Allison Porter Chapter 6 1. Know the differences between an incidence and a prevalence rate.

May make us define them or match with an example? 1. Incidence rate is number of NEW cases reported during a specific time period divided by the population. 1. It is a rate: will probably be shown as a percentage 2. Prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease in a population 1. It is a proportion or percent (but NOT a rate) (will probably use the word proportion) 2. Know what a risk factor is. 1. A risk factor makes a disease more likely. May make us match the disease with the risk factor? 1. Lung cancer: smoking 2. Coronary heart disease: high-fat diet, lack of exercise, smoking, obesity 3. Hypertension: high sodium intake, lack of exercise, stress, obesity, smoking, high fat intake 4. Breast Cancer: first degree relative 5. Colorectal Cancer: high fat and low fiber diet 6. Diabetes (II): high carbohydrate diet and obesity 2. Relative risk: May have to do math? Or define? 1. Incidence rate of those exposed to risk factor divided by incidence rate of those not exposed 3. Recurrence Risk: (multifactorial diseases) change a lot due to gene frequencies and environmental/lifestyle factors differing among populations May have to list things that make it higher or lower? 1. Higher: 1. More than 1 family member affected 2. Expression in proband is more severe 3. Proband is of less commonly affected sex 2. Lower: 1. In more remotely related relatives 3. Understand the effect of nature (environment) and genes on diseases. May have to match or could be multiple choice where you have to pick one. 1. Polygenic: due to multiple genes 2. Multifactorial: due to genes and environmental/lifestyle factors 3. Quantitative: traits measured on continuous numeric scale 4. Understand the role of genes and environment on the occurrence of: May have to match or maybe it will be an essay? 1. Coronary Heart Disease 1. Environment: high fat diet, lack of exercise, smoking, obesity 2. Genes: autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia 2. Diabetes:

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1. Type 1: insulin dependent 1. Onset before 40, higher incidence with offspring of diabetic fathers 2. Type II: 1. Environment: high carb diet, obesity Alcoholism: 1. 3-5 x higher with alcoholic parent 2. Also environmental risk Familial Hypercholesterolemia 1. Autosomal dominant. Look at age of occurrence, how many are affected, are there any women? Breast Cancer: 1. Genes: Risk increases if woman has first degree relative with it, if relative is young, and if cancer is bilateral. Chromosomes 13 and 17 have been linked to breast cancer. Colorectal Cancer: 1. Genes: some genes 2. Environment: high fat and low fiber diet Obesity: a risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and type II diabetes 1. Genetic connection 2. Environmental lifestyle 3. (No specific examples