6L

Contrast

despite, while, whereas, however

we can

: although, even though, though' in spite of'

a contrast. After although anduse although and. even thoughto introduce and a verb' even thoughwe use a clause, with a subject

AIthoughshed.oesn,tenjoylrcrjob,sheworkshard. She passed. the exam, although she hadn't studied for
Ev en though they w er e late, theg didn' t hurry'

it'

Even thoughis more emphalic Lhan although'

We

informal styie' can use thoughistead of.although,especially in a more

didn' t

Though they were late, theg

hurry

at the end of a sentence' We also use though,to mean 'however' (see 5 below) The room is very small' It's quite comfortable though'

After in spite of ldespite we we can use in spite of or d.espiteto talk about confrast. can use a noun, or an -ing form. In spite of tlrc bad weather, we went out for a walk' D esp ite being late, theY dn' t hurrY' We also say in spite of ldespite the t'act (that) ' ' " waTk' In spite of the fact that the weather was bad', we w-ent out for a I' late' were fney atan t hurry d.espite the fact that they
Compare in spte of ld'esprte and'although:

In spite of the rainlDespite tLte rqin, we started. to play tennis.

Although itwas I pLuy tenrus'

rainirug' we startedto

while and' whereas' We can introd.uce a contrast between two id'eas using lively and talkative' He is quiet and' shy, whilelwhereas his sister is howeverwith two sentences' We can also express a contrast by using the adverb job. However, she may change lur mind' she said. sL.Le didn,t want to change her

E)GRCISE 161A Rephrase the sentences beginning with ihe words in brachets. Example:
She has plenty of money, but she is very mean'
a

They have a car, but they rareiy use

it'

He was innocent, but he was sent to prison'

(though)

(although)
J

(although) Although she has plenty

oJ

money, she is very mean'

but he never visits them. (even though) but she 4 She never takes any kind of exercise, though) (even healthy' is quite fii and

" hut a number of relatives living

nearby'

245

118
We
can

but, although and in sPite of

but and although

join frvo clauses with but: fAirat was crowded , but wefound
a table ' Sadieias passed her test, but she never diues

'

We can also use although: Atthough the caf was crowded, wefound a table' althorrth Sadii has passed her test, slte neuer driues ' main clause: The clause with although can also come after the
We

the caf was crowded found a table , although

'

tlough

and even

though
weating a coat
'

Though is informal. It means the same as although: Tough/Atthougb I tiked the su)eater) I didn't buy it' Thoigh/Attltougtx it was extremely cold ' Debbie wasn't
-We can use

at the end of a sentence: liked the sweatet. I didn't buy it, thouglt' (=

though

Bot I didn't buy it')

Even though is stronger, more emphatic than although: he'd just run a marathon' lef,tookld qutefresi, eaen thoug,h -ren to be nice to him ' try shall I though I hate Gary,

in spite of and desPite

'W'e use

in spite ofbefore a noun phrase or the ing-form of a verb:

'

Tomfett perfectly calm in sptite of the danger ' W,inatiy surceeded in sTtite of all the dfficulties I canied in working in sqtite of not feeling well '

of hauing no money They always seeflL-to be enjoying thernselues in sytite

'

.WeusedespiteinexactlythesamewayaSinspiteofandwiththesamemeaning: I worked desTtite notfeeling well' He was calru despite th'e danger.
But compare in spite of and although:

in spite of
I'm no better in sptite of
the

PiIk

although I'm io better, although I'ue taken the pills '

Mark is makinglittle progress, althoughhe
works hard.

sor@
Nor@

(on ir

sqtite of taking the Pilk) '

progress

Mark is making little

his hard work hard).

in ryite oJ

(ov-in

spte of working

way as although: W'e can use in spite of the fact (that) in the same pills ' the I'm no better in spite of thefact that I'ue taken that it was extremely cold. Debbie utasn,t wearinf a coit ilesTite theJact

282

r&

778 Exercises
118.1

but (A)

,i

:'L sentencc wLrr nplete each sentenct complete Y1'h

i'' |il";;:;;''""'na IHe uses them' ru never 'v I ",. ;laugneo' No one laughed' i;;"";;f;' dish, but it didn' t break'
t

l-"+ one of these clauses: ott,1"r1;-1:rl,."rt

,ll
i
f

" I it didn'tbreak. uI

tt realiY quite modem' It's

2
J
4

The house looks old' The ioke was funnY'

Mike has some skjs' Phil exPlained the system'

118.2

although (A)
RewritethesentencesinExercise118.1.usinga1though. it t a"pp'a

,qttt

ousL'

thiiil'

dan'tu"'p'

2
J 4

-C)

of? (A' 118.3 although or in sPite

soite of' Put in although or in bad weather' The match * "" ^'.j.."-totgt"+the
caught the train'

_:TTjlijfte l3 e;*,,.,,*j::'*:T#'#: sffIl"

1

years

.ld

4 s 6
118.4

d"ltt""a The goods were ,,*_-t'"t ;';;;;;;;"'t

The chairman resigned

, ;i hi' l'f* *"

on mrn-1ster 'the camed

nromlle-we

had'
as

normal'

you Put Be carefui where Ioin each pair of sentences' t i" g"ta health' (although) it Dave smoke'' H"t"'t"*" f ,qt,ousl''o"' t was dred' (desPite) foffi-','t"tP n 'l"rlutfn'lt ! strE despte btns tLred' -- - ---- ---ww nght notice the sign' lt was '',trtt,t

(A-C) in spite of and despite though' even although, the words in brackets'
'

'*li)"ii ";'-inbt'"soodh'olth'
sp"nrs!'irtt rt* t"

---- -rro.,gr-r)

t in't

2
3
4

Karenever learnt Joe is

a

ti"" tt tt*' t*Tt

money' (despite)

millionai"Ef'spending

There was a s' A few trains were running'

d eariY' (in sPite oQ