bJ 0efMuD;csKyf[m
ESpfrdepfavmufNidrfaew,f? aemufNyD;awmhrS csKd ajymwmrSefw,f?

tajctaeuawmh wu,fudk qdk;aeNyD? tJ'Dtajctaet& &efukefNrdKUawmif

&efolvufxJudk usr,fqdk&if usoGm;Ekdifw,f?
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vrf;wavQmufvHk; &efukeftxd olwkdUudk ckcHbdkUtwGuf uRefawmfwdkUrSm
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vlawG tjyif;txef pDpOf ae&w,fvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu &Sif;jyw,f? 'Dvkdqkd&if
tpdk;&[m &efukefu qkwfcGmoGm;zkdUtaMumif;rsm;&dSygovm;vkdUawmifwef;om;
udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;u ar;wJhtcg &efukefuawmh uRefawmfwkdU b,fenf;eJUrS
rqkwfbl;? bmbJjzpfjzpf cHcsrSmbJvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu ajzw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfcifAsm;
EkdifiHjcm;u vufeuftultnD r&Ekdifbl;vm;/ jynfaxmifpk&JU vuf&dS
tajctaersKd;eJU qkd&if &EdkifbkdUcufw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf&JU
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awmif;MunfhbkdUaumif;w,f?
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uRefawmf&JU wyfom;olykefawGxNyD; ,loGm;wJhaoewf tawmfrsm;rsm;[m
rpwmae&l;qDu tultnD&wJh aoewfawGbJ? 'gayrJh
uRefawmfxyfMudK;pm;MunfhtHk;r,f?
tajctae[m waeUwjcm; vsifvsif jrefjrefMuD; qkd;oxuf ydkqdk;aew,f?
tJ'Dawmh aoewfawG jrefjref&atmif Mudk;pm;yg 0efMuD;csKyf?
tckaemfqdkif;wkdUvlpkeJU u&ifwyf&if;(1)qif;vmwmudk
uRefawmfcPapmifhMunfh&tHk;r,f? 'Dudwfp [m pdwfcs&wJh tajctaeudk
a&mufwmeJU wNydKifeuf uRefawmf tdef'Nd,udk vdkufoGm;r,f?
aoewfawG jrefjref&atmif MudK;pm;yg 0efMuD;csKyf?
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em;axmifvdkufw,f? ac:ol[m yJcl;c&kdif&J0efjzpfaew,f? omreftm;jzifhqdk&if
&Jt&m&dSawG[m olwkdU&JU &JcsKyfeJU qufMuwmbJ? tJ'DtcsdefrSmawmh
yJcl;c&kdif&J0ef[m tm;udk;&mrJhjzpfNyD; 0efMuD;csKyfudk wkduf&dkuf quf[efwlw,f?
0efMuD;csKyfcifAsm; taESmuft,Sufay;rd&ifcGifhvTwfyg? aemfqkdif;wkdUudk cHwkdufbkdU
yJcl; wc&kdifvHk; rSm bmwyfrS r&dSbl;? yJcl;NrdKUxJrSm &JabmfjzLeJeJ &Sdw,f? 'gayrJh
olwkdUuawmh 0efMuD;csKyfodwJhtwkdif; ygbJ? tJ'Dawmh yJcl;udk ppfuljrefjref
ydkUapcsifygw,fcifAsm;?
uRefawmfwkdUvnf; MudK;pm;aew,f? 'gayrJh bmjzpfr,fqkdwmawmh tcktcg
twdtus rajymEdkifao;bl;?

yJcl;rSm olykefudk taocHNyD;wkdufcsifwJh t&yfol? t&yfom;awG trsm;MuD;&dSw,f?

uRefawmfhqDudkvmNyD; aoewfay;ygvkdU awmif;aew,f? 0efMuD;csKyf
ppfwyfrydkUay;Ekdif&if aoewfydkUay;yg? uRefawmfwkdU 'DvlawGeJUaygif;NyD; olykefudk
cHcsyghr,f?
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odyfvJarQmfraeMueJU?cifAsm;wkdUrSm &dSorQeJU cHEkdifatmifvnf; MudK;pm;MutHk;?
'Dvkdqkd&if &kdifz,fusnfqH ESpfaxmifavmuf ray;Edkifbl;vm; 0efMuD;csKyf?
uRefawmf uwdray;yg&apeJU? MudK;pm;yghr,fqkdNyD; 0efMuD;csKyf &ifav;av;eJU
w,fvDzkef;udk csvkdufw,f?
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a&mufvmNyD; &efolawG yJcl;eJU (15)rdkifavmuftxd a&mufvmMuNyD? tJ'Du
qkwfray;eJU? tjyif;txefcHcsqdkNyD; uRefawmf trdefUay;xm;w,fvkdU
tpD&ifcHw,f?
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tckuRefawmfvmwmuawmh ta&;MuD;wJh udwfpwckudk ajymbkdUbJ?
bmudwfpvJ?
0efMuD;csKyf rSwfrdygvdrfhr,f? autif,l olykef rxcifwkef;u u,m;rSm
uRefawmfwkdUydkUxm;wJh csif; wyfcGJwpfckudk autif'DtkdawGu tvpf0ifpD;w,f?
0efMuD;csKyfbJ AdkvfcsKyfMum'dk;udkvTwfNyD; tajymckdif;vdkU autif'DtkdawG[m
vufeufawG tm;vHk;udkodrf;NyD; csif;ppfom;awGudk vTwfay;vdkufw,f? tJ'Dcsif;
ppfwyfudk &efukef jyefac:NyD; uRefawmfwdkU vufeuftopf wyfay;w,f?
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ppfrwdkufawmhbl;? olUwyfudk ac:NyD; csif;awmifudk jyefawmhr,fvkyfaew,f?
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olU&JU csif;ygvDreftwGif;0ef uufywdef ref;wHk;EIH;udk ac:oGm;w,f?
AkdvfausmfaZmvnf; 0efMuD;csKyfeJU twl vkdufvmw,f? tJ'D tcsdefu
yJcl;udkoGm;wJh armfawmfum;vrf;wavQmufrSm &JabmfjzLeJUuGefjrLepf
ajratmufpcef;uav;awG &dSaewJhtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyfwkdU vlpk[m
armfawmfum;eJUoGm;vkdU r&bl;? tJ'gaMumifh 'kwd,urmppf MuD;twGif;u
aqmufxm;wJh yJcl;em;u av,OfysHuGif;a[mif;wckudk ppfwyfu

av,OfysHuav;wpif;eJUoGm; tJ'Dav,OfysHuGif;urS yJcl;udkjzwfNyD; yJcl;eJU

(15)rdkifavmufa0;wJh a&SUwef;ppfrsufESmudk oGm;&w,f? tJ'Dudka&mufvkdU
pdwf"gwfusqif;aewJh csif;ppfAdkvfudkawGUwJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfu
'dkUjynfaxmifpk[m olykefawGaMumifh tcktcg tifrwef 'kufca&mufaew,f?
'D'kufcawGu vGwfbdkUtwGuf rif;wkdU csif;ppfom;awGudk
trsm;MuD;tm;udk;aew,f? tJ'Dvkd tm;udk;aewJhtcgrSm rif;wkdUu
jynfaxmifpkudk rumuG,fbJ csif;awmifudk jyefoGm;r,fqdk&if
jynfaxmifpkvnf; 'kufc a&mufr,f? csif;ppfwyfawGvJ eHr,f ysufukefr,f?
rif;wkdUcsif;ppfom;awG[m ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm pGefUpGefUpm;pm;wdkufwJhtwGuf
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csif;ppfom;awG&JU *kPfudk trsm;MuD; xdckdufvdrfhr,f? tp&dSojzifh 0efMuD;csKyfu
p+yD;ajymw,f? tJ'Daemuf uyfywdef refwHk;EIH;uvnf; csif;ppfAdkvfudk
tawmfMudK;pm;NyD; em;csw,f?? tJ'gaMumifh csif;ppfAdkvfu csif;awmifudk
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0efMuD;csKyf[m tifrwefauseyfNyD; 'Dcsif;ppfAdkvfeJU olUwyfcGJudk aiGig;axmifqk
csvkdufw,f? 'DvkduGufNyD; qkcsvdkufwm rSm;oGm;rSef;udk aemifESpfaygif;
tawmfMumrS 0efMuD;csKyf od&w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u 'DppfrsufESm&J@
tMuD;tuJjzpfol AdkvfcspfjrdKifeJUawGIwJhtcg tJ'DyJcl;ppfrsufESmwkef;u
a*:&cg;wyfawG ArmwyfawGyg? toufpGefUwkduf&aywJh csif;wyf
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tpdk;&eJU wkdif;jynfukd u,fvkdufzl;vdkUbJ?
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apwDikwfwkdwqludk vufnSKd;xdk;jyNyD; tJ'Dtay:u wufMunfh&if &efolawGudk
aumif;aumif;jrif&w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfwufMunfhrvm; vkdUar;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfu
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wufMunfhygvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfudk ajymw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m 'grsKd;awGudk
rMunfhcsifygbl;? 'gayrJh tckvkd pGefUpGefUpm;pm; wkdufaeMuwJh AdkvftMuyf
wyfom;awG auseyfatmif olwkdU&JU tvkdudk vkdufwmygbJ?

&efolawG[m armfawmf um;vrf;rMuD;twkdif; rvmbJ v,fuGif;awGudk jzwfNyD;

aemufzufuae tvpf0ifwkdufrJh tef'&m,f&dSaewJhtwGuf armfawmfum;vrf;udk
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tpdk;&&JU &dSpkrJhpkwyfuav;awGudk cyfusJusJ ae&mcsxm;&w,f?
'Dae&mawGudkoGm;zkdUqkdwm tifrwef tef'&m,fMuD;w,f? &efolu
tcsdefra&G;aoewfeJU vSrf;ypfEdkifw,f? 'Dvdk tef'&,frsm;rSef; odaywJh
AdkvftMuyf wyfom;awG[m tcuftcJawGMum;u olwkdUb,favmuf
pGefUpGefUpm;pm;wkdufaeMuw,fqkdwm 0efMuD;csKyfjrifoGm;apcsifw,f? tJ'gaMumifh
0efMuD;csKyfvnf; tJ'Dae&mawGxJu olwkdUac:oGm;wJh ae&mawGudk olwkdU
tvkdvdkufwJhtaeeJU oGm;Munfhvdkuf&ao;w,f?
aemufxyf&uftenf;i,fMumwJhtcg ucsifolykefaemfqkdifwdkUeJI
autif'DtkdawGeJU pdwfoabmuGJvGJMuovm;? 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; olwkdUbufrSm
txdtckduf tustqHk;awG rsm;wJhtwGufpdwf"mwfusoGm;ovm;?
'grSr[kwfjyef&ifvnf; cJ,rf;rD;ausmufawG ukefcrf;oGm;vkdUbJvm;?
tjcm;taMumif;wckckaMumifhbJvm;? bmtaMumif;qkdwmudkawmh pHkprf;vkdU
r&bl;? yJcl;udk {NyDv (26)&ufaeU &efukefukd arv(1)&ufaeUrSm odrf;r,fvkdU
MuHK;0g;xm;wJh olykefaemfqkdif;eJU autif'DtkdawG awmifilukd
jyefqkwfoGm;Muw,f?
awmifwef;nDaemifawmfawGudk uwday;xm;wJhtwkdif; 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk[m
aoewf awmif;&atmif e,l;a'vDudkvdkufoGm;w,f? olvkdcsifwJh
vufeufawGudkay;r,fvkdU 0efMuD;csKyf ae&l; uwday;vkdufwJhtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyf
ocifEk[m 0rf;omNyD;jyefvmw,f? qif;[m; qkdol
tdef'd,trsKd;om;wa,muf&JU ajymjycsuft&qkd&if tdef'd,tpkd;&u
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'DvufeufawGtm;vHk; olykefawG&JU vufxJudk a&mufukefNyD?
tckaemufxyfay;&ifvnf; ay;orQ olykefawGvufxJudk a&mufukeftHk;rSmbJ?
tJ'gaMumifh Armtpdk;&udk vufeufray;oifhbl;vdkU twGif;0efawGu
tpD&ifcHw,f? 'gayrJh bmbJjzpfjzpf OD;Ek 'kufca&mufaew,f?
olawmif;wJhaoewfawGudkay;vdkufygqdkNyD; 0efMuD;csKyfae&l;u
trdefUcsay;vkdufw,fvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfocifEkod&w,f? tdfef'd,u
jyefa&mufvmNyD; rMumrD ppf&Hk;rSm tpnf;ta0;;wufaewkef;
0efNuD;csKyfocifEk[m twGif;0efcsKyf&Hk;u wqifh face=WinKalaw ydk@vkdufwJh
rHk&Gmc&kdif&J0ef&Sm;udk;&JU pmwkdav;wapmifudk&w,f? tJ'Dtcsdefusawmh rHk&Gmc&kdif&JY
tajctae[m &Sm;udk;eJU 0efMuD;csKyfwkdU a&TbdkrSmawGUwkef;u tajctaexuf

trsm;MuD; ydkqkd;aeNyD? tJ'D awGUwJh tcsdefwkef;u armfawmf

um;vrf;wavQmufu &GmawG tawmfrsm;rsm;udk odrf;xm;vdkufwJhtwGuf
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av,OfysHawGudk txl;iSm;,l&w,f? olwkdUuawmh iSm;uwnf;u
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armif;wJh av,OfysHudk pD;vmw,f? tJ'D av,OfysHxJrSm 0efMuD;csKyf&JUaemufudk
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wa,mufvnf;ygvmw,f?
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'Dudkvm&wmvJ 'DrSmtajctaeu odyfqdk;aeNyDvdkU 0dkif;ajymMuw,f?
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uRefawmfwkdU awmif;yefygw,f?
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ydkUvkdufw,f? armfawmfum;vrf;udk &JabmfjzLawGjzwfvkdufwmeJY 'Dpufudk
uRefawmfwkdU ydkUray;Ekdifawmhbl;? 'Dpuf[m 'DrSmbJ &dSao;w,f? [kwfNyD
'Dvkdqdk&if 'Dpufudk uRefawmf av,OfysHeJU oGm;ykdUay;r,f?
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oGm;,lcsDAsm?
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&efukefudk rjyefcsifao;bl;? tJ'gaMumifh &efukefudk rjyefbJ
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jynfaxmifpktvHudk udkifNyD; vrf;ay:xGufvmMuw,f?
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&JabmfjzLawGu odrf;xm;w,f? rHk&GmjrdKUbufu jrpfxJrSm avSawG azmifawG

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tJ'gaMumifh av,OfysHrqdkufcif &Sm;udk;wkdU vlpk[m jrpfwzufudk ul;NyD;
&JabmfjzLawGudk twif;vkduf&Sif;ypf&w,f?
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0g,mvufpuf&wJhtwGuf twkdif;rod 0rf;omwJhtaMumif; tpD&ifcHw,f?
tJ'Daemuf rHk&GmrSmcsif;wyfcGJwcGJudk awGUcJh&wJhtaMumif; tJ'DwyfcGJ[m
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uyfywdefba&mif;uawmh "gwfqDr&&if a&eHqD&SmcJhyg? olarmif;r,fvkdU

ajymw,f uyfywdefba&mif;[m pum;tifrwefeJw,f? olUudkMunfh&wm
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tm;udk;,HkMunfpdwfcs&ol wa,mufvkdU ,lqxm;wJhtwGuf olawmif;wJh
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tvSLcHw,f?
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'Dt&m&dSawG[m bmbJjzpfjzpf olwkdU wm0ef&dSwJh ae&mrSmbJae&r,f?

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rqkdEdkifbl;?
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tm;vHk;&Sif;NyDqdkwJh 0g,mvuf owif;&rS xGufvmygvkdU
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0efMuD;csKyf&JUav,OfysH[m rHk&Gmudk xGufoGm;NyD; 0efMuD;csKyf&JU av,OfysH
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wbufeJUwbuf ypfaeMuwmudk av,OfysHxJuvlawG

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a&mufwJhtcg olUvufxJrSm udkifxm;wJh ajcmufvHk;jyL;eJUvufypfAHk;udkjyNyD;
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a0ay;w,f?
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tma&Asbmomvkdu jrefrmvdk bmomjyefzkdUtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Eku
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usrf;&if;eJU wlrwludk ppfaq;&ef
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wEkdifiHvHk;u usrf;wwfynm&dSrsm;&JU nDvmcHw&yfudk tpdk;&u

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c&pf,mefbmomawGudk tawmfaxmufyHhcJhwmbJ?
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usKyfwkdUom&Sd&if 'DvdkaxmufyHh&rSm r[kwfbl;?

tpdk;&pmoifausmif;awGudk Ak'f"bmom0ifawG&JU ydkufqHeJUcsnf;bJ

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r&kyfodrf;&ifvnf; 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Eka&m olwkdUyg vufcHEdkifwJh tpDtpOftckckudk
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csraqG;aEG;bJ ynma&;0efMuD;bufvSnfhNyD; ausmif;awGrSm b,fbmoma&;rs

face=WinKalaw rovifayapeJ@awmh? face=WinKalaw
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csufcsif; trdefUrxkwfao;bJ cPavmuf qdkif;xm;w,f? aemufwywf
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wjydKifeuf tJ'DavQmufxm;csufpm&Gufudk olwkdUay;bkdU owif;axmufawGu

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tJ'gaMumifh avQmufxm;csufrSm bmawGjzpfw,f?
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rjyefao;bl;? ref;'av;u {&m0wDjrpftwkdif; &efukefudk
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acgif;aqmifawGeJUawGUbkdU 0efMuD;csKyf tcsdef;ckdif;vkdufw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfeJU
awGUwJhtcg tJ'Drlqvifacgif;aqmifawGu 0efMuD;csKyfa& uRefawmfwkdUawmh
0efMuD;csKyf &efukefjyefta&mufudkbJ
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t"du&kPf;jzpfrSm uRefawmfwkdUodyfaMumufaew,f? rlqvifawG

tawmfrsm;rsm;[m qef? qD? i&kwfoD;? MuufoGefawGudk 0,fNyD; tdrfxJrSm
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tJ'DtrdefUxkwfwm rMudKufwJholawG uRefawmfhudk &ef&Sm&rSmbJ? cifAsm;wkdUeJU
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rvkyfygeJU 0efMuD;csKyf&,f/ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJvnf;
u,fEkdifrSmr[kwfawmhygbl;? aumv[VawGu tvGeftuRHawG jzpfukefNyD?
'DtxJ vkcsif&dkufcsifwJhvlawGu t"du&kPf; rjzpfjzpfatmif trsKd;rsKd;
zefwD;ay;aew,f? 'DuaeU aeUvnfubJ uRefawmfwkdU&JUvrf;xJudk
bkef;MuD;awGeJUvlwpk0ifvmNyD; 'D0ufom;pm; ratvdk;awG
aumif;aumif;owdxm;? tm;vHk;romjzpfukefr,fvdkU
tMumNuD;atmfus,f[pfus,f qJoGm;Muao;w,f?
'Dvkdqkd&if uRefawmfbmvkyfay;&rvJ
0efMuD;csKyfxkwfxm;wJhtrdefUudk jyef&kyfodrf;ay;yg? aemufNyD;awmh
bkef;MuD;awGawmif;qdkwJhtwkdif; vkyfay;yg? pmoifausmif;awGrSm uRefawmfwkdU
rlqvifawG bmoma&; roif&vkdU udwfpr&dSygbl;? uRefawmfwkdU[m
uRefawmfwkdU tpDtpOfawG vkyf,lyghr,f?
rlqvifacgif;aqmifawG jyefoGm;wJhtcg OD;Ek[m wa,mufxJxkdifNyD;
pOf;pm;aew,f? bkef;MuD;awG tMurf;zufvm&if tpkd;&taeeJU
vufydkufMunfhaeEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? oifhawmfovkd ta&;,l&vdrfhr,f?
ypfbkdUcwfbdkUvdkvm&if ypf&cwf&awmhr,fvkdU awG;rdNyD; t"du&kPf;jzpfrSmudk
OD;EktawmfaMumufvmw,f? 'gayrJh 'DudwfprSm bkef;MuD;wcsKdU[m vleJpkawGudk
oufouftEkdifusifhwmbJ qdkwJh tcsufukdawG;rdjyefNyD; avQmhay;bkdUqkdwmudk
rpOf;pm;Ekdifatmif jzpfaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh bmrS rqHk;jzwfao;bJ t"du&kPf;
rjzpfatmif txl;MudK;pm;zkdU oufqkdif&mt&m&dSawGudk nTefMum;NyD; OD;Ek[m
y&dwf&Gwf&atmif bk&m;crf;xJ0ifoGm;w,f?

tJ'DnrSm wnvHk; OD;Ekaumif;aumif;tdyfvkdU r&bl;? 'kwd,urmppfrjzpfcifu

a&TzDa&;wJh pmtkyfwtkyfaMumifh Ak'f"bmom-rlqvif t"du&kPf;jzpfcJhwmudk
OD;Ekrarhao;bl;? olUrsufpdatmufrSm rlqvifwOD;u bkef;MuD;wyg;udk
'g;eJUckwfwm oljyefowd&w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u ESpfzufpvHk;rSm
taotaysmuftawmfrsm;w,fqdkwmudkvnf; olrSwfrdaew,f? tcktcg
t"du&kPf;jzpf&if a&TzDt"du&kPf;xufydkqdk;r,fqkdwmudkvnf; OD;EkawG;rdw,f?
NrdKU0efrif;apmifrrS axmifus&w,fqdkwJhpum;vkd 0efMuD;csKyf apmifrcgrS
rlqvifawGaoG;xGufoH,kd jzpf&w,fqkdwJhpum;[m O'gef;wGifNyD;
usef&pfrSmudkvnf; OD;Ektrsm;BuD; pdk;&drfaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh trdefUudk
jyef&kyfodrf;r,f? &[ef;ukd,fpm;vS,fawGawmif;qdkcsufudk vufcHr,fvdkU
OD;Ek[m a&'D,kdu ausnmNyD; tnHhcHvdkuf&w,f?
(7) oltifrwef pdwf0ifpm;aewJh Ak'f"bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmom
vkyfwJhtcgrSmawmif tjcm; bmom0ifawGudk 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m rarhbl;?
vTwfawmfxJrSm olUudkaxmufcHwJh trwfOD;a&[m oHk;yHkESpfyHkausmfaew,f?
twkduftcHtrwfawGxJrSmawmif vlrsm;pk[m Ak'f"bmomukd EkdifiHawmfbmom
vkyfwJh Oya'Murf;udk axmufcHr,f? tJ'Dawmh 'DAk'f"bmomudk
EkdifiHawmfbmomvkyfwJh Oya'Murf;[m vG,fvG,fav;eJU Oya'jzpfvmEdkifw,f?
'gayrJh vleJpk&JU qef'udk tpOfav;pm;vdkwJh OD;Ek[m 'DOya'udk
vG,fvG,frvkyfvkdufbl;? a&S;OD;pGm pHkprf;a&;tzGJUwckudk zGJUpnf;ay;w,f?
tJ'DtzGJU[m wEdkifiHvHk;udk vSnfhNyD; bmomtoD;oD;u acgif;aqmifawG&JU
oabmxm;udk pHkprf;&w,f tJ'Dvkd vSnfhNyD;pHkprf;wJhtcg
ucsifjynfe,f&JUjrdKUawmf jrpfMuD;em;NrdKUrSmbJ c&pf,mef wcsKdUu tMurf;zufNyD;
qef'jy wm udk pHkprf;a&;tzGJU0ifawGawGUcJh&w,f? wjcm;ae&mtm;vHk;rSm
pHkprf;a&;[m at;at;csrf;csrf; NyD;oGm;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek udk,fwkdifvnf;
rlqvif? c&pf,mef? [dELacgif;aqmifawGeJU &efukefrSmawGUw,f?
uefUuGufolrsm;u Ak'f"bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomrvkyfygeJUvdkUom
uefUuGufMuw,f? Ak'f"bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomvkyfrJh Oya'Murf;xJrSm
olwkdU&JUtcGifhta&;awGudk xdckdufepfemaprJh tcsufawG rygwJhtwGuf
b,folurS Oya'Murf;udk ruefUuGufMubl;? Oya'Murf;xJrSm 'Dvkd
xdckdufepfemapEkdifwJh tcsufawGudk xnfhvkdUr&bl;? zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'&JU yk'fr (21)yk'fri,f (3)rSm EkdifiHawmfonf bmoma&;qkdif&m
udk;uG,frIudkaomfvnf;aumif;? ,HkMunfrIudkaomfvnf;aumif;? taMumif;jyK
a&GU rnfolUudkrQ oufqkdif&m tcGifhta&; csKdUiJhapjcif;? cGJjcm;jcif;udk rjyK&vdkU
twdtvif; azmfjyxm;w,f?

oltifrwefvkdcsifaewJh trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; tkwfjrpfudk

wnfaqmufwJhae&mrSm tckajymcJhwJh yk'fr (21) yk'fri,f (3)rSmazmfjyxm;wJh
tajccH Oya'udkvnf; tkyfcsyfwcsyftjzpfeJU toHk;jyK&rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf
0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m 'DtajccHOya'udk b,fenf;eJUrS jyifypfrSmr[kwfbl;?
Oya'Murf;xJrSm 'Dvkd xdckdufepfemapEdkifwJh tcsufawG ryg&kHomru
ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; tpdk;&u xkwfay;rJh bmoma&;axmufyHhaMu;aiGudk
vlOD;a&tvkduf cGJa0ay;&r,fvkdUawmif azmfjyxm;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh
Oya'Murf;udk b,folurS ruefUuGufMuwmygbJ?
tckvdk bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;eJU aqG;aEG;Mu&if;
c&pf,mefacgif;aqmifwcsKdUu tajccH Oya' yk'fr (20)rSm rdrdwkdU
,HkMunf&mbmomudk vGwfvyfpGm,lqEkdifcGifh? vGwfvyfpGm
udk;uG,fEdkifcGifhawGudkom azmfjyxm;wmawG@&w,f?
vGwfvyfpGma[majymEkdifcGifhudk azmfjyxm;wm rawGU&bl;?
tJ'DvGwfvyfpGma[majymEkdifcGifhudkvnf; tajccHOya' yk'fr (20)xJrSm
xnfhay;ygvdkU awmif;qdkMuw,f? tajccHOya' yk'fr 17(u)rSm rdrdwkdU
,HkMunfcsuf? xifjrifcsufwkdUudk EkdifiHom;rsm;onf vGyfvyfpGm
xkwfazmfajymqkdEdkif&rnfhvkdU twdtvif;azmfjyxm;w,f? 'D[meJUbJ
vHkavmufygNyD? 'gayrJh c&pf,mefacgif;aqmifrsm;u av;av;eufeuf
awmif;qdkwJhtwGuf olwkdU&JU tvkdudk vkdufavsmwJhtaeeJU
olwkdUvdkcsifwJhtwkdif; tajccHOya' yk'fr (20)rSm vGwfvyfpGma[majymcGifhudk
xnfhay;r,fvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Eku uwd?yvkdufw,f?
'DvkduwdjyKvdkufwJhowif;[m owif;pmawGxJrSm ygvmwJhtcg &[ef;awmfawG
tawmftHkMuGvmw,f? 'Dudk,fawmfawGu usif;yaeqJ vTwfawmfrSm
tJ'Djyifqifcsufudk rwifoGif;&bl;? pHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sif wckudkcefUNyD;
'DjyifqifcsufwifoGif;oifh-roifhqdkwmudk pHk;prf;&r,fvkdUawmif;qkdw,f?
0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekuvnf; Ak'f"bmomudk EkdifiHawmfbmomvkyfwJh Oya'Murf;udk
usif;yqJvTwfawmfrSm twnfjyKNyD; OD;Ekrzsufcsifbl;? tJ'gaMumifh
'Djyifqifcsufudk vTwfawmfrSm wifoGif;wJhtcg &[ef;awmfawG qef'jyMuw,f?
udk,fawmfawG&JU tpDtpOfawGxJrSm trwfawG vTwfawmfrwufEkdifatmif
oydwfwm;rJh tpDtpOfygaewJhtwGuf 'Djyifqifcsufudk wifoGif;wJhaeUrSm
vTwfawmfESifh rdkif0ufavmuftwGif;udk &[ef;awmfawG rvmEdkifatmif
tapmifhta&SmufawG txyfxyf csxm;&w,f? 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ekawmif tJ'DaeUu
bkef;MuD;awG rodatmif vQKdU0SufNyD; vTwfawmfudk vm&w,f?
jyifqifcsufudk twnfjyKNyD; oHk;&ufavmufMumwJhtcg ucsifjynfe,f

OufuXa[mif; 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;[m 0efMuD;csKyfeJUvmawGUw,f? Ak'f"bmomudk

EkdifiHawmfbmom vkyfwkef;u raMueyfvdkU uRefawmfwkdU vTwfawmftjyifrSma&m
twGif;rSma&m tjyif;txef uefUuGufcJhwm 0efMuD;csKyftodbJ?
tckjyifqifcsufudk twnfjyKay;wJhtwGuf 'DraMueyfrIawG[m r&dSawmhbl;?
0rf;omygw,f 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;?
rMumcif jrpfMuD;em;rSm c&pf,mef nDvmcH wckvkyfzkdU uRefawmfwkdU
qHk;jzwfvkdufw,f? tJ'DnDvmcHrSm Ak'f"bmomudk
EkdifiHawmfbmomvkyfwJhtwGuf c&pf,mefawGtzkdU aMumufp&mr&dSbl;?
bmoma&;jyifqifcsuf[m uRefawmfwkdU c&pf,mefawGtwGuf
tifrwefckdifvHkwJhtumtuG,f jzpfw,fqdkwJhtcsufawGudk uRefawmf&Sif;jyr,f?
aemufNyD;awmh 'Djyifqifcsufudk uRefawmfwkdUc&pf,mefawG
axmufcHwJhtaMumif; qHk;jzwfcsufcsr,f?
aumif;ygw,f?
tJ'Dbmoma&;nDvmcHudk 0efMuD;csKyfwufEkdifrvm;?
wufEkdifygw,f?
tJ'DnDvmcHwufzkdUtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyf jrpfMuD;em;udk a&mufvmwJhtcg
a&S;OD;pGm wyfrif;AdkvfrSL;MuD; vGef;wif? c&dkif0efESifh c&kdif&J0efwkdU[m
ucsifjynfe,ftajctaeudk &Sif;jyzkdUtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyfeJUawGUMuw,f?
Ak'f"bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomvkyfwJh tcgwkef;u ucsifc&pf,mefawG
tpkd;&udk trsm;MuD;txifvGJaew,f? uRefawmfwkdU b,fvkdrS&Sif;jyvkdUr&bl;?
bmoma&;jyifqifcsufudk twnfjyKyD;awmhrS olwkdUaMueyfMuw,f?
0efMuD;csKyfawGUr,fqkd&if ucsif c&pf,mefacgif;aqmifawGudk
uRefawmfac:vmygr,f?
ac:cJhyg? awGUcsifw,f?
ucsifc&pf,mefacgif;aqmifawG a&mufvmwJhtcg Ak'f"bmomudk
EdkifiHawmfbmom vkyfwkef;u olwkdUrSm jyif;jyif;xefxefMuD; jzpfay:aewJh
trsufa'goawG txifvGJrSm;rIawG oHo,pdwfawG[m uif;pif
vGifhaysmufukefMuNyD; tifrwefaMueyfaewm
MunfMunfvifvifjzpfaewmawGudk 0efMuD;csKyfawGU&w,f?
tcef; (26)
1948 eJU 1949ckESpftwGif; olykef&efawG ywfywfvnf0dkif;aewJh Mum;xJu
0efMuD;csKyf[m olwwfEkdifoavmuf c&D;xGufaewmbJ? a&muf&mt&yfwkdif;rSm
jynfolvlxkeJU awGUwJhtcg tpdk;&taeeJU bmawGudk vkyfay;EkdifovJ? bmawG
tvdk&dSovJvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfuar;avh&dSw,f? 'Dvkdar;wJh tcgwdkfif;

wjcm;[mawGxuf rlvwef;ausmif;eJU q&m0efudk

rysufruGufawmif;avh&dSw,f? tJ'Dvkdawmif;wkdif; 0efMuD;csKyf[m
oleJUygvmwJhtwGif;0efudk 'Dawmif;qdkcsufawG rSwf,lcJh? &efukefa&muf&if
oufqkdif&m0efMuD;XmeawGqDrSm awmif;ay;vkdufvdkU trdefUay;avh&dSw,f?
tJ'Dtcsdefu olykefawG &efaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyfrSm aomuawGodyfrsm;aew,f?
tJ'gaMumifh ausmif;eJUq&m0efudk awmif;MuwJholawG[m twGif;0efudk
trdefUay;xm;wJhtwdkif; &Muavovm;? r&Mubl;vm;qkdwmudk
olrpHkprf;Ekdifbl;? &efukefudk jyefa&mufwmeJU tJ'gawGudkoltukefarhwmbJ?
1950-tpavmufrSm olykef&ef[m tawmfav; at;oGm;NyD?
tJ'Dtcsdefola&mufwJhae&mawGrSm 'Drlvwef;ausmif;eJU q&m0efawGudkbJ
xyfawmif;MuwmbJ? tJ'DtcgrSmawmh aomuawG eJeJat;oGm;NyDxifyg&JU?
&efukefudk jyefa&mufa&mufcsif; ynma&;0efMuD;? olUtwGif;0efeJU
nTefMum;a&;0efudk ac:NyD;? e,fawGrSm bmjzpfvkdU rlvwef;ausmif;
rzGifhao;ovJvkdU ar;w,f? q&mawGr&dSvkdU rlvwef;ausmif; rzGifhEkdifbl;vkdU
ynma&;Xmeuajzw,f?
(aus;&Gmtxd wEdkifiHvHk;twGuf rlvwef;ausmif;q&mawG b,favmufvdkrvJ?)
(waomif;ausmfvkdr,f?)
('Dq&mawGudkarG;xkwfay;bkdU q&mjzpfoifwef;ausmif;awG?
b,favmufzGifhNyD;NyDvJ?)
(&efukef? ref;'av;? rdwfxDvm? armfvNrdKif? ykodrfeJU ausmufjzLrSm zGifhNyD;ygNyD?)
(q&mjzpfatmif b,fESpfESpf oif&ovJ?)
(wESpf)
(tJ'Dausmif;awGu wESpfudk rlvwef;ausmif;q&mawG b,favmuf&rvJ?)
(waxmifausmfavmuf &p&m taMumif;&dSygw,f?)
('Dvdkqdk&if rlvwef;ausmif;q&m waomif;avmuf &bkdU (10)ESpfapmifh&rSmbJ
odyfMumw,f? 'DtpDtpOfudk uRefawmfrMudKufbl;?
q&mjzpfoifwef;ausmif;awG ESpfq oHk;qwkd;NyD; zGifhray;Ekdifbl;vm;?
vkdoavmufaiGudk uRefawmfxkwfay;r,f?)
('Dausmif;awGrSm q&mvkyfbdkU vlr&dSbl;?)
('Dq&m waomif;ausmfudk jrefjrefvkdcsifw,f? wenf;r[kwf
aemufwenf;eJU&atmif MudK;pm;ay;yg? uRefawmfuawmh cifAsm;wkdUvkd
ynma&;yg&*l r[kwfbl;? 'Djy?emudk ajz&Sif;wJhae&mrSm uRefawmfhtaeeJUuawmh
vkdwJhaiGeJU tmPmudk xkwfay;&kHbJ wwfEdkifr,f? cifAsm;wkdU MudK;pm;ygtHk;?
vG,fvG,feJUavQmhray;vdkufygeJU)

([kwfuJh MuKd;pm;ygr,f)
usef;rma&;0efMuD;? twGif;0efeJU nTefMum;a&;0efawGudk awGUwJhtcgrSmvnf;
0efMuD;csKyfu bmjzpfvkdU e,faq;&kHawGudk q&m0efawG rykdUao;ovJvkdU
ar;w,f? q&m0efawGr&dSvdkU 'Dyk*dKvfawGuajzw,f?
(wEdkifiHvHk;twGuf q&m0efawG b,favmufvdkrvJ)
(tckavmavmq,ftwGuf q&m0ef oHk;&mavmufvkdr,f)
(aq;aumvdyfu wESpfrSm q&m0efb,favmufxGufovJ)
(av;q,favmufxGufw,f)
(0efMuD;csKyf[moufjyif;csvkdufw,f)
aq;aumvdyfu q&m0efawG xkwfay;EdkifwJhtxd apmifhraeEdkifbl;? tdEd,eJU
ygupfpwefu q&m0efawGudk csufjcif;oGm;iSm;acs? q&m0efawGr&dSbJ
aq;&kHawG[m a[mif;avmif;MuD;jzpfaewm usufoa&r&dSbl;? q&m0efawGudk
tdEd,eJUygupfpwefu cyfjrefjrefiSm;NyD; e,fawGudk csufjcif;ydkUvkdufyg?
([kwfuJh)
(aq;aumvdyftopfwck aemufxyf zGifhray;Ekdifbl;vm;)
(oufqdkif&myk*dKvfawGeJU wkdifyifNyD; taMumif;jyefyghr,f)
(q,fwef;atmifNyD;&if q&m0efjzpfatmif b,fESpfESpfoif&ovJ)
(7-ESpf)
(rsm;w,f? (5)ESpftxdavQmhcsvdkU r&bl;vm;)
(oufqkd&myk*dKvfawGeJU wkdifyifNyD; taMumif;jyefyghr,f)
aemuf&ufteJi,fMumwJhtcg ref;'av;rSm aq;aumvdyf
wausmif;zGifhEkdifr,fvkdU oufqdkif&mwkdUu taMumif;jyefw,f? (7)ESpfu
(5)ESpftxdavQmhcsbdkU udwfprSmawmh q&m0efMuD;awG
jyif;jyif;xefxefuefUuGufMuw,f? q&m0eftwwfudk ig;ESpfxJoifvmwJh
q&m0efwa,muf[m vlrrmawGudk trsm;MuD; owfypfvdrfhr,fvkdU
tJ'Dq&m0efMuD;awGu taMumif;jyMuw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekvnf; avQmhray;bl;?
'Dudwfpudk jyefNyD;pOf;pm;ygtHk;vkdY q&m0efMuD;awGudk arwm&yfcHw,f?
'kwd,tMudrfrSmawmh q&m0efMuD;awGu
0efMuD;csKyf&JUtvkdudkvdkufavQmwJhtaeeJU (8)wef;? (9)wef;? (10)wef;rSm
olwkdUjyXmef;wJh aq;ynmawGudk tpdk;&uoifMum;ay;bkdU wm0ef,l&if
(7)ESpfu (6)ESpftxd wESpfavQmhay;r,fvkdU tqkdjyKMuw,f? 'Dtqkdudk
0efMuD;csKyfvufcHvdkufw,f? tJ'Daemuf olwdkUajymwJhtwkdif; oifay;wJhtjyif
pmoifausmif;awGrSm q&m0efavmif;uav;awGtwGuf pwkdifyifawG
wkd;ay;vdkufw,f?

OD;Ek[m'DavmufeJU raMueyfao;bl;? aq;aumvdyfawGu atmifvmwJh

trfbDbDtufpfq&m0efawG[m NrdKUawGrSmbJaeMurSmbJ? NrdKUawGrSm
q&m0efawGaygvmNyD; olwkdUtwGuf tvkyfvkyfp&m r&dSawmhrS 'Dq&m0efawG[m
&GmawGudkoGm;MurSm? tJ'DvdktajctaersKd;jzpfay:vmatmif ESpfaygif;
(20)avmufapmifh&r,f? 'DavmufMumatmifOD;Ek rapmifhcsifbl;?
aus;&GmawGu &Gmol&Gmom;awG[m odyfoem;p&maumif;w,f?
wcsKdUuaeraumif;&if MuufowfNyD; ,ZfewfylaZmfMuw,f? wcsKdUu
aA'ifar;NyD; ,MwmacsMuw,f? wcsKdUusawmh jrefrmaq;ynmudk ususee
oifxm;wmr[kwfbJ aq;rD;wkd av;ig;vufeJU aq;q&mvkyfaewJh
wwfa,mifum;awG vufwJhprf;wmudk cHaeMu&w,f? &GmxJrSm yvdyfa&m*g?
0rf;a&m*g?ausmufa&m*gqdkwJh a&m*gqdk;awGjzpf&if &GmxJudk
bDvl;awG0ifw,fqkdNyD; awmxkwfMuw,f? awmxkwfw,fqdkwm
wjcm;r[kwfbl;? bDvl;awGaMumufNyD; &GmxJuxGufajy;atmif oHykef;wdkU
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aq;&kHwckzGifhxm;wJh tar&duef q&m0ef qD;*a&Uudk oGm;owd&w,f? olUrSm
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aq;&kHvmwJh twGif;vlem tjyif vlemawGudkvnf; aq;ukoay;w,f?
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a&m*gtao;tzGJav;awGudk acwfrSDaq;awGeJU ukoay;Edkifw,f? tao;tzGJ
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rdef;rawGudk rD;zGm;ay;Ekdifw,f? MuD;us,fwJh a&m*gqdk&if a'gufwmqD;*a&UeJU
vufaxmuf q&m0efawGukobdkUtwGuf aq;&kHudk olwkdUac:vmw,f?
0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m 'DtaMumif;awGudk Mum;&wmMumNyD? tifrwef
oabmusaewJhtwGuf wkdifyif&atmif &efukefudk cPvmygvdkU 0efMuD;csKyfu
a'gufwmqD;*a&Uudk rSmvdkufw,f? a'gufwmqD;*a&U a&mufvmwJhtcg
'Daq;rSL;rsKd;awGudk olvkdcsifw,f? aq;rSL;wa,mufjzpfatmif
tMumqHk;b,favmuftxd oifay;&rvJvkdU OD;Ekuar;w,f?

tvGefqHk;ajcmufvtwGif; jzpfEkdifw,fvkdU a'gufwmqD;*a&Uuajzw,f?

ynmt&nftcsif; teJqHk;b,favmufvkdrvJvdkU OD;Ekuqufar;wJhtcg
odyfrvdkygbl;? a&;wwf&ifvHkavmufNyD? wcsKdUusawmh pmroifzl;bl;?
nmPf&dSw,f? 'DvkdrsKd;awGusawmh pmrwwf&ifaeygap?
jzpfatmifoifay;Ekdifw,fvkdU a'gufwmqD;*a&Uu ajzw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfvnf;
'DpDrHudef;udk oabmuswmaMumifh olUq&m0efawGeJU a'gufwmqD;*a&Uudk
qHkay;vkdufw,f? olUq&m0efMuD;awGu a'gufwmqD;*a&U&JU pDrHudef;udk
vufrcHbl;? vlrrmawGudk 'Daq;rSL;awG trsm;MuD;owfypfvdrfhr,fvdkU
a&S;wHk;uvdkbJ ajzMuwmbJ?
a'gufwmqD;*a&U&JU pDrHudef;udk y,fypfvkdufwJhtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m
pdwfraumif;bl;? 'gayrJh olem;rvnfwJhudwfprSm olUq&m0efMuD;awG
oabmrwlbJ ol ZGwfw&Gwf rvkyf&Jbl;? tJ'gaMumifh uJ-a'gufwmwkdU
bmrSvkyfray;bJ &Gmol&Gmom;awG&JU 'kufcudk vufydkufMunfhaewmawmh
raumif;bl;? a'gufwmqD;*a&U&JU pDrHudef;udk cifAsm;wkdU rMudKuf&if
cifAsm;wkdUMudKufwJh pDrHudef;udk wifyg? &Gmol&Gmom;awGudk usef;rma&;eJU
ywfoufNyD; wenf;enf;eJU ulnDEkdifrJhvlawGudk cyfjrefjrefydkUay;csifw,fvkdU
0efMuD;csKyfajymvkdufw,f?
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olUrSm b,fvkd0goem&dSw,fqkdwm xif&Sm;atmif om"uav;(2)ckudk 'Dae&mrSm
eJeJavmufazmfjycsifw,f?
ol oHk;cGrSm q&mvkyfaewkef;u aeUvnfpmpm;bdkU tdrfjyefvmwJhtcg
vlwa,muf[m aps;&JU vlpnfum;wJh ae&mem;rSm xkdifNyD;ao;aygufaew,f?
'Dvl[m wkefwkef&D&DjzpfaewJhtwGuf olUudkMunfh&wm t&ufrl;aeovdkbJ?
tJ'gaMumifh a[haumif bmvkyfaewmvJvkdU q&mEku vSrf;aigufvkdufNyD;
uefbdkUtwGuf olUtem;udk uyfoGm;w,f? uRefawmfvlrrmyg?
qD;csKdqD;vGefjzpfaeygw,f? qD;oGm;csif&if tckvdkbJ atmifhxm;vkdUr&bl;vkdU
tJ'Dvlu jyefajzwJhtcgusawmhrS q&mEk[m 'DvlUudk odyfoem;oGm;w,f?
olaigufrdwJhtwGuf awmif;yefNyD; aq;&kHudk oludk,fwkdifvkdufydkUw,f? aq;&kHrSm
q&m0efawGeJU awGUNyD; 'Dvlrrmudk tpGrf;ukefukyg? aq;bdk;0g;c ukefusoa&GU
olay;ygr,fvkdU q&mEku q&m0efudk ajymw,f?
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tJ'gaMumifh olUudkvmac:MubdkU olUaqGrsKd;awGudkawmif
uRefawmftaMumif;Mum;NyD;NyDvkdU q&m0efuajzw,f?
q&mEk[m olUtdrfudkjyefvm&if; 'DvlrrmtaMumif;udk pOf;pm;vmw,f? 'Dvl[m

rMumcifaor,fqdkvnf; aoEkdifwmbJ? wudk,fvHk;rSm

t&kd;eJUoa&bJusefawmhw,f? tom;awGuvnf; jzLzwfjzLa&mfjzpfNyD;
vrf;awmifaumif;aumif; ravQmufEkdifawmhbl;vkdU pOf;pm;aewkef;
taemufEkdifiHrSm qD;csKdqD;vGefa&m*gukzkdUtwGuf aq;ray:ao;bl;?
qD;csKdqD;vGefjzpf&if Armaq;eJUbJ uk&rSmvkdU aumvdyfausmif;rSmwkef;u
olYoli,fcsif;wa,mufajymwmudk olajy;NyD; owd&w,f? tJ'gaMumifh vlrrm&JU
aqGrsKd;awG[m vlrrmudkjyefac:bkdU a&mufvmwJhtcg 'DvlrMumcifaorSmbJvkdU
ajymNyD; q&m0efwm;wmawmifr&bl;? 'Dvlrrmudk Armaq;eJU
ukMunfhyg&apvkdU aqGrsKd;awGudk arwm&yfcHNyD; vlrrmudk olUtdrfac:vmcJhw,f?
tdrfudk a&mufwmeJU wjydKifeuf vlrrm[m aygifrkefUeJU oMum;pm;csifw,fvdkU
awmif;w,f? oMum;eJU rwJhbl;vkdU q&mEkuajymw,f? 'Dvlrrm[m
wjcm;bmudkrS rpm;yg&apeJU 'DaygifrkefUeJU oMum;udkbJpm;yg&ap? 'gudk
rpm;&&ifolaoygvdrfhr,fqdkwmeJU q&mEk[m 'Dvlrrmudk
aygifrkefUeJUoMum;csufcsif;auR;&w,f? trSeftwdkif; ajym&&if aps;em;rSm
ao;aygufaewJhaeUwkef;u 'Dvlrrm[m aygifrkefUeJU oMum;udk
pm;csifvGef;wJhtwGuf aq;&kHu wdwfwdwfckd;xGufvmwm q&mEkeJUawGUwJhtcg
'Dvl[m aps;xJrSm aygifrkefUeJUoMum;udk w0MuD; pm;NyD;aeNyD?
q&mEk[m owif;pmawGxJrSm qD;csKdqD;vGeftwGuf aMumfjimxm;wJh
jrefrmaq;awGudk 0,fNyD; 'DvlrrmudkauR;w,f? 'Daq;awGeJU roufomwJhtcg
vufydkufMunfhraebl;? oHk;cGNrdKUxJrSm vkdufNyD; pHkprf;w,f? qD;csKdqD;vGeftwGuf
aq;rD;wkd wckckudk&&if 'Daq;udk y&aq;qkdifrSmcsufcsif;azmfNyD;
olUvlrrmudkwkdufw,f? vlrrmroufomyHkay:&if aemufaq;rD;wdkwckudk&SmNyD;
t&ifuvdkbJwkdufjyefw,f? 'DvkdpHkprf;&if;aemufoHk;vMumwJhtcg
aq;rD;wkdESpfckudk xl;xl;qef;qef;oGm;awGw,f? wcku oHk;cGNrdKUtkwfuH0
jrefrmausmif;q&mMuD; OD;bdkvdyfqDu&w,f? 'Daq;[m qD;csKdqD;vGefeJU
wkduf&dkufqkdifwJhaq;r[kwfbl;? rsufpda&m*gtwGuf aq;jzpfw,f?
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'Daq;udk rsufpdtwGif;aq;vkdU ac:w,f? qD;a&m*gaMumifhvnf;
rsufpda&m*gjzpfEkdifw,f? tJ'Dawmh rsufpda&m*gaysmufw,fqdk&if
qD;a&m*gvnf; aysmufEdkif&r,fvdkUq&mMuD; OD;bkdvdyfu &Sif;jywmaMumifh
q&mEk[m olUvlrrmudk tJ'DrsufpdtwGif; aq;auR;w,f?
aemufoHk;&ufMumwJhtcg q&mEk&JUtaz OD;pHxGef;[m oHk;cGudk
tvnfa&mufvmw,f? qD;csKdqD;vGef[m tykikwfNyD;jzpfwJha&m*gbJ?
udk,fwGif;rSm tylpifatmifvkyfEkdif&if 'Da&m*gaysmufr,fqdkNyD;

tylpifapwJhaq;rD;wkdwck olUom;q&mEkudkay;w,f? 'Daq;rSm aq;tr,f

(6)rsKd;&dSwJhtwGuf ajcmufyg;aq;vkdUac:w,f? q&mEk[m tJ'Daq;udkvJ
csufcsif;azmfNyD; tJ'Daq;udk reuftdyf,mx rsufpdtwGif;aq;udk ntdyf,m0if
olUvlrrmukdrSefrSefwdkufw,f? q,f&ufavmuf<umwJh tcgrSm 'DvlrrmrSm
a&S;urjzpfpzl; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wudk,fvHk;ylvmw,f? tJ'gaMumifh 'Dvlrrm[m
a&cPcPcsKd;w,f? oHk;&ufavmufMumwJhtcg olUa&m*g[m
tawmfoufomvmw,f? xrif;eJU[if;udk olrsm;awGvdk pm;Edkifvmw,f? q&mEk
arwm&yfcHvkdU aygifrkefUeJU oMum;pm;wmudkvnf; jzwfypfvkdufw,f? aEG&moD
ausmif;ydwfvdkU q&mEk yef;waemfudk jyefwJhtcg 'Dvlrrmudk olUaqGrsKd;awG
vmac:oGm;w,f? aemufESpfvMumvkdU ausmif;jyefzGifhwJhtcg 'Dvlrrm[m
q&mEkqDudk wacgufvmNyD; q&ma& uRefawmfraobl;vkdU
EIwfqufEkdifao;w,f?
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q&mEktdrf[m aq;&kHeJU *dkufw&mavmufa0;w,f? wnaerSm q&mEk
ausmif;ujyefvmwJhtcg aq;&kHrSm vlawGtawmfrsm;rsm; tHkaewmudk
awGU&w,f? oli,fwa,mufudkvTwfNyD; pkHprf;ckdif;w,f?
rdef;rwa,mufrsufESmjrifwJhtcg cav;[m xHk;pHtwkdif; acgif;urjrifbJ
ajcaxmufujrifwJhtwGuf cav;[m tukefxGufrvmbJ wydkif;wpeJU
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vkdufoGm;wJhtcg tJ'Drdef;r[m tcef;uav;wckxJrSm tcef;eH&Hudk
olUvufESpfzufeJU ezl;eJU rwfwyf&yfrDSNyD;
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vlawG[m 0dkif;tHk;NyD; vufydkufMunfhaewmudk q&mEk rMudKufbl;?
odyfpdwfqkd;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh q&m0ef[m 'Dvlrrmudk bmrSvkyfray;bl;vm;vkdU
q&mEkuar;w,f? q&m0efr&dSbl;? trIwckrSm oufaocH&atmif
&efukefudkvdkufoGm;w,fvkdU q&mrwa,mufuajzw,f? 'Dvkdqkd&if
q&mrawGuaum bmrSrvkyfwwfbl;vm;? wckckvkyfyg? bmrSrvkyfbJ
'DvkdvufydkufMunfhaewmawmh raumif;bl;vdkU q&mEku tjypfwifwJhtcg
q&mrawGu 'dvkdudwfprsKd;rSm olwkdUbmrSrwwfEdkifbl;vkdU ajzw,f? tJ'Dtcg
NrKdUxJu vufo,fav;ig;a,mufudkac:NyD; AdkufudkESdyfcsay;&if
cav;xGufvmvdrfhr,fxifw,fvkdU q&mEku tMuHay;w,f? q&m0efr&dSwkef;
'grsKd;awGudk olwkdU rvkyf&Jbl;vkdU q&mrawGu ajzjyefw,f? tJ'Daemuf
q&mrwa,mufu AdkufxJrSm cav;aoaeygNyD? raeUnxJu
'Drdef;r'DvkdjzpfaewmvdkU 0ifNyD;ajymw,f? cav;awmhaoaeygNyD? 'gayrJh

vlMuD;&Sifatmif vkyfay;&r,fvdkU q&mEku qufNyD;ajymwJhtcg

'Dvkdqkd&ifoHvsifu bDtkdpDaq;&kHudk ydkUay;vdkufyg? [dkrSm q&m0efaumif;awG
trsm;MuD;&dSw,fvkdU tMuHay;w,f? 'DtMuHudk q&mEkMudKufw,f? tJ'gaMumifh
vlrrmudkydkUbkdUtwGuf armfawmfum;wpif;udk iSm;&atmif NrdUxJudk
q&mEkxGufvmw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm oHk;cGeJU oHvsifajy;aewJh armfawmfum;awG
oHvsifujyefvmNyD; um;odrf;wJhtcsdefjzpfaew,f? aemufNyD;awmhoHvsif[m rdkif
(30)avmufa0;w,f? vrf;uvJcsKdifhawGjzpfNyD; odyfMurf;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh
q&mEku b,fuum;udkrS iSm;vkdUr&bl;? aemufqHk;rSm q&mEk[m olUtdrfem;u
bwfpfum;ykdif&Sif wa,mufqDudkoGm;NyD; 'Drdef;r[m
tifrwef'kufca&mufaewJhtwGuf oem;bdkUaumif;ygw,fqkdwmukd
trsKd;rsKd;&Sif;jyw,f? olUbwfpfum;[m tiSm;vkdufr,fqdk&if
olawmif;oavmufay;ygr,fvkdUvJ uwday;w,f? 'Dum;ukdiSm;vkdU&wJhtcg
q&mEkudk,fwkdif tJ'DtrsKd;orD;udk bwfpfum;ay:0kdif;wifay;w,f?
rxkdifEkdifwJhtwGuf bwfpfum;&JU Murf;jyifay:rSm tomvSJxm;&w,f?
bwfpfum;xGufcgeD;rSm q&mEk[m '&kdifbmtem;ukduyfNyD; vlrrmu
jrefjrefarmif;ygqdk&if jrefjrefarmif;ay;yg? jrefjrefarmif;wmudk rcHEkdifbl;qdk&if
aES;aES;armif;ay;ygvdkU txyfxyfrSmvdkufw,f? n(10)em&D avmuf&dSwJhtcg
vlrrmtrsKd;orD;&JU a,musFm;[m q&mEktdrfudka&mufvmNyD; q&ma&
cav;arG;NyD? uRefawmfrdef;rvnf; oufomoGm;NyD;vkdU taMumif;Mum;w,f?
oHvsifaq;&kHq&m0efawG awmfawmf *&kpkduf&JUvm;vkdU q&mEkuar;wJhtcg
uRefawmfwkdU aq;&kHudkawmif ra&mufcJhbl;? vrf;rSm bwfpfum;aqmifhwmeJU
oHvsifNrKdUt0ifrSm cav;[m tarh0rf;xJu olUtvdkvdkxGufvmw,fvdkU
tJ'Dvlu 0rf;omtm;&eJU q&mEku ajymjyw,f?
jy?emwckckay:vm&if vufydkufMunfhraebJ tckvdk wckr[kwf wckckudk
vkyfay;&rS auseyfavh&dSwJh 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m usef;rma&;0efMuD;eJU olUXmeu
tMuD;tuJawGudk rMumcif jyefcsdef;NyD; aus;&Gmusef;rma&;jyoemudk
aqG;aEG;Mujyefw,f? tJ'DaqG;aEG;yGJrSmawmh tawmftqifajyw,f? (1)
olwkdUjyXmef;ay;wJh pm&if;xJrSmygwJh a&m*gawGudkomukor,f?
wjcm;a&m*gawGudk rukoygbl;qdk&if? (2) 'Dyk*dKvfawG atmifvmwJhtcg
a'gufwmvdkUrc:bJ aq;rSL; (Health Assistants) awGvdkUomac:r,fqdk7if? (3)
aq;rSL;awGudk oifMum;wJhESpf[m teJqHk; ESpfESpfxm;r,fqdk&if? (4)
'Daq;rSL;awG&JU ynmt&nftcsif;[m teJqHk; (10)wef;atmif&r,fvkdU
owfrSwfay;&if? aq;rSL;oifwef;zGifhay;bdkU olwkdU oabmwlr,fvkdU
usef;rma&;XmetaMuD;tuJawGu tqdk?yMuw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m tqdk(1)

(2) (3)eJU (4)udkcsufcsif;vufcHw,f? ESpftydkif;tjcm;qdkwJh tqkd (3)usawmh?

ESpfESpfrsm;w,f? wESpfcGJtxd avQmhay;bdkU usef;rma&;XmetMuD;tuJawGudk
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c&D;xGufwJhtcg e,fuvlawG[m q&m0efudk rawmif;Muawmhygbl;? 'gayrJh
rlvwef;ausmif;udk awmif;MuwmawGuawmh a&S;xufydkvmw,f?
aeUwaeUrSm 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m NrJKdUwNrKdU&JUAdkvfwJrSm wa,mufwnf;xkdifNyD;
rlvwef;ausmif; q&mwaomif;ausmf&&dSa&; jy?emudk pOf;pm;aewkefjAKef;ueJ
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0efMuD;csKyf[m ynma&;0efMuD;eJU ynma&;Xmeu tMud;tuJawGudk
csufcsif;ac:vkdufw,f?
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ausmif;q&mawGudkbJjyefoHk;yg? 'Doifwef;awGudk (7)wef;atmifNyD;olawGrSom
wuf&r,fvkdUvJ wif;rxm;ygeJU? (6)wef;atmifNyD;olawGvnf; wufygap?
'Doifwef;uxGufvmwJh rlvwef;q&mawG[m trSeftwdkif;ajym&&if
q&mjzpfoifausmif;awGrSm wESpfoifNyD; xGufvmwJh
rlvwef;q&mawGavmufawmh aumif;rSmr[kwfbl;? raumif;csifaeayap?
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uRefawmf rvkyfcsifbl;? aEG&moD oifwef;u qif;&mMuwJh ta&;ay:
rlvwef;q&mawG[m cav;awGudkteJqHk; uMuD; cacG;ta&;eJUtzwfudkawmh
oifay;EkdifrSmbJ? wpfESpfoHk;av; ta&;eJUtzwfudkawmh oifay;EkdifrSmbJ?
trsKd;om;oDcsif;qdkwmudkawmh oifay;EkdifrSmbJ? 'Davmufoifay;Ekdif&ifawmfNyD?
(2)ESpftwGif; rlvwef;ausmif;q&mwaomif;ausmfudk uRefawmfvdkcsifw,f?
ESpftawmfMumvmvkdU usifhom; tawmf&vmwJhtcg 'Dta&;ay:q&mawGudk

vpmrysufbJ rlvwef;q&mjzpfoifausmif;awGudk wufEkdifatmif

pDpOfay;vkdufygvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekuajymjyw,fynma&;XmetMuD;tuJawG[m
'DpDrHudef;udk tpGrf;ukef0dkif;NyD; taumiftxnfazmfay;Muw,f? (2)ESpftwGif;
ta&;ay:rlvwef;q&mawG waomif;ausmf&NyD; NrdUrSma&m awmrSmyg
rlvwef;ausmif;awG tm;&yg;& zGifhay;EkdifcJhw,f?
usef;rma&;eJU ynma&;twGuf oltifrwef pdwf0ifpm;wJh
pDrHudef;awG&dSao;w,f? a&S;OD;pGm usef;rma&; pDrHudef;udk ajymjyr,f?
(90)&mckdifEIef;avmuf&dSwJh jynfaxmifpkom;awG[m odyfrGJaew,f?
tJ'DvlawG[m xrif;pm;wJhtcg xrif;? iydwdkUp&m 'DoHk;rsKd;udkbJ pm;Edkifw,f?
tJ'DtxJ olwkdUpm;wJh qef[m pufMudwfqefqdkawmh zGJrusefawmhbJ
jzLpifaew,f? aeUpOfolwkdUpm;aewJh 'DtpmawG[m olwdkUtwGuf b,fenf;eJUrS
tm[m&rjzpfEkdfifbl;? tm[m&rjzpfwJh tpmawG pm;aeMu&wJh
jynfaxmifpkom;awG[m toufwkdw,f? olwkdU&JU cav;awGvnf;
arG;prSmodyfNyD; taotaysmufrsm;r,f? tJ'gaMumifh olwkdU&JU usef;rma&;udk
*&kpkdufcsif&if q&m0efawG usef;rma&;rSL;awGudk arG;xkwfay;ae&kHeJU
rvHkavmufao;bl;? olwkdU[m tm[m&jzpfapEkdifwJhtpm;taomufawGudk
pm;aomufEkdifatmifvnf; *&kpkdufay;&tHk;r,fqkdwm
OD;Ekaumif;aumif;oabmaygufw,f? 'gayrJh olwkdU&JU
pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk,fwkdifu tifrwefatmufwef;usaewJhtwGuf
'DpD;yGm;a&;ukd jrifhwifray;Ekdifrcsif; jynfolvlxkMuD;
w&yfvHk;t[m&jzpfwJhtpmudk pm;&atmif OD;Ekb,fenf;eJUrS rwwfEkdifbl;?
tJ'gaMumifh olwwfEkdifoavmufvkyfr,fqdkNyD; yxrajcvSrf;taeeJU
jynfaxmifpkom;awG pufMudwfqefudk rpm;MueJU? pufMudwfqefxJrSm
bmt[m&rS rygbl;? armif;axmif;qefudkpm;Mu? armif;axmif;qefxJrSm
t[m&jzpfwJhzGJawGygw,fqdkwJh rdefUcGef;wckudk NrdUawmfcef;r
vlxktpnf;ta0;wckrSm OD;Ekajymw,f? tJ'Daemuf pufMudwfqef[m pm;oludk
b,fvkd Oyg'fjzpfEkdifw,f?
armif;axmif;qef[m pm;oludk b,fvkdt[m&jzpfEdkifw,fqkdwJh tcsufawGudk
usef;rma&;yg&*lawGu olawoevkyfNyD;a&;ay;&w,f? tJ'gawGudk
pmtkyfpmwrf;awG&kdufNyD;? wEdkifiHvHk;OD;EkjzefUcsDay;w,f? olUudk
b,forkdi;fq&mu ajymjyvkdufw,frodbl;? vlxktpnf;ta0;wckrSmqkd&if
a&S;uArmawG[m armif;axmif;qefudk pm;wJhtwGuf tckacwf cg;csdaewJh
ArmawGvkdr[kwfbl;? odyfxGm;MudKif;w,f? tckacwf tkyfcsyfawGxuf
ESpfqavmuf ydkav;wJh tkyfcsyfMuD;awGudk rdkifaygif;rsm;pGmu rarmryrf;

wa,mufeJUwa,muf vufqifhurf; o,fvmNyD; bk&m;ykxkd;awGudk

wnfEdkifMuw,fvkdUawmif 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek MuHK;0g;cJhzl;w,f? 'gayrJholb,fvkd
wkdufwGef;vdkUrSr&ygbl;? pufMudwfqefudk ESpf&Snfvrsm;pm;vmMuwJh
vlawGtwGuf armif;axmif;qefudk jyefpm;bkdUqkdwm rjzpfEkdifawmhbl;?
armif;axmif;qef[m t[m&awmhjzpfwmrSefbJ? 'gayrJh zGJapmfeHw,f?
b,folrSrpm;csifbl;? armif;axmif;qefudkpm;bdkU tMuD;tus,f wkdufwGef;cJhol
OD;Ekudk,fwkdif armif;axmif;qefudk cPavmufbJpm;vkdU&w,f? Mum&nfusawmh
xrif;yGJrSm zGJeHU&wkdif;? ysKdUysKdUwufvmNyD;? rpm;csifraomufcsif jzpfvmwmeJU
armif;axmif;qefudk pGefUvkdufw,f? Mudwfqefudk jyefpm;&w,f?
'gayrJhOD;EkqdkwJhvluawmh 'Dudwfpudk vG,fvG,feJU avQmhray;csifbl;?
aemufxyfNyD; 'DvkdpOf;pm;jyefw,f? ADwmrifxJrSmzGJygw,f?
wjcm;t[m&jzpfwJh"mwfawGvJygw,f? tJ'Dawmh armif;axmif;qefudk
jynfvlvlxk rpm;csifaeayap? olwkdUudk ADwmrifauR;r,f? ADwmrif[m
t0ifrqdk;wJhtwGuf vlxkjiif;rSm r[kwfbl;? MudKufrSmbJ? pufwckaxmifNyD;
ADwmrifawGudk oef;eJUcsDNyD; vkyfr,f? NyD;awmhrSm jynfolvlxkudk
tvum;a0ay;r,fvkdU OD;qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f? tJ'DqHk;jzwfcsufudk
taumiftxnfazmfbdkUtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;eJU vlrIa&;tzGJUudk wkdifyif&atmif
ac:vkdufw,f? 'DtzGJUu twkdifyifcH t&m&dS rpwm zgeDb,f eJU
wjcm;wOD;ESpfOD;udk pufwnfay;EdkifrJh vlawG&Sm&atmif
t*FvefudkvTwfvdkufw,f? t'DvlawG&JU tultnDeJU aq;puf&kHwckudk (Burma
Phamaceutical Industries) &efukefem;rSmaqmufw,f? 'Daq;puf&kHrSm
wjcm;aq;awGudkvnf; vkyfr,f? tJ'Daq;awGu tjrwfxGufvm&if
tvum;a0bkdU ADwmrif vkyfwJhtcg p&dwfoufomr,f? 'gayrJh
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tvmum;a0ay;bkdUqkdwJh olUpDrHudef;udk taumiftxnfazmfbdkU qdkwmuawmh
a0;a&m? 'DpDrHudef;ukd owdawmif r&&Smawmhygbl;?
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aeUpOfrSefrSef udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rIvnf; &dS&tHk;r,f? jynfaxmifpkom;awG[m
rsm;aomtm;jzifh udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rI&JU wefzkd;udk em;rvnfMubl;?
udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rI[m usef;rma&;udk taxmuftyHhjzpfapw,fqkdwm
vufwqkyfpmavmuf&dSwJh jynfaxmifpkom;awGbJodw,f?

vlrsm;pktaeeJUuawmh 'Dtcsufudk pOf;pm;rdyHkawmif ray:ygbl;? tJ'gaMumifh

udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rIudk tm;ay;wJhtaeeJU 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m trsKd;om;
usef;rma&;tzGJU (National Fitness Council) udkzGJUpnf;ay;NyD;
wjynfaxmifpkvHk;aus;&GmawGtxd udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rIawGrSm pdwf!Twfvmatmif
vIHUaqmfay;zdkUeJU tm;upm;yGJawGudk wwfEdkiforQ vkyfay;MubkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu
wm0eftyfESif;vkdufw,f?
usef;rma&;pDrHudef;awGtaMumif;udk tajymNyD;vdkU ynma&;pDrHudef;taMumif;udk
'Dae&mrSm eJeJavmufazmfjycsifw,f?
0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m i,fpOfawmifaus; cav;b0upNyD; pmzwfwmrSm
0goemrygvSbl;? tJ'gaMumifh ArmEkdifiHu acgif;aqmifawGrSmqkd&if OD;Ek[m
A[kokw tvGefUtvGef acgif;yg;olwOD;jzpfw,f? tcsdef&dSwkef; A[kokwawGudk
MudK;pm;yrf;pm; rpkaqmif;cJhrdwm touf(40)em;eD;awmhrS
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OD;aESmuf&dSbkdUvnf; trsm;MuD;vkdw,fqdkwJhpum;udk
0efMuD;csKyfjzpfvmwJhtcsdefrSm wjzpfawmufawmufajymaewm
rMumcPMum;&w,f? trSeftwkdif;ajym&&if tckvdk rMumcP
ajymaewmawG[m wjcm;aMumifh r[kwfbl;? olUudk,foljyefMunfhNyD;
odyftm;rvdktm;r& jzpfaewmaMumifhbJjzpfw,f? zkd;oHknqdkwJhpum;vHk;[m
0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek xGifvdkufwJhpum;ygbJ? 'Dpum;udk xGifvdkufwkef;u OD;Ek[m
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pdwfememeJU olUudk,foloa&mfNyD; xGifvdkufwmygbJ?
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b,fvkdvkyf&yghrvJvkdU pOf;pm;MunfhwJhtcg avmuDrSm txGwftxdyfudk
a&mufbdkUtwGuf Armh A[kokw[m rvHkavmufao;bl;?
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OD;aESmufudk vkdcsifvkdUawmh r[kwfygbl;? 0efMuD;csKyftaeeJU olay;EkdifwJh
tcGifhta&;awGudk vkdcsifwmaMumifh OD;Ekudk toif;&JUOuXtjzpf
a&G;aumufwifajrmufvdkufMuw,f?
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tJ'DaemufpmtkyfawG&kdufNyD; ausmif;awG? pmMunfhwkdufawGudk tcrJha0ay;w,f?

tJ'Dtoif;&JU vkyfief;awGxJrSm jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;udk OD;Ek tjrwfedk;qHk;bJ?
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a&mufvmwkef;u OD;EkeJU bmomjyefpmaytoif;&JU aumifpD0ifvlMuD;awG
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csNyD;wJhtcg toif;wkdufudk usrf;pmtkyfawG csufcsif; ,lrvmao;bl;?
armfawmfum;awGay:rSm ususee vSvSyywnfcif;NyD;rSm
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jrefrmEkdifiHrSmausmufawmifMuD;yrmwnfNyD; usef&pfvdrfhr,fvkdUawmif
vIdufvIdufvJSvJS MuHK;0g;cJhzl;w,f?
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tJ'gaMumifh oludk,fwkdifacgif;aqmifwJh ynma&;pDrHudef; tzGJUwckudk
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OD;Ekudk,fwkdifuawmh apwemom&dSwmygyJ? 'Dudwfpudk
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tzGJU[m pDrHudef;ukd tvsifpvdk ra&;qGJygeJU? yxrtqifhtaeeJU
pDrHudef;eJUywfoufwJh ar;cGef;awGudk xkwfNyD; ausnmvkdufyg? ynma&;rSm
pdwf0ifpm;wJhvlawG[m 'Dar;cGef;awGudk avhvmNyD;avmufwJhtcsdefrSm
'kwd,tqifhtaeeJU tzGJU0ifawG[m ESpfpkcGJNyD; wpku atmufArmjynf?
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wwd, tqifhtaeeJU t*Fvef? tar&duef? &S&Sm;? w&kwf? tdEf, oifhawmfwJh
ynma&;yg&*lawGudk zdwfac:NyD;? 4if;wkdUqDu tMuH^mPfawmif;yg?
4if;wkdUeJUaqG;aEG;yg? 'Dvkd tMuHnmPfawGudk jynfhjynfhpkHpkH&NyDawmhrSm
pwkwtqifhrSm pDrHudef;tzGJUu a&;qGJaewkef; wyfrawmfu
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OD;Ek[m 'DpDrHudef;tay:rSmawmh pdwfrukefao;ygbl;? tcGifh&tHk;r,fqkd&if
NyD;wJhtxda&;qGJyHkESdyfNyD; wkdif;jynfudk wifjycsifao;w,f? tJ'DvkdwifjyNyD;
ynma&;rSm pdwf0ifpm;olawGeJU wMudrfavmufxyfNyD; aqG;aEG;csifao;w,f?
jyifp&m? ?zwfp&m? jznfhp&mawG tm;vHk; vkyfNyD;vdkU trsm;&JU

oabmwlnDcsufudk &NyD;wJhtcg tJ'Dynma&;pDrHudef;udk OD;Ek[m oludk,fwkdif

acgif;aqmifNyD; wwfEdkifoavmuf taumiftxnfazmfay;csifao;w,f?
ynma&;eJU usef;rma&;rSm yef;wkdifudk a&mufatmif jzwfvrf;uoGm;wJh
tpDtpOfawG[m tawmfuav; xajrmufatmifjrifwmudkawGU&wJhtwGuf
0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m tawmftm;wufw,f? tJ'gaMumifh
jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;rSmvnf; 'Dvkd jzwfvrf;uoGm;&&if odyfaumif;rSmbJvkdU
OD;Ekpdwful;rdjyefw,f?
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rJqef'e,fajrawGrSm jyefvnf xlaxmifa&;twGuf tpkd;&qDu
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aiGr&dSbl;qkdwJh tajzawGudkom ESpfpOf&oGm;cJhMuw,f?
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vkyfay;vkdufw,f? 'DpDrHudef;uawmh OD;aESmuft&IyfcH odyfpOf;pm;NyD;a&;qGJ&wJh
pDrHudef;rsKd;r[kwfygbl;? udk,fhudk,fudk u,fwJholawGudk xm0&ocifu
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pdkufxkwfay;rJhvlawGudk tpkd;&uvJ wwfEkdifoavmuf aiGtultnD?
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tvkyf0kdif;vkyfay;w,fqkdawmh tJ'DwHwm;udk (250)avmufeJU
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rsm;pGmzkdUNyD;oGm;w,f? wHwm;awG trsm;MuD;aumif;oGm;w,f?
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aqmufNyD;oGm;w,f?
pmtkyfMuD;twkdif;om vkyfaeMur,fqkd&if tJ'DwESpftwGif;
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tckukefuswmxuf av;ig;qavmufwkd;NyD; ukefvmr,f?
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atmifjrifrIudk rSwfwrf;wifwJhtaeeJU 'DpDrHudef;twGuf tpkd;&u 195253ckESpftwGif; aiGodef;aygif; w&mhwq,f xkwfay;cJhw,f? jynfolvlxkxHrS
&&dSwJhaiGtm;eJU ypfpnf;tm;udk aygif;vkduf&if odef;ESpf&mbdk;avmuf
&dSvdrfhr,fvdkU ausnmcJhw,f?
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jynfaxmifpkom;awG vlcsrf;om;awGjzpfatmif tbufbufu
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ta&SUeJUtaemufESpfjcrf;cGJNyD;? ajrmufbufu awmifbufudk pD;qif;aew,f?
rdk;av0ovnf; txl;aumif;w,f? vlOD;a&usawmh tifrwef eJw,f?
tJ'gaMumifh uRefawmfjynfaxmifpkxJrSm jynfwGif;ppfrjzpf&bJ
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rdom;pkwkdif;udk tdrfwaqmif? armfawmfum;wpif;? vpOf0ifaiG (800)u
(1000)&atmifvkyfay;EkdifwJhtxd csrf;omwJhEkdifiH jzpfw,fqkdwJhtcsufudk
rdefUcGef;xJrSm OD;EkxnfhajymoGm;w,f?
cyfaemufaemuf owif;pmq&mwcsKdU[m olwkdU&JUowif;awGxJrSm 'DrdefUcGef;udk
az:jywJhtcg rdom;pkwkdif;udk tdrfwtdrf? armfawmfum;wpif;? vpOf0ifaiG
(800)u (1000)txd ay;r,fvkdU OD;Ekuwday;NyD tp&dSwJh
&Dp&macgif;pOfMuD;awGudk wyfay;vkdufMuw,f?
aemifig;ESpfavmufMumwJhtcg 'DtcsufudkwyfNyD; ajym&r,fqdk&if OD;Ek[m
'Dtwkdif;ajymr,frxifbl;? tJ'Dig;ESpftwGif; OD;Ek[m
jynfolydkifvkyfief;awGtay:rSm tMuD;tus,fpdwfysufaewJhtwGuf 'Dtcsufudk
xyfajym&r,fqkd&if 'Dvkdajymvdrfhr,fxifw,f? EkdifiHuawmh tifrwefcsrf;omwJh

EdkifiHygbJ? rdom;pkwkdif;udk tdrfwaqmif? armfawmfum;wpif;? vpOf0ifaiG

(1000)&atmif vkyfay;EkdifwJhtxd csrf;om;wJhEkdifiHjzpfw,fqkdwmudk b,folrS
rjiif;Ekdifygbl;? 'gayrJh rdom;pkwkdif; tdrfwaqmif? armfawmfum;wpif;?
vpOf0ifaiG (1000)&bdkUtwGuf jynfwGif;ppf r&dS&kHeJU rvHkavmufao;bl;?
jynfaxmifpkom;awG tvkyfMudK;pm;vkyf&kHeJUvnf; rvHkavmufao;bl;?
(1) jynfaxmifpk&JU pD;yGm;a&;pepfuvnf; rSef&tHk;r,f?
(2) 'DpepfrSefudk taumiftxnfazmfwJh ae&mrSm txl;vdktyfwJh refae*smac:
tvkyfem;vnfwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;? wufueD&Sef;ac:
pufrIuRrf;usifolrsm;vnf; vHkvHkavmufavmuf &dS&tHk;r,f?
(3) orw? 0efMuD;csKyf? 0efMuD;awG? twGif;0efawG? XmetMuD;tuJawGupNyD;
awmifolv,form;rsm;? tvkyform;rsm;? aps;olaps;om;rsm; tygt0if
jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;uvnf; udk,fusifhw&m;eJU jynfhpHkolawG
jzpfMu&tHk;r,fqkdwJh tcsuf(3)csufudk OD;EkxyfNyD; jznfhp&m taMumif;&Sdw,f?
OD;Ek[m 'Dtcsuf(3)csufudk bmaMumifh xyfjznfhcsifovJqdkwm 'Dae&mrSm
eJeJavmuf azmfjycsifw,f?
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;wJhaemuf OD;Ektpdk;&tzGJU[m vkyfief;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk
jynfolydkifvkyfcJhw,f? tckvkd jynfolykdifvkyfwJhtcgawGwkef;u
jynfolydkifvkyfief;awGeJU qufpyfaewJh jy?emawGudk OD;Ek[mav;av;eufeuf
pOf;pm;rdyHkray:bl;? 'Dvdkjynfolydkif vkyfNyD;wJhaemuf jynfolydkifvkyfief;awGeJU
ywfoufNyD; tkyfcsKyfrInHhzsif;yHkawG? trsKd;rsKd;tzHktzHk jcpm;rIawG?
qHk;&IH;epfemrIawGudk 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek awGUvm&w,f? OD;EkawGUcJhwJh
tjzpftysufawGxJu EkdifiHawmf aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUeJU ywfoufwJh
tjzpftysufwckudk tusOf;csKyfNyD; azmfjycsifw,f? EkdifiHawmf
aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzJGU[m jynfolydkifvkyfief;awGxJrSm
tMuD;qHk;jzpfw,f?
waeUrSm (p)oHk;vHk;tzGJU (Bureau For Special Investigation)
utrIaqmifMuD;awG 0efMuD;csKyfeJUawGUNyD; owif;ckdifckdifvHkvHk&wmeJU
vGefcJhwJhaeUwkef;u (p)oHk;vHk;tzGJUu qefwifoabFmwpif;udk qif;ppfw,f?
aumufyJoD;ESHtzGJUu qefa[mif;awGqdkNyD; a&mif;vdkufwJh qefawGtm;vHk;[m
qefaumif;awGjzpfaewmudk awGU&w,f? olwkdU&&dSwJh owif;t&
aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJU[m qefaumif;awGudk qefa[mif;awGNyD;
vdrfvdrfa&mif;aewm MumNyD;vdkU tJ'D (p)oHk;vHk;trIaqmifvlMuD;awGu
tpD&ifcHw,f? aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUu qefa[mif;ta&twGufeJ&if
olwkdU[molwkdU a&mif;w,f? a&mif;rJhqefa[mif;ta&twGufrsm;&if

olwkdU&JU0efMuD;uwqifh 0efMuD;rsm;tzGJUrSm qefa[mif;a&mif;cGifh awmif;w,f?

tJ'gaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyf[m rMumao;cifu 0efMuD;rsm;tzGJUu
qefa[mif;awGa&mif;cGifh ay;vdkufwmudk csufcsif; owd&w,f?
ta[mif;awGqkdNyD; vdrfa&mif;wJhqefawGudk oabFmay:rSm
zrf;rdwJhtaMumif;ajymNyDawmh (p)oHk;vHk;trIaqmifvlMuD;awGu
aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&; tzGJUrSm ESpfpOfESpfwdkif;qefa[mif;
b,favmufusefw,fqkdwm pm&if;r&dSbl;? 'Dvdkpm&if;r&dSwm[m
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qefaumif;awGudk qefa[mif;awGqdkNyD; vdrfa&mi;f&wmvG,fwJhtwGuf
txuft&m&dSMuD;awGu 'Dvkd pm&if;r&dSwmudk vspfvQL&Ixm;wmaMumifhvnf;
jzpfEdkifw,f? tJ'Dawmh vufusefqefa[mif;pm&if;udk &atmifawmif;ygvkdU tJ'D
(p)oHk;vHk;trIaqmifawGu 0efMuD;csKyfudk tMuHay;w,f? tJ'DtMuHay;csuft&
0efMuD;csKyfu oufqdkif&m0efMuD;csKyfudk vufusefqefa[mif; pm&if;wifjybdkU
trdefUay;w,f? 0efMuD;uvnf; tJ'Dpm&if;wifjybkdU
aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUudk trdefUay;w,f? wESpfMumwJhtxd
tJ'Dpm&if;udk aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUu wifrjyEdkifbl;? Mumvmawmh
0efMuD;csKyfvnf; oD;rcHEkdifawmhbl;? tJ'gaMumifh (p)oHk;vHk;tzGJUu
trIaqmifvlMuD;wcsKdUudk ac:vkdufw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m jcpm;rIawGudk
wkdufjzwfbkdUtwGuf 'DtzGJUudk oludk,fwkdifwkduf&kduf tkyfcsKyfNyD; b,f0efMuD;ukdrS
raMumufeJU? 'D0efMuD;awG[m jcaumifawG jzpfEkdfif&if ta&;,l?
0efMuD;csKyfudk,fwkdif jcaumifMuD;jzpfae&ifvnf; bmrSraMumufeJU?
csufcsif;ta&;,lvdkU (p)oHk;vHk;tzGUJudk 0efMuD;csKyfu wdwdususrSmxm;w,f?
jcpm;wmudk ta&;,lwJhtcg jywfjywfom;om; ta&;,lapcsifwJh oabmeJU
(p)oHk;vHk;tzGJU[m ta0;rSmcsnf;bJ jcaumifawGudk vkduf&SmaewJhtwGuf
tem;uyfaewJh jcaumifawGudk rsufpd&Sef;aewwfw,f? olaewJh
0if'grD,m0if;rSm jcaumifawG &dScsif&dSaer,f? tJ'gaMumifh 0if'grD,mudkvnf;
rsufajcrjywf Munfhaeyg? jcaumifawGudkawGU&if vufraES;eJU?
csufcsif;ta&;,lygvkdU 0efMuD;csKyf[m olU(p)oHk;vHk;tzGJUudk rSmxm;w,f?
(p)oHk;vHk;trIaqmifvlMuD;awGeJU awGUwJhtcg wESpfMumwJhwkdifatmif
aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUu vufusef qefa[mif;pm&if;udk
ray;EdkifwJhtaMumif;udk ajymjyw,f? tJ'Daemuf olrapmifhEdkifawmhbl;?
(p)oHk;vHk;tzGJUxJu oifhawmfrJht&m&dSawGudk tzGJUwckzGJUay;NyD; wEdkifiHvHk;rSm
vufusefqefa[mif;b,favmuf&dSw,fqkdwm pm&if;,lyg&apvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu
wm0efay;&w,f? (p)oHk;vHk;tzGJU&JU MudKyrf;csufaMumifh pm&if;&wJhtcg

'Dqefa[mif;awGudk csefrxm;eJUawmh&wJhaps;eJU tm;vHk;a&mif;ypfvkdufvkdU

0efMuD;csKyfu 0efMuD;csKyfrsm;tpnf;ta0;wckrSm trdefUcsay;vkdufw,f?
0efMuD;csKyf[m olU (p)oHk;vHk;tzGJUeJU aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;udwfpudk
qufvufaqG;aEG;&if(1) aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&; tzGJU[m qefaumif;awGudkom
qefa[mif;awGqkdNyD; vdrfxkwfaewm r[kwfbl;? *HkeDtdwf taumif;awGudkvnf;
ta[mif;awGqkdNyD; vdrfxkwfaew,f? rMumcifubJ owif;tckdiftrm&vdkU
oGm;zrf;vkduf&ao;w,fqkdwmudk Mum;&w,f?
(2) tJ'Daemuf aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUu e,fawGrSm pyg;0,fwJh
t&m&dSawG[m pyg;ukd0,fNyD;NyD;jcif; aiGvufiif;racsbl;? vufrSwfawG
xkwfay;w,f? pyg;a&mif;wJh awmifolv,form;awG[m w&mwefvufrSwfudk
udk;q,fhig;usyfeJU 'Dt&m&dSawG arG;xm;wJh wynfhawGqDrSm
jyefa&mif;&w,fqkdwmvnf; Mum;&w,f?
(3) tJ'Daemuf tpdk;&ay;xm;wJhyHkpHtwkdif; qefpufawGu
qefawGudkMudwfay;ovm;? rMudwfay; bl;vm;qkdwmudk ppfaq;zkdUtwGuf
aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUu qefpufawGrSm tapmifhcsxm;wJh
t&m&dSawG[m qefpufydkif&SifawGqDu vmbfpm;NyD; yHkpHudkufwJhqefawGudk
ykHpHudkufw,fvkdUvufrSwfxkd; ay;aeMuw,fqkdwmudkvnf; Mum;&w,f?
(EkdifiHjcm;EkdifiHwcsKdU[m qefawGudk 0,fNyD;rS oabFmwifwJhtcg
qeftawmfrsm;rsm;udk vufrcHEkdifbl;qkdNyD; y,fcsypfw,f? 'Dowif;udk
Mum;&wJhtcg olUt&m&dSawG aiGpm;NyD; rw&m; vkyfaeMuwmudk rodwJh
0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m tawmfpdwfqdk;w,f? (p)oHk;vHk;u tpD&ifcHwmudk
Mum;&awmhrS? EkdifiHjcm;rSm Armhqefemrnfysufaewm 'gaMumifhudk;vkdU
0efMuD;csKyfoabmaygufw,f?)
(4) tJ'Daemuf aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJU&JU tawmf&ufpufwJh
t&m&dSwcsKdU[m pyg;udk wu,f r0,fbJ aiGudktvGJoHk;pm; vkyfvkdufNyD;
b,f*dka'gifawGrSm pyg;b,favmuf oGif;NyD;NyDvkdU vdrfxm;wJh tpD&ifcHpmawG
XmecsKyfudkydkUw,f? aemufNyD;awmhrS olykefawG0ifNyD;&IdUoGm;w,fvkdU
vdrfxm;wJhtpD&ifcHpmawG ydkUMujyefw,f?
(5) tJ'Daemuf tifrwef ta&;MuD;wJhtcsufwcsufudk 0efMuD;csKyf[m
aemufxyfod&jyefw,f?aumuf yJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJU[m ESpfpOfESpfwkdif;
usyfaiG (2)uka#zdk;avmuf *HkeDtdwfawGudk tdEd,u0,f&w,f? *HkeDtdwfaps;[m
twuftus&Sdw,f? pD;yGm;a&;avmurSm "rwmjzpfaewJhtwkdif;
0,folvkdcsifwJhtcg aps;wufNyD; 0,folrvdkcsifwJhtcg aps;uswmbJ?

aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJU[m *HkeDtdwfawGudk aps;uswkef; b,fawmhrS

r0,fbl;? qefawGudk EkdifiHjcm;wifydkUcgeD;rS tNrJwrf; *ref;*wef;
0,favh&dSw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm *HkeDtdwfa&mif;ol awmif;orQay;NyD; 0,f&wmbJ?
'Dvdkjzpf&wm[m em;rvnfvkdUr[kwfbl;? *HkeDtdwfa&mif;orm;awGeJU
aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUu txuft&m&dSMuD;awG em;vnfrI,lNyD;
vkyfaewmvdkU (p)oHk;vHk;u tckdiftvHk owif;&w,f? 'gayrJh 'DudwfprSm
tdEd,u *HkeDtdwfa&mif;orm;awGvnf; ygaewJhtwGuf trIay:atmif
(p)oHk;vHk;u rpHkprf;Edkifbl;? *HkeDtdwfudk tckvdk0,faewJhpepfudkom jyifay;ygvdkU
(p)oHk;vHk;u 0efMuD;csKyfudk tpD&ifcHw,f?
0efMuD;csKyf[m 'DtpD&ifcHcsufawGudkvnf; Mum;&w,f?
wjcm;jynfolydkifvkyfief;aweJU ywfoufNyD;awmhvnf; tvm;wl
tpD&ifcHcsufawGudk Mum;&w,f? tJ'gawGudk Mum;&wJhtcg vTwfawmfu
a&GUaumufwifajrmufxm;wJh pm&if;ppftzGJUxJu twkduftcH trwfwcsKdU[m
vTwfawmfusif;ywJh tcgwkdif;vdkvdk jynfolydkifvkyfief;awGrSm tkyfcsKyfa&;
nhHzsif;w,f? jcpm;awGaygw,f? pm&if;tif;ususee r&dSbl;? vGefcJhwJhESpfawGu
pm&if;awGudk ckxufxdrydwfEdkfifao;bl;vkdU ajymcJhwmawGudk
0efMuD;csKyfajy;NyD;owd&w,f? vTwfawmfxJrSm Mum;&wkef;u
twkduftcHtrwfawG[m tpdk;&tzGJUudk wrifoufouf ykwfcwfaewmvkdU
0efMuD;csKyf ,lqcJhw,f? tckrS twkduftcH trwfawGajymwm
eJawmifeJao;w,fqkdwmudk oludk,fwkdif awGUae&w,f?
0efMuD;csKyf[m tprSawmh (p)oHk;vHk;&JUtultnDeJU jynfolykdifvkyfief;awGu
tjypfxif&Sm;wJh t&m&dSawGudk jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,lcJhw,f? 'gayrJh
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGudk jynfolykdifvkyfxm;oa&GU tckajymcJhwJh
tkyfcsKyfa&;nHhzsif;rI? jcpm;rI? qHk;&IH;epfemrIawG[m &dSaerSmbJ? 'Dpepfudk
tjrpfuaeNyD; ajymif;vJypfvkdufrS 'D[mawG yaysmufukefrSmbJqdkwmudk OD;Ek
wajz;ajz;oabmaygufvmw,f? bmtaMumif;awGaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m
jynfolykdifpepfay:rSm pdwfawGajymif;oGm;w,fqkdwmudk 'Dae&mrSm eJeJavmuf
azmfjycsifw,f?
(1) pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;awGudk jynfolydkifvkyfwJhtcg 'Dvkyfief;awG[m
0efMuD;csKyfrsm;tzGJU&JU vufatmufudk a&mufvmw,f? 0efMuD;rsm;tzGJU[m
'Dvkyfief;awGtwGuf tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif tzGJUjzpfw,f?
'DtcsKyftjcmtmPmykdif tzGJUxJrSm&dSwJh 0efMuD;csKyfeJU 0efMuD;awG[m
EkdifiHa&;orm;awG?
EkdifiHa&;orm;qdkwm tmPm&bkdUtwGuf woufvHk;

avhusifhvmolawGjzpfw,f? pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGvdk tjrwf&bdkUtwGuf

woufvHk; woufvHk;avhusifhvmolawG r[kwfbl;? tJ'gaMumifh
tjrwf&bdkUqdkwJh udwfpawGudk rsm;aom;tm;jzifh olwkdU
aumif;aumif;em;rvnfMubl;? olwkdU em;rvnfwJhtwGuf qefaumif;awGudk
qefa[mif;awGqdkNyD; vdrfxkwfwJhudwfprSm pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGeJU t&m&dSqkd;awG
aygif;NyD; wywf&kdufwmudk olwkdU cHvkdufMu&vmaygh?
'DEkdifiHa&;orm;awG[m pD;yGm;a&;rSm bmrSem;rvnfwJh
(vlt)awGjzpfaewmaMumifh jynfolykdifvkyfief;awGtwGuf aiG (odkUr[kwf)
oabmwlnDcsuf (okdUr[kwf) tmPmawmif;wJh rSwfwrf;awGudk oufqkdif&m
0efMuD;XmeawGu 0efMuD;rsm;tzGJUudk ydkUvkdufwJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfudk,fwdkifuvnf;
'DrSwfwrf;xJrSmygwJh tcsufawGeJU ywfoufNyD; b,fvkdrS ra0zefEdkifbl;?
0efMuD;awGuvnf; bmajym&rSef; rodMum;bl;? tJ'gaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyfu
oabmwlMuovm;vkdU 0efMuD;awGudkar;? 0efMuD;awGu oabmwlygw,fvkdU
ajzMumNyD;? 'DrSwfwrf;awG wifydkUvkdufwJhXmeawG[m olwkdUvdkcsifwJhaiG?
oabmwlnDcsuf? tmPmawGudk &&oGm;MuwmbJ? tJ'Denf;eJU
jynfolydkifvkyfief;awG&JU tcsKyftjcmtmPmykdif tzGJUqdkwJh 0efMuD;rsm;tzGJU[m
wu,fh tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkiftzGJU r[kwfawmhbJ olwkdUzefqif;xm;wJh
ow0gawGu jyefNyD;toHk;?yaewJh a&mfbmwHqdyfwHk;MuD; jzpfrSef;rod
jzpfaew,f?
tJ'gaMumifh jynfolydkifvkyfief;awGrSm tkyfcsKyfa&; nhHzsif;w,fqkdwm
atmufqifhawGrSm pwmr[kwfbl;? 0efMuD;rsm;tzGJUqkdwJh txufqHk;tqifhrSm
paew,fqdkwm 0efMuD;csKyf oabmaygufvmw,f?
(2) jynfolykdifvkyfief;awGudk wkduf&kduftkyfcsKyfaeMuwJh twGif;0efawGeJU
XmetMuD;tuJawGuvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf woufvHk; avhusifhvmolawG
jzpfwmaMumifh pD;yGm;a&;rSm olwkdU[m olwdkU&JUq&mjzpfwJh 0efMuD;awGxuf
ydkrxl;ygbl;?
aemufNyd;awmhvnf; olwkdU[m vpmaiGtjzpfeJU (1600)EIef;&w,f? 'ghxuf
rwkd;awmhbl;? yk*vdu ykdifpD;yGm;a&; avmurSmvkd bdk;eyf(pf)wkdU? txl;qkwdkU?
tdrfwdkU? armfawmfum;wdkU {nfhcHp&dwfwkdU qdkwmawGudkvnf; r&bl;? tJ'gaMumifh
'Dt&m&dSawG[m jynfolydkifvkyfief;awGrSm pdwfr0ifpm;&kHomru vmbfwdkU?
wefpkd;vufaqmifwkdUeJU pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGu qG,fvmwJhtcg vG,fvG,feJU
ygoGm;Muw,f? 0efMud;csKyfOD;Eku olwkdUudk ypfrxm;MuygeJU?
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EGm;jzpfwmeJUtwlwlygbJ? tJ'gaMumifh 'Drkdua&pDudk zsufqD;olrSeforQ udk rkcs
cHcs&r,f/
jynfolvlxk&JU toJxJudk pGJNyD;0ifoGm;atmif 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m 'D7csufudk
enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJU a[m ajymNyD; xyfcgwvJvJ &dkufoGif;ay;cJhw,f/ OD;Ek[m
tckvkd a[majym&kHeJU rauseyfao;bl; / 'D7csufukd pm&Gufpmwr;f awG
&kdufNyD;a0w,f/ 'D7csuftay:rSDxm;wJh jyZmwfwyk'fudk olukd,fwkdifa&;NyD;
wEkdifiHvkH;udk a0w,f/ zwfpmtkyftjzpfeJU ausmif;awGrSm toifckdif;w,f/
tJ'DjyZmwfudk &kyf&Sif&kdufNyD; vSnf;aeavSatmif; jrif;aZmif;rusef
jynfaxmifpkom;rSeforQudk tcrJhjyw,f/
'Dtcsuf 7 csufudk ulnDjzefUcsDay;wJhtaeeJU Armhowif;pmwkdufwkdufu

OD;Eka&;wJh jyZmwfudk umwGef;tjzpfeJU a&;qGJNyD; owif;pmxJrSmvnf;

xnfhay;w,f/ umwGef;pmtkyftjzpfeJUvnf; jzefUcsDay;w,f?
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wjcm;enf;rsKd;pkHeJU oifay;zdkUvnf; pdwfuk;rdygao;w,f/ aemufNyD;awmhvnf;
'D 7 csufudk aqG;aEG;rJh aqG;aEG;yGJawG wEkdifiHvkH;rSm vkyfay;zkdU? 'D 7 csufudk
rSDNyD;a &;xm;wJh uAsmjydKifyGJ awG? yef;csDjyyGJawG? umwGef;jydKifyGJawG wekdifiHvkH;rSm
vkyfay;bkdU pdwful;rdygao;w,f/ 'gayrJh pdwful;awGudk
taumiftxnfazmfay;r,fh tzGJUtpnf;r&SdwmaMumifh OD;Ek[m 0r;feJpGmeJUbJ
tJ'Dtcgwkef;uvufavQmhay;cJh&w,f/
'Dtcsuf 7 csufudk jynfolvlxk&JU toJxJrSm pGJoGm;atmif vkyfay;Ekdif&if
jynfolvlxk[m 'Drkdua&pd tay:rSm jyif;jyif;jyjy ,kHMunfvmvdrfhr,f/ 'Dvkd
,kHMunfvmwJh jynfolvlxk[m 'Drkdua&pDudk zsufvkdzsufqD; vkyfwJhvlawG
ay:vm&if vufykdufMunfhaerSmr[kwfbl; olwkdUwwfEkdifwJhenf;eJU
wckckawmhvkyfrSmbJ/ tEken;feJU vkyfEkdif&if tekenf;eJU vkyfr,f/
tMurf;enf;eJU vkyfEkdif&if tMurf;enf;eJU vkyfr,f / 'Dtwkdif;rSefw,fqkdwmudk
1948 eJU 1949 ckESpfawGwkef;u 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekukd,fwkdif
xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awGUcJh&w,f/
tJ'DESpfawGwkef;u olykefa&mifpkHawG&JU 0kdif;ESufwJh 'Pfudk ocifEktpkd;&
rcHEkdifygbll;vkdU jynfwGif;a&m jynfyrSmyg vlyk*kdvf tcsKdU edrdwf zwfcJhMuw,f
r[kwfbl;vm;/ ArmEkdifiH[m a&mifpkHolykefawG&JU vufwGif;udk
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vkyfay;vkdufwJh taMumif;awGxJrSm jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiH[m
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'Drkdua&pD udk jrwfEkd;MuwJh jynfolvlxk&JU wwfEkdifwJhbufu 0kdif;0ef;ulnDrI
awG[m &mckdifEIH; tawmfrsm;rsm; ygw,f/
'DtjzpftysufawGudk ukd,fwkdifjrifawGU&NyD; 'Drkdua&pD&JU wefckd;eJU
tiftm;tay:rSm OD;Ek &JU ,kHMunfrIawG[m a&S;uxuf
tqaygif;rsm;pGmykdjyif;vmw,f/ 'dvkd jyif;xefvmwmaMumifh 1954
ckESpfavmufu ppfwufuodkvf zGifhyGJrSm OD;Ek 'DvkdausnmcJhzl;w,f/
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vlwef;pm;awG&JU wkdufyGJjzpf&r,f/ tJ'DwkdufyGJrSm ypfpnf;rJh vlwef;pm awGu
Ekdif&r,fvkdU a[mudef;awG xkwfMuw,f/ 'g[m rrSefbl;/ 'DubmMuD;rSm

aemufqkH;wkdufyGJ[m 'Drkdua&pDukd cspfjrwfEkd;wJh jynfolvlxkeJU 'DvkdcspfjrwfEkd;wJh

jynfolvlxkudk a*G;oif;xmwJh EGm; awGvkd jzpfatmif zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fxm;wJh
tmPm&Sif awG wkdufMuwJh wkdufyGJbJ jzpf&r,f/ tJ"daemufqkH;wkdufyGJrSm
'drkdua&pDudk cspfjrwfEkd;wJh jynfolvlxku {uefrvGJ atmifyGJcH&r,fvkdU
0efMuD;csKyfOD;Eku twdtvif; tjyif;txef MuKH;0g;cJhbl;w,f/
'DrQavmuf wefckd;&Sdw,fvdkU ol,kHMunfaewJh 'Drkdua&pD[m
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHrSm tjrpfwG,fatmif vkyfzkdU OD;Ek[m ESpfMudrfwkdifwkdif
MudK;pm;cJhzl;w,f/ yxrtMudrf[m 1950 jynhfESpfavmufrSm pw,fxifw,f/
0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m tJ'D yxrtMudrf MudK;yrf;csuftaeeJU 'Drkdua&pD
oabmw&m; jzefUcsDa&; toif; udk xlaxmifay;cJhw,f/ 'Dtoif;[m
&HykHaiGtwGuf jynfolvlxkqDu tvSL cHw,f/ 0efMuD;csKyf oabmtwkdif;
okH;EkdifwJh &HykHaiGxJu tenf;tusOf; xkwf,lNyD;awmh vnf; OD;Ek[m 'Dtoif;udk
axmufyHhw,f/ 'gayrJh 'Dtoif;rSm tcsdefjynfhtvkyfvkyfEkdifwJH tvkyform;awG
r&SdwJHtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyfeJU 'Drkdua&pDrSm jyif;jyif;xefxef pdwf0ifpm;olwpk
tm;vyfcGifh&wJhtcgrsdK;rSm bJ 'dtoif;rSm vIyf&Sm;rI&Sdawmfhw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh
0efMuD;csKyfarQmfrSef;xm;wJhtwkdif; 'Drkdua&pD tjrpfwG,fa&;twGuf
wGifwGifus,fus,f tvkyfrvkyfEkdifcJhbl;/ 1958ckESpxJrSm OD;Ek[m
yxrtMudrftmPm todrf;cH&wJhtcg 'Dtoif;vnf; ysufusoGm;cJh&w,f/
'Dvkdtoif;rsKd;OD;Ek[m 'kwd,tMudrf xlaxmif&atmif
b,fvkdMudK;pm;cJh&w,fqkdwm aemuftcef;wcka&mufrSbJ qufajymygawmhr,f/
tcef; (29)
OD;Ek[m 0efMuD;csKyftjzpfeJU EkdifiHawmfrsm;rsm;udk tvnfoGm;cJhzl;w,f?
tJ'DEkdifiHawGxJu wcsKdUEkdifiHawGrSm OD;Ek[m b,folawGeJU awGUcJhw,f?
b,frdefUcGef;awGajymcJhw,f? bmawGaqG;aEG;cJhw,f? bmawGvkyfcJhw,fqkdwmudk
eJeJpDavmuf tusOf;csKyfNyD; 'Dtcef;rSm az:jycsifw,f?
tdEd,jynf
udkEkwufuodkvfausmif;om;b0wkef;u face=WinKalaw yef pfae&l;m &efuefudk
tvnfvmzl;w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u udkEk[m face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;tem;udk
csOf;uyfcGifhr&bl;? cyfvSrf;vSrf;u jrifvkduf&zl;wmygbJ? face=WinKalaw
y@pfae&l;m awmfawmfynmwwfw,f? awmfawmfacsmw,f?

awmfawmfowfwd&dSw,f? awmfawmf udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;w,f? wkdif;jynfeJU

trsKd;twGuf pGefUpm;w,f? jynfolvlxk&JU NunfnKdrIudk
awmfawmfcHcJh&w,fqkdwJh *kPfowif;awG[m ArmEkdifiHudk face=WinKalaw
y@pfae&l;ra&mufcifuwnf;u MudKNyD;a&mufaew,f?
1947 ckESpftwGif; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqHk;NyD; ocifEk0efMuD;csKyf
jzpfvmw,f? tJ'Daemufrsm;rNumrD ocifEk? OD;AaqG? OD;wifxGwfwkdU
tdEd,udkoGm;Nuw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm ocifEk[m face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;udk
yxrqHk;tMudrf awGU&w,f? ynmwwfwJh? owfwd&dSwJh?
udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;wJh wkdif;jynfeJUtrsKd;twGufpGefUpm;wJh yk*dKvfawGudk
cspfcifav;pm; NunfnkdwwfwJh 0goem? ocifEkrSm&dSwJhtwkdif;? ocifEk[m
face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;udk tJ'DyxrtacgufrSm uwnf;u txl;
cspfcifav;pm; NunfndkoGm;w,f?
tckvkd cspfcifav;pm; NunfndkoGm;wJhtwGuf ocifEk[m teJqHk;
wESpfwMudrfavmuf e,l;a'vDudk tvnfoGm;w,f? EkdifiHwum qufqHa&;
tpOftvmt& EkdifiHwEkdifiH&JU orwjzpfap? 0efMuD;csKyfjzpfap?
0efMuD;wOD;OD;jzpfap? wjcm;EdkifiHudkoGm;csif&if tJ'DEdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&JU
cGifhjycsufudkawmif;qkdNyD; cGifhjyKwJhaeUrSm oGm;&w,f? tdEd,udk tvnfoGm;wJh
tcgrSmawmh 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m tJ'Dvkd rvkyfbl;? ol[me,l;a'vDudk
b,faeUb,fvrf;u vmr,fqkdwm 0efMuD;csKyf ae&l;qDudk
pma&;NyD;oGm;vkdufwmbJ? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m e,l;a'vDudka&mufwJhtcg
yxrtMudrfrSmbJ orwtdrfawmfrSm wnf;&w,f? aemuftMudrfawGusawmh
OD;Ekudk face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;m olUtdrfrSmbJxm;w,f?
r[wfwr*ED Armjynfudk tvnfvmpOfu OD;Ek[m
q,fwef;ausmif;om;bJ&dSao;w,f? tJ'gaNumifh r[wfwr*EDudkvnf;
face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;vkdbJ udkEk[m tJ'Dtcgwkef;u cyfa0;a0;u
vSrf;jrifvkduf&zl;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyftjzpfeJU tdENd,udk yxrqHk;tacguf
oGm;awmhrSbJ? face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;udk awGUNyD;wJhaemuf OD;Ek[m
r[wfwr*EDudk e,l;a'vDu olaewJh bm;vm; (Birla House) tdrfrSm
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tJ'DtcsdefrSm r[wfwr*ED[m bm;vm;tdrf0if;twGif;u uGufvyfwckrSm
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bdvyfrSm 0wfvHkynmoifaepOfu Arm0wfvHkausmif;om;
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NumNyDjzpfwJhtaNumif;? tJ'D Armausmif;om;&JU emrnfudk

arhaeNyDjzpfwJhtaNumif;awGudk r[wfwr*EDuajymjyw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm

r[wfwr*ED[m 0g;eJU,ufxm;wJh carmufuav;wvHk;udk aqmif;xm;w,f?
tJ'Dcarmufudk EkdtmumvDqdkwJh&Gmu &Gmom;awGuvufaqmifay;wmvdkU
r[wfwr*EDuajymw,f? EdktmumvDqdkwJh&GmrSm [dEL-rGwfpvif t"du&kPf;
jzpfw,f? vlawGtawmfaow,f? r[wfwr*EDudk,fwkdif tJ'D&GmrSm
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OD;EkuvJ tJ'Dvkd carmufwvHk; vSLyg&apvkdUajymwJhtcg r[wfwr*EDu
oabmwlw,f? tJ'DaNumifh OD;Ek[m Armjynfudk jyefa&mufa&mufjcif;
t&yf&yfu carmufrsKd;pHkukd erlemtjzpfrSm Nunfhw,f? &Srf;jynfu ydkUvkdufwJh
&Srf;carmufukd odyfMudKufwmeJU tJ'Dcarmufudk OD;Eka&G;vkdufw,f?
aemuf(2)&ufavmufNum;wJhtcg tJ'D carmufudk,lNyD; r[wfwr*EDudk
olUudk,fpm;vSLzkdU OD;Ek[m twkdifyifcHt&m&dS OD;tkef;udk vTwfvdkufw,f?
OD;tkef;pD;oGm;wJh av,mOfysH[m e,l;a'vDudk qkdufcgeD;rSm vlrormwOD;&JU
vufcsufeJU usqHk;oGm;&&SmNyDqkdwJh aNuuGJ0rf;eJzG,f 0g,mvufpf
owif;w&yfudk OD;tkef;Num;&w,f?
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AE<Kvyef;NcHxJrSm vlxktpnf;ta0;wck ac:vkdufw,f? tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm
r[wfwr*EDMuD; usqHk;oGm;wJhtwGuf aNuuGJ0rf;eJwJhtqkdudk oludk,fwkdif
wifoGif;w,f? tJ'Daemuf r[wfwr*EDMuD;twGuf trSwfw&tjzpfeJU wckck
xlaxmifxm;bkdU tqkdudkvnf; OD;Ek udk,fwkdif wifoGif;w,f? tJ'D
'kwd,tqkdudk taumiftxnf az:bdkUtwGuf aumfrwDwckzGJUw,f?
tJ'DaumfrwDu &HyHkaiGaumufcHwJhtcg OD;Ek[m oludk,fwdkifvnf; xnfhw,f?
tJ'D aumfrwDeJU oludk,fwkdif wwfEdkifoavmufvdkufNyD;awmhvnf;
&HyHkaiGaumufcHay;w,f? &HyHkaiG (5)odef;ausmfavmuf&wJhtcg 'DaumfrwD[m
&efukefwkdif; (Rangoon Times) owif;pmtaqmuftOD;udk 0,fw,f?
tJ'DtaqmuftOD;udk jynfolUaxmufyHha&;Xmeu *dka'giftjzpfodrf;xm;w,f?
aumfrwDu OD;EkqDrSm tultnDawmif;wJhtcg *dka'giftjzpf
odrf;xm;wJhtrdefUudk y,fzsufNyD; aumfrwD&JUvufxJudk taqmuftOD;
vTJay;vkdufw,f?
tJ'DtaqmuftOD;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufzkdU wm0efcH vlMuD;rsm;tzGJU (Board
of Trustees) udk zGJUcgeD;wJhtcg tJ'Dwkef;u tdEd,oHtrwf[m OD;EkeJU
vmawGUNyD;? wm0efcHvlMuD;rsm;tzGJUxJrSm OD;Ekudk &moufyefvlMuD;tjzpf
xnfhxm;csifw,f? OD;Eku vufcHygvdkU arwm&yfcHw,f? OD;Ekvnf;
oHtrwfvmNyD; arwm&yfcHwJhtwGuf oabmwlvufcHvkdufw,f?

1962 ckESpf? rwfvxJrSm ppfwyfu tmPmodrf;NyD; 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m

tcsKyfcH&vdkU q,fhav;ig;&ufbJ &dSOD;r,f? *ED<txdrf;trSwf
wm0efcHvlMuD;rsm;tzGJU&JU twGif;a&;rSL; emrnfeJU pmwapmifudk OD;Ek&w,f?
'Dpmudk zwfNunfhwJhtcg OD;Ek[m &moufyefwm0efcHvlMuD;ae&mu
EIwfxGufay;ygqkdwmudk OD;EkawGU&w,f? tJ'Dvkd a&;wm[m wjcm;aNumifh
r[kwfygbl;? AkdvfcsKyfae0if; tpdk;&udk aNumufwmaNumifh a&;wmygbJ?
r[wfwr*ED[m tifrwefowfwd&dSwJh yk*dkvfxl;MuD;jzpfw,f? 'Dyk*dkvfxl;MuDudk
trSwfw& tjzpfxlaxmifwJh taqmuftOD;&JU wm0efcHvlMuD;rsm; tzGJUxJrSm
'Dukvm;apmufaNumufawG vlMuD;wufjzpfaewm tifrwef
&,fp&maumif;w,fvkdU olU[mol ajymNyD;&,f&if; OD;Ek[m olwkdUvkdcsifwJh
EIwfxGufvTmudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;ay;vkdufw,f?
ArmEdkifiH[mvGwfvyfa&;&wJh tcsdefupNyD;? ESpfvausmfausmfavmufbJ
oufoufomom aevkduf&w,f? tJ'Daemuf vufeufudkif
tmPmvkyGJawGaNumifh tawmf'kufca&mufcJh&w,f? tJ'Dvkd 'kufca&mufaewJh
twGif;0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m 0efMuD;csKyfae&l;qDu tultnDawG
trsm;MuD;awmif;cJh&w,f? 1949 ckESpf tv,favmufwkef;u 0efMuD;csKyf
ae&l;qDu vufeuftultnD awmif;cJh&wJh taNumif;
a&SUtcef;wcef;rSmwkef;u azmfjycJhNyD;NyD? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u
tJ'DvufeuftultnDudkom r&cJhygvQif tifrwefqdk;aewJh jynfaxmifpk&JU
tajctae[m trsm;MuD; ydkqkd;oGm;r,f? 'Daoewf tultnDawGudk
&wJhtcsdefupNyD; jynfaxmifpk&JU tajctae[m tifrwef
tm;&p&maumif;atmif jyefaumif;vmw,f?
tJ'Daemuf jynfaxmifpk tpkd;&[m vuf,majrudk avsmfaNu;ray;bJ
jynfolydkifvkyfw,f? 'Dv,f,majrawGxJrSm w0ufausmfausmfudk tdENd,
wkdif;&if;om; cspfwD;awG ydkifw,f? tJ'gaNumifh v,f,majrudk
jynfolydkifvkyfNyD;wmeJU wNydKifeuf 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m 0efMuD;csKyfae&l;qDudk
pmwapmif csufcsif;a&;vkdufw,f? tJ'DpmxJrSm cspfwD;awG[m ArmjhynfrSm
vlnTef;cl;pm;aewmNumNyD? tJ'gaNumifh tckvdkavsmfaNu;ray;bJ
jynfolydkifvkyfvkdufayrJh olwkdUrepfemygbl;? v,f,mawGeJU twkd;MuD;MuD; ,lNyD;
aiGacs;wJhvkyfief;u olwkdUtjrwfawG trsm;MuD;xkwf,loGm;NyD;NyD
qkdwJhtcsufawGudk pHkpHkvifvifaz:jyxm;w,f?
Armtpdk;&qDu avsmfaNu;&atmif awmif;ay;bkdU cspfwD;awG[m
tdENd,tpdk;&udk trsm;MuD;wkdufwGef;cJw,f? tdEd, tpdk;&u b,fvkdrS
ta&;r,lbl;?

1956 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ vkyfcgeD;rSm ukefaps;EIef;awG

odyfwufaew,f? 'DvkdwufaewmaNumifh a&G;aumufyGJrSm zqyv&JU
tiftm;[m trsm;MuD;avsmhoGm;Edkifw,f? ukefawGudk trsm;MuD;oGif;EkdifrS
ukefaps;EIef;usr,fqdkwmudk zqyv acgif;aqmifawGodyg&JU? 'gayrJh oGif;p&m
EkdifiHjcm;aiGr&dSbl;? 'gaNumifh OD;Ek[m 0efMuD;wOD;ESpfOD;udk face=WinKalaw
y@pfae&l;qDvTwfNyD; aiGacs;vkduf&ao;w,f? OD;Eku tultnDawmif;wJhtcg
face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;m jiif;w,fr&dSygbl;? olwwfEdkiforQ ulnDcJhygw,f?
1952 ckESpftwGif; tdEd,uydkUvdkufwJh owif;w&yf[m Arm
owif;pmawGxJrSm ygvmw,f? tJ'Dowif;t& Armjynfu em*awG[m
tdEd,jynfxJ0ifNyD; tdEd,em* (90)ausmf&JU acgif;udkawGudk
jzwf,loGm;Nuw,f? tJ'Dowif;udk zwfNyD;NyD;csif; 'Dacgif;jzwfwJhudwfp[m
tdEd,-ArmcspfNunfa&;udkrsm; xdckdufvmtHk;rvm; awG;rdwJhtwGuf OD;Ek[m
tawmfpdk;&drfoGm;w,f? aemufwvNumvkdU tdEd,tpdk;& qDuvnf;
bmrSrNum;&? tdENd,ygvDrefxJrSmvnf; b,folurS ruefUuGuf tdEd,
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em*awmifwef;udk tkyfcsKyf&wJh tmPmydkifawG[m olwkdUudk xdef;vkdUr&bl;?
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OD;Ek[m em*awmifwef;udkwufoGm;w,f? tJ'DrSm
em*acgif;aqmifawGeJUawGUtcg wjcm;udwfpawGudk ar;jref;NyD;wJhaemuf
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em*awG[m olwkdU&JU e,fajrudk tifrwef uRrf;usifw,f?
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aemufqkwfay;&w,f? aemufwMudrfjyefwufwJhtcg usqHk;oGm;wJh
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olwkdUudk awmxJrSm vdkufwkdufae&if b,fenf;eJUrS
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cyfvSrf;vSrf;u (3)vufrpdefajymif;eJU &GmxJudk ypfoGif;&w,f?
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pdefajymif;&JU AHk;oHuvJ odyfus,fw,fqkdamwh aqmfavmf&Gmol&Gmom;awG[m
tifrwefaNumufvmNyD; awmxJrSm ykef;atmif;aeNuwJh aqmfavmfawGudk
vufeufcsbkdU 0dkif;wkdufwGef;Nuw,f?
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em*awG[m tpkd;&udk opfpmrazguf&Jawmhbl;?
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em*vlrsKd;pkawG[m aqmfavmf&GmawGxJudk0ifNyD; pdefajymif;AHk;oHaNumifh
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olwkdU&GmawGrSm ylaZmfyoyGJawGusif;yNyD; aqmfavmfawGowfwmudk
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face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;udk zdwfvdkufw,f? face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;&JU
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face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l; orD; rpfpftif'&m*EDeJUtwl tdEd,
em(awmifwef;awGqDudk tvnfoGm;Nuw,f? OD;EkawGU&wJh tdEd,em*awG[m
Armem*awGeJU rwlbl;? tawmftqifhtwef;jrifhw,f? olwkdUtxJrSm

t*FvdyfpmwwfolawG tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdw,f? em*a,muFsm;awG[m abmif;bDeJU

ukwftusfDawGudk 0wfxm;w,f? trsKd;orD;awGuvnf; olwkdU&JU
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Armem*awGuawmh 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;? em*a,mufsm;awG[m olwkdU&JU wefqmudk
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eJeJyg;yg;wwfEkdifwJh vlawGusawmh olwkdU&JU wefpmudkzHk;zkdUtwGuf ywfxm;wJh
ydwfptjyif armif;tao;uav;wvHk;udk cg;uMudK;rSmcsnfNyD; olwkdU&JU
wefpmay:rSm zHk;xm;w,f? rcsrf;wJhtcg tJ'Darmif;eJU ydwfpuvGJNyD;
olwkdUwudk,fvHk;rSm bmrS 0wfrxm;bl;? csrf;wJhtcgapmifNcHKxm;w,f?
trsKd;orD;awGqkd&ifvnf; olwkdU&JU 'l;qpfavmufom&dSwJh xrdefuav;udk
cg;rSmywfxm;w,f? rcsrf;wJhtcg tJ'Dxrdefuav;uvGJNyD; olwdkU wudk,fvkH;rSm
bmrS 0wfrxm;bl;? csrf;wJhtcg apmifjcKHxm;w,f? OD;Ekem* awmifwef;a'oudk
ra&mufwm tESpf 20avmuf&SdoGm;NyD? tcktcgqkd&if awmh Armem8awG
trsm;MuD;wkd;wufp&m taNumif;&Sdw,f? em*a,muFsm;awG[m
t&yftarmif;tifrwefawmifhwif;w,f? 6ay orm;awGrsm;w,f? em*
rdef;rawGuawmh ykw,f? tifrwef awmfihawmifhwif;wif; &Sdw,f? tifzm;rSm
wntdyfNyD; yefepf ae&l;? rpfpf tif'd&m *EDeJU Od;EkwkdU[m Armjynfbufu
qifuvkdif cED;t7yfudk vmNuw,f? Armem*awGqDudk oGm;bkdUtwGuf
um;vrf;r&Sdbl;? jrif;eJUoGm;7w,f? tJ'gaNumifh yefepfae&l;wkdU ra&mufrSD
we*FaEGwywfavmufMudKNyD; qifuvkdif cED;udk em*acgif;aqmifawGudk
ac:xm;w,f? txl;ojzifh aqmfavmfem*acgif;aqmifawGudkaygh?
'Dem*acgif;aqmifawG[m olwkdU&JUr,m;awG? om;orD;awG udk ac:vmNuw,f?
em*awG pka0;wJhae&mudk yef'pfae&l;eJU OD;EkwkdU a&mufvmwJhtcg qifuvkdifcED;
c&dkif0efu aqmfavmftMuD;tuJudk ac:vkdufw,f? tJ'D tMuD;tuJ[m em*
OD;xkwfwvkH;eJU em*vSHacsmif;ukdifNyd; vltkyfxJu xGufvmw,f?
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em*awGudk acgif;jzwf&wm 0r;feJygw,f? tJ'dtjypfu csrf;omay;yg? aemifudk
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OD;xkyfeJUvSHqufovkdufw,f? yef'pfMuD; [m em*OD;xkyfudk aqmif;NyD; em8vSHudk
udkifxm;wm odyfNunfhaumif;w,f?
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rwlbl;? wjcm;em*trsKd;orD;awG Nunfh7wm oefUoefUjyefUjyefU r&Sdbl;?

tom;rJw,f? &kyf&nfNurf;w,f? aqmfavmftMuD;tuJ&JU orD;ESpfOD;uawmh
oefUjyefUw,f? tom;jzLw,f? &kyf&nfav;awG oem;urm;&Sdw,f? olwkdU[m
qifuvkdif cEDW;udk a&mufwm 7&ufavmuf&SdNyDqkdawmh tJ'DNrdKUolNrdKUom;awG
ususee0wfxm;wmNunfhNyD; 'l;qpfavmufom&SdwJh vkHjcnfwkduav; awG
olwkdU0wfxm;&wmudk &SufvmNuw,f xifw,f? txl;ojzifh olwkdU&JU
om;jrwfawGudk tzkH;tuG,fr&SdbJ az:xm;wmudk &SufNuw,fxifw,f?
tJ'gaNumifh olwkdU&JU vkHcsnfudk cg;rSm r0wfawmhbJ olwkdU&JU om;jrwfudk
zkH;Nyd;0wf xm;Nuw,f? 'Dvkd0wfxm;wmudk olwkdUtazjrifoGm;wJhtcg
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vkHcsnf0wfwm[m &kdif;&musw,fxifyg&JU? txl;ojzifh yef'pfae&l;eJU OD;ekwkdUvkd
vlMuD;vlaumif; awGa&SUrSm tawmf&dkif;ovkdjzpfaew,f xifyg&JU? tJ'gaNumifh
tazvkyfol[m olwkdU,Ofaus;rItwkdif; xrdefudk cg;rSm jyef0wfbkdU
olUorD;awGudk aigufvkdufw,f? orD;awG[m &SufaewhJ twGuf
tazay;aewJhtajzudk em;raxmifbJ olwkdU&JU rsufESmudk wjcm;zuf
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oludk,fwkdfify&dowf tvnfrSm twif;qGJcRwfvkdufw,f? tJ'dtcgusawmh
orD;awGvnf; rjiif;omawmhygbl;? olwkdU xkH;pHtwkdif; cg;rSm
jyef0wfvkdufNuw,f?
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OD;EkwkdU[m em*awGeJU wGJubkdU t7m&SdawGu uyGJ wck pDpOfxm;w,f? jynfreJU
tawmfMuD;a0;wJhae&mawGu awmifwef;om;awG&JUb0[m tawmfqif;&Jw,f?
olwkdUrSm aysmfp7m yg;p&mqkdvkdU wjcm;bmrS r&Sd&Smbl;? acgif&nfaomufwm
&pfwpfwpf jzpfvmwJhtcg 0kdif;NyD;qkdwm uwmavmufbJ&SDw,f? tJ'gaNumifh
acgif&nfaomufwmeJU qkdwmuwm [m olwdkU&JU ,Ofaus;rIrSm
tawmfta&;MuD;wJh uef' jzpfw,f? em*awGusawmh acgif&nfaomufwmeJU
qkdwmuwm [m wjcm;awmifwef;om;awGxuf ydkta&;MuD;ykH7w,f?
bmjzpfvkdU ta&;MuD;vJqkdwmudk oabmaygufatmif&Sif;jyyg&ap? em*awG[m
&Gmuav;awG zGJUaeNuw,f? &GmxJrSm a,mufusm;uav;awGeJU rdef;uav;awG
t7G,fa&mufvmwmeJU wjydKifeuf olwkdU&JU rdbawGeJU twlraeNuawmhbl;?
&GmtpGefrSm aqmufxm;wJU wJMuD;wwJ &Sdw,f? tJ'D wJMuD;xJrSm 'Da,mufusm;
uav;awGeJU rdef;uav; awG twl tdyfNuw,f? rtdyfcif apmapmykdif;rSm
olwkdU[m acgif&nfaomufNuNyD; qkdNuuNuw,f? olwkdU[m tckvkd
wJMuD;wwJxJrSm pktdyfNu7if; wOD;eJU wOD; tprf;oabmrsKd;

aygif;oif;Ekdfifw,f? em*awGtwGuf om;orD;&bkdU[m ta&;MuD;qkH;udwfp

jzpfwJhtwGuf tprf;oabmrsKd;eJU aygif;oif;&if; oifhawmfwJhtcsdeftwGif;
rdef;uav;rSm y#doaE rwnf&if rlvtwGJudk jzKwfNyD;
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tdrfaxmifjyKNuw,f? tdrfaxmifjyKNyD;wJhtcg vifeJUr,m;[m udk,fhtdrfrSm
ukd,fjyeftdyf&w,f? 'dwJrSm rtdyf7awmhbl;? arG;zGm;wJhae&mrSm trTmyl;qkd&if
olwkdU rMudKufNubl;? tJ'gaNumifh trTmyl;qkd&if arG;puwnf;u wenf;enf;eJU
aoatmifvkyfypfwmbJ?
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qkdawmh acgif&nf aomufwmeJU qkdNuuNuwmudk olwkdU ,Ofaus;rI&JU
tpdwftydkif;MuD;wcktjzpf olwdkUrSwfxm;Nuw,f? olwkdUu
{nfhonfawmfawGeJUtwl acgif&nfaomufNyD; qkducsifw,fvkdU
awmif;qkdwJhtwGuf t7m&SdawGu uyGJudk pDpOfay;&w,f? acgif&nfusawmh
{nhfonfawmfawG&JU usef;rma&;udk xdckdufw,fvkdU t&m&SdawGu
&Sif;jyxm;wJhtwGuf em*awG[m olwkdU[mbJ olwkdU aomufNuw,f?
{nfhonfawmfawG aomufbkdU rawmif;qkdbl;? uwJhtcg yef'pfae&l;eJU
OD;EkwkdU[m em*acgif;aqmifawG&JU pDpOfay;rIt& em*trsKd;orD;awG&JUvufudk
udkifNu&w,f? tJ'dvkd udkifNyD;rS olwkdU ckefovkd? aygufovkd? qkdovkd?
ckefaygufatmf[pfNyd; qkdNu&w,f? yef'pfae&l;[m em*awmifwef;udk
vmvnf7wm tawmf pdwfcsrf;omw,fvkdU olUorD; tif'D&m *ED qDu
Num;&zl;w,f?
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wnfhrwfpGmNum;aea&;0g'wkdUrSm woabmwnf; bJ? aemufNyd;
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a&;csxm;wJh pmawGrSma&m 'DpmawGeJUtwl uyfNyD;aeNuwJh rlawG&JU
apwemawGrSmyg? vkH;0 oabmwlaeNujyefwJhtwGuf tdEd,eJU
ArmjynftNum;rSm Armem*awG tdEd,xJ0ifNyD; acgif;jzwfNuwJh jyoemuvGJ&if
wjcm;Mud;MuD;us,fus,f jyoemawG ay:cJhzl;w,f qkdwm wcgrS rNum;zll;bl;?
wcgrSmawmh udwfp wck ay:vmbl;w,f? 'dudwfp[m tao;tzGJyg?
jyoemvkdUawmif ac:vkdUr&bl;? 'gayrJh tu,fa&GUom tdEd,eJU
ArmESpfEkdifiHpyfNum;rSm em;vnfrIwkdU cspfNunfrIwkdU r&dS&if 'Dudwfpuav;[m
jyoemMuD;w7yfjzpfvmEkdfifw,f? jzpfykHu'DvkdtdENd,EkdifiHom;ukefonfwcsKdUudk? (p) oHk;vHk; (Bureau for Special
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NumNyDjzpfwJhtwGuf trIuawmh bmrIvJqdkwm 'Dae&mrSm raz:jyEdkifawmhygbl;?

EkdifiHjcm;aiGckd;wJh trIbJvm;? oGif;ukefvdkifpifr&dSbJ
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wjcm;trIwckckbJvm;qkdwm rrSwfrdawmhygbl;? ArmEdkifiHrSm
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enf;wrsKd;&dSw,f? ArmawGudk 85&mckdifEIef;avmuf oGif;ukefvdkifpif
xkwfay;w,fqdkawmh ukefonfr[kwfwJh ArmawGuvnf;
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'DvkdifpifawGeJUrSmvkdU ukefawGa&mufvmwJhtcg ukefawG[m vkdifpifxJrSm
ay:jyxm;wJhukefawGr[kwfbl;? tzkd;rwefwJh anmif&GufawG
opfOopfzkawGjzpfaew,f? tJ'Denf;eJU EkdifiHjcm;ukefonfawG[m
EkdifiHjcm;aiGawGudk ckd;xkwfwwfw,f? tJ'Dawmh (p)oHk;vHk;u
tdEd,ukefonfawGudk vdkufzrf;wm[m 'DtrIrsKd;twGufbJvm;
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ta&;,lp&m&dSwJhtcgrsKd;rSmom tzGJU&UJ em,u[m 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ekudk
trIwifjyw,f? tJ'gaNumifh oHtrwfwifjywJhtrIeJU ywfoufNyD;
olpHkprf;NunfhygtHk;r,fvkdU? OD;Ek[m tdEd,oHtrwfudkajzvkdufw,f?
OD;Ek[m (p)oHk;vHk;aumfrwDeJUawGUwJhtcg zrf;xm;wJh tdEd,ukefonfawGrSm
tjypf&dSw,f? oufaotaxmuftxm;vHkavmufw,fvdkU wnDwnGwfwnf;
(p)oHk;vHk;aumfrwDvlMuD;awGu tpD&ifcHw,f? 'gayrJh oHtrwfudk,fwkdif

tckvkdta&;wMuD;wkdifxm;wJhtrIrsKd;rSm OD;Ek[m olUt&m&dSawGajymwkdif;

ZGwfw&Gwf t&rf;rvkyfcsifbl;? ol ,Hk,HkNunfNunfcefUxm;wJh t&m&dSawG
wif;wif;usyfusyf ta&;,lxm;wJhtrIudk tdEd,oHtrwfajymwkdif; ZGwfw&Guf
t&rf;jzpfwmudkvnf; OD;Ekrvkyfcsifbl;? tJ'Dawmh OD;Eku aumfrwDtzGJUudk
'DvkdtMuHay;w,f? tdEd,oHtrwfudk ac:vkdufr,f?
olMudKufwJh0wfvHkwa,mufudkvnf; ac:vmayap? (p)oHk;vHk;aumfrwD&JU
em,ueJU aumfrwD&JUudk,fpm;vS,f wOD;ESpfOD;vnf;vmNu? aemufNyD;awmh
tpkd;&a&SUaecsKyfudkvnf; zdwfxm;r,f? 'DoHk;zGJUqHk;wJhtcg 'DtrIeJU ywfoufNyD;
tjyeftvSefajymNu? tckvdkajymNuNyD; (p)oHk;vHk;em,u tdENd,oHtrwfeJU
tpdk;&a&SUaecsKyfMuD;wkdU wnDwnGwfwnf; vufcHEdkifwJh tajzwckudk&Sm
tJ'Dtajztwkdif; trIudkqHk;jzwfay;csifw,fvkdU OD;Ekuajymjyw,f?
aumfrwDvlMuD;awGu oabmwlw,f? tJ'gaNumifh tckajymcJhwJhtwkdif;
yk*dkvftoD;oD;udk oleJUvmawGUbdkU 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek csdef;vkdufw,f?
uHtm;avQmfpGm oHk;OD;pvHk;vufcHEkdfifwJh tajzudk &SmawGUoGm;wJhtwGuf 'DtrI[m
OD;Ekpdwfr&Iyf&bJ at;at;aq;aq;NyD;oGm;cJhw,f?
tdEd,jynf pefcsDe,frSm oD&d"rmaomurif;MuD;[m (Asoka)
ausmufapwDwqlwnfNyD; t&Sifom&dykwfw&meJU t&Sifr[marm*f*vefwkdU&JU
"mwfawmfawGudk XmyemcJhw,f? NAdwdoQ tpdk;&vufxufrSm 'D"mwfawmfawG
bdvyf,loGm;NyD; jywkdufwckxJrSm xm;w,f? tdENd, vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcg
tdEd,jynfudk 'D"mwfawmfawGjyefyifhvmw,f? 'DpmwfawmfawG[m tifrwef
tbdk;wefwJhtwGuf "mwfawmfawGoDwif;oHk;zkdU pefcsDu rlv ausmufapwDeJU
reD;ra0; awmifukef;uav;wckay:rSm taqmuftOD;wckudk tckdiftcefU
aqmufNuw,f? aqmufNyD;wJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfae&l; udk,fwkdif taqmuftOD;&JU
Xmyem wkdufwnf;rSm XmyemzdkU tdEd,r[m aAm"dtoif;u pDpOfxm;w,f?
tJ'DyGJudk 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ekvnf; wufapcsifw,fvdkU 0efMuDk;csKyfae&l;u
zdwfwJhtwGuf OD;Ek[m a&S;OD;pGm e,l;a'vDudkoGm;w,f? e,l;a'vDurS
face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;eJU OD;EkwdkU[m NrKdUwNrKdUudk av,mOfysHeJU
oGm;Nuw,f? tJ'DNrdKUu pefcsDudka&mufatmif rdkif
(40)avmufarmfawmfum;eJUoGm;&w,f? av,mOfysHuGif;u xGufwJhtcg
face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;udk MudKqdkbkdU tifrwef MuD;rm;wJh vlxkwef;MuD;[m
armfawmfum;vrf;udk 0J,m ESpfzufnSyfxm;wm awGU&w,f?
tJ'Dvlxkwef;MuD;xJrSm ausmif;olausmif;om;awG tzkd;MuD;? tr,fMuD;awG
vlvwfwef;pm;awGu pNyD; vlrsKd;pHkygw,f?

OD;Ek[m tdED, rSm ae&m tawmfrsm;rsm;udk yefepfMuD;eJUvkdufzl;w,f

tJ'dae&mwkdif;rSm ajcmufuyfuyfjzpfaewmudk wcgrS rawGU&bl; ?
vltkyfMuD;awG apmihfaewmdukcsnf;yJ awGU&w,f? awGU&wJh vltkyfMuD;uvnf;
0wfauswef;austm;emyg;emeJU vmNuwJhvlxkrsKd;r[kwfbl;? olUukd
tifrwefawGUcsifNuwJUvltkyfMuD;jzpfw,f? tJ'gaNumifh olUtem;udk
a&mufvm&if olwdkU tifrwefvdkcsifwJU ypfpnf;udk pdwfvdkufrmefyg
0kdif;NyD;vkNuovkd i,foHygatmif atmfwJholuatmf olUqDudk
twif;wkd;wJUoluwkd;tJ'dvkdwkd;&if; wa,mufeJU wa,muf wkd;rd? wGef;rd?
wkdfurD eif;rdNyD; t&rf;jzpfaeNuwm toifhapmifhaewJh ykvdyfeJU uGefu&uf&JU
wm0efcHyk*dkvfawGu tawmfNumwJhwkdifatmif 'DvlxkMuD;udk xdef;vdkUr&ekdifbl;?
wcgrSmawmh Am&mPoD uav ,mOfysHuGif;rSm xifw,f? vlxkMud;u
toifhcsxm;wJh yk*dkvfawGudk wGef;Nyd; olUqDudk twif;tkHNyD;vmvkdufNuwm oleJU
OD;EkwkdU[m 'DvltkyfMud;xJrSm nSyfNyD; ygoGm;ao;w,f? tJ'dtcg
yefepfae&l;vnf; NidrfraeEkdifawmhbl;? toHudk atmfNyd; vlawGukd
twif;wkd;ypf&w,f? olatmf[pfoH Num;awmhrS vlxkMuD;[m olwdkU[m
olwkdUxdef;NyD; t&Sdef7yfoGm;w,f? 'dvkd&yfoGm;wmeJU wNydKifeuf OD;Ekudk
tjyifbuf csufcsif;ac:oGm;bkdU yef'pfMuD; olvlawGudk atmfajymvkdfufw,f?
tJ'dtrdefUt& uGefu&ufwm0efcHawG[m vlawGudk twif;wGef;NyD; Od;Ekudk
twif; qGJac:oGm;awmhrS OD;ek[m vlxktjyifbudukd a&mufoGm;w,f?
OD;Ekvnf; ola&mufwJhae&muae yef'pfMuD;udk vSr;fNunhfawmh yef'pfMuD;u
olUvufxJu 'kwfwdkuav;eJUtwif;wkd;vkduf vlxk[m aemufa&mufoGm;vkduf
jzpfaewmudk awGU7w,f? tckvkd yefepfMud;eJU vlxk wa,mufwjyefpd
jzpfaewmudk Nunhf&wm[m ArmawG wGwf xkd;wrf; upm;wmudk Nunfh&wmeJU
odyfwlw,f? vlxkudk tifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;ovkd vlxkuvnf; oludkU
cspfwJhtwGuf yefepfMuD; olvkxkeJU tckvdk vkyfae&wmudk tifrwefMuD; auseyf
tifrwefMuD;aysmfaew,f xifw,f?
wcgrSmvnf; yefepf ae&l;[m tdEd,wae&mrSm oHrPd puf&kHMuD;wnaewm
oGm;Munfh&atmifvkdU ac:wmeJU OD;EkvkdufoGm;w,f/ yefepfae&l;eJU OD;EkwkdU
av,mOf ay:u qif;wmeJU wjydKifeufwnf; tJ'dt&yfu ykvdyft&m&Sdu
yefepfae&l;udk tpD&ifcHw,f/ olU tpD&ifcHcsuft& av,mOfuGif; tjyifbufrSm
vlxkESpfpk apmihfaew,f/ wpku yefepfae&l;udk MudKqkdbkdUjzpfw,f?
aemufwpkuawmh yefepfae&l;udk qefUusifbuf qef'jyvkdU uGefjrLepfawGu
wa,mufukd wusyfpD ay;NyD; ac:vmwm jzpfw,f/ uGefjrLepfawG ac:vmwJh
vlxk&JU vufxJrSm tvHjzLuav;awGudkifxm;w,fqkdwmu yefepfMuD;eJU

OD;EkwkdUod&w,f/ yefepfMuD;wdkUpD;vmwJh *spfum;[m MudKqkdwJhvlxkudk

t7ifawGU&w,f/ tJ'Dvlxk[m yefepfMuD; oGm;wJhae&mwumwkdif;u
vlxkawGtwkdif; wcJeuf atmf[pfNyD; yef;ukef;awG eJU ypf&if; yefepfMuD;udk
c&D;OD; MudKqkd jyKMuygw,f/ uGefjrLepfawG ac:vmwJh vlxkbufudk
a7mufvmwJhtcg bmawGrsm; vkyfMuOd;rvJvkdU OD;Ek apmihfMudKMunfhw,f/
uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif av;ig;OD;u yefepf ae&l;udk qefUusifwJU
aMuG;aMumfoHawg atmf[pfNyD; qkdMuw,f/ vlxku vkdufrqkd,kHomrubl;/
olwkdU ta&SUudk yefepfae&l;a&mufvmwmeJU wydifeuf vuftkyfcsDNyD;
[ELbmomvkd uefawmygw,fvkdUqkdMuw,f? yefepfae&l;[m
OD;EkbufudkvSnfhNyD; 'DvlawG[m uGefjrLepfawGu
wa,mufwusyfay;NyD;ac:vmwJh vlawGvdkUajymvkdufwJHtcg OD;Eku
olodygw,f/ yefepfMuD;vdkU jyefajzvkdufw,f?
vlxkeJU yefepfMuD;[m b,favmuf &if;ESD;w,fw,fqdkwm tuJcwfEdkifatmif
om"uwckudk 'Dae&mrSm az:jyvkduf&tHk;r,f? [ELwuUodkvfrSm
OD;EkrdefUcGef;ajymNyD;wJhtcg bk&ifcHu yefepfMuD;eJU OD;Ekudk
npmpm;yGJwckeJU{nfhcHw,f? aemufqHk;yef;uefudk {nfhonfawGa&SUrSmcsNyD;wmeJU
wNydKifeuf pm;yGJxdk;orm;awG[m olwkdUtcsif;csif; MudKwifpDpOfxm;wJhtwkdif;
yefepfMuD;&JUaemufrSm wdwfwdwfuav; pDwef;NyD; &yfMuw,f? toifhapmifhaewJh
"mwfyHkq&mu yefepfMuD;eJU olUaemufu wef;pDNyD; &yfaeMuwJh
pm;yGJxkd;orm;awGudk "mwfyHk&kdufvkdufw,f? yefepfMuD;[m pm;yGJxkd;awG&JU
tMuHydkifykHudk csD;usL;wJhtaeeJU NyHK;aew,f? wjcm;0efMuD;csKyf wOD;OD;omqkd&if
pm;yGJxkd;awG[m 'DtpDtpOfrsKd;udk wu,fvkyfzkdUrajymeJU pOf;awmif pOf;pm;&JrSm
r[kwfbl;?
xrf;aqmifae&wJh wm0efuvnf; tifrwefMuD;? wkdif;jynfeJU vlxktwGuf
aomuawGuvnf; tifrwefrsm;jym;? toufuvnf; ri,fvSawmhwJhtwGuf
yefepfMuD;[m tifrwefyifyrf;aew,f? oleJU pum;xkdifajymae&if; ol[m
tvkyfyifyrf;vGef;vdkU qkdzmay:rSm tdyfaysmf aysmfoGm;wmudk OD;Ek
rMumcPawGUcJhzl;w,f? wcgrSm yefepfae&l;&,f OD;Ek&,f
ArmEkdifiHjcm;a&;twGif;0ef bm&ifwef&,f xkdifNyD; pum;ajymaeMuw,f? OD;Eku
ckdif;vkdU w&kwf-Arm e,fjcm;pmtkyfudk bm&ifwefu &Sif;jyae&if;
yefepfae&l;[m tdyfaysmfoGm;w,f? 'Dvdkjrif&wm[m
yxrtMudrfjzpfaewJhtwGuf bm&ifwef[m bmvkyf&rSef;rodjzpfaew,f?
tJ'gaMumifh 'DrSmajymwmawmfNyD/ rif;oGm;csifoGm;awmh
tdEd,EkdifiHjcm;a&;twGif;0efeJU awGUwJhtcg tJ'D w&kwf-ArmpmcsKyf

taMumif;udk pHkpHkvifvifajymjyvkdufygvdkU OD;Eku bm&ifwefudk

wkd;wkd;av;ajymjyvkduf&wf,? taemufEdkifiHutdEd,tpdk;&tzGJU&JU
acgif;aqmifawGqkd&if ESpfvwcg/ oHk;vwcg qkdovkd yifv,furf;ajcrSm
tem;,lwmwkdU awmifay:pcef;rSm avnif;cHwmwdkU/ &GufoabFmeJU
yifv,fxJrSm tyrf;ajzwmwkdUudk vkyfvkyfay;&w,f?
yefepfMuD;rSm 'grsKd;awGr&dSbl;? olU&JUtyrf;ajzaq;[m olcspfwJhvlxkbJ?
wcJeuftHkMuGaewJhvlxkvkd MuufaysmufiSufaysmuf aysmufuG,fukefMuw,f?
pefcsDudkoGm;bdkUtwGuf e,l;a'vDu xGufvmwkef;u
tifrwefyifyrf;aewJhtwGuf yefepfMuD;[m av,mOfysHay:rSm tomrSdef;NyD;
vkdufvm&w,f? OD;Ekvnf; yefepfMuD; em;csifem;ygapawmhvdkU pOf;pm;NyD;
av,mOfysHay:rSm olUudk bmpum;rSrajymbl;? tJ'Dvkd yifyrf;aewJh
yefepfMuD;[m av,mOfysHuGif;0rSm toifhapmifhaewJh vlxkudk jrif&wJhtcg/
olyifyrf;aewmawGaysmufukefw,f? olUrsufESmudkMunfh&wmtawmf
MunfMunfvifvifjzpfvmw,f? trkd;zwfxm;wJh *spfum;ay:rSm
t&m&dSwa,mufu '&kdifbm&JU ab;rSmxdkifw,f? yefepfae&l;eJU OD;EkwkdUu
*spfum;ay:rSm txl;vkyfxm;wJh oHwef;udkudkifNyD; rwfwyfvdkufMuw,f?
*spfum;[m olwkdUtem;udk a&mufwmeJUwNydKifeuf vlxk[molwkdU
toifhaqmifxm;wJh yef;uHk;awG yef;yGifhawGeJU yefepfudk 0dkif;aygufMuwmbJ?
yefepfuvnf; tJ'D yef;uHk;awG/ yef;awGudk rdoavmufvdkufzrf;NyD;
vlxkudkjyefaygufw,f? wae&mrSmawmh ausmif;olrav; aygufvdkufwJh
yef;uHk;[m yefepfMuD;&JU rsufvHk;udkrSefoGm;w,f? yefepfMuD;[m *spfum;udk
csufcsif;t&yfckdif; tJ'Dyef;ukH;eJUaygufwJhausmif;olrav;bufudkvnfh
yef;uHk;rSefoGm;wJh olUrsufpdudkvufwzufeJU tomtkyfxm;NyD; (athcf'yfpwl;[J)
vdkU [dELvdkvSrf;aigufvkdufw,f? 'g[m xHk;pHvm;vdkU Armvkd t"dym,f&w,f?
olUvlxkuvnf; olwkdU&JUacgif;aqmiftaMumif;
aumif;aumif;odaew,fqkdawmh olaigufwkdif; aMumufroGm;bl;? 'gxkH;pHbJvkdU
olUudk jyefatmfajymNyD; awmufxyfyef;ukH;awG yef;awGeJU 0kdif;aygufMu&if;
w0g;0g;eJU aysmfaeMuw,f? yefepfvnf; aemufxyfbmrS rajymawmhbl;?
olUrsufvHk;udk vufwzufeJU umNyD; armfawmfum;udk
quftarmif;ckdif;vdkufw,f?
"gwfawmfawGudk ,m,DpHausmif;awmfu awmifylpmay:rSm&dSwJh
"gwfawmfwdkufudk ajymif;a&TUwJhtcg tcrf;tem;eJU a&TUw,f? tcrf;tem;
tpDtpOfxJrSm yefepfae&l;eJU OD;EkwkdU[m "gwfawmfaemufu uyfvkdufoGm;&kHbJ?
bmrS vkyfp&mrvdkbl;? awmifay:u "gwfawmfwkdufudk a&mufwJhtcgrSmom

yefepfMuD;"gwfawmfMuKwfudk yifhvmwJhvl&JU vufxJu,lNyD; XmyemwkdufxJrSm

xm;&r,f? 'gayrJh OD;Ek[m r[maAm"dtoif;&JU vlMuD;awGudk awmif;yefNyD;
"gwfawmfMuKwfudk olUacgif;ay:rSmyifhoGm;w,f? ygvmwJh
vlxkMuD;udkxdef;bdkUtwGuf ykvdyfawGvnf;&dSw,f? wjcm;vlawGvnf;
trsm;MuD;&dSw,f? 'gayrJh ydkNyD; pdwfcs&atmifqkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJUbJ xifyg&JU?
yefepfMuD;[m aemufuygvmwJh vlxkbufudkrsufESmrlNyD; awmifylpmay:rSm
aygufxm;wJh ajrMuD;wufvmwmr[kwfbl;? olUyg;pyfu atmfajymvkduf
olUvufxJu 'kwfwkduav;udk axmifjyvkdufeJU olUvlxkudk xdef;NyD;
wufvkdufvmw,f?
OD;Ek[m "gwfawmfudk olUacgif;ay:rSmyifhNyD; awmifylpmay:udkwufvm&if;
olpdwful;awG[m ESpfaygif; ESpfaxmifausmfavmufu taomuacwfudk
Aef;ueJa&mufoGm;w,f? &Sifbk&iftaomu[m 'DpefcsDrSm ausmufapwDwnfNyD;
t&Sifom&dykw&meJU t&Sifr[marm*vmefwkdU&JU "gwfawmfawGudk
udk,fwkdifXmyem oGm;cJhw,f? tckvnf; 'DpefcsDrSm pHausmif;awmfwck
wnfaqmufNyD; 'D"gwfawmfawGudkbJ yefepfMuD;udk,fwdkif Xmyem&awmhr,f?
tdEd,EkdifiHawmftvHrSm taomuwHqdyfudkbJ yefepfMuD; jyefoHk;w,f?
tdEd,jynfolvlxkMuD; w&yfvHk;[m taomu0ifpm;wmjzpfrSmbJ? yefepfMuD;[m
taomujzpfwkef;u igvnf;oleJUcspfcifwJh rdwfaqGwOD;OD;awmhjzpfrSmbJ?
b,folrsm; jzpfygvdrhfrvJ? twdwfb0awGudk jyefNyD;jrifEdkifwJh ykaAed0goEkwd
tbdOmOfudkom ig&r,fqkd&if tJ'Dwkef;u ig[mbmvJqkd&if
igjyefMunfhEkdifrSmbJvdkUawG;&if; ywf0ef;usifawGudk owdarhNyD; OD;Ek[m
wa,mufxJ pdwful;,Ofaew,f?
"gwfawmfawGudk XmyemNyD;vkdU jyeftvm yefepfMuD;rSm b,fbmomrS r&dSbl;vkdU
Mum;zl;w,f? tJ'grSef&JUvm;vdkU OD;Eku yefepfMuD;udk ar;w,f? 'gayrJh ol[m
Ak'f"bmombufudkawmh udkif;nTwfaew,f? (I am inclined towards
Buddhism) vdkU yefepfMuD;u ajzMum;wJhtcg yefepfMuD;[m taomu
0ifpm;wmjzpfrSmbJqkdwJh OD;Ek&JU ,HkMunfrIawG[m a&S;uxufydkNyD;
cdkifrmvmMuw,f?
1962 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvtwGif; Am&mPoD [ELwuodkvfrSm (r*Fvm) eJU
(arwm) (Mangala and Metta) rdefUcGef;ESpfckudk OD;Ekajym&w,f? yefepfMuD;u
tJ'DrdefUcGef;yGJrSm em,uvkyf&w,f? yefepfMuD;eJU OD;EkwkdU[m Am&mPoDNrdKUxJu
Am&mPoD r[m&mZm&JUtdrfrSm wnf;&w,f? 'kwd,trdefUcGef;udk ajymNyD;wJh
naeydkif;rSm r[m&mZmu yefepfMuD;eJU OD;EkwkdUudk vufbuf&nfyGJeJU {nfhcHw,f?
{nfhonfawGjyefoGm;vkdU olwkdUESpfa,mufwnf;&dSwJhtcg OD;Eku yefepfMuD;udk

'DvkdpNyD; ajymvkdufw,f?
yefepfMuD;cifAsm; uRefawmfhudk ratmfbl;qdk&if cifAsm;udk uRefawm f pum;wcGef;
avmufajym csifw,f?
bmjzpfvkdUatmf&rSmvJ ajymyg?
aeUwkdif; reuftdyf,mxwMudrf ntdyf,m0ifwMudrf Ak"f'Ho&PH *pmrd
"rHo&PH *pmrd/ oHCHo&PH *pmrdvkdU qkdvkdU qkdcsifw,f? qkdEdkifyghrvm;?
qdkEkdifygw,fvkdUqkdNyD; Ak'Ho&PH *pmrd "rHo&PH *pmrd oHCHo&PH *pmrdvkdU
OD;Ekudk yefepfMuD;u acgufqkdjyw,f?
tdEd,udk aemufwacguf tvnfvm&if tdyf,macgif;&if;rSm xm;NyD;
yefepfMuD;udk udk;uG,fbkdUtwGuf nmPfawmfao;ao; ausmufqif;wk
(odkUr[kwf) aMu;qif;wkwql yifhvmr,fvkdU pdwful;NyD; OD;Ek&efukefudk
jyefvmw,f? aemufwvausmfausmf avmufMumwJhtcg rwfv(2)&ufaeUrSm
0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m tmPmodrf;cH&w,f? axmifwaxmifxJrSm tcsKyfcHae&&if;
waeUusawmh axmift&m&dSwOD; OD;EkqDudkvmNyD; yefepfae&l;
tedpa&mufoGm;NyDvkdU Mum;w,f? om;trdom;tz jzpfjzpf
nDtudkarmifESrjzpfjzpf vifeJUr,m; jzpfjzpf oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGjzpfjzpf
wOD;eJUwOD; cspfcifMuwJholawG[m waeUaomtcg uGJMu&rSm "rwmbJ
&SifuGJaomfvnf;aumif;? aouGJaomfvnf;aumif; uGJ&r,fvkdU pOf;pm;7if;
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OD;Ek[m ubmolubmom; wOD;jzpfwJhtwGuf tckajymovkd
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OD;Ek[m 'kwd,ubmppfMuD;twGif;u 1940 jynhfESp f'DZifbmvxJrSm
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tar&duef jynfaxmifpk wkdU ppfrsm;jzpf&if tar&duef AkH;qH?
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waq ajcmufovkd vkdufajcmufaew,f/
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'gayrJH rwwfEkdifbl;qkdNyD; 'Dudwfpudk olvufykduf Munfhraejcifbl;/
OD;aESmufxuf ESvkH;om;u ykdMuD;aewJh OD;Ek[m olU0goemt& wckck
vkyfcsifaew,f/ bmrS rvkyfEkdifbl;qkd&ifawmif tcGifhaumif;&wJhtcg
w&kwfacgif;aqmifawGeJU tar&duef acgif;aqmifawGudk
acgif;aqmifMuD;rsm;cifAsm/ &efolrjzpfMuygeJU rdwfaqG jzpfMuyg?
qkdwmuav;avmuf udkawmh teJqkH;tjzpfeJU olajymcsifaew,f/ tJ'DvkdajymbkdU
tcGifhaumif; &Smaewkef; 1954ckESpf rSm w&kwf 0efMuD;csKyf acsmiftifvkdif
&efukefudk tvnfa&mufvmw,f/ ol&JU zdwfMum;csuft& OD;Ek[m 1954 ckESpf
tukefavmufrSm yDuif;udk tvnfvmbkdU oabmwlvkdufNyD;
oltifrwefajymcsifaewJh w&kwftar&duef cspfMunfa&;taMumif; udk
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0efMuD;csKyfacsmiftifvkdif; eJU awGUwJhtcg w&kwf -Arm e,ferdwf owfrSwfbkdU
udwfpudk aqG;aEG;cJhygvkdU 0efMuD;awGu 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekudk 0kdi;fNyD;rSmMuw,f/
'kwd, 0efMuD;csKyf OD;ausmfNidr;fuqkd&if taemufEkdifiHom;awG a&;xm;wJh pmtkyf
okH;av;tkyf ,lvmNyD; tJ'dpmtkyfawG xJu w&kwf -Arm e,fjcm;eJU qkdifwJh
pmykd'f awG zwfjyw,f/ OD;ausmfNidrf;&JU tqkdt&qkd&if 'Dpmykd'fawGudk udk;um;NyD;

jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHxJu e,fajrwckav;udkrS ray;bJ ArmawG ykdifcJhwJh

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ajrmufbuf u e,fajrawg rSeforQ ygaew,fvkdU OD;Eku ajymwJhtcg w&kwf
- Arm pmcsKyfwckt& 'Dvkdjzpf&wmvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfcsKtifvkdif;u ajymzl;w,f/
'DpmcsKyfrSm Arm&Sifbk&ifawGvufxufu w&kwf tpkd;& eJU
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jrdKUajrmufbuf u w&kwfykdif e,fajrawGudk w&kwf tmPmykdifawG
oGm;EkdifbkdUtwGuf w&kwf oabmFawG[m {&m0wD jrpfwavQmuf
Aef;armfjrdKUtxd qefwufcGifh&Sdw,fvkdU azmfjyxm;w,f/ 'gayrJh 'gawGudk
pkd;&drfp&m r&Sdygbl;/ w&kwf -Arm e,ferdwf owfrSwfwJhtcg w&m;ojzifh
jzpfatmi fvkyfay;ygr,fvkdU w&kwf0efMuD;csKyfcsKtifvkdif;u ajymoGm;zl;w,f/
tJ'Dawmh Armtpkd;&u pmtkyfawG pm&Gufpmwr;fawGpmcsKyfta[mif;awGudk
ukd;um;vkduf&if w&kwftpkd;&uvnf; olwkdUrSm &SdwJhpmcsKyfawG /
pmt&Gufpmwr;fawG pmcsKyfta[mif;awGudk ukd;um; vmvdrhfr,f/ 'Dvkdqkd&if
w&kwf -Arm e,fjcm; owfrSwfa&;udwfp[m odyfMumoGm;vdrfhr,f/
w&kwfawGtwGuf MumvkdU udwfp r&Sdbl;/ olwkdUapmifhEkdifw,f/ ArmawGu
rapmifhEkdifbl;/ tJ'Dawmh olUoabmt&qkd&if w&kwf Arm e,fjcm;owfrSwfa&;
aqG;aEG;wJhtcg 'DpmtkyfawG pm&Gufpmwrf;awG pmcsKyfa[mif;awGudk
rudk;um;csifbl;/ olUtxifudk ajym&&if w&kwfuGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifawG[m
zqyvacgif;aqmifawGudk ,kHMunfvmwmeJUtrQ w&kwf-Arm
e,fjcm;owfrSwfa&;udwfp[m vG,fulvmr,f/ tJ"dawmh w&kwf -Arm
e,fjcm;owfrSwfa&; udwfp udk odyfravmeJU? 'gayrJh w&kwf tpkd;&udk
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tJ'DvkdajymNyD; wjcm;wbuf w&kwf-Arm cspfMunfa&;udk tpGr;fukef
wnfaqmufay;&r,f/ w&kwf - Arm cspfMunfa&;wkd;wufvmwmeJUtrQ
w&kwf uGefjrLep acgif;aqmifawG[m zqyv acgif;aqmifawGudk
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e,fjcm;owfrSwfa&;udwfp[m &mckdifEIef; 80 ausmfNyD;aeNyDvkdU

ol,kHMunfwJhtaMumif; 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek u &Sif;jyw,f/ 0efMuD;csKyf&JU

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(*)
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tvnfoGm;w,f/ OD;EkwkdU&UJ av,mOfysH[m yDuif; av,mOfysHuGif;udk
qkdufwmeJU wjyKdifeuf oHtrwf OD;vSarmif[m okd; arT;
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0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekudk oHtrwfu okd;arT;acgif;pGyfay;w,f/ tcrf;tem;eJU ususee
MudKaewJhae&mrSm 'Dacgif;pGyfMuD; pGyfNyD; rqif;csifbl;/ at;csifat;yap/
olUacgif;aygif;udk bJ aygif;NyD; qif;r,fvkdU OD;Eku ajzw,f/ OD;Ek[m
av,mOfysHtjyifbudk ajcwvSrf;vSr;frdwmeJU wjydKifeuf
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ajymbkdU pDpOfxm;wJh rdefUcGef;udkawmif rajymEdkifbl;/ vmMudKaewJh yk*kdvfawGeJU
cyfjrefjref EIwfqufNyD; tyl"mwfvTwfxm;wJh um;xJudk
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tckvkd aqG;aEG;MuwmbJ/
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jyef cgeD;wJhtcg OuXMuD;armfu w&kwfjynfudk OD;EkwkdUvmwJhtcg
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taumiftxnffazmfaeNyd?tJ'gawG NyD;oGm;&if w&kwfjynf[m Armjynfudk

trsm;MuD;ulnDEkdifvdrfhr,fvkdU MuifMuifememajymygw,f/
OuXMuD; armfqDu tjyef 0efMuD;csKy fcsKtifvkdif; &JU tdrfrSm npmpm;&w,f/
yDuif;rSm tdrfaumif; tdrfMuD;tdrfus,faw Gtrsm;MuD; &Sdw,f/
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taemufEkdifiHowif;pmq&m wOD;u 0if'grD,m0if;twGif;u 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek&JU
tdrf[m aumifqm*sife&,f qkdwJh oHrSL;av; aewJhtdrfxuf
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Mum;ae&w,f/
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olajymr,fvkdU oH"dXmefcsxm;w,f/ tJ'Dawmh jzpfcsif&m jzpfyap?

b,fenf;eJUrqkd olajym&r,f qkdwmukd bJ olpOf;pm;aew,f/ wkdifyifae&if
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olrwkdifyifbl;/ tcGifhaumif;&wmeJU 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m 'Dw&kwf tar&duef
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w&kwftaMumif;udk ajymwJhtcg w&kwf awG[m owfwd
ajymifajrmufwJhvlawGjzpfw,f/ wbufom;tay:rSm tifrwef
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a&S;wkef;ueJU rwlawmhbl;/ pm;0wfaea&;bufrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;MuD; wkd;wuf

vmwJhtaMumif;awGudk xnhfajymoGm;w,f/
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jzpfukefMurSmbJ/ 'DavmifpmeJU jymykHawGxJu AkH;MuJwJHh t*Fvdyf? tar&duef
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avm,mOfarmif;orm;awGudk ,fpm; toem;cHzkdUraumif;bl;/ w&kwf tpkd;&
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rMumcifrSmbJ w&kwf oHtrwf[m 0efMuD;csKyf OD;EkeJU awGUcGifhawmif;w,f/
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w&kwfoHtrwfu av,mOfarmif;orm;awGudk vTwfzkdU w&kwf tpkd;& u
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tar7duef oH&kH;udk csufcsif;taMumif;Mum;ckdif;vkdufw,f/ aemufwaeUrSm
tar&duef av,mOfarmif;orm;awGudk w&kwftpkd;& u vTwfypfvkdufw,f/
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ajrykHawGudk MunfhNyD; pkd;&drfraeygeJU/ w&kwftpkd;&[m Armtpkd;&udk
b,fenf;eJUrQ rw&m; rvkyfygbl;vkdUajymwmaMumifh w&kwfeJU Arm
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&if;&if;ESD;ESD; awGUqkHNyD; 'Dw&kwf Arm e,fjcm;owfrSwfa&; jyoemudk
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w&kwf-Arm cspfMunfa&;[m ESpfEkdifiH&JU wkd;wufa&;? pnfyifom,ma&;?
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w&kwf,Ofaus;rI 'kwd,0efMuD;csKyf csdefcsifwl acgif;aqmifwJh w&kwf

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acgif;aqmifwJh Nidr;fcsrf;a&;tzGJUawG? Armjynfudk tvnfvmMuw,f/
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ae0if; acgif;aqmifwJh ppfrpf&Sif tzGJU ? w&m;0efMuD;csKyf OD;odef;armif
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Ak'f"bmom tzGJUjyefvmwJhtcg yDuif;jrdKUawmfu jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU pG,fawmfudk
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apmifha&SmufjyKpkw,f/ Arm{nhfcHa&; tzGJU0ifawGudkvnf; txl;*&kpkdufMubkdU
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OD;Ek b,fvkd wnfaqmufaew,f qkdwm w&kwfjynfudk jyefvmMuwJh
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1948 ckESp fxJrSm Armjynf[m vGwfvyfa&; &cJhw,f/ 'gayrJh vGwfvyfa&;

&puwn;fu jzpfcJh&wJh jynfwGif;ppfyGJaMumifh ArmwEkdifiHvkH; ysufvkrwwf

jzpfcJh&NyD; Armtpkd;&[mvnf; olawmif;pm;tpkd;&b0udk a&mufoGm;cJh&w,f/
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'DvkdulnDwmudkd jyifopftpkd;& aumif;aumif; odw,f/ Armtpkd;&&JU
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tvnf0ifwJhtcg jyifopfEkdifiHjcm;a&;0efMuD;udk 0ifNyD; EIwfqufzdkU
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yumoeawGrSm pdwfr0ifpm;ykH? [efrvkyfwwfykHawGudk MunhfNyd; orwMuD;
[kdcsDrif;udk wpdrfhpdrfh MunfnKdaew,f/
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tJ'Dwkef;u rodbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh orwMuD; om;orD;
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tJ'dtcg orwMuD; [kdcsDrif;u AD,uferfwEkdifiHvkH;u wkdif;oljynfom;
tm;vkH;[m olUom;orD;awGcsnf;bJvkdU ajzNyD; &,faew,f/
OD;EkwkdUudkxm;wJh {nhfa*[m qkdwm jyifopfawGvufxufwkef;u jyifopf
bk&ifcHaewJh tdrfeJUwlw,f/ ppfyGJNyD;cgpqkdawmh tJ'DtdrfrSm b,folrS

raeao;bl;/ OD;EkwkdUvmawmhrS tdrfudk uysmu,meJU vSJcg

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tdrfomtzkH;udk zGifhvkdufwJhtcg tdrfomxJrSm yk&GufqdwftkHMuD; udk awGU&w,f/
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tJ'dtay:rSmbJ OD;Ek aemufaz; oGm;csvkduf&w,f/ NyD;wJhtcg OD;Ek [m
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awmifAD,uferf&JU orw Zifu zdwfwJhtwGuf OD;Ek[m qkdif*kHudk
tvnfoGm;w,f/ &efukefurxGufcif orwZiftaMumif; odolawGu
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usif;yw,f/ OD;Ektjyif 0efMuD;csKyf qyfpx&dktmrpf*sKd*sKd (Sastro Admidjojo)
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waeUusawmh bpfa&Smhy&kdAdkU(pf)[m 0efMuD;csKyfOD;EkqDudkvmNyD;

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a&mufygapvkdUvnf; OD;Ek arwmydkUw,f? olvkyfcJhorQ 'geukodkvf/
oDvukodkvf/ bm0emukodkvfawGudkvnf; pwmviftwGuf &nfpl;NyD;
wMudrftrQxyfa0w,f?
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yifv,furf;ajcu jrdKUwNrdKUudk OD;EkwkdU a&mufvmw,f? a&mufwJhnrSmyJ
u&l;&Suf[m olUtdrfrSm OD;EkwkdUudk npmauR;w,f? tJ'Dnpmpm;yGJrSm
u&l;&Suf&JUZeD;eJU orD;wkdUudk awGU&w,f? rDudk,Hudkvnf; awGU&w,f?
&efukefudkjyefrJhaeUusawmh armifpudk av,mOfysHuGif;udkvmNyD;
EIwfqufMuwJh &yf&Sif;acgif;aqmifawGxJrSm um*ifEdkApfvnf; ygvmw,f?
tm;vHk;udk vufqGJ EIwfqufMuwJhtcg OD;Ek[m um*ifEdkApfudk vufESpfzufeJU
tm;&yg;&zufNyD; &JabmfMuD; um*ifEdkApf/ cifAsm;udk uRefawmfcspfw,fvkdU
OD;Eku ajymvkdufw,f? (Comrade Kaganovich! I love you.)
tJ'D 1955 ckESpf 'DZifbmvxJrSm u&l;&SufeJU blvf*,feifwkdU

ArmjynfudktvnfvmMuw,f? OD;EkwdkU vlpk[m qkdAD,uf,leD,HrSm olwkdUudk

MudKqdk{nfhcHMuovkdyJ u&l;&SufeJU blvf*,feifwkdUudk aomif;aomif;zszs
{nfhcHMudKqdkvkdufMuw,f?
0efMuD;csKyfblvf*,feif[m taetxdkiftajymtqkdrSm tifrwef
cefUjim;w,f? tifrwefvnf; ,Ofaus;odrfarGUw,f? tJ'gaMumifh OD;Ek[m
blvf*,feifudk trsm;MuD;MunfndKw,f? u&l;&Sufuawmh ajymwJhqdkwJhae&mrSm
[efrvkyfwwfbl;? olU0rf;xJrSm&dSwmudk bGif;bGif;MuD; zGifhcswwfw,f?
olajymorQawGudk OD;EkvufcHw,fvdkU rqdkvkdbl;? 'gayrJh bGif;bGif;ajymwmudk
OD;Ek trsm;MuD;oabmusw,f? olwkdUeJU&if;ESD;vmwJhtcg 'D&yf&Sif;acgif;aqmif
ESpfOD;[m pwmvifeJUrwlbl;? Armjynftay:rSm apwemaumif;&dSw,fqkdwJh
,HkMunfrIawG[m OD;Ek&JUpdwfxJrSm wzGm;zGm;ay:vmw,f?
orwu &yf&Sif;acgif;aqmifawGudk wnfcif;auR;arG;wJh npmpm;yGJrSm
u&l;&Suf[m tpmraMuwJh a&m*gaMumifh bmrSrpm;Ekdifbl;? OD;Eku
Armq&m0efwa,muf ac:ay;r,fvkdU ajymwJhtcg u&l;&Sufu olUrSm
q&m0efygvmw,fvkdUajymw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dq&m0efawGudk oltm;rudk;bl;?
usef;rma&;aumif;csifwJh vlawG[m q&m0efay;wJh aq;awGudk
cPcPaomufaezkdU rvkdbl;? (1) acgif;udkat;at;xm;/ (2)
ajcaxmufudkaEG;aEG;xm;/ (3) 0rf;udkqmaeatmifvkyfxm;/ (1. Keep your
head cool. 2. Keep your feet warm. 3. Keep your stomach
hungry.) vkdU u&l;&Sufu OD;Ekudkajymjyw,f?
u&l;&SufeJU blvf*,feifwkdU vmMuwmaMumifh ArmjynftwGuf
aumif;wmawG trsm;MuD; &dSygw,f? rjiif;Edkifygbl;? 'Daumif;wmawGxJrSm
aumif;wmwckudk 'Dae&mrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;azmfjyvkdygw,f?
ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&wJh tcsdefupNyD; (7)ESpfvHk;vHk;
ArmuGefjrLepfawGeJU uGefjrLepfawG&JU wynfhawGu Armjynf&JU vGwfvyfa&;[m
vGwfvyfa&;tppfr[kwfbl;? vGwfvyfa&;twkMuD;vkdU rsufpdrdSwfNyD;
watmfwnf;atmfaeMuwmbJ? olwkdUawG vufeufudkifNyD; olykefx&wm[m
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jzpfvmatmif ajymif;zkdUtwGufaMumifhbJ jzpfw,fvdkUawmif 'DuGefjrLepfawGeJU
olwkdU&JU wynfhawG[m a<u;aMumfcJhMuw,f? zqyv tpdk;&u
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tvnfvmawmhrSyJ rsufpdrdSwfatmfaeMuwJh uGefjrLepfawGeJU
olwkdU&JUwynfhawG[m tatmf&yfoGm;Muw,f? tJ'g[m Armjynfudk u&l;&SufeJU

blvf*,feifwkdU vmvkdufwmaMumifh ArmjynftwGuf ay:aygufvmwJh

taumif;wckjzpfw,fqkdwm azmfjyvkdygw,f?
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rDudk,efArmjynfudktvnfvmw,f? rDudk,ef[m u&l;&SufeJU
tvGefcspfcif&if;ESD;oljzpfw,f? yifv,furf;ajcu NrdKUwNrdKUrSm u&l;&Sufu
OD;EkwkdUudk npmauR;wkef;u rDudk,ef[m u&l;&SufeJY qufqHwJhtcg
tifrwef&if;&if;ESD;ESD;qufqHwmudk OD;Ekaumif;aumif; owdxm;rdw,f?
olUrdom;pkeJY OD;EkwkdYudkomzdwfwJh &if;&if;ESD;ESD; npmpm;yGJrSm
b,f0efMuD;wOD;wa,mufudkrS rzdwfbJ rDukd,efwOD;xJudkom zdwfwmudkvnf;
OD;Ekaumif;aumif; rSwfxm;rdw,f? rDudk,ef[m tifrwefcspfp&m
aumif;wJhvlwa,mufjzpfw,f? oleJUawGUbl;wJh vlwkdif;[m em&D0ufavmuf
pum;ajymNyD;&if oleJY cifcifrifrifjzpfoGm;rSmbJ? OD;Ek[m rDudk,efeJU
qdkAD,uf,leD,HrSuwnf;u cifcifrifrif &if;&if;ESD;ESD; jzpfvmwJhtwGuf
OD;EktdrfrSm npmpm;NyD;vdkU olwnf;aewJh tdrfawmfudk rDudk,efjyefwJhtcg
OD;Ekudk,fwkdif vkdufykdUw,f? orwtdrfudk a&mufvkdU armfawmfum;ay:u
qif;MuwJhtcg rDudk,efu tdyfcsifNyD;vm; 0efMuD;csKyf?
pum;eJeJavmufajym&atmifvkdU awmif;yefwmeJU OD;Ek[m orw tdrfawmfxJudk
rDudk,efeJUtwl 0ifvkdufoGm;w,f? orw tdrfawmf&JUt0
avScg;MuD;ESpfckMum;rSm ukvm;xkdifawG&dSw,f? tJ'Dukvm;xkdifawGay:rSmxkdifNyD;
rDudk,efeJUOD;EkwkdU pum;ajymMuw,f? pum;jyefuawmh OD;EkwkdU
qkdAD,uf,leD,HrSm&dSwkef;ua&m blvf*,feifwkdU Armjynftvnfvmwkef;ua&m
pum;jyefvkyfcJh &yf&Sif;pum;jyefav;yg?
pum;ajymaeMu&if; OD;Eku pwmvif[m b,fvkdvlpm;vJvkdU
ar;wmeJU rDudk,efu pwmvif[m odyfaMumufp&m aumif;wJhvlbJ?
pwmvif[m aemufxyfoHk;vavmuf touf&Snf aetHk;r,fqdk&if
u&l;&SufeJUol[m pwmvifowfypfwmudk cH&rSmbJvkdUajzw,f?
cifAsm;wkdUESpfa,mufudk pwmvifu bmjzpfvkdUowfrSmvkdU ar;wJhtcg
oluawmh u&l;&Suf&JU rdwfaqG&if;jzpfaevkdUygbJ? 'gayrJh u&l;&Sufuawmh
pwmvifudk *&krpdkufbl;? tJ'Dvkd *&krpdkufwJhtwGuf u&l;&Sufudk pwmvifu
owfrSmbJ? 'kwd, urmppfMuD;twGif;rSm ppfrsufESmwcku u&l;&Suf[m
pwmvifqDudk w,fvDzkef;qufvkdufw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu pwmvif&JU tcef;xJrSm
wjcm;vlawGtjyif rmvifaumvnf;&dSaew,f? rmvifaumhu
w,fvDzkef;ae&mudk oGm;NyD;ajymwJhtcg u&l;&Sufu rif;eJUigrajymcsifbl;?
pwmvifeJU ajymcsifw,fvkdUajymvkdufw,f? rmvifaumhu pwmvifudk

'Dtwdkif;taMumif;Mum;wJhtcg pwmvifu olrajymbl;?

u&l;&Sufajymp&m&dS&ifrmvifaumhudkyJ ajymyapvkdU aigufvTwfvkdufw,f?
rmvifaumhu w,fvDzkef;qD jyefoGm;NyD; pwmvifu &l;&SufeJY rajymbl;?
ajymp&m&dS&if olYudkyJajymvkdU pum;jyefwJhtcg pwmvifudkyJ igajymr,f?
rif;udkrajymbl;qkdNyD; u&l;&Suf[m w,fvDzkef;udk csypfvkdufw,f? pwmvifudk
u&l;&Sufwa,mufyJ 'Dvkdvkyf&Jw,f? b,folrS rvkyf&Jbl;? tJ'grsKd;udk
pwmvifrMudKufbl;vkdU rDudk,efu OD;Ekudkajymjyw,f?
bm&D;,m;vnf; b,fvkdvlpm;rsKd;vJvkdU OD;Ekuar;wJhtcg olvnf;
tifrwefqdk;wJh vlwa,mufbJ? rmvifaumhudka&m olUtwGuf tE&m,fjzpfrJh
vlawGtm;vHk;udkyg tukefzrf;owfNyD; oltmPmodrf;zkdU pDpOfaewkef;
olUudkvufOD;atmif t&ifzrf;owfvkduf&w,fvkdU rDudk,efuajzw,f? olUudk
b,fvdkjzKwfcs&w,fqkdwm rajymjyEkdifbl;vm;vkdUar;wJhtcg rDudk,efu
ajymEkdifygw,fvkdUajzNyD; bm&D;,m;udk b,fvkdjzKwfcs&w,fqkdwm ajymjyw,f?
olajymjycsuf&JU twdkcsKyfuawmh 'Dvkd?
bm&D;,m;udk jzKwfcszkdUtwGuf acgif;aqmifNyD; pDpOfwJhvluawmh
u&l;&SufbJ? u&l;&Suf[m a&S;OD;pGm rm&S,f blvf*,feif/ rm&S,fZl;aumhwkdYeJU
wkdifyifw,f? tu,f bm&D;,m;&JU ppfykvdyfawGudk pDpOfNyD;wJhtcg
u&l;&Sufudk,fwkdif 0efMuD;csKyf rmvifaumhqDudkoGm;NyD; oludk,fwkdifuawmh
bm&D;,m;udk vlqdk;vkdUxifw,f? rmvifaumhuaum b,fvkdxifovJvkdU
ar;w,f? rmvifaumhu olvJbm&D;,m;udk vlqdk;vkdUxifw,fvkdU
jyefajzwJhtcgusawmhrS u&l;&Sufu 'Dvkdqkd&if rmvifaumhudk
olUtpDtpOfajymjyr,f qkdNyD; avQmufajymw,f?
tJ'DtpDtpOft& aemufaeUusif;yrJh y&DpD'D,ef tpnf;ta0;rSm
bm&D;,m;tay: pGJcsufawG wifNyD;zrf;&r,f? bm&D;,m;&JUvlawGu ckcH&if
olwkdUu ta&;,lzdkU ppfwyfeJU pDpOfNyD;NyDvkdU &Sif;jyw,f? tJ'Daemuf
rmvifaumh[m olwdkUzufudkygrvm;vkdU u&l;&Sufuar;w,f? rmvifaumhu
ygr,fvkdUajzw,f?
aemufaeUtpnf;ta0;pwmeJUwNydKufeuf u&l;&Sufu cifAsm;tay:rSm
pGJcsufwifp&mawG&dSw,fvkdU bm&D;,m;udkajymvkdufw,f? bm&D;,m;u
wifEdkifygw,f? wjcm;ta&;MuD;wJh udpawG NyD;wJhtcg wifwmayghvdkU jyefajzNyD;
pm;yGJcHkay:wifxm;wJh olUvufqGJom;a&tdwfudk zGifhrvkdUvkyfvkdufw,f?
bm&D;,m;[m om;a&tdwfxJu ypwkdaoewfudk xkwfvdrfhr,fvkdU u&l;&Sufu
xifw,f? tJ'gaMumifh u&l;&Suf[m tJ'DvufqGJom;a&tdwfudk
olUvufeJYwtm; ykwfypfvkdufwm vufqGJom;a&tdwf[m pm;yGJckHay:u vGifhNyD;

Murf;jyifay: usoGm;w,f? tJ'Daemuf u&l;&Sufu a[haumif/ rwfwyf&yfvkdY

aigufvdkufwJhtcg bm&D;,m;vnf; vefUNyD; rwfwyf&yfvkdufw,f?
olUwukd,fvHk; qwfqwfwkefaewmudk y&DpD'D,ef tpnf;ta0;wufolwkdif;
jrifae&w,f? u&l;&Suf[m bm&D;,m;&JUaemufudkoGm;NyD; olUvufESpfzufeJU
bm&D;,m;&JU vufESpfzufudk wkyfxm;vkdufw,f? tJ'Daemuf tcef;xJu
tcsufay;vkdufwmeJU wNydKufeuf toifhapmifhaewJh ppfom;awG
tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJ 0ifvmNyD; bm&D;,m;udk ac:xkwfoGm;Muw,f?
1956ckESpfusawmh OD;Ek[m 0efMuD;csKyf&mxl;u xGufNyD; zqyv
jyefvnfzGJUpnf;a&;udk udkifaew,f? tJ'DESpfxJrSm rm&S,fZl;aumh
&efukefudkvmw,f? waeYusawmh rm&S,fZl;aumh[m OD;EkeJY awGU&atmif
zqyvXmecsKyfudk tvnfvmw,f? olwkdUESpfa,mufpum;ajymaeMuwkef;
rm&S,fZl;aumhu OD;Ekudkar;cGef;wckar;w,f?
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ppfyGJMuD;NyD;wJhtcg ppfEkdifoleJY ppf&IH;olawG usefawmhrSm r[kwfbl;?
tEkjrLAHk;awGaMumifh wurmvHk;avmifpmeJU jymyHkom usefawmhr,f? 'Dvkdb0rsKd;
a&mufrSmawmh ppfjzpfcsifolawG aMumufMuvdrfhr,f xifw,f? rm&S,fZl;aumh
uaum b,fvkdxifovJ}}
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jzpfcJhMuw,f? tJ'Daemuf av;eJUjrm;awGudk oHk;vmMuw,f? tJ'Daemuf
AHk;MuJav,mOfysHeJU AHk;awGudk oHk;vmMuw,f? vufeufawG[m
wacwfxufwacwf ydkNyD;aMumufp&m aumif;vmw,f? 'gayrJh vlawGuawmh
raMumufMubl;? 'DvufeufawGudk oHk;NyD; ppfjzpfMuwmbJ? tPkjrLAHk;awG[m
t&ifvufeufawGeJU pm&if ydkNyD;aMumufp&maumif;vmw,fqkdwmudk b,folrS
rjiif;Ekdifbl;? 'gayrJh ppfjzpfcsifwJh vlawGMuawmh raMumufbl;?
'DvufeufawGudkoHk;NyD; ppfjzpfMutHk;rSmbJ? tJ'gaMumifh ppfjzpfvm&if
toifhjzpfaeatmif uRefawmfwkdUawmh uRefawmfwkdUwyfawGudk tPkjrLvufeuf
tpGrf;ukef wyfay;xm;wmbJ/}}
]]pwmvif[m cifAsm;udk rMudKufzl;vkdU Mum;zl;w,f? [kwfovm;}}
]][kwfw,f}}

]]ol rMudKufwJhvlawGqkd&if pwmvif[m axmifcscsifcs? rcs&if

qkdufab;&D;,m;udkykdU? 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; owfypfw,fvkdUMum;bl;w,f?
cifAsm;udkawmh pwmvif[m bmjzpfvkdU 'DvkdrESdyfpufovJ}}
]]uRefawmfh ppfwyfudkaMumufvdkY pwmvif[m 'DvkdrvkyfwmbJ}}
1960-twGif; taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJMuD; NyD;cgp tcsdefavmufrSm
u&l;&Suf[m tdEd,udktvnfvm&if; Armjynfudk a&mufvmao;w,f?
OD;EkeJYawGUwJhtcg uvuwm;rSm 0efMuD;csKyfae&l;eJU olawGUp&m&dSao;w,f?
OD;EkvJ uvuwm;udk vmygvkdU u&l;&SufuzdwfwmeJU aemufqHk;awGU&wmbJ?
1962 ckESpfxJrSm OD;[m tmPmtodrf;cH&NyD; tcsKyfcef;xJrSm
av;ESpfcGJausmfausmf aecJh&w,f/ 1964 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvxJudk
a&mufvmwJhtcg olUvkdyJ tcsKyfcef;xJudk a&mufaewJh 0efMuD;a[mif;
wcsKdUajymjyvkdU u&l;&Suf[m 0efMuD;csKyf&mxl;u jyKwfusoGm;w,fvkdU
OD;Ekod&w,f/
OD;Ek[m u&l;&Sufudpudk aoaocsmcsmavhvmNyD;wJhtcg u&l;&Suf[m
0efMuD;csKyf&mxl;u tjzKwfcH&wmr[kwfbl;? olU[mol EIwfxGufoGm;wm
jzpf&r,fvkdU wxpfcsqHk;jzwfvkdufw,f? OD;Eku 'DvkdqHk;jzwfwm[m
bmtaMumif;awGaMumifhvJ? 'DtaMumif;awGudk wckpDajymjyyghr,f/
(1) u&l;&SufudkjzKwfzkdUrvG,fbl;? u&l;&Suf[m owdodyf&dSw,f?
olYowdaMumifh ol[matmufqHk;wef;u aeNyD; txGyftxdyfudk
a&mufvmw,fvkdY qdk&if rrSm;Edkifbl;? ol[mb,fvkd owd&dScJhw,fqdkwJh
o"uawGxJu xif&Sm;wJh o"uwcsKdUudk 'Dae&mrSm azmfjycsifw,f? 1953
ckESpfxJrSm bm;&D;,m;vkd tifrwef aMumufp&maumif;wJh vlwa,mufudk
u&l;&Suf acgif;aqmifNyD; jzKwfcscJhw,f? 1957 ckESpfxJrSm y&DpD'D,efu
olUudkjzKwfcswJhtcg olaMumufNyD; xGufray;bl;? A[dkaumfrwDudkac:NyD;
olUudkjzKwfcswJh y&DpD'D,ef tzGJU0ifawGudk oljzKwfcsypfvkdufw,f? y&DpD'D,ef&JU
qHk;jzwfcsufudk tckvdkcHwkduf&Jwm qdkAD,uf,leD,H&JU ordkif;wckvHk;rSm
u&l;&SufwOD;wnf;yJ &dSao;w,f? pwmvifvdk tmPm&Sifawmif
rm&S,fZl;aumhudk ta&;r,l&Jbl;? u&l;&Suf[m rm&S,fZl;aumhudk
umuG,fa&;0efMuD; &mxl;ua&m y&DpD'D,ef tzGJUuyg jzKwfypfvkdufw,f?
(2)
u&l;&Sufudk jzKwfcswJhvlawGudk urmu0kdif;NyD; pGyfpGJcJhMuwJh
rDudk,ef[m u&l;&Suf&JU t&if;qHk; oli,fcsif;bJ? rmvifaumheJY bm;&D;,m;[m
pwmvif vufoyfarG;xm;wJh wynfhawGjzpfovkd b&ufZnuf/ udkpDcsif/

aygha*:eDqdkwJh vloHk;a,mufuvnf; u&l;&Suf vufoyfarG;xm;wJh

wynfhawGjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh q&maombmaom ra&Smifygbl;/ tmPmqkd&if
vkMurSmyJvkdU wzufuajymcsif&if ajymEdkifw,f? tJ'Dvkdajymr,fqkd&if OD;Ek[m
b&ufZnuf/ udkpDcsif/ aygha*:eDwkdUudk wcgrSrawGUbl;wJhtwGuf
rumuG,fEdkifbl;? rDudk,efudkawmh OD;Ek[m tjyif;txef umuG,fvdrfhr,f?
OD;Ek&JUpdwfxJrSm rDudk,ef[m wjcm;[mawGudk vkyfcsifvkyfr,f
u&l;&SufudkjzKwfcswJh tvkyfudkawmh b,fenf;eJUrS rvkyfbl;vkdU OD;Eku
wxpfcs,HkMunfaew,f? vlawGxJrSm oli,fcsif;t&if;awGtay:
opmazmufwJhvlqdk;awG&dSovkd oli,fcsif; t&if;awGtay:
b,fawmhrSoprazmufwJh vlaumif;awGvnf;&dSw,f? rDudk,ef[m
tJ'Dvlaumif;awGxJrSm wa,muftygt0ifjzpfw,fvkdU OD;Ek[m rrdSwfroHk
,HkMunfaew,f?
(3)
u&l;&Suf[m wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfwJhzufrSm
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(7)
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wcgwcgusawmh udkEku 'Dvdk awmif;yefvdkYr&bl;/ olysif;vdkY
pum;ajym&atmif vmwmqdkNyD; pum;awG avQmufajymaewmyJ/ wcgrSmawmh
rjr&Dudk pdwfqdk;atmif pvdkuf&if rjr&D xGufoGm;rSmyJvdkY wGufNyD;
ig;pdrf;onfrqdkwm odyfpum;rsm;w,f/ tpu rif; ig;pdrf;onfrrSef;od&if

igr,lygbl;uGmvdkY udkEkuajymvdkufw,f/ tJ'Dtcg rjr&Du udka&TEka& 'D

ig;pdrf;onfru r,l&if &Sifhudk b,frdef;rursm; ,ltHk;rSmvJvdkY
jyefwG,fvdkufw,f/ udkEk[m 'Dvdk twGufcH&wmudk odyfpdwfqdk;w,f/
][kwfwmqdk emvdkcHcuf trsufxGuf} qdkwmrsdK;yJ xifyg&JU/ tJ'gaMumifh rjr&Dudk
rsufvHk;jyL;MunfhNyD; acG;r? iguawmh Munfpm;wm/ olu
t[kwfjyefwG,fw,fvdkY uRJNrD;wdkwdkeJY a[mufvdkufw,f/ rjr&D[m
olwG,fvdkufwJhtwGuf olYvifawmfarmif ab;atmifhoGm;wmudk
odyfoabmusw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh rjr&D[m ukvm;xdkifay:rSm &,fNyD;
xvmw,f/ udkEktem;udk a&mufwJhtcg vufnSdK;eJY udkEk&JUyg;udk xdk;NyD; udka&TEk
Sifh[mu w&m;&JUvm;/ udk,fuolrsm;udk wG,f&wkef;uawmh [J[J[J[JeJY
rsufESmBuD;udk TifaewmyJ/ olrsm;u jyefwG,fwmudk cH&awmh I;I;&Sm;&Sm;eJY
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jyeftdyfaew,f/ rjr&Dajymwm rSefaewJhtwGuf udkEkvnf; bmrS
rajymawmhygbl;/ pmqufa&;aevdkufw,f/
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aemufwESpf yef;waemfausmif;rSm jyefNyD; tvkyfvkyfwJhtcg twlwlae&w,f/
udkEk Oya'wef;udk wufwJhtcg olwdkYESpfOD;[m wESpfvHk; twlwl
rae&awmhbl;/ udkEk[m wuodkvfu jyefvmwJh tcgavmufrSmom cPavmuf
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udkvSaz? ukdxGef;tHkwdkYeJY twlwl trsdK;om;wuodkvfwck xlaxmifzdkY
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ac:rxm;Edkifbl;/ wcsdefrSmawmh udkEk[m rjr&DqDudk cPjyefvmw,f/ &efukefudk
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r[kwfbl;/

]]usrvnf; b,mausmfokyfudk pm;Edkifygw,f/}}

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xm;ypfcJh&w,f/
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udkEk ajymcJhzl;w,f r[kwfvm;/ waeYr[kwf wvr[kwf tawmfMumvmawmh
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olwdkY&JU ukodkvfuav;uvnf; eJeJemvHxvmw,f/ pm-e,f-Zif;awGxJrSm
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wdk;vmw,fxifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tdrfrSm xrif;csufpm;zdkY olwdkYoHk;OD;
wdkifyifNyD; pufrD;zdkwvHk;? [if;csufzdkY oH',ftdk;wvHk;? xrif;csufzdkY
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udkvSaz[m xrif;csufNyD; bJOausmfzdkYtwGuf oH',ftdk;xJrSm qDowfaewkef;
pufrD;zdku rD;xawmufwm ',ftdk;xJu qDudk wufavmufw,f/
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avmifawmhr,f/ tJ'DawmhrS pufrD;zdkeJY ',ftdk;udk 'kwfwacsmif;eJY tdrftjyifzuf
ujymu,m uavmfxkwfypfvdkuf&w,f/
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csufcsif;a&mufvmwmyJ/ 'gayrJh Mum&SnfraeEdkif&Smygbl;/ tjyif;txef
zsm;wJhtwGuf aq;ukNyD; olYrdbawGqDudk jyefydkYvdkuf&w,f/
aemufrMumcif udkEk[m e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;udk axmifw,f/
tJ'Dtoif;u udkEk[m wv(80d)&w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh olYuwdtwdkif; ukdEk[m
rjr&Dudk ac:vdkufw,f/
rjr&D[m udkEkeJY tdrfaxmifuswm tESpfav;q,f ausmfvmNyD/ tJ'D
tESpfav;q,fausmftwGif; rjr&D[m 1936ck wuodkvfoydwfrSm udkEk
acgif;aqmifwmudkvnf; awGYcJh&zl;NyD/
tJ'Daemuf trsdK;om;wuodkvfrSm udkEk tvkyf0ifvkyfaewmudkvnf;
awGUcJh&zl;NyD/ tJ'Daemuf e*g;eDpmtkyftoif; axmifwmudkvnf; awGYcJh&zl;NyD/
tJ'Daemuf 'dkYArmtpnf;tHk;xJ 0ifNyd; ocifjzpfvmwmudkvnf; awGUcJh&zl;NyD/
tJ'Daemuf ocifEk axmif(2)ESpf usoGm;wmudkvnf; rjr&D awGUcJh&zl;NyD/

ocifEk[m zqyvrSm a&S;OD;pGm 'kwd,OuX/ tJ'Daemuf OuX

vkyfcJhwmudkvnf; awGYcJh&zl;NyD/ 0efBuD;csKyf vkyfcJhwmudkvnf; awGUcJh&zl;NyD/
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tJ'Daemuf tmPm&SifawGudk OD;Ek jyefwdkufaewmudkvnf; awGUcJh&zl;NyD/ tJ'D
tESpfav;q,ftwGif;rSm tckajymcJhwJh tjzpftysuf rsdK;pHkudk awGUcJh&aywJh
rjr&D[m udkEk bmawGvkyfaeovJ wcgrS rar;cJhbl;/ udkEk ac:&maemuf
waumufaumufeJY vdkuf/ xrif;aumif; [if;aumif;awGudk olwwfoa&GU
rSwfoa&GU olYvifawmfarmifudk oludk,fwdkif xrif;aumif; [if;aumif;csufNyD;
b,favmufauR;csifw,f qdkwmudk oabmaygufEdkifatmif
om"uuav;wckudk azmfjy&tHk;r,f/
&efukefrSm wckck vIyfvIyf&G&Gjzpfwkdif; a&S;OD;pGm; tzrf;cHMu&wJh
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tcsKyfcHae&wJh &ufawG tawmtwGif; rjr&D[m xrif;[if;awG ususee
aumif;aumif;rGefrGef csufNyD; axmifxJrSm olYudkudkEk aumif;aumif;rGefrGef
pm;&atmif oludk,fwkdif aeYwdkif;vmydkYw,f/ wcgrSmawmh olYrSm udk,f0ef&SdaeNyD
tJ'gaMumifh xrif;vmrydkYeJYvdkY ocifEku wm;jrpfwm r&bl;/
vGwfvmwJhaeYtxd oludk,fwdkif aeYwdkif;vmydkYaewmyJ/
'kwd,tBudrf tmPmodrf;cH&NyD; ig;ESpfeD;yg; tcsKyfcHae&mu
vGwfajrmufvmwJhtcg olY 0goemtwdkif; rjr&D[m olYudkudkEk BudKufwwfwJh
[if;rsdK;pHkudk pDrHNyD; auR;&Smygw,f/ 'gayrJh OD;Ek[m a&S;u wcgrSr&pzl;
aoG;tm;wdk;a&m*gudk axmifxJu&vmNyD; rpm;csifraomufcsif jzpfaew,f/
xrif;[if;awGudk jrif&if tHcsifovdkvdkawmif jzpfaewmudk jrif&wJhtwGuf
a':jr&D[m pdwfraumif;jzpfNyD; rsuf&nfuscJh&ao;w,f/
(*)
(tcef; (u)NyD;awmh (*)udk wef;a&mufoGm;onf/ pmrausmfyg/
tcef;eHygwfom ausmfoGm;jcif; jzpfonf/)
udkEk[m y&dwfudk rSefrSef&Gwfvm&if;u omoemjyKcsifwJh pdwfawG olYrSm
wajz;ajz; jzpfay:vmw,f/ tJ'DpdwfawG ay:vmwJhtwGuf umr&m*
pyf,Suf&rSmudkyif SufpjyKvmw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tjA[p&d, odumyk'fudk
woufvHk; apmifhxdef;awmhr,fqdkwJh tBuHtpnfawmif wcgwkef;u udkEkrSm

jzpfcJhzl;ao;w,f/ 'gayrJh 'Dvdk t"dXmef vkyfEdkifavmufatmif ol&JU yg&rD[m

r&ifhoefao;wJhtwGuf t"dXmefvkyfbdkY udpudk udkEk a&TUqdkif;cJh&w,fvdkY
a&SUtcef; wcef;rSmwkef;u azmfjycJhwm pmzwfolrsm; rSwfrdygvdrfhr,f/ 1948ckESpf Zefe0g&DvxJrSm vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;wJhtcg 'Dyg&rD[m tawmfuav;
&ifhoefvmNyD xifw,f/ Zlvdkifv tv,favmufudk a&mufwJhtcg tckvdk
t"dXmef vkyfcsifwJhtaMumif; udkEku rjr&Dudk ajymjyw,f/ tJ'Dtcg rjr&Du
udkudkEk&,f a,mufsm;u r,m;,lwm? rdef;ru vif,lwm
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&Sdaew,fqdk&if vkyfyg/ usr yg&rDjznfhygr,fvdkY jyefajymw,f/
jrwfpGmbk&m; vufxufawmfwkef;u 0domcqdkwJh &mZN*dK[f aejynfawmfu
olaX;wOD;[m waeYusawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU w&m;awmfudk emaewkef;
tem*grdr*fOmPfudk &NyD; tmem*grf jzpfoGm;w,f/ tem*grdr*fOmPfudk &wJh
yk*dKvfawGrSm umr&m*pdwf[m tjrpfyg jyKwfxGufoGm;wJhtwGuf
tem*grfawG[m b,frdef;reJYrS umr&m*pyf,SufvdkY rjzpfawmhbl;/ tJ'Dawmh
'DtdrfrSmaeNyD; nDrav;u tudkBuD;udk apmifha&Smufovdk rif;[m ighudk
apmifha&Smufyg/ 'gayr,fh rif;[m i,fao;wJhtwGuf tdrfaxmifjyKcsifao;w,f
qdk&ifvnf; rif;BudKuf&meJY tdrfaxmifjyKNyD; 'DtdrfrSmyJ aeEdkifygw,f/ 'DrSm
raecsifbl;qdk&ifvnf; ighOpmypnf;awGudk,lNyD; rif;BudKuf&mudk
oGm;Edkifygw,fvdkY 0domcolaX;BuD;u "r'dEmudk ajymjyw,f/ tJ'gudk OD;Eku
zwfxm;bl;w,f/ OD;Ek[m tem*grf r[kwfygbl;/ tem*grdr*fawmif
r&ao;ygbl;/ 'gayrJh 0domcu "r'dEmudk ajymwJhpum;awG[m olYpdwfxJrSm
pGJaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tjA[p&d,mudk woufvHk; a&SmifMuOfygr,fvdkY
t"dXmefjyKNyD;wJhtcg rjr&D igt"dXmef vkyfNyD;NyD/ tJ'Dawmh 'DtcsdefupNyD;
rif;[m ighudk tpfudkBuD;vdkyJ oabmxm;awmh? iguvnf;rif;udk nDrav;vdkyJ
oabmxm;awmhr,f/ rif;[m i,fao;wJhtwGuf aemuftdrfaxmifjyKcsif&if
igcGifhjyKw,f/ aemuftdrfaxmifjyKNyD; 'DtdrfrSmyJ aevdkuaeEdkifw,f/ wjcm;udk
oGm;csifw,fqdkvnf; oGm;Edkifw,fvdkY OD;Eku a':jr&Dudk ajymwJhtcg a':jr&D[m
bmrSjyefrajymbl;/ rsuf&nfawGusaew,f/ tJ'DaeYrSmyJ OD;Ek[m acgif;&if;u
tdrfuav;udk tdrfBuD;ay:u ajymif;qif;oGm;w,f/
OD;Ek[m 'Dvdk t"dXmefvkyfNyD; twlae&mu wjcm;udk ajymif;qif;oGm;wJh'Pfudk
rjr&D rcHEdkifbl;/ 'Dvdkvkyfvdkufwm[m olYpdwfudk tawmfxdcdkufoGm;w,f/
tJ'gaMumifh wajz;ajz; rpm;Edkif raomufEdkif jzpfvmNyD;

oHk;vavmufMumwJhtcg vlxlay;rS tdyf,may:u xEdkifwJh tajctaeudk

a&mufoGm;w,f/ wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf em;at;yg;at;ae&mrSm a':jr&Dudk
xm;&r,fvdkY q&m0efu tBuHay;wJhtwGuf 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m a':jr&Dudk
wdwfqdwfwJh tdrfwtdrf ajymif;xm;&w,f/ tprSm a':jr&Dudk rdom;pk
Munfh&Iapmifha&Smufaeus q&m0efu ukow,f/ uko&if; wjcm;
tpm;taomufqdkwmawmh rajymeJYawmh aq;udkawmif raomufEdkifawmhbl;/
aq;aomufwdkif; tHxkwfypfaewJh tajctaeudk a&mufvmwJhtcg
q&m0efvnf; vefYvmw,fxifw,f/ aq;&HkBuD;u yxrq&m0efBuD;udk
oludk,fwdkif ac:vmw,f/ q&m0efESpfa,mufpvHk;u a':jr&D&JU a&m*gudk
ESvHk;a&m*gvdkY trnfwyfNyD; tpGrf;ukef ukMuygw,f/ ukvdkY r&bl;/
olwdkYukae&if; ZGef;oH? yef;uefoHuav;awGudk Mum;wmawmif a':jr&D[m
vefYNyD; wudk,fvHk; wkefaewJhtxd a&mufvmw,f/ waeYusawmh a':jr&D[m
rsuf&nfawGusNyD; olaorSmyJ/ olYtdrfudk jyefajymif;ay;ygvdkY OD;Ekudk ajymw,f/
OD;Ekvnf; csufcsif; jyefajymif;ay;w,f/ tdrfjyefa&mufwJhtcg OD;Eku
q&m0efawG&JU aq;awGudk jzwfvdkufawmh/ olukay;r,fvdkY a':jr&Dudk
ajymw,f/ a':jr&Dvnf; bmrS rajymbl;/ OD;Ekudk rsufvHk;jyL;NyD; Munfhaew,f/
tJ'Dtcg OD;Eku q&m0efawG[m a':jr&Dudk tpGrf;ukef ukNyD;NyD/ 'Dvdkukae&if;
oufomw,fr&Sdbl;/ a&m*g[m waeYwjcm; wdk;vmwm a':jr&Dudk,fwdkifu
aoawmhrSmyJvdkY tm;avQmhwJh tajctaeudkawmif a&mufvmNyD/ 'Dvdk
tajctaersdK;rSm a':jr&D[m &wemoHk;yg;udkom tm;udk;&awmhrSmyJ/ tJ'Dawmh
orm;uku bk&m;ukudk ajymif;NyD; a':jr&Dukd ukyg&apvdkY OD;Eku
arwm&yfw,f/ a':jr&Dvnf; bmrSrajymbl;/ OD;Ekudkom pdkufMunfhaewmyJ/
tJ'Dtcg olwdkY tdrfaxmifusumpwkef;u vdIifbHk;&GmrSmaewJh
oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufqDudk tvnfoGm; oabFmay:rSm rjr&D tjyif;zsm;NyD;
wudk,fvHk; wkefaew,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u aq;qdkvdkY bmaq;rSrygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh
OD;Ek[m a&wcGufudk a&SUrSmxm; y&dwf&GwfNyD; tJ'Dy&dwfa&udk wdkufwm
a':jr&D[m ,lypfvdkufovdk csufcsif;aysmufoGm;wm rSwfrdao;vm;vdkY
OD;Ekuar;w,f/ a':jr&Du acgif;Nidrfhjyw,f/ tJ'Dawmh tckvJ bk&m;uk
ukcsifw,fvdkY ajymwJhtcg a':jr&Du oabmwlwJhtaeeJY acgif;Nidrfhjyjyefw,f/
tJ'Doabm wlnDcsufudk &wmeJYwNydKifeuf vlrrmudk vmawmhMunfhyg? 'gayrJh
bmaq;rS rwdkufygeJY? bmaq;rS rxdk;ygeJYvdkY q&m0efawGudk w,fvDzkef;eJY
taMumif;Mum;cdkif;vdkufw,f/ tJ'Daemuf a':jr&Dudk y&dwfa& BudK;pm;NyD;
wdkuf&w,f/ 'gayrJh olYk,HkMunfrIudk&atmif aq;wckckudkvnf; wdkuf&r,fvdkY
OD;Ek pdwful;rdw,f/ aq;wckck wdkuf&r,fqdk&if b,fenf;eJYrS Oyg'frjzpfEdkifwJh

aq;udkwdkuf&r,f/ b,faq;udk wdkukf&yghrvJvdkY OD;EkqufNyD; pOf;pm;wJhtcg

wuodkvfrSm olavjzwfwkef;u olaomufcJhzl;wJh bdkifqla&;wuf ruf*eD;&Sm;
(Bisurated Magnesia) aq;rIefYudk OD;Ek ajy;NyD; owd&w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh
'Daq;rIefYudk csufcsif;0,f/ olY bk&m;cef;xJ0if/ aq;Al;eJY a&wzefcGufudk
a&SUrScsNyD; y&dwf&GwfwmyJ/ tJ'Daemuf aq;rIefYudk oludk,fwdkif a&aEG;eJYazsmf
tHrxGufatmif a':jr&D&JU yg;pyfxJudk wpufpD oludk,fwdkif csay;w,f/
em&D0ufavmuf MumwJhtcg wjcm;vlrulyJ a':jr&D[m olY[mol xdkifEdkif
xEdkifw,f/ tdyfcef;xJrSm eJeJvrf;avQmufEdkifw,f/ aemufwvavmuf
MumwJhtcg tdrfxJu tdrfjyifxGufNyD; rdwfaqGawGqDudk tvnfoGm;Edkifw,f/
aemufESpf&ufavmuf MumwJhtcg xrif;twlwl pm;ae&if; rjr&Daq;ukc ighudk
b,favmufay;rvJvdkY OD;Eku &,fNyD;ar;vdkufw,f/ b,favmufay;&rvJvdkY
a':jr&Du jyefar;w,f/ igvdkcsifoavmuf ay;rvm;vdkY OD;Eku
xyfar;jyefw,f/ ay;Edkifygw,fvdkY rjr&Du ajzw,f/ igrsm;rsm; rvdkcsifygbl;/
aemufudk igatmfwJhtcg pdwfraumifygbl;qdkwJh uwdudkyJ igvdkcsifw,f/
ay;rvm;vdkY OD;Eku ar;jyefw,f/ 'gawmh r&bl;q&mvdkY a':jr&Du
jyefajzw,f/
(C)
arxkefrSD0Jwmudk toufxufqHk; a&SmifMuOfyghr,fqdkwJh t"dXmefudk
vkyfNyD;wJhaemuf jyemuav; oHk;av;ckavmufudk OD;Ek &ifqkdif&ao;w,f/
Ak'w&m;awmft& arxkefrSD0Jjcif;udk a&SmifMuOfwJh yk*dKvfwOD;[m
wu,frSD0Jwmudkomru arxkefeJY ywfoufwm rSeforQudk pdwfxJrSmawmif
rBuHpnf rpOf;pm;&bl;/ arxkefrSD0Jwmudk arxkwfBuD;vdkY ac:w,f/ arxkefeJY
ywfouforQ pOf;pm;wm? BuHpnfwm? pdwful;wm? rdef;rwOD;udk udkifwm?
zufwm? erf;wmawGudk arxkefi,fvdkY ac:w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh EdkifiHjcm;
trsdK;orD;wOD;OD;eJY awGUwJhtcg vufqGJEIwfquf&rvm;/ tvGef&if;ESD;wJh
trsdK;orD;wOD;u &if;ESD;wJhtaeeJY olYyg;udkerf;&if olwdkY&JU
xHk;wrf;pOfvmtwdkif; jyeferf;&rvm;/ EdkifiHjcm;awGudk {nfhonftjzpfeJY
oGm;wJhtcg &Hzef&Hcg uyGJawGudk wuf&w,f/ trsdK;orD; wa,mufa,mufu
OD;EkqDudk vmNyD; ucsifw,fqdk&if u&rvm;/ bmvkyf&rvJqdkwJh
jyemuav;awGudk OD;Ek[m tawmfMumMum rajzEdkifyJ jzpfaew,f/
ajcmufvavmufMumawmhrS EdkifiHjcm;om;awGeJY awGYwJhtcg olwdkY&JU
xHk;wrf;pOfvmtwdkif; vufqGJEIwfquf&rSmyJ/ olwdkYrSm xHk;pH&Sdayr,fh yg;udk

erf;wJhtcgusawmh jyeferf;vdkY rjzpfbl;/ uyGJawGudk a&SmifEdkiforQa&Smif/

ra&SmifEdkifvdkY wuf&&if udk,fuawmh oGm;rac:eJY/ olwdkYu vmac:&if
xHk;pHtwdkif; u? 'gayrJh uae&if; pD;jzef;ae&r,f/ tp&Sdojzifh OD;Ek[m
olYudk,fol tqHk;tjzwfay;xm;&w,f/
(i)
OD;EkeJY a':jr&DwdkYrSm pef;pef;? aomif;xdkuf? armifatmif? oef;oef;? csdKcsdK qdkNyD;
tcktpOftwdkif; om;orD;ig;a,muf&Sdw,f/ pef;pef;[m om;r[kwfyJ
orD;jzpfaewm OD;EkeJY a':jr&DwdkY tifrwef uHaumif;w,f/ 'D pef;pef;qdkwJh
eHr,f[m rdbawGu olYudk ay;vdkufwJh eHr,fr[kwfbl;/ oli,fi,fwkef;u
tifrwefMurf;wJh &kyf&Sifrif;orD; pef;pef;qdkwm &Sdw,f/ tJ'D
&kyf&Sifrif;orD;Murf;&JU eHr,fudk olY[mol ,lNyD; rSnfhay;wJh eHr,fjzpfw,f/
pef;pef;[m (2)ESpforD; t&G,favmuf a&mufvmawmh udkEkeJY rjr&D[m
rdwfaqGawG tdrfudk tvnfoGm;wJhtcg wcgESpfcgavmuf pef;pef;udkvnf;
ac:oGm;w,f/ pef;pef;[m tdrfrSmqdk&if EGm;EdkYudkyJ aomufw,f/ olYtbu
tvdkvdkufwJhtaeeJY pef;pef;udk olaomufaewJh aumfzDwdkuf&if cg;w,fqdkNyD;
raomufbl;/ 'gayrJh rdwfaqGawGtdrfrSm udkEkeJY rjr&DwdkYtwGuf aumfzD,lvm&if
ESpfyef;uefvHk; ola&SUudk qGJ,lNyD; ol tukefaomufypfw,f/ olYtazeJY tar
b,fvdkajymvdkYrS r&bl;/ wBudrfrSmawmh rdwfaqGwa,muf&JU tdrfrSm rdwfaqG&JU
orD;av;udk ykcufxJrSm vTJNyD; odyfaew,f/ pef;pef;[m olYtaray:u
twif;qif;NyD; ykcufqDudk oGm;w,f/ ykcufvTJaewmudk t&yfcdkif;? tJ'DtxJu
cav;udk twif;qGJcsNyD; ykcufxJrSm ol0iftdyfaew,f/ 'Dvdk &rf;um;wmawG
rsm;vmawmh olYrdbawGu tdrfvnfoGm;&if olwdkYorD;udk ac:roGm;&Jawmhbl;/
wcgrSmawmh udkEk[m wuodkvfor* OuXjzpfaewkef; wuodkvfor*u
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tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu ajymwmeJY udkEk[m rjr&Dudk &efukefvdkufvmbdkY
rSmvdkufw,f/ &efukefudk a&mufwJhtcg rjr&DeJY orD;pef;pef;wdkY[m rdwfaqG
udkcefY? rapm&ifwdkYtdrfrSm wnf;cdkMuw,f/ udkcefYwdkYrSm pef;pef;eJY&G,fwl
om;uav;wa,muf&Sdw,f/ rapm&if[m pef;pef;upm;bdkYqdkNyD;
olYom;uav;&JU upm;p&mawGudk w0ufcGJay;w,f/ pef;pef; rauseyfbl;/
vlBuD;awGtem;rSm r&SdwJhtcg rapm&if&JU om;uav;qDu upm;p&mtm;vHk;udk
vk,lNyD; upm;p&m ajcmufvHk;jyL;eJY &dkufvdkufwm xdyfrSm zl;a,mifoGm;w,f/

aemufwpfESpfusawmh pef;pef;[m oHk;ESpfausmfausmfavmuf &SdoGm;NyD/ olwdkY

om;trd &efukefudk tvnfvmMuwJhtcg udkEku &kyf&SifMunfh&atmif oGm;w,f/
&kyf&Sif&HkxJrSm xdkifvdkY ESpfrdepfavmuf &SdwJhtcg pef;pef;u
tjyifxGufcsifw,fvdkY ylqmw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh udkEk[m pef;pef;udkcsDNyD;
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pef;pef; ylqmjyefw,f/ txJa&mufwJhtcg bdvyf&nf aomufcsifw,fvdkY
ajymwmaMumifh bdvyf&nfwykvif; 0,fwdkuf&w,f/ wBudKufavmuf
aomufNyD; raomufcsifbl;vdkY ajymw,f/ tJ'Daemuf ESpfrdepfavmuf
MumwJhtcg tjyifxGufcsifw,fvdkY ylqmjyefw,f/ tjyifa&mufwJhtcg
txJ0ifcsifjyefw,f/ txJrSmvnf; NidrfNidrfraebl;/ bdvyf&nf
aomufcsifjyefw,f qdkwmeJY wykvif; 0,fwdkuf&jyefw,f/
wBudKufavmufaomufNyD; a&S;uvdkyJ raomufjyefbl;/ tjyifxGufcsifw,fvdkY
ylqmjyefw,f/ &kyf&Sifuvnf; jyaeNyD/ cPcP 0ifvdkufxGufvdkuf
vkyfaewJhtwGuf wjcm;y&dowfawGudk taESmuft,Suf jzpfaeNyD/ udkEka&m
rjr&Dyg olwdkY&JU orD;qdk;udk trsm;BuD; 0dkif;NyD;acsmhMuygw,f/ r&bl;/ acsmh&if;
tjyifxGufcsifw,fqdkNyD; atmf[pfidkwm w&HkvHk; qlnHaewmyJ/ udkEkvnf;
pdwfr&Snfawmhbl;/ uJ vm[mqdkNyD; orD;udk a'goeJY tjyifudk xkwfoGm;w,f/
udkEk[m bmvkyfr,fqdkwm csufqdk&if em;cGufu rD;awmufaewJh rjr&D[m
aumif;aumif;odw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh olYa,mufsm;aemufu olyg
uyfvdkufvmw,f/ &Hk0udk a&mufwmeJY wNydKifeuf udkEk[m olYorD;wifyg;udk
vuf0g;eJY wtm;vTJ&dkuf? rjr&Duvnf; udkEkvufudk twif;0ifqGJ? olYvufudk
qGJ&rvm;vdkY udkEkvnf; rjr&Dudkaiguf? rjr&Duvnf; idkoHygBuD;eJY olYorD;udk
r&dkufeJYvdkY twif;atmfaevdkufMuwm &kyf&Sif&Hk0rSm qlnHoGm;wmyJ/
aemufwESpfusawmh pef;pef;[m av;ESpfausmfausmf &SdoGm;NyD/ waeYrSm
armfvNrdKifuRef;u rjr&D a&;vdkufwJh pmwapmifudk &efukefrSm udkEkzwf&w,f/
tJ'DpmxJrSm pef;pef;[m t&ifwkef;uxuf trsm;BuD; qdk;aeNyD/ waeYu
qdk;vGef;vdkY pef;pef;udk rjr&Du BudrfvHk;eJY&dkufw,f/ pef;pef;u jyefqJw,f/
olYtarvufxJu BudrfvHk;udk twif;vk,lNyD; tarudk jyef&dkufw,fqdkwmawG
ygvmw,f/ 'Dpmudk zwfNyD;awmh olYorD;pef;pef;[m qdk;awmhqdk;wmyJ 'gayrJh
'Dav;ESpfausmfausmf ig;ESpforD;av;u vufxJuBudrfvHk;udk twif;vkNyD;
olYtarudk jyef&dkufw,fqdkwm jzpfEdkifyghrvm;vdkY udkEk oHo,jzpfaew,f/
tJ'gaMumifh olYorD;[m 'gavmufrqdk;ygbl;uG,fvdkY udkEk pmjyefa&;vdkufw,f/

aemufwywfavmuf MumwJhtcg ukdudkEk&JU orD;[m

b,favmufqdk;0g;aew,fqdkwm udk,fwdkifvmMunfhygvdkY rjr&D
a&;vdkufwJhpmudk udkEk zwf&w,f/ aemufajcmufvavmuf &SdwJhtcg
tm;vyfcGifh&wmeJY udkEk armfvNrdKifuRef;udk vdkufoGm;w,f/ &kyf&Sif&Hka&SUrSm
olYtazu olYudk&dkufxm;wm pef;pef; rarhao;bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh olYorD;udk
awGUawGUjcif; udkEku aumufcsDwJhtcg pef;pef; rvdkufbl;/ olYtazudk
wGef;ypfvdkufw,f/ udkEku vmygtHk;orD;&,fvdkY ac:wJhtcgrSmvnf;
rvmbl;vdkY jyefajzw,f/ 'Dvdkqdk&if azaz&efukefudk jyefawmhr,fvdkY
udkEkuajymwJhtcg jyefawmhvdkY pef;pef;u jyefaigufw,f/
pef;pef;[m tJ'DtcsdefrSm armfvNrdKifuRef;tdrfem;u q&mawGausmif;rSm aew,f/
naeausmif;u jyefvmwJhtcg pef;pef;[m olYpmtkyf vG,ftdwfuav;udk
tdrfxJrSmxm;NyD; tdrftjyifzufudk uysmu,m jyefxGufoGm;w,f/ udkEk[m
olYorD;bmvkkyfrvJvdkY tdrfxJu tomMunfhaew,f/ pef;pef;eJY &G,fwl
ausmif;oluav; ESpfa,muf[m a&cJaygufpDudk pm;&if; pef;pef;a&SUudk
a&mufvmwmeJY wNydKifeuf tifrwef vufjrefwJh pef;pef;[m olYtem;uyfaewJh
ausmif;oluav;&JU vufxJu a&cJaygufpDudk twif;vk,lvdkufw,f/
tJ'Dausmif;oluav;u olYa&cJaygufpDudk jyefvkwJhtcg pef;pef;[m
tJ'Dausmif;olav;&JU em;udk twif;zufudkufxm;w,f/ udkEk qif;oGm;NyD;
pef;pef;&JU yg;pyfudk wtm;nSpfvdkufawmhrS tudkufvTwfvdkufw,f/
tudkufcH&wJh ausmif;oluav;[m emvGef;vdkY atmfvdkufwm
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odyfqdk;w,fqdkwm ,HkNyDvm;vdkY qD;ar;w,f/ udkEkvnf; orD;twGuf
pdwf&IyfvGef;vdkY xifyg&JU/ rjr&Dar;wmudk jyefrajzEdkifbl;/
acgif;Nidrfhjyvdkufw,f/
OD;Ek 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmwJh tcsdefrSm pef;pef;[m (12)ESpfausmfausmfavmuf
&SdaeNyD/ waeYrSm 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m a&mifpHkolykefawG taMumif;udk
0efBuD;wcsdKUeJY aqG;aEG;aewkef; tdrftay:xyfu udkudkEka& vmygOD;? udkudkEka&
vmygOD;vdkY i,foHygatmif [pfatmfaewJhtoHudk OD;EkMum;vdkuf&w,f/
jAKef;ceJqdkawmh tdrfay:rSm olykefawG 0ifpD;aeNyDvdkY OD;EkawG;rdNyD;
twif;ajy;wufoGm;w,f/ tay:a&mufwJhtcg rjr&D&JU vufudk pef;pef;u
wtm;zufudkufxm;wm awGU&w,f/ OD;Eku pef;pef;&JU yg;pyfudk
wtm;nSpfawmhrS vTwfvdkufw,f/ OD;Ek tem;rSr&Sd&if rjr&D[m orD;pef;pef;udk

&dkufzdkYrajymeJY? rsufESmxm;eJY rBudrf;&Jbl;/ 'gayr,fh t&G,fa&mufvmwJh

tcgusawmh pef;pef;[m i,fi,fwkef;uvdk r[kwfawmhygbl;/ tawmf
vdrmvmygw,f/
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w&m;tm;xkwf&atmif omoemh&dyfomudk ydkYvdkufw,f/
w&m;tm;xkwfNyD;wJhtcg tazeJYtarudk txl; &dkaoudkif;&Idif;vmw,f/
olYtarudk jyefqJ? jyef&dkufwdkif; OD;Eku olYudk &dkufwJhtwGuf pef;pef;[m
i,fi,fwkef;u olYtazay:rSm &efNidK;zGJUw,f/ olYtazac:vdkY b,fawmhrS
r&bl;/ omoemh&dyfomu xGufvmwJhtcg 'Dvdk &efNidK;zGJUwmawG r&Sdawmhbl;/
tazhay:rSm trsm;BuD; cifcifrifrif jzpfvmwmudk OD;Ek awGU&w,f/
tarudkvnf; txl;jyKpkw,f/
pef;pef;[m tifrwef ukodkvfaumif;w,f/ tdrfaxmifuswJhtcg oabmaumif;
pdwfxm;jrifhjrwf onf;cHwwfwJh oli,fwa,mufeJY tdrfaxmifusw,f/
a&S;aumvdyfESifh acwfwuodkvf
tu,f uREkfyfonf aumvdyfausmif; av;ESpfcefUaecJU&bl;onf qdkygpdkU/
(uREkfyfqnf;yl;xm;cJUonfh A[kokwrsm;udk axmufxm;aomtm; jzifh)
,ckxufydkNyD; wwfaumif;rS wwfayvdrfhrnf/ (taMumif;udk armif&DESifh
udk0ifharmfwdkUuvnf; xkwfazmf0efcHNyD;jzpf&m udk0ifharmfurl ol\
txuft&m&SdxHodkU wifydkU&rnfh ta&;BuD;aom pmrsKd;udk uREkfyftm;yif
a&;cdkif;bl;ygonf/) okdUjzpfvQifaumvdyfausmif; aebl;jcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyftzdkU
rnfodkUaom tusKd;aus;Zl;xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jzpfay:EdkifzG,f&m &Sdygoenf;/ &Sdonf?
trsm;BuD;&Sdonf[k uREkfyfoabmaygufvmonf/ uREkfyf\vuf&SdcsKdUiJUcsufrSm
aumvdyfausmif;\ ]av} (Atmosphere)udk av;ESpfavmuf r&SLcJU&jcif;yif
jzpfavonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; oufwl&G,fwl bDatrsm;ESifh ,SOfvdkufvQif
uREkfyfOD;acgif;vQLd;rdjcif; jzpf\/ igonf olwkdUuJUokdU aumvdyf raecJU&
nHUonf[k udk,fh[mudk,f owd&aeaomaMumifh r[kwf? aumvdyf ]av}
(ywf0ef;usif)ESifh rxdawGUcJU &onfh twGufaMumifh ajyajyjypfjypf [efyefrsKd;
(Easy Manners) r&SdyJ ]cyfaxmifhaxmifh} jzpfae&jcif;udk qdkvdkonf/
aumvdyfausmif; av;ESpfaebl;aom vlwdkif;onf ajyajyjypfjypf

jzpfvmawmhonf[k qdkvdkjcif;um;r[kwf? okdUaomf rae&rDuxuf

wkd;wufvmjcif;&Sdonfudk uREkfyfBudrfzefrsm;pGm avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/
taMumif;udkodvQif udk,fhudk,fudk jyKjyif,lEdkifonf r[kwfygavm[k
ar;zG,f&m&Sd\/ rjzpfEdkif[k uREkfyfu tajzay;vdkonf/ Oyrm
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uRyfqwfqwf jzpf&rnfuJUodkUyif aumvdyfausmif;\ taqmufttkHonf
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vnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkUwawGonf omreft&yfom;rsm;xufomonf[laom
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pdwfBuD;0ifjcif; (aumif;aom t"dym,fESifhokH;onf/) jzpfapEdkifonf[k
uREkfyf,kHMunfonf/ (acwf wuodkvf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf
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a&S;&efukefaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;vdk udpwGif rrSDawmhyJ &Sdcsif&Sdrnf/
odkU&mwGif omreft&yfolt&yfom;rsm;xufrlum; omvsufyif&Sdonfudk
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csifaompdwf"mwf (Inferiority Complex) 0ifvmonf[k qdkvdkygonf/
OD;acgif;rvQLd;yJ OD;acgif;axmifjcif;onf [efBuD;yefBuD;vkyf jcif;ESifh
ra&maxG;apzdkU owdjyKapvdkonf/ [efBuD;yefBuD; vkyfjcif;onf raumif;?
OD;acgif;axmifjcif;onf aumif;onf[k qdkvdkygonf/

om"kac:&jcif;
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qkH;&IH;rIudkvIdufvSJpGm ESajrmrdygawmhonf/ okdUaomf aumvdyfausmif;
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0rf;enf;jcif;onf uREkfyf\0goemr[kwfyg/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; uREkfyfonf
tjcm;vlrsm;xufvlvm;ajrmufuwnf;u pdwfqif;&JrI enf;cJUygonf/
awG;NyD;aqG;jcif;[l tvGefenf;jcif;udkqdkvdkyg onf/ xdkpOfu uRekfyfonf
'kwd,tdrfaxmifESifh om;uav;wa,muf &cJUNyDjzpf&m?

4if;udkrnfonfhenf;rqdkwuodkvfodkU ydkUjzpfatmifydkUNyD; 4if;\ wdk;wufrIrsm;udk

apmifhMunfhavhvmrnf[lyif qkH;jzwfcJU\/ odkU&mwGif
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tvkyfvkyf&NyD; (1956 ckESpfwGif zqyvtpdk;&u uREkfyftm;
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av;ESpfrQ aecGifh&Muaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; (twef;atmifonf jzpfap
ratmifonfjzpfap) uREkfyfwkdUom;tzxuf uHxl;cRefMuygayonf[k
om"kac:vkduf&ygonf/
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txifa&mufcJU\/ csmvfpf'pfuif;\ arQmfwvifhvifh (Great
Expectations) 0wKBuD;ypfyfonf yef;yJorm;vifr,m;ESifh
BuD;jyif;cJU& cyfi,fi,fuyif ynmoifay;NyD; (Gentleman) vlukHxH
twef;tpm;jzpfatmif oGefoifay;cJU&m txdkuftavsmuf xajrmufatmif
jrifyg\/ odkUaomfi,f&G,fEke,fpOfuwnf;u oGefoifay;jcif;
jzpfvsufESifhvnf; wuodkvfausmif;xGufwa,mufudk rrSDEdkifaMumif;awGU&
onf/ wuodkvfausmif;BuD;rsm;onf vli,frsm;\ trlt&mESifh
pdwfaeoabmxm;udk jyKjyifcGifh trsm;qkH;&aom XmeBuD;rsm;
jzpfMuonfhtavsmuf (Good Breeding)\ wefzdk;udkem;vnfatmif
vkyfMuNyD;vQif ausmif;ol ausmif;om;wkdUtm; udk,fpDukd,fiS trsm;qkH;
cH,l&&SdMuzdkUwdkufwGef;vkduf&onf/ uRekfyftzdkU&mrlum; txufyg enf;twdkif;
oabmaygufvmojzifh rdrdESifhrqdkifaMumif; em;vnfaom tcsdefrSp
vlrIqufqHa&; qdkif&mwGifajymifajrmufzdkU rBudK;pm;awmhyJ pdwful;OmPfESifh
uavmifudkom tm;udk;&ygawmhonf/

ESrwa,muftaMumif;
ae&m uRekfyf\arG;aygufazmfrsm; taMumif;udk nSyf azmfjy&ayOD; rnf/
armifESr &Spfa,mufarG;onfhteuf ig;a,mufrSm i,fpOfuyif aoqkH;Mu

ESrwa,mufESifh nDwa,mufrQom BuD;jyif;atmif touf&SifMu\/

uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;tpavmuf ESruav;tm; tvGefMuifem
olUtwGufaMumifhyif rdcifzcifrsm;tay:wGif tjypfwifcsifaom
pdwfrsKd;jzpfay:cJUbl;aMumif;a&;om;azmfjycJUbl;&m t&G,fra&mufwa&muf
tcsdefrSp wOD;ESifhwOD; cyfat;at;jzpfoGm;cJUMu& ygawmhonf/
odkUjzpf&jcif;rSm jrefrmvlrsKd; armifESifhESrwkdU\ aexkdifMuykH xkH;pHaMumifh
jzpfonf[k uRekfyfjrifrd\/ rsm;pGmaom jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdU\xkH;pHrSm
armifESifhESrqdkvQif tysKdvlysKdt&G,fodkU a&mufMuaomtcsdefrSp
ta&mw0ifraeMuawmhyJ cyfrSefrSef cyfwe;fwef; aewwfMuonfh
tpOftvm&Sd\/ wOD;\tcuftcJuav;rsm;? jyemav;rsm;udk wOD;tm;
wifjyum aqG;aEG;wdkifyifMuzdkU a0;pG? ta&mw0ifyif raeMuawmhyJ
rajymrNyD;aom pum;rQavmufom ajymMuqdkMu avawmhonf/ xkH;pH\
aumif;jcif;qdk;jcif;udk uREkfyfra0zefvdk/ okdU&mwGif wa,mufESifhwa,muf
&if;ESD;rIavsmhyg;jcif;um;trSefjzpf\/ &if;ESD;rIenf;yg;vQif cifrifrI
avsmhyg;jcif;onf t&dyfozG,fvdkufvm&wwfygonf/ wOD;ESifhwOD; rMumcP
pum;ajymcGifh& jyemuav;rsm;udk tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;wdkif
yifcGifh&jcif;uJUokdU vlESifhvlcsif;cifrifrIjzpfapaom tjcif;t&monf
cyf&Sm;&Sm;&Sdvdrfhrnfxif\/ (oHa,mZOfw&m;\aumif;jcif;qdk;jcif;udktyxm;
) rMumcP wdkifyifaqG;aEG;cGifh&ol tcsif;csif;udk cPcPowd&wwfjcif;rSm
udk,fawGUjzpfMuvdrfhrnf xifay&m cPcP owd&jcif;onfyif cifrifjcif;udk
jzpfapEdkifayonf/ uREkfyfwifjyvdkjcif;rSm uRekfyfwkdUarmifESronf
wtdfrfwnf;wGif twlwuGaeMuaomfvnf; (txufyg jrefrmxkH;pHaMumifh)
BuD;jyif;vmMuavav cifrifrI avsmhyg;avav jzpfvmMuavonf/
oabmuJGvJGrI? oabmwlnDrI[l &Sdonfr[kwf/ tvdktavsmuf cyfat;at;
jzpfvmMujcif;jzpfygonf/ uREkfyfyxr tdrfaxmifjyKaomtcsdef rdbrsm;rSm
pD;yGm;a&; tajctae,dkifvsuf&Sd ESruav;onf tysKdt&G,fuav;
jzpfaeygvsuf uRekfyfonf 0wfcsifpm;csifvSycsifwwf aom ESruav;tm;
raxmufxm;yJ ]zkd;usef&pf}[k vltrsm;u ac:Murnfh ta&;wckwnf;udkom
ta&;wBuD; *&kpdkufum tajy;tvTm;tdrfaxmifjyK vkdufjcif;rSm uREkfyftzdkU
]trJuGuf}wckjzpfonf[k Budrfzefrsm;pGmowd&ygonf/ tu,f
i,fpOfuMuifemcJUonfhtwdkif; oabmxm;EdkifcJUygrl ,kwfpGmhtqkH;ESruav;
tdrfaxmifusonf wdkfifatmifjzpfap? rdbrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;tajctae
rwfvmonf wdkifatmifjzpfap apmifhqdkif;vdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfygonf/

ae&m ESruav;tm; rdbrsm;\ a&SUrSxm;a&;om;&jcif;rSm

uRekfyftdrfaxmifjyK aomtcsdef ESronf aq;jyif;vdyfaxmifjcif;tm;jzifh
rdbrsm;\ wm0efudk &GufcJU&aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ ESruav;rSm 1929 ckESpf
(36ESpft&G,f) wGif uG,fvGef om;orD; 6a,mufusef&pfcJUonf/

nDESifhwlrsm;
uREkfyf\ESratmufwGif nDwa,muf&Sdao;\/ nDrSmrl uREkfyftdrfaxmifjyKaom
tcsdefwGifrdbrsm;ESifhraeyJ uREkfyfESifhtwl vdkufae&m xdkpOfu
uREkfyfwkdUnDtpfudkESpfa,mufcifrifMuykHrSm rnfonfh nDtpfudkESifhrQ rwlykHudk
rdbESpfyg;wkdUu 0rf;omtm;&ESifh wajymajym&Sd&SmMu \/ uREkfyfonf
nDuav;tm; ausmif;xm;ay;&ef wm0ef,laomfvnf;
(okH;wef;rQoma&mufonf/) uRekfyfawmvdkufpma&;jzpfpOfu wa,mufESifh
wa,muf rcGJcsifMuonfESifh uREkfyfwkdUe,fvSnfh&modkU p&dwftukefcHNyD;
ac:oGm;avh&Sd\/ xdkUaemuf ol&d,wdkufokdU uRekfyfa&mufaomtcgwGifvnf;
uREkfyfESifhyif twlaexdkifvsuf&Sd&m t*Fvdyfpmudk uRekfyfyifoifay;
zwfoifhzwfxdkufaom t*FvdyfpmtkyfrsKd;udk zwfapjcif;tm;jzifh t*Fvdyfvdk
ta&;tom;wGif uRekfyfudk rrSDaomfvnf; ajyma&;qdkp&Sdjcif;rl uREkfyfxufyif
omygao;onf/
nDawmfarmifum; uRekfyfuJUokdUrQ wuokdvf0ifwef; ratmifaomfvnf;
]OD;acgif;vQLd;}jcif;r&Sd? wuodkvfrsm; ae&bl;vQif aMumifudk
]tawmifwyf}ay;ouJUokdU jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnfxif\/ ESru arG;cJUonfh
wlwa,mufrSmvnf; nDawmfarmifuJUokdUyif ]OD;acgif;axmif}
olwa,mufjzpfav&m rEav;NrdKUwGif vQrf;vQrf;awmufqdkavmufonfh
tajctaersKd;odkU a&mufcJU\/ (&mxl;udkqdkvdkjcif;r[kwf? ]wGifus,f}jcif;udk
qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/) olwkdUESpfa,mufonf wuodkvfteD;okdUyif ra&mufcJUMu
a&mufzkdUvnf;rvdk[l olwkdUudk,folwdkU (rsufpduef;wapraMumuf)
xifaumif;xifMuayrnf/ okdU&mwGif uRekfyf\rsufpdum;
wuodkvfausmif;om;\ pdwf"mwfESifh [efyeftrlt&m rsKd;
(Poise)jznfhpGufay;vkduf&vQif trsm;BuD;wufzdkU &Sdao;onf[k
jrifrdygonf/ if;nDrSm uREkfyf\wOD;wnf;usef&Sdaom
arG;aygufazmfjzpfygawmhonf/ nDuarG;onfh wlwa,mufrSm

uREkfyfESifhpdwfoabmxm;cyfqifqif&Sdonfqdkum olUtazu
auseyfykHr&aomfvnf; wuodkvf av;ESpfaecJUbl;onfhtwGufaMumifh
uREkfyfxufomaomtcsuftvufrsm;&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfjrifEdkifygonf/

pdwfavvGifhjcif;
uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;udk tcsdefumvtm;jzifh a&SUodkUausmfvTm;jcif;?
tawG;tac:rsm;udkazmfjyjcif; tjzpftysuftaetm;jzifh eHab;okdUacsmfxGufjcif;
ponfwkdUudk ae&mwGif &yfwefU 1914ckESpfodkU jyefqif;um
qufvufazmfjyygawmhrnf/ xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfonf
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;bufqdkif&m'k0efBuD;\ awmvkdufpma&;tjzpfESifh
trIxrf;vsuf&Sd&m 0efBuD;u pdkufqyfonfh ta<u;rSmvnf; ausvkeD;ygNyD/
(w&mausmfavmuf usefawmhonfxif\/) txufydkif;wGif
t&dyft>rufazmfjycJUbl;onfhtwkdif; (uREkfyf\Zmwmt&) tvkyftudkifajymif;
vJzdkU tcsdefqdkufa&mufvmonfh vuPm&Sd\/ e,fvSnfh&aomtvkyfudk
]tDwDwD}jzpfvmonfhtjyif ZeD;onf (yxrtdrfaxmif)ESifhvnf;wusuf
usufjzpfpjyKvm\/ olqdk;onfigqdk;onf[k ra0zefvdkawmhyg/ okdUaomf
uREkfyf\avvGifhcsifaomtjypfu rsm;vdrfhrnf[k 0efcHzdkU toifh&Sdygonf/
aemufqkH; ZeD;onfu if;\zcif&Sdonfha&eHacsmif;NrdKUokdU orD;uav;ESifh
tvnftywfoGm;csifonf[k ajym&mwGif uREkfyfu0rf;ajrmufpGmcGifhjyKvdkuf
av\/ xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfrSm b0ifjrifha&m*g aysmufcJUNyDjzpfaomfvnf;
pdwfonftaMumif;rJUavvGifhvsuf&Sd\/ pHa'0Dum; xdkpOfu&Sdygao;onf/
okdUaomf olUudkowd&r[kwf? rnfolUtm;rQvnf; ydk;yef;csifaompdwfrsKd;
ay:vmonfr[kwf? tdrfraecsifyJ tvum;vnfywfaecsif\/
e,fokdUrxGuf&aom&ufrsm;wGif &kH;okdUtvkyfoGm; 0wfaus0wfukefvkyfcJU
NyD;aemuf &kH;rSjyefvmaomtcg oli,fcsif;rsm;\tdrfwGif wnxdkwn
tdyfavh&Sd\/ wcgw&HwGif bdvd,ufckH rkd;vif;jcif;rsm;vnf;ygao;\/
rdbrsm;rlum; 0ufvufodkUa&mufoGm;MujyefavNyD/ wcgw&HwGiftdrfaxmif
usvsuf&SdNyDjzpfaom ESr\tdrf wnwavtdyf\/ xdk&ufrsm;wGif uRekfyfonf
yJUwufrygaomavSuJUodkU yifv,fxJwGif vIdif;avykwfcwfwdkif; arsmcsif&mokdU
arsmygvsuf&Sd\/ avmu uREkfyftzdkU rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufrQ r&Sd?
&yfwefUpOf;pm;jcif;vnf;r&Sd? vkyfcsif&mvkyf jzpfcsif&mjzpfaeawmh\/
okdUqdkaomfvnf; qkd;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; tvkyfrsKd;um; ryg/ pmzwfcsifvQif

rkd;vif;atmif zwfaewwfao;\/ xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfESifh

tvGefcifriftuRrf;0ifonfh udkcifarmifwifhwkdU vifr,m;onf tcGifh,l
[oFmwNrdKUokdUqif;oGm;&m r,m;aoqkH; udkcifarmifwifhtvkyfxGufvkduf
av\/ tu,fif;wkdUvifr,m;&SdaecJUygrl uREkfyfonf olwkdUtdrf
pwnf;csvdrfhrnfxif\/ uRekfyfonf aA'ifar;wwf ar;MunfhcJUvQif
toufwm\vrf;qkHvrf;cGodkU a&mufaeojzifh owdjyK&rnf[k a[maumif;
a[mvdrfhrnf xifonf/ umvtydkfif;tjcm;uJUodkU uREkfyftzdkU&m
t"dyg,fr&Sdaom tcsdefonf wcgbl;rQ rBuKHcJU&bl;yg/ pdwfnpfjcif;? aysmfjcif;?
awmifhwjcif;? tvsOf;r&SdyJ Avmoufouf avvGifhaejcif;yifjzpfavonf/