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District

Energy
www. di stri ctenergy. org
T HI RD QUART E R 2 0 0 6
District Energy
Helps Preserve
Aesthetics,
Environment
in Paris
Tapping Landfill
Gas as Fuel
North Vancouver's
Mini-Plants
Ultrasound for
Microbial Control
Employee Safety and
Training Insights
A Look Back at
Annual Conference
and more . . .
District
Energy
1600 HICKS FIELD ROAD E. PO BOX 79670 FORT WORTH, TEXAS 76179 (817) 847-7300 FAX (817) 847-7222
www.THERMACOR.com
Services:
- District Heating and
Cooling
- High Temperature Hot
Water
- High Pressure Steam and
Condensate Return
- Containment of Oil and
Viscus Fluids
- Cryogenics
THERMACOR
PRE-INSULATED PIPING
Electric Resistance Monitoring
Leak Detection
- Works exclusively on Ohms law so there will be no false alarms.
- Helps to minimize costly repairs by detecting leaks before any serious
damage occurs.
- Holds manufacturer and contractors accountable for their work.
- Can be used to pinpoint the location of a leak.
- Helps reduce energy costs by making sure the insulation in your piping is dry
and functioning properly.
- Gives you the peace of mind that your system is functioning properly and
will not suddenly fail.
- Thermacor will put the necessary copper wire into your foam insulated pipes
for no additional charge.
Services are available for Stress Analysis and
Heat Gain/Loss Calculations of your piping system.
Call us or visit www.thermacor.com for further information.
Quality Manufactured
Quality Tested
Quality Assured
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 1
16 Postcard From Paris: Sister companies heat and cool the
City of Light
Louis Toulgoat, Research & Development Manager, Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain
The Louvre Museum, Notre Dame Cathedral, chic hotels and shops, train stations these and
many other noted Paris landmarks are among the buildings heated and cooled by two of the
citys district energy systems. Subsidiaries of Elyo, the systems are thriving and growing while
practicing principles of good environmental management.
6 Trash to Treasure: Landfills as an energy resource
Rachel Goldstein, Program Manager, Landfill Methane Outreach Program, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
In the U.S., nearly 400 landfills are being tapped as an energy source. Instead of contributing to
smog or global warming, landfill gas is captured, converted and utilized in applications including
the fueling of district energy systems. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is successfully
working with organizations and communities to put more landfill gas to beneficial use.
12 North Vancouvers Progressive Vision: Mini-plants and a
sustainable energy future
William Susak, PEng, General Manager, Lonsdale Energy Corp., and Deputy City Engineer,
City of North Vancouver
When North Vancouver, B.C., sought redevelopment, the citys official community plan dictated
that energy planning be part of the overall planning process something typically not done by
municipalities in the province. With the support of effective partnerships, the city developed a
unique and sustainable solution: district heating mini-plants.
23 New Solution to an Old Problem: Ultrasonic treatment
offers microbial control
Joanne Kuchinski, Product Manager, Ashland Specialty Chemical
Controlling microbial activity in recirculating cooling systems is essential to optimizing system
efficiencies and maximizing equipment life. Traditionally, system operators have turned to chemical
microbiocides to do the job. An innovative alternative has arrived: low-power, high-frequency
ultrasound, which offers a greener approach to maintaining building systems.
26 WebLink Employee Safety and Training Programs: Insights
from System of the Year winners
The safety and training of employees is important for district energy systems worldwide. Five past IDEA
System of the Year Award winners share information on their safety and training programs and
what works for them. Full article online at www.districtenergy.org/weblink.htm.
28 Annual Conference Highlights Solutions, Advantages:
Growth takes center stage
More than 420 people attended IDEAs 97th Annual Conference & Trade Show in Nashville in
June. Check out this years activities and award winners and put next years conference in
Scottsdale, Ariz., on your calendar for June 17-20, 2007.
36 Gary Rugel, New IDEA Chairman: Reflections on Illinois,
China and the Baltimore Ravens
Gary Rugel from EVAPCO Inc. became IDEAs chairman at the associations annual meeting in
June. Here is an opportunity for you to get to know more about him.
ON THE COVER:
Located on the River Seine in Paris, Notre
Dame Cathedral is a CPCU district heating
customer. Construction of Notre-Dame de
Paris began in 1163 during the reign of Louis
VII. Pope Alexander III laid the foundation
stone. Construction was completed roughly
200 years later in about 1345.
3 Chairmans Message
4 Presidents Message
40 Industry News
47 People in the News
49 Members Speak Out
50 Inside Insights
52 Energy and Environmental Policy
54 Question of the Quarter
54 Customer Closeup
55 Meet Our Advertisers
56 Calendar of Events/Dates To Remember
10% POST
CONSUMER
WASTE
District
Energy
District
Energy
T HI RD QUART E R 2 0 0 6
VOL UME 9 2
NUMB E R 3
Departments
Cover
Features
16
6
2 District Energy
District Energy (ISSN 1077-6222) is published quarterly by the International District Energy Association,
125 Turnpike Road, Suite 4, Westborough, MA 01581-2841. Phone: (508) 366-9339. Home page:
http://www.districtenergy.org.
Yearly non-member subscription price: $50 USA; all international $75. Single copy: $15 and $20
respectively. Forty dollars of all membership dues are allocated to subscriptions. Periodical postage,
USPS No. 158-240, paid at Minneapolis, Minn., and at Westborough, Mass. Postmaster: Send address
changes to District Energy, International District Energy Association, 125 Turnpike Road, Suite 4,
Westborough, MA 01581-2841.
Statements and opinions advanced in articles are to be understood as the individual expressions of
the authors and are not necessarily those of District Energy or the International District Energy Association.
District Energy is an official publication of the International District Energy Association. Published quarterly since 1915.
IDEA was founded in 1909. Its purpose is to foster the success of its members as leaders in providing
reliable, economical, efficient and environmentally sound district energy services. The associations
membership consists of representatives from utilities, municipalities, universities, hospitals, military bases,
airports, industrial parks and other physical plant systems engaged in supplying thermal energy in the
form of steam, hot water and/or chilled water for heating, cooling and process uses. It also represents
engineers; architects; financial, legal, and management consultants; and manufacturers who supply
services and equipment for community energy systems.
Copyright 2006 by the International District Energy Association. All rights reserved. Articles appearing
in District Energy may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any other publication without the
permission of the publisher. District Energy is indexed by Engineering Index Inc.
Publisher
Robert P. Thornton
Executive Editor & Chair of
Editorial Advisory Committee
Monica Westerlund
Technical Editor
Anthony Mirabella
Advertising Sales
Tanya Kozel
Art Director
Dick Garrison
Editorial Advisory Committee
Chris Asimakis
Enwave, Toronto
Ray DuBose
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Joe Hoose
Cool Systems, Inc.
Jack Kattner
Kattner Associates
Doug Maust
HGA Architecture Engineering Planning
Mike Nagel
University of Minnesota
Steve Spiwak
Nalco Company
David Woods
Energy Systems Company of Omaha
To contact the publication:
District Energy
125 Turnpike Road, Suite 4
Westborough, MA 01581-2841
(508) 366-9339
(508) 366-0019 (fax)
idea@districtenergy.org
Board of Directors
2006-2007
Executive Committee
Chair
GARY RUGEL
Evapco Inc.
5151 Allendale Lane
Taneytown, MD 21787
(410) 756-2600
(410) 756-6450 fax
grugel@evapco.com
Vice Chair
ROBERT SMITH
RMF Engineering, Inc.
190 West Ostend Street
Baltimore, MD 21230
(410) 576-0505
(410) 385-0327 fax
rdsmith@rmf.com
Second Vice Chair
DENNIS FOTINOS
Enwave Energy Corporation
181 University Ave, Ste 1710
Toronto, Ontario M5H 3M7
Canada
(416) 338-8912
(416) 338-8925 fax
dfotinos@enwave.com
Secretary/Treasurer
TOM GUGLIELMI
NRG Thermal LLC
Suite 2600
80 S. 8th Street
Minneapolis, MN 55402
(612) 436-4106
(612) 349-6067 fax
tom.guglielmi@nrgenergy.com
At-Large
JUAN MANUEL ONTIVEROS
University of Texas at Austin
PO Drawer 7850
Austin, TX 78713
(512) 232-4191
(512) 471-3311 fax
juano@mail.utexas.edu
Past Chair
CHERYL GOMEZ
University of Virginia
575 Alderman Road
P.O. Box 400726
Charlottesville, VA 22904-4726
(434) 982-5414
(434) 982-5894 fax
CLG9Y@Virginia.edu
Board Members
GORDON APPERLEY
UBC Utilities
2040 West Mall, Room 114
Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2
Canada
(604) 822-0971
(604) 822-8833 fax
gapperley@utilities.ubc.ca
VINCENT BADALI
Johnson Controls
2600 Christian Street
Philadelphia, PA 19146
(215) 875-6900
(215) 875-6910 fax
vincent.p.badali@jci.com
CLIFF BRADDOCK
Austin Energy
721 Barton Springs Road
Austin, TX 78704
(512) 322-6302
(512) 322-6016 fax
cliff.braddock@austinenergy.com
JOSEPH BRILLHART
York, a Johnson Controls company
PO Box 1592 - 232S
631 South Richland Avenue
York, PA 17405
(717) 771-6114
(717) 771-6844 fax
joseph.brillhart@york.com
JOHN CARLSON
Entergy Corporation
1661 Gravier Street
New Orleans, LA 70112
(504) 569-2120
(504) 569-2120 fax
jcarls1@entergy.com
KENNETH CLARK
Burns & McDonnell Engineering
Co., Inc.
9400 Ward Pkwy
Kansas City, MO 64114
(816) 822-3109
(816) 822-3415 fax
kmclark@burnsmcd.com
JOHNATHAN COLEMAN
Solar Turbines Incorporated
Suite 305
600 E Crescent Avenue
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
(201) 825-8200
(201) 825-8454 fax
jcoleman@solarturbines.com
W. LYNN CRAWFORD
Carter-Burgess
55 Waugh Drive Suite 800
Houston, TX 77219-1487
713-803-2172
(713) 869-2556 fax
crawfordwl@c-b.com
DAVID LEACH
Thermal Science Technologies LLC
7526-R Connelley Drive
Hanover, MD 21076-1600
(877) 266-3834
(410) 760-002 fax
David@thermalsciencetech.com
JIM LODGE
Northwind Phoenix
400 E. Van Buren Street
PO Box 53901 MS 103
Phoenix, AZ 85072-3901
(602) 744-5030
(602) 744-5136 fax
jlodge@northwindphx.com
P. FERMAN MILSTER
University of Iowa Power Plant
207 Burlington Street West
Iowa City, IA 52242-1523
(319) 335-5132
(319) 335-6082 fax
ferman-milster@uiowa.edu
RICHARD J. PUCAK
Akron Thermal LP
226 Opportunity Parkway
Akron, OH 44307
(330) 374-0600
(330) 374-0202 fax
rpucak@akronthermal.com
DANY JOSEPH SAFI
National Central Cooling Co
Tabreed
Abu Dhabi Mall, West Tower
13th Floor PO Box 29478
Abu Dhabi, UAE
+971 2 6455007
+971 2 6455008 fax
dsafi@tabreed.com
WILLIAM VERGE
University of Michigan
1110 E. Huron
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
(734) 936-4219
(734) 647-0967 fax
bverge@umich.edu
EVERETT WOLVERTON
University of Cincinnati
51 Goodman Suite 200
Cincinnati, OH 45221
(513) 556-4828
(513) 556-1190 fax
wolverem@uc.edu
Ex-Officio
Robert P. Thornton
Monica L. Westerlund
Legislative Director
Mark Spurr
Legal Counsel
Joel L. Greene
2 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 3
leadership has carried on throughout the
year and is a hard act to follow! Cheryl,
you are tireless in your commitment to
IDEA. It has been a pleasure working with
you, and I am grateful you will be around
for one more year.
During our annual meeting in Nashville,
we elected new board members who will
help carry on the charge. Welcome and
congratulations go to Vincent Badali,
Johnson Controls; Cliff Braddock, Austin
Energy; Joe Brillhart, York; John Carlson,
Entergy Thermal; Juan Ontiveros, University
of Texas at Austin (elected to a second term);
Dany Safi, Tabreed (elected to a second
term); and Everett Wolverton, University of
Cincinnati. Rick Pucak of Akron Thermal
was selected to complete the final year of
another members term.
In spite of the boards greatest efforts,
however, IDEA could never be what it is
without a great staff. I thank Rob Thornton,
president; Dina Gadon, director for member
services; Tanya Kozel, director of marketing;
Melissa Benowitz, conference planning;
Laxmi Rao, research and development;
Monica Westerlund, executive editor of
District Energy magazine; and Mark Spurr,
legislative director, for their efforts.
And I would be remiss if I did not
mention our top award winners who led
the way this past year: Robert P. Thornton,
president, IDEA, recipient of the Norman
R. Taylor Award; Metro Nashville District
Energy System and Constellation Energy &
Project Services Group, recipients of the
System of the Year Award; Rich Mayer,
formerly with NRG Energy Center San
Francisco, recipient of the Life Member
award; and Dany Safi, Tabreed, recipient
of the Unsung Hero Award. Additional
award winners are recognized on p. 30-
31. Congratulations!
Lets all strive for top performance in
the coming year. I look forward to working
together with the IDEA board and every
IDEA member as we work to lead the way.
Gary Rugel
Chair, 2006-2007
Director, Global Thermal Storage &
District Energy
EVAPCO Inc.
grugel@evapco.com
I
t is a pleasure and an honor to have
been nominated and elected as your
chairman for the coming year. As a busi-
ness partner, I know that not all associa-
tions treat all of their members equally,
and this separates IDEA from many of
those organizations. It is a nearly 100-year
tradition. When you treat your business
partners as partners, I think we all benefit.
I have been fortunate to have served
on the board for the past five years. When
I started, Ray DuBose, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, was chairman, and
we were still in financial difficulty. Thats
not the case today. IDEA has a strong,
diverse, growing membership, with solid
financial backing. Im committed to con-
tinue this progress and to advance the
district energy and combined heat and
power (CHP) industries.
In my view, IDEA is definitely on the
right track. I believe the June annual con-
ference in Nashville in many ways raised
the bar and continued to set new stan-
dards for the association. IDEA is starting
to see the fruitful results of the strategic
plan initiated two years ago that now
drives our operations. The process helped
the board and staff determine and focus
on what is important:
G
Grow membership
G
Be the go-to resource
G
Increase IDEA influence
G
Strengthen operations
My goal is to continue our focus on these
areas as I mesh my professional experience
with my IDEA responsibilities.
Since my background is district cool-
ing, I will be able to bring that experience
to bear as we work to grow district cool-
ing globally. This will provide for plenty of
new opportunities for IDEA members. In
parallel, IDEA is being asked to lead. The
district cooling experience and knowledge
in our association is second to none. It is
demonstrated by the pull to establish a
chapter of IDEA in the Middle East where
reliable district cooling is not a luxury, but
a life-safety issue.
In addition IDEA received a significant
grant from the U.S. Department of Com-
merce to help our member companies
export their products or knowledge. We
have seen the benefits of collaboration
and the need for education to help the
rest of the world understand and adopt all
types of district energy. We are committed
to outreach, education, quality and techni-
cal advice as IDEA and our member com-
panies strive to become a go-to resource.
This year, more than ever, we must
continue growing our influence. IDEA now
has an opportunity to be recognized by
sharing the knowledge our members have
gained while developing and operating
some of the most energy-efficient systems
in the world utilizing CHP and district
heating and cooling technologies.
Reflecting on where we are headed, I
have set my theme for the upcoming year
as Leading the Way. IDEA must help lead
the way as we champion the benefits district
energy and CHP can provide to society. We
need to start to making the words district
energy and combined heat and power
household words.
IDEA is fortunate to have board mem-
bers who understand the importance of
leadership and vision. Anders Rydaker,
District Energy St. Paul, will leave the board
this year after serving as past chairman. I
thank Anders for the calm and steady lead-
ership he has shown day in and day out.
He helped us start the strategic planning
process, and were grateful.
I also extend my deepest gratitude to
these board members as their terms come
to a close: Scott Clark, Carter & Burgess;
Mike Thompson, Trane; and Steve Spiwak,
Nalco. Thank you for your contributions!
Cheryl Gomez, University of Virginia,
served as our chair this past year. Her
unbelievably dynamic and high-energy
Column also available at
www.districtenergy.org/de_magazine.htm
Chairmans
Message
Energy and will feature a special pre-confer-
ence workshop devoted to emergency pre-
paredness and disaster recovery. (See p. 38.)
IDEA has witnessed continuous expan-
sion of our conferences and, in particular, has
sold out all available exhibit space at every
meeting in the past few years. I urge our
business partners to contact IDEA early to
secure exhibit or sponsorship opportunities.
Before we know it, the 98th Annual Confer-
ence & Trade Show District Energy/CHP
2007: Leading the Way, Setting the Pace
will be under way at the Hyatt Gainey Ranch
Resort in Scottsdale, Ariz. On tap for June 2007,
the conference will be hosted by Northwind
Phoenix. (And Jim Lodge of Northwind Phoenix
has assured us that Scottsdale has a dry heat,
so we wont even notice it.) In any case, I urge
readers to make plans to attend, to present
and to participate in IDEA conferences, as we
all prosper through collaboration.
One example of productive collaboration
is IDEAs publication District Energy Space.
Since 1990, IDEA members have reported
more than 348 million sq ft of customer
building space being connected or committed
to district energy systems in North America.
Since last year, IDEA also has recorded District
Energy Space growth outside of North America
where the pace of expansion is dramatically
increasing with 52 million sq ft listed in 2004
and more than 62 million sq ft in 2005. (For
more on District Energy Space, visit www.
districtenergy.org/de_space.htm.)
Clearly, cities and campuses are invest-
ing in district energy to solve critical energy
needs for today, with the promise of enhanced
dividends in the future. Reliable and environ-
mentally responsible energy systems will grow
in value and importance as limits on fossil
fuel supplies drive prices ever higher as sup-
plies continue to tighten. If the discussions at
IDEAs 97th Annual Conference are an indica-
tor, the district energy industry will continue
to play a larger role in the energy portfolio
mix around the world in the years and
decades ahead.
Robert P. Thornton
President
rob.idea @districtenergy.org
4 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
spoke of their respective visions for the indus-
try and the acceleration of infrastructure
development underpinning massive real estate
expansion in Dubai, Abu Dhabi and across
the Gulf Region. IDEA members were urged
to visit the Middle East to explore opportunities
for collaboration, and more than one panelist
spoke of the important role that IDEA can
play in promoting excellence in operations,
design and construction.
A common objective was the need
to educate users at all levels on the value
proposition of district energy while reinforc-
ing operational excellence, adherence to
sound business models and the importance
of maintenance for reliability and system
integrity. In consideration, IDEA has launched
a Middle East Chapter and is planning the
inaugural Middle East Cooling Conference
for Jan. 14-17, 2007, at the Emirates Palace
Hotel in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
(For information on becoming a charter
member of the new chapter, download
www.districtenergy.org/pdfs/MidEastFlyer.pdf.)
Many of these themes also will be on
the agendas of the 19th Annual Marketing
Workshop and 18th Annual Distribution
Workshop to be co-located in New York City
and hosted by Con Edison Steam Business
Unit Sept. 6-8, 2006. Discussing common
challenges and sharing collective experiences
are the principal features of these combined
workshops.
Youll note that these workshops and
the Middle East conference are all just within
the next six months alone! In addition, IDEA
has set the 20th Annual Campus Energy
Conference for Houston, Texas, Feb. 27-
March 2, 2007. To be co-hosted by Thermal
Energy Company and Rice University, the
conference theme is Critical Needs, Critical
M
ore than 420 IDEA members and
guests recently attended the 97th
Annual IDEA Conference & Trade
Show in Nashville, Tenn., another excellent
turnout and successful industry meeting. The
conference drew nearly 70 attendees from
14 different foreign countries, including over
30 from the Middle East, where district cool-
ing development is growing dramatically.
Based on feedback we received, attendees
were very pleased with the quality of the
technical program, the depth of discussion
and, as usual, the networking and business
opportunities the gathering afforded.
The conference theme District
Energy/CHP 2006: Todays Solution, Tomorrows
Advantage illustrates how cities and cam-
puses across the world are investing in dis-
trict energy systems today to solve a myriad
of energy challenges. During the opening
plenary panel, industry leaders from around
the globe provided insightful overviews of
the renewal, expansion and development of
district energy systems in the worlds largest
cities like New York and the fastest-growing
like Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
The discussion of U.S. systems centered
on acquisition and renewal of district energy
systems through private investment, private/
public partnerships and comprehensive infra-
structure renewal projects to optimize fuel
efficiency and support urban load centers. In
Korea, industry leaders are emphasizing sus-
tainable technologies that will support con-
tinued growth and environmental stewardship
through fuel flexible options firmly embrac-
ing the premise that district energy is todays
solution for tomorrows advantage.
Finally, leaders from three of the worlds
fastest-growing district cooling businesses
IDEA is planning the
inaugural Middle East
Cooling Conference for
Jan. 14-17, 2007.
Presidents
Message
Column also available at
www.districtenergy.org/de_magazine.htm
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Trash to Treasure:
Landfills as an energy resource
Rachel Goldstein, Program Manager, Landfill Methane Outreach Program, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
M
ost people dont think of land-
fills as much more than a nec-
essary evil at best, a community
liability at worst. However, societys cur-
rent primary method of waste management
produces a byproduct with a significant
energy value: landfill gas. A landfill can
provide a valuable, lower-cost supply of
energy that is also considered green in
many places. Corporations, utilities and
governments are increasingly recognizing
landfill gas for its many benefits.
Putting Landfill Gas to Work
Landfill gas naturally results from
the decomposition of organic waste in
landfills and is comprised primarily of
methane the main component of natu-
ral gas and carbon dioxide. Instead of
being allowed to escape into the air, land-
fill gas can be captured, converted and
used as an energy source. Using landfill
gas has multiple benefits. It reduces odors
and other hazards associated with landfill
gas emissions, such as local air pollution
from the volatile organic compounds in
the gas or subsurface gas migration. It also
prevents methane from migrating into
the atmosphere and contributing to local
smog and global climate change. (Methane
is a potent greenhouse gas about 21 times
more so than CO
2
.)
Landfill gas is extracted from landfills
In the U.S., nearly 400 landfills such as this one are currently being tapped to supply landfill gas for use
as a fuel in power production, district energy systems and other applications.
using a series of wells and a blower/
flare (or vacuum) system. This system
directs the collected gas to a central point
where it can be processed and treated
depending on the ultimate use for the gas.
From this point, the gas can be simply
flared or used to generate electricity,
replace fossil fuels in industrial manufac-
turing and district energy operations, fuel
greenhouse operations or be upgraded to
pipeline-quality gas.
The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agencys Landfill Methane Outreach
Program (LMOP), which helps various
communities and organizations develop
landfill-gas-to-energy projects, has seen a
dramatic increase in the use of landfill
gas as an energy source in the U.S. over
the past 10 years. Nearly all of these
applications have had some contact or
involvement with LMOP. There are cur-
rently 396 projects on line in the U.S.
alone and more than 1,100 worldwide
(most of these international projects are
Feature
Story
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 7
in a large number of utilization projects,
they do need to be considered in project
planning.
Landfill gas systems typically require
bulk moisture removal, refrigerated drying
and dew-point suppression through a
reheat cycle. Moisture removal from the
landfill gas is generally greater than 90
percent, depending on the technology
used. A method for removal of contami-
nants, including non-methane organic
compounds (NMOCs) and siloxanes, is
generally also recommended. Combustion
turbines and reciprocating engines have
operated with no provisions for contami-
nant removal. Although there is an
increasing list of siloxane and contami-
nant removal technologies available, car-
bon adsorption is still the only proven
and cost-effective method.
Market Drivers
In the past two years, LMOP has seen
increasing interest in utilizing landfill gas,
particularly to offset fossil fuel consump-
tion. The interest is fueled by both eco-
nomic and environmental factors. Energy
costs in general have been rising, and
energy markets are becoming increasingly
volatile. At the time of this writing, the
Henry Hub and NYMEX indicators showed
the price of natural gas at just over
$7/MMBtu, down from $13/MMBtu a few
months prior.
Higher prices not only encourage
energy users to look for less expensive
sources, but they also make project eco-
nomics more attractive. A perfect example
is that high energy prices are making
longer pipeline projects not only possible
but profitable. Five years ago, a pipeline
not LMOP-assisted). While this number is
impressive, there is still a long way to go.
There are still at least 600 U.S. landfills
that could economically support a proj-
ect. These 600 landfills would have a
generation capacity of more than 1,400
MW or could supply 356 billion cu ft per
year of gas to industrial end-users.
The generation of electricity from
landfill gas makes up about two-thirds of
the currently operational projects in the
United States. Electricity for on-site use,
district energy system use or sale to the
grid can be generated using a variety of
different technologies, including internal
combustion engines, turbines, microtur-
bines, Stirling engines (external combustion
engines) and Organic Rankine Cycle
engines. The vast majority of projects
use internal combustion engines or tur-
bines, with microturbine technology being
used at smaller landfills and in niche
applications. Electricity generation that is
not for the grid will often utilize combined
heat and power. Directly using landfill gas
to offset the use of another fossil fuel is
occurring in about one-third of the cur-
rently operational projects. This direct
use of landfill gas can be in a boiler (e.g.
district energy), dryer, kiln, greenhouse
or other thermal applications.
Although landfill gas is widely used
as fuel to produce electricity and fire boil-
ers, there are differences between using
landfill gas and natural gas in these appli-
cations. Unlike natural gas, landfill gas is
normally saturated with moisture and
carries varying quantities of compounds
that contain sulfur, chlorine and silicon.
Although the constituents in the gas have
not deterred successful landfill gas use
project was generally thought to be eco-
nomically feasible at five miles or less.
In 2003, however, BMW Manufacturing
developed a landfill gas project at its
South Carolina plant that involved the
construction of a 10-mile pipeline. In
2004, a Honeywell landfill gas project
came on line with a 23-mile pipeline
the longest in the U.S.!
Industrial operations and govern-
ments are realizing significant energy
cost savings when they use landfill gas.
BMW notes that it saves more than
$1.0 million per year at its South Carolina
plant alone, where it is using landfill gas
to generate electricity and capturing waste
heat from the turbines for plant opera-
tions. The National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, the first federal facility
to use landfill gas, saves more than
$350,000 per year by using landfill gas
in place of natural gas in its Maryland
flight center district heating system (fig. 1;
also see sidebar on p. 9). Prompted by
rising energy costs, the University of New
Hampshire is also exploring the feasibility
of a landfill gas project. The gas would be
transported through a 13-mile pipeline
for heat and electricity at the universitys
cogeneration plant.
Economic benefits are certainly a
powerful motivator, but environmental
NASA saves more than $350,000
per year by using landfill gas in
its Maryland flight center district
heating system.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency understands
the importance of controlling landfill gas emissions while
at the same time realizing the potential for beneficial
use. In 1994 the EPA created the Landfill Methane
Outreach Program (LMOP). LMOP is a voluntary assis-
tance program that helps reduce methane emissions
from landfills by encouraging the recovery and use of
landfill gas as an energy resource.
LMOP forms partnerships with communities, landfill
owners, utilities, power marketers, states, project devel-
opers, tribes and nonprofit organizations to overcome
barriers to development of landfill-gas-to-energy projects.
LMOP does so by helping these groups assess project fea-
sibility, find financing and market the benefits of a
project to the community.
To read more about the program, go to www.epa.gov/lmop.
Overcoming Barriers: EPAs Landfill Methane Outreach Program
8 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
stewardship and corporate social respon-
sibility are also strong market drivers for
landfill gas projects. Good corporate citi-
zens are joining voluntary greenhouse
gas reduction programs such as the EPAs
Climate Leaders program and the Chicago
Climate Exchange. Climate Leaders is an
industry-government partnership that
works with companies to develop long-
term comprehensive climate change strate-
gies. The Chicago Climate Exchange is a
greenhouse gas emission reduction and
trading program for emission sources and
offset projects in the U.S., Canada and
Mexico. Local municipalities and univer-
sities have also joined the Chicago
Climate Exchange.
Additional market drivers, particu-
larly for electricity generation, include the
recent energy bill. The Energy Policy Act
of 2005 has the Section 45 Production
Tax Credit, which applies to landfill gas.
The tax credit is worth 0.9 cents/kWh for
electricity produced from landfill gas.
Piping gas to another location for non-
grid generation and CHP is included;
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Figure 1. Landfill-Gas-to-Energy Use in NASAs Goddard Space Flight Centers Landfill Gas and District Energy System, Prince Georges County, Md.
The success of the EPAs domestic Landfill Methane Outreach Program led the
agency to develop Methane to Markets, an international methane reduction
initiative launched in November 2004. This action-oriented effort focuses on
cost-effective, near-term methane recovery and use as a clean energy source
to be accomplished through the collaboration of developed countries,
developing countries and countries with economies in transition, together
with strong private-sector participation.
To date, the Methane to Markets Partnership consists of 17 member countries.
Their shared goal is to reduce global methane emissions to enhance economic
growth, promote energy security, improve the environment and reduce
greenhouse gases. Other benefits of the partnership include improving mine
safety, reducing waste and improving local air quality. In its work, Methane
to Markets targets four major methane sources: landfills, underground coal
mines, natural gas and oil systems, and agriculture.
For more information, see www.methanetomarkets.org.
LMOP Goes Global: Methane to Markets
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 9
University of California,
Los Angeles
Project System Information
G
4.5-mile pipeline delivers medium-Btu (500-Btu/scf) gas to UCLA from Mountaingate Landfill.
G
Includes two 14.5 MW combustion turbine generators fueled by 65% natural gas/35% landfill
gas and one condensing steam turbine electric generator.
G
Heat capacity: 234 MMBtu/hr.
G
Electric capacity: 43 MW.
G
Started 1984 (pre-dating LMOP).
Project Impact/Benefits
G
Saves $250,000 annually in natural gas purchases.
G
Provides 85% of UCLAs electricity needs.
G
Won IDEAs System of the Year Award, 1997.
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Landfill Methane Outreach Program. Includes information compiled from the California Energy Commission, IDEA and NST Engineers.
NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)
Prince Georges County, Md.
Project System Information
G
First federal facility in the country to implement a landfill gas energy project.
G
Two of five boilers at GSFC district heating plant were modified to run on landfill gas and can
use natural gas or fuel oil as backup.
G
Landfill gas is supplied from nearby Prince Georges County-owned Sandy Hill landfill and fuels
two boilers to make steam that circulates to heat GSFC buildings.
G
An LMOP-assisted project.
Project Impact/Benefits
G
Illustrates a successful public-private partnership between Prince George's County Waste
Management, Toro Energy, NASA and LMOP.
G
Saves an estimated $350,000 per year in energy costs.
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Landfill Methane Outreach Program.
Pacific Palms Resort
City of Industry, Calif.
Project System Information
G
Pacific Palms Resort includes two golf courses, a conference center, Olympic-sized pool, tennis
complex, equestrian center, laundry facility and hotel.
G
Landfill gas is supplied by the Industry Hills Landfill, which is owned by the City of Industry and
located on resort property.
G
First phase: In 1980 a medium-Btu landfill-gas-to-energy project was installed for convention
center boilers and water heaters for pool and laundry.
G
Second phase: In late 2002 the system was converted to blend landfill gas with natural gas
(50%/50%) to power one of two 1 MW Jenbacher 320 reciprocating engines (second engine is
100% natural gas-fired). Waste heat recovery from the engines provides thermal energy to the
hotel and conference center.
G
Uses 2,100 MMBtu/month of landfill gas.
G
Second phase was an LMOP-assisted project.
Project Impact/Benefits
G
Saves $10,000 to $15,000 per month in natural gas costs.
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Landfill Methane Outreach Program. Includes information compiled from a December 2005 Waste Age article and the SCS Engineers Web site.
Landfill-Gas-to-Energy Project Examples
10 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
to deal with their landfill gas, LMOP con-
tributes to the creation of livable commu-
nities that enjoy increased environmental
protection, better waste management and
responsible community planning.
however, only the electricity generated is
eligible for the tax credit.
Is Landfill-Gas-to-Energy in
Your Future?
Are you interested in using landfill
gas as an energy source? Dont know where
to start? LMOP has a number of tools that
can help determine if there could be a
landfill in your future. The program offers
technical support that includes finding a
landfill, estimating gas generation and
project economic analysis.
The first step is as simple as providing
the plant address. From there LMOP can
search a 5-, 10-, 15- or 20-mile radius to
find the landfills near that facility. If you
are a landfill searching for an end-user,
LMOP can help find potential end-users
in the same radius and model the gas
generation using the EPAs LandGEM soft-
ware. Then LMOP can compare the
results to an end-users energy demand
and see if there is a good match.
Via its cost-analysis tool called
LFGCost, LMOP can determine if a project
might be a good investment. The cost
tool provides economic data such as net
present value, internal rate of return and
years to payback. In addition, the tool
estimates environmental benefits such as
total amount of methane destroyed and
the overall greenhouse gas emissions
reductions. (More information on LMOP
tools is available at www.epa.gov/lmop.)
Using landfill gas for energy is a
win-win opportunity. Landfill gas energy
projects involve citizens, nonprofit
organizations, local governments and
industry in sustainable community plan-
ning and creative partnerships. These
projects go hand-in-hand with communi-
ty and corporate commitments to cleaner
air, renewable energy, economic develop-
ment, improved public welfare and safe-
ty, and reductions in greenhouse gases
that contribute to global warming. By
linking communities with innovative ways
Rachel Goldstein is a program
manager of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's Landfill Methane
Outreach Program (LMOP), a vol-
untary program that encourages
methane emissions reductions
through the capture and beneficial use of land-
fill gas. Goldsteins primary roles are to manage
the New England/Mid-Atlantic territory and
LMOPs corporate outreach activities. Prior to
joining the EPA, she spent 11 years in the envi-
ronmental safety and health field. Goldstein,
who holds a master of business administration
degree, is on the board of directors for the
Womens Council on Energy and Environment.
She can be reached at Goldstein.Rachel@
epamail.epa.gov.
12 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
North Vancouvers
Progressive Vision:
Mini-plants and a sustainable
energy future
William Susak, PEng, General Manager, Lonsdale Energy Corp., and Deputy City Engineer, City of
North Vancouver
N
orth Vancouver, a member munici-
pality of the Greater Vancouver
Regional District, is a vibrant city
of approximately 50,000 within a regional
population of 2 million. It has a diverse
culture, thriving arts community and
abundant recreational activities not to
mention a setting of breathtaking natural
beauty on an inlet along British Columbias
Pacific Coast. Founded on the principle of
sustainability, the citys official communi-
ty plan embraces a vision of a continued
vibrant, diverse and highly livable com-
munity while it balances social, economic
and environmental needs. All of the work
of the city its projects, programs, budgets
and initiatives must support that vision.
In the late 1990s, planning com-
menced for the redevelopment of much
of the citys waterfront and adjacent core
areas. Along with other traditional urban
planning issues, such as land use, trans-
portation and infrastructure, North
Vancouvers city council also insisted that
energy planning be included. This was an
unusual consideration because in British
Columbia, energy planning is traditionally
carried out by provincial-scale organiza-
tions such as BC Hydro for electricity and
Terasen Gas for natural gas. There is very
little history of a municipality planning
for, or providing energy services within, the
province of British Columbia; the city of
North Vancouver is a significant exception.
Feature
Story
With sustainability as its overarching
theme, the citys official community plan
defines the citys energy policy and plan-
ning objectives. The highest public policy
document governing the community
emphasizes community energy efficiency,
partnership collaboration and greenhouse
gas reduction as the citys top energy-plan-
ning objectives. City officials and staff had
these in mind as they undertook the rede-
velopment project. Through effective part-
At the base of the North Shore Mountains, North Vancouver is just a five-minute drive and ten-minute
Seabus ride across Burrard Inlet from downtown Vancouver.
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There is very little history of a
municipality planning for, or
providing energy services within,
the province of British Columbia;
the city of North Vancouver is a
significant exception.
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 13
developed between the city and the
Federation of Canadian Municipalities
(FCM), the group that represents the
interests of Canadian cities at the
national level. The concept of district
energy as a viable alternative to the
status quo was introduced to North
Vancouver via educational energy mis-
sions sponsored by FCM.
FCM commenced these energy mis-
sions for its members in the late 1990s.
Approximately 25 elected and non-elected
municipal officials participated in a series
of tours, lectures and debriefings by sen-
ior-level policy makers, urban planners
and engineers, and energy industry repre-
sentatives of various European community
energy systems. Occurring annually, these
missions introduced Canadian municipal
decision makers to best practices in the
European systems. The visits and briefings
confirmed for both the city council and
senior staff that district energy could
play an important role in driving a com-
munity toward a more sustainable future.
The Mini-Plant Concept
FCMs educational and information
sessions led the city to commission engi-
neering studies from 1999 to 2002 on
how best to implement a district heating
utility. The central plant model was ini-
tially studied but it presented several
problems that had to be overcome. First,
the city was and remains proudly
debt-free: All projects and programs are
internally funded and fiscal prudence is
rigorously applied to city operations.
Implementation of a central plant would
mean a very large upfront capital cost
with relatively little marginal revenue. A
large plant also would require full-time
attendance of personnel with implica-
tions for operating expenses.
Another problem was that a central
plant located in the midst of a high-densi-
ty, high-value area of redevelopment was
likely to have land-use conflicts with its
immediate neighbors. In addition, land in
the city was very expensive, so a signifi-
cant lost economic opportunity would
accrue to the city if city-owned land were
devoted to an energy plant rather than
for a revenue-producing redevelopment.
Such issues with central plant imple-
mentation led North Vancouver to exam-
ine a non-central plant alternative. If a
way could be found to distribute the gen-
eration equipment throughout the rede-
veloping service area, why bother with a
central plant and its associated challenges?
In 2001-2002 the city started to look very
closely at the concept of a series of mini-
plants as an alternative to the central plant
model of utility operations. With input
from Keen Engineering Ltd., the city deter-
mined in 2002 that the mini-plant model
would be its best solution. The mini-plant
model was accepted in late 2003 by FCM
as the basis of a partnership funding
package for the city.
These mini-plants, which each can
nerships both within city government as
well as with outside organizations, they
ultimately implemented a mini-plant dis-
trict heating system uniquely suited to
North Vancouvers needs.
Partners in Planning
In practical terms, all members of
North Vancouvers city council, key senior
city staff members (including the author)
and the public participated in developing
the official community plan. The current
and previous city councils have all sup-
ported the energy-planning objectives
within the community plan. (Three key
political champions continue to serve on
the city council: Mayor Darrell Mussatto
and Councillors Bob Fearnley, Barbara
Perrault and Craig Keating. The authors
role was to transform that vision and policy
goal into reality.)
The city council understood that sta-
tus quo land development practices, where
large buildings are often heated solely with
electricity, would only contribute to a grow-
ing electrical energy supply-and-demand
gap within British Columbia. For the
council, the status quo was no longer an
option. The city had a responsibility to
lead the way in ensuring that community
energy use was as sustainable as possible
in the future.
So how did a small city, with no prior
history in providing an energy service,
enter the energy industry and start a
district heating utility? In a word: part-
nerships.
The first and most crucial partner-
ship was between the North Vancouver
city council and its own staff. With a
clear governance vision, an entire organi-
zation can be mobilized to achieve a
goal like starting up a district heating
operation. Combining the knowledge of
administrative, engineering, financial
and planning professionals, the city was
able to achieve the goal within the
capacity of the organization.
The second crucial partnership
The status quo was no longer an
option. The city had a responsi-
bility to lead the way in ensuring
that community energy use was
as sustainable as possible in the
future.
Both of North Vancouvers mini-plants (the first one shown here) are equipped with high-efficiency
condensing boilers with reduced-emission burner technology.
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14 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
tion, system changes or improvements can
be more easily incorporated into future
growth with the distributed plant versus a
central plant generation model.
Operating Partner
With its decision to bring the mini-
plant concept to life, North Vancouver
established Lonsdale Energy Corp. a dis-
trict heating utility with its own board of
directors, wholly owned by the city and
responsible for overall system design as
well as the construction, commissioning
and operation of the plants. Lonsdale
Energy Corp. contracted with the city of
North Vancouver to supply and install the
district energy distribution system buried
under city streets.
Fitting out and commissioning the
plants, along with operating the entire sys-
tem, required the search for an operating
partner. The city needed a credible, highly
experienced organization to provide sys-
tem operations services as well as cus-
tomer care and rate design services.
Terasen Utility Services Inc. was contract-
house from four to six high-efficiency
condensing boilers, only require a floor
area equivalent to several automobile
parking spaces. Developers have been
asked to provide, in certain select build-
ing sites, space in the proper configura-
tion for this type of small energy plant.
Given that all new buildings in the rede-
velopment precinct are required to have
underground parking garages, this request
has not been a barrier to proceeding with
a building project.
To date, two mini-plants have been
constructed and commissioned, in 2004-
2005, and are interconnected with the in-
street energy distribution system. A third
plant is under construction and will be
operational by late 2006. It will also be
fully interconnected late this year. These
three plants, with a total capacity of 15
boilers (with only seven installed) should
provide thermal energy needs for more
than 3 million sq ft of residential, com-
mercial and institutional customers. While
the initial engineering analysis indicated
up to five mini-plants might be needed to
serve up to 30 buildings, recent system
evaluation indicates that there is a possi-
bility that only one more plant may be
required.
The interconnected mini-plant concept
provides greater financial and operational
flexibility during system buildout. Marginal
costs of system growth are more closely
matched with marginal revenues. In addi-
North Vancouvers two mini-plants are interconnected with the in-street energy distribution system,
being installed here by city crews. A third plant, expected to be operational later this year, will also be
fully interconnected to the system.
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Services Provided Thermal energy for space heating and domestic hot water
Startup Year 2004
Total System 6 MWt [expansion expected to 15 MWt (52 MMBtu/hr)]
Production
Distribution System Treated, two-pipe, closed-loop hot water system. Medium
supply temperature [target 82 C (approximately 179.6)]; low
return temperature [target 45 C (113 F)]. 8-inch diameter,
1,400 meters (approximately 4,593 ft)
Number of Customer Five (eight projected by 2007 and 15-20 by 2010)
Buildings on System
Square Footage of 600,000 (2 million expected by 2010)
Space Served
Customer Building Luxury high-rise residential, commercial and institutional
Types
Number of Plants Three mini-plants by end of 2006 containing total of seven
and Boilers boilers, with capacity for 15 at buildout
Equipment Type Viesmann Vertomat condensing boiler with reduced-
emission burner technology
Fuel Used Natural gas
Source: Lonsdale Energy Corp.
District Heating in North Vancouver
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 15
mining how you will work together to
achieve the goal.
For many years, North Vancouver has
mobilized its staff to work together in
multi-departmental, multi-disciplinary
task teams on initiatives of high strategic
importance to the city. This model has
been at the root of many of the citys suc-
cesses, of which Lonsdale Energy Corp. is
but one. Other essential city participants
in the creation of Lonsdale Energy Corp.
included Ken Tollstam, city manager;
Isabel Gordon, director of finance; and
Richard White, city planner.
FCM was essential to the startup of
Lonsdale Energy Corp. well beyond the
energy missions that introduced North
Vancouver to district energy. The federation
also provided low-interest loans and grant
funds as part of its partnership funding
package based on the companys concept
of mini-plant distributed generation.
Lonsdale Energy Corp. represents a
combination of clear vision at the govern-
ment level, staff implementation guid-
ance, consulting engineering expertise,
development industry professionals,
energy industry professionals, contrac-
tors and collaborative support from FCM.
The contributions of all these partners
made it possible for North Vancouver to
take the remarkable step of implementing
its own energy planning, tapping district
energy as part of its vision for a more
sustainable future.
In recognition of that step, Lonsdale
Energy Corp. was honored with Canadas
National Energy Efficiency Award in 2005
and the Canadian Association of Munici-
pal Administrators Willis Award for
Innovation in 2004.
ed by Lonsdale Energy Corp., not the city
to provide a complete suite of energy
utility operations services. With this last
piece of the puzzle in place, Lonsdale
Energy Corp. commenced operations in
2004.
With two mini-plants currently up
and running, Lonsdale Energy Corp. is
now providing space and domestic hot
water heating services to approximately
600,000 sq ft in five buildings in mid- to
high-density residential and commercial
development. By 2007, the system will
provide thermal energy services to more
than 1 million sq ft of customer space.
Key Contributions
Lonsdale Energy Corp. would not
have become reality without the signifi-
cant assistance and contribution of many
members of city staff. In any significant
venture, it is crucial to understand both
the vision of where you want to go and
the state of where you are, if you are to
succeed in closing the gap between the
two. Choosing the best course of action
to close that gap brings you further to
realizing the goal. But often the most
important part of the process is deter-
Bill Susak, PEng, is the general
manager and a director of Lonsdale
Energy Corp. He is also the deputy
city engineer for North Vancouver,
B.C., as well as the citys approving
officer for land subdivision. Prior to
municipal employment, Susak worked in a senior
capacity in the land development industry in
Vancouver. He holds a master of business admin-
istration degree as well as bachelors degrees in
civil engineering and fisheries ecology. A regis-
tered professional engineer in British Columbia,
Susak serves on the Canadian District Energy
Associations board of directors. He may be
reached at BSusak@cnv.org.
16 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Cover
Story
Paris, France, is unquestionably one of the most visited
cities in the world. Tourism is a major driver of its econo-
my. Last year, nearly 26 million visitors came to the City
of Light an internation-
al business and political
center, a fashion capital
and a mecca for the
arts. Many of these
tourists no doubt
enjoyed such quintes-
sential Parisian experi-
ences as going to the
top of the Eiffel
Tower, strolling along
the Champs-Elyses,
touring Notre Dame
Cathedral, sipping a
glass of wine at a
sidewalk caf or
viewing master-
pieces at the
Louvre Museum.
For all the
fabulous things
there are to see
and do in Paris,
visitors and even city natives are
most certainly unaware of the very impor-
tant activity going on behind the scenes
and beneath their feet. Around the clock,
underground networks are supplying district
heating and cooling services to many locales
frequented by tourists famed hotels, chic
shops, train stations and banks as well as
thousands of homes, offices and other spaces.
Both the district heating system,
Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain
(CPCU), and the district cooling company, Clime-
space, are subsidiaries of Elyo, owned by SUEZ,
Louis Toulgoat, Research & Development Manager,
Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain

.
,
.
,
-.
/-., ,
,.
.,--

:-.

-.-..,, ,,-
,.,,.
.
,
.,--
and almost one quarter are offices; the remain-
der are hospitals, schools, hotels, industrial
plants and other facilities (fig.1). Among CPCUs
more recognizable customers are
G
14 different national embassies, including
those of the United States and Canada;
G
numerous hotels such as the Htel Saint
Lazare, Htel Crillon, Htel Meurice and
Htel Bristol;
G
the French National Assembly and Senate,
and Ministries of Finance, Justice, Interior
and Defense;
G
museums including the Louvre (see side-
bar), Muse Grevin and Muse dOrsay;
G
five major train stations the Gare de
Lyon, Gare Montparnasse, Gare du Nord,
Gare de lEst and Gare Saint Lazare; and
G
famous landmarks like Notre Dame and
Tour Montparnasse, the largest skyscraper
in Paris.
In 2004, CPCU supplied more than 8.5
million metric tons of steam (18,739 million
Mlb) used primarily for heating but also for
domestic hot water and industrial processes
including laundry, cooking, sterilization,
humidification and food processing. The
sources for steam are the companys eight
production plants across Paris (fig. 2) hous-
ing a total of 21 oil-fired boilers, two gas-fired
boilers, two gas-fired cogeneration steam gen-
erators and two coal-fired boilers and three
the energy services arm of Tractebel. Both
companies share the distinction of being the
only district energy providers of their kind in
downtown Paris CPCU distributing steam
and Climespace, chilled water. And both are
making important contributions to the pro-
tection of Pariss environment.
One of Europes Greenest Systems
CPCU is one of 380 large public and
private district heating networks in France.
The system began in 1927 and is owned
not only by Elyo, the majority shareholder,
but also the City of Paris, the public and
employees. Today CPCU serves 5,774
customer buildings totaling 35 million sq
m (377 million sq ft). Nearly half of those
buildings represent residential housing,
Figure 1. Customer Mix of Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain, Pariss District
Heating System.
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Figure 2. District Heating Network, Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain, Paris.
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CPCU Distribution Network
SYCTOM domestic waste incineration plant
CPCU boiler house
CPCU cogeneration plant
Boilers (in suburbs not linked to CPCU network)
Existing networks
Main transport pipes at least 500 mm
(20 inches) in diameter
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 17
18 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Snapshot: Two systems in Paris
Compagnie Parisienne de
Chauffage Urbain Climespace
Services Provided District heating District cooling
Shareholders Elyo 64.39% Cofathec (a subsidiary of Gaz de
City of Paris 33.5% France) 50%
Public and employees 2.11% Elyo 28%
CPCU 22%
Startup Year 1927 1991
Annual Turnover (2004) 248.7 million euros (more than $319 million) 54 million euros (nearly $69.3 million)
Number of Employees (2004) 493 70
Total System Production (2004) 8.5 million metric tons of steam (18,739 360 GWh/year (102,348,000 ton-hr) of
million Mlb): chilled water
4.7 million metric tons (10,362 million Mlb)
produced at CPCU plants
3.8 million metric tons (8,377 million Mlb)
produced at SYCTOM household waste
incineration centers
1.04 million MWh of electricity sold to
Electricit de France, of which CPCU used
2% for its own uses.
Uses of Steam or Chilled-Water Output Steam: Chilled water:
75% heating 100% air conditioning
15% domestic hot water
10% industrial processes
Number of Customer Buildings on System 5,774 350
Square Footage of Space Served (2004) 35 million sq m (377 million sq ft) 3.5 million sq m (37.7 million sq ft)
Customer Building Type 46.9% housing 58% commercial offices
23.2% office space 19% banks and other financial
10.2% hospitals organizations
6.0% schools 8% hotels or restaurants
4.9% industrial plants 7.5% businesses
3.2% hotels 0.5% housing
1.3% sports venues 7% miscellaneous
0.3% cafes and restaurants
3.9% other
Number of Plants Eight, including two cogeneration facilities Seven, including more than 12,000 cu m
(31,692,000 gal) of chilled-water storage
Equipment Type 21 oil-fired boilers, two natural gas-fired boilers, Primarily electrical centrifugal chillers (95%)
two gas turbine cogeneration units,
two coal-fired boilers
Fuel Consumption Natural gas 3,728 GWh Electricity (100%)
(12.7 million decatherms)
Coal 1.59 million MWh
(5.43 million MMBtu)
Oil 576,297 MWh
(1.97 million MMBtu)
(See figure 3.)
Length of Distribution System 427 km (265 miles) 58 km (36 miles)
Pipe Diameters Between 40 and 1,100 mm Between 65 and 800 mm
(1.6 and 43 inches) (2.6 and 31.5 inches)
Source: Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain.
refuse incineration plants owned by
SYCTOM, a domestic waste process-
ing association serving several local
town councils in the Paris urban area.
CPCU buys steam produced by
these three incineration units and
feeds it into its district heating net-
work. In 2004, nearly half of the steam
distributed by CPCU, more than 3.8
million metric tons (8,377 million Mlb),
was produced in SYCTOM incineration
centers; approximately 4.7 million
metric tons (10,362 million Mlb) were
generated in CPCUs own district heat-
ing plants.
But utilizing steam from waste is
not the only way CPCU helps protect
the local environment. Aware of the
environmental impact of its opera-
tions, the company has taken many
measures to prevent and reduce pol-
lution. It supports the environmental
charter of the SUEZ group, and all its
production centers are monitored to
meet the requirements of the ISO
14001 standard. CPCU is, in fact,
considered among the greenest dis-
trict energy systems in Europe. Fully
76 percent of the heat supplied by
CPCU is produced using clean tech-
nologies 50 percent through the
incineration of waste and 26 percent
using cogeneration.
The companys two cogeneration,
or combined heat and power, plants
supply more than 1 million MWh of
electricity to the heart of Paris. The
Saint-Ouen cogeneration operation
started up in March
2001 and the Vitry
plant, in November
2001. These sys-
tems, which burn
natural gas, have an
overall energy efficien-
cy rating of 85 percent.
In 2002, CPCU further
cut emissions by
installing a nitrous oxide
reduction system on the
Saint-Ouen plant combus-
tion turbine.
By providing electricity
through cogeneration instead of tradi-
tional power production methods,
CPCUs CHP plants prevent the release
of more than 400,000 tons of carbon
dioxide each year. The company close-
ly monitors all emissions discharged
from its plants, ensuring their compli-
ance with emission levels set for the
Paris area. To help achieve these levels,
CPCU burns low-sulfur coal and low-
sulfur heavy fuel oil (with less than
0.55 percent sulfur content).
Between 2000 and 2004, CPCUs
various efforts to minimize its envi-
ronmental impact resulted in signifi-
cant reductions in greenhouse gas
emissions decreasing sulfur dioxide
levels by 62 percent, NOx by 46 per-
cent, dust by 81 percent and CO
2
by
19 percent.
Looking ahead, the company has
plans to expand its network and services
beyond Paris. In October 2005, it began
operating a new 130 MW substation
in Vitry; construction is under way on
another 20 MW substation located near
the new Franois Mitterrand National
Library in Pariss 14th District.
As referred to in Paris, a substa-
tion is a facility that uses steam to
generate hot water, which is then cir-
culated to new customers on the net-
work. The substation consists of a
heat exchanger with
steam on
one side and
circulating water on the other
side. The substation contains pumps
that pump the hot water to customers
who have secondary heat exchangers
and pumps within their buildings. The
system hot water then returns to the
substation to be reheated.
The addition of three other loops
to the system is also under study. As
CPCU grows, it anticipates that European
and local environmental regulations
will become more restrictive. Therefore
,

-
-
.
,---.
.

.,--

Seventy-six percent of
the heat supplied by
CPCU is produced using
clean technologies.
Oil
Coal
Cogeneration
Waste
Incineration
MMlb PER DAY
STEAM DELIVERED IN 2004
01/01/2004 12/31/2004
154
132
110
88
66
44
22
0
Figure 3. Steam Delivered in 2004 by Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain, as
Produced by Various Fuel Sources. The graph illustrates the proportion of steam supplied from
each of four fuel sources throughout the year. The system is baseloaded with waste-fired steam;
cogeneration provides the next greatest level of steam supply followed by coal-fired steam; and
oil-fired steam provides the balance of supply.
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2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 19
20 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
the company is committed to imple-
menting any necessary technological
changes that will allow it to further
improve energy efficiency and reduce
CO
2
emissions. CPCU also plans to
explore the development of a biomass
system that would burn industrial
wood waste.
Cooling and Preserving Aesthetics
The success of CPCUs district
heating network helped pave the way
for the introduction of district cooling
in Paris. In 1990, Elyo and Cofathec,
a subsidiary of Gaz de France, founded
Climespace as a joint venture. (Elyo
holds a 28 percent share while its
subsidiary CPCU also owns 22 per-
cent.) The system started operation
the following year, and today Clime-
space exports its district energy
know-how via numerous projects
including the trigeneration plant
the only one of its kind in Europe
that supplied power to Expo 98 in
Lisbon.
In 2004, Climespace produced
360 GWh (102,348,000 ton-hr) of
chilled water for air conditioning 3.5
million sq m (37.7 million sq ft) of
space. Production
reaches its
peak dur-
ing August,
when the
company
generates
60,000 MWh
(17,880,000
ton-hr).
Although the
companys
350 customer
buildings pri-
marily house
office space and
financial organi-
zations, its varied
customer base includes
G
renowned shopping venues such
as the Hermes and Chanel stores,
Galeries Lafayette and Passage du
Havre;
G
hotels such as the Htel George V
and InterContinental;
G
financial institutions including
Banque du France, BNP Paribas
and the Caisse des Dpts et
Consignations;
G
cultural gems like the Opra
Garnier and Louvre Museum; and
G
other noted Paris landmarks like
the Forum des Halles, Cercle
Militaire and the National
Assembly.
Most of Climespaces customers were
CPCU customers first. Although mar-
keting district cooling was originally a
tougher sell when the system was
new, the concept is now better known
in Paris, and demand to connect to
the system is high.
The opportunity to establish a
district cooling system in Paris was
created by a combination of rising
air-conditioning demand, interest in
the technologys traditional energy-
saving and environmental benefits,
and its ability to help the city decrease
or eliminate a number of nuisances.
Those included polluting emissions,
the potential outbreak and spread of
legionella, and noise and vibration
from individual building cooling
equipment and towers. District cool-
ing could also help preserve Pariss
architectural aesthetics a very
important consideration in a city
known worldwide for its neoclassical
architecture, romantic atmosphere
and historic landmarks.
A Look at the Louvre
At 60,000 sq m (196,850 sq ft), the Louvre Museum in Paris is one of the
largest and most famous museums in the world. Each year 6 million visitors enter
its doors to admire some of the worlds greatest artistic masterpieces, which
encompass 11 millennia of culture and civilization. The museum has been a CPCU
customer since 1947; it connected to the Climespace system in 1988. The Louvre
utilizes steam for heating and maintaining the proper humidity and temperature
levels for its art collection. It uses chilled water for air conditioning.
The Louvre was originally built as a fortress at the end of the 12th century by
King Philippe II to protect the Right Bank of Paris from invasion. Some parts of
the original structure remain, including the dungeon. Inhabited and redeveloped
by various kings through the ages, the Louvre became a museum in 1793 and
began expanding its treasures with acquisitions, donations and the addition of
royal collections. As
part of former
French President
Franois Mitterrands
efforts to enlarge
the Louvre in the
1980s, architect I.M.
Pei designed the
glass pyramid that
now stands at the
main entrance to
the museum.
The Louvre Museum, a customer of both CPCU and Climespace,
is home to such world-class art masterpieces as the Mona Lisa
and Venus de Milo.
One of the largest district cooling
systems in the world, Climespace
produces chilled water at seven plants
in locations around Paris (fig. 4) includ-
ing 12,000 cu m (31,692,000 gal) of
chilled-water storage capacity at the
Tour Maubourg facility and another 2
MWh (596 ton-hr) of cooling storage
at the Opra plant. The chilled water
is then supplied to customers via the
companys 58-km-long (36-mile-long)
distribution network. An additional
50 MW (14,215-ton capacity) plant,
Palais de Tokyo, is now under con-
struction and expected to begin oper-
ation at the end of 2006.
Helping to chill the water circulat-
ing in the Climespace system is one
of Pariss major tourist attractions
(and an inspiration to many painters):
the River Seine. The Seine provides
about 70 percent of the required heat
rejection for the companys chillers;
cooling towers provide the balance,
primarily in summer when river tem-
peratures peak. Flat plate heat exchang-
ers are used to transfer heat from the
chiller condenser-water loop to the
river-water cooling system. The river-
water pumps for the new Palais de
Tokyo system will have a capacity of
20,000 cu m per hour (88,000 gpm).
Challenging Landscape
While water from the Seine is an
integral part of the Climespace net-
work, the river is among the features
of Pariss landscape that have pre-
sented a challenge to operating and
maintaining both the CPCU and
Climespace systems. Although the
networks are for the most part under-
ground and sometimes under river
water, in a few instances the pipe-
lines have had to cross some of the
historic bridges that span the Seine,
such as the Pont Notre Dame. This
has created aesthetic issues as well as
security concerns. Another river-related
problem is the real risk of flooding.
In a 1910 flood, the majority of Paris
was under water a scenario that
could happen again, and next time
would include the district energy net-
works. Flooding is particularly a con-
cern in winter, the rainy season.
Operating district heating and
cooling systems in Paris can be diffi-
cult in other ways. In the citys down-
town section, some
streets are very narrow,
making it hard to install
and maintain the network
in the midst of traffic and
with minimal disturbance
to the surrounding neigh-
borhoods. Also, below
street level, the under-
ground space is very limit-
ed and already overcrowd-
ed with lines for electricity,
gas, water, telecommunica-
tion and sewers, not to mention
the Paris subway.
Despite the unique challenges of
establishing and delivering district
energy services in Paris, CPCU and
Climespace have built thriving systems
that continue to expand in terms of
customers and infrastructure. They
will do so into the future, guided by a
corporate commitment to principles
of good environmental management.
Given Europes and the worlds
increasing awareness of the need to
reduce pollution and conserve energy,
these two green companies stand to
play an ever more vital role in serving
the City of Light.
Louis Toulgoat is research and
development manager at Compag-
nie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain.
With the company for 30 years,
he has worked in production and
network management and is cur-
rently in charge of R&D for district heating dis-
tribution networks in Paris. Toulgoat earned a
degree in electrical engineering (Diplme
Enseignement Suprieur Technique) from the
University of Lorient. He can be reached at
Louis.toulgoat@cpcu.elyo.fr.
:/ ;. .--.- -.-..- -/ ,,.,
,-- --,. ,,,-
Figure 4. District Cooling Network, Climespace, Paris.
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Chilled-Water
Distribution Network
Existing plants
Storage tanks
Existing networks with pipe less than
400 mm (15.75 inches) in diameter
Existing networks with pipe at least
400 mm (15.75 inches) in diameter
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 21
expect more
than specs
Carter & Burgess helps you
break new ground.
Carter & Burgess is there before the start and after the finish, with
utility master planning, facilities management, commissioning, training
even communications and IT design. So if your consultants only talk about
plans and specs, youre seriously missing out on working with a single-source
provider. Before you break ground on your next project, call us for these
services and more. Our trusted team is here to lighten your load and
help make sure that your next project goes smoothly long before
the start, well beyond the finish.
Call 1-866-205-2255
Engineering
Architecture
Strategic Advisory Services
Commissioning
Information Systems
Environmental Graphics
Advanced Planning
www.c-b.com
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 23
New Solution to
an Old Problem:
Ultrasonic treatment offers
microbial control
Joanne Kuchinski, Product Manager, Ashland Specialty Chemical
2006, Ashland
O
pen recirculating cooling water
systems are susceptible to bio-
logical fouling, which is most
often associated with interrupted, inade-
quate or ineffective biological control.
The consequences of fouling can be sig-
nificant. They include reduced heat
transfer, higher corrosion rates and the
proliferation of waterborne pathogens.
As a result, maintaining effective micro-
biological control in cooling water sys-
tems is critical to optimizing system effi-
ciencies and maximizing equipment life.
Chemical microbiocides are com-
monly used to control microbial activity
and can be the most toxic and potentially
hazardous portion of a cooling water
treatment program. For a number of
important reasons including environ-
mental discharge issues, worker safety
concerns, storage, troublesome feed
equipment and impact on system metal-
lurgy there has been a movement
toward minimizing and even eliminat-
ing the use of chemical microbiocides.
An effective, reliable alternative for main-
taining total system microbiological con-
trol is the use of ultrasound.
Novel Approach
Ashland Specialty Chemical has
developed a non-chemical solution to
microbiological control in recirculating
cooling water systems known as SONOX-
IDE ultrasonic treatment. This system
utilizes low-power, high-frequency ultra-
sound to control both planktonic (bulk
water) and sessile (biofilm) bacteria
throughout the cooling system. With
more than 500 systems installed globally,
the technology is providing exceptional
performance while reducing the environ-
mental, health and safety impact of
cooling water treatment programs.
The system, a turnkey mechanical
device that is easily installed to a bypass
from the cooling tower basin, provides
continuous microbial treatment and
requires minimal maintenance and oper-
ator interaction. Effective control of
microbial growth and biological fouling
is achieved by continuously circulating
cooling water through a patented ultra-
sonic treatment chamber. This energized
environment induces a fatal biological
stress to bacterial cells that ultimately
results in cellular destruction.
This treatment virtually eliminates
the need for chemical microbiocides while
still providing exceptional performance.
In addition, the system provides financial
benefits by optimizing operating efficien-
cies, eliminating oxidant-induced corro-
sion and minimizing maintenance and
operator interaction.
Case Study
There has been a trend over the past
few years for owners and managers to
seek and, when available, utilize greener
approaches to operating and maintaining
building systems. A major northeastern
university elected to conduct a trial of
such an approach in place of its conven-
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The SONOXIDE system provides microbiological
control in cooling water systems using high-fre-
quency, low-power ultrasound. The device,
which is installed to a bypass from the cooling
tower basin, requires minimal maintenance and
operator interaction.
Feature
Story
24 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
tional microbiocide program. This six-
month trial began in the spring and con-
tinued throughout the summer and fall
cooling season. The goal was to achieve
performance at least equivalent to that
of conventional chemical treatment while
reducing the number of chemicals applied
to the cooling water and decreasing the
corrosion rate.
This institutions 20-year-old plant
included a cooling system with three
cross-flow galvanized cooling towers con-
taining high-efficiency film fill with three
1,000-ton centrifugal chillers and a stain-
less steel (grade 304) plate-and-frame
heat exchanger having a 400-ton capacity.
The condenser tubes had been replaced
the previous year with enhanced tubes.
Prior to the application of SONOXIDE
treatment, the system was operated at
five cycles of concentration and utilized
an all-organic phosphonate corrosion
and deposit control additive, an organic
dispersant with supplemental azole and
continuous brominating to 0.2 ppm to
0.4 ppm as free available chlorine. The
oxidizing biocide was supplemented with
a non-oxidizer, glutaraldehyde, at a dosage
rate of 45 ppm slug feed once per week.
Glutaraldehyde was included in the pro-
gram to aid in biofilm control.
Upon trial startup, the water treat-
ment program consisted only of low-
power, high-frequency ultrasound for
microbiological control and one advanced
chemical cooling water treatment prod-
uct with inherent biodegradable proper-
ties for deposit and corrosion control. No
cooling water pH control was exercised.
A sidestream coupon rack was installed
and included carbon steel and copper
corrosion coupons for the evaluation of
corrosion rates, as well as a biofilm
coupon for the determination of surface
biological loading.
Results
Routine evaluation of total bacteria
levels was performed using industry-
standard microbiological assay slides. As
shown in figure 1, ultrasonic treatment
maintained consistent control of total
bacteria in the acceptable range of 102 to
103 colony-forming units per milliliter
(CFU/ml).
In addition to conducting visual
inspections, researchers assessed biofilm
control through the use of a biofilm
coupon. Total system biofilm control was
achieved. The biofilm coupon revealed
no slime or biological fouling present
(see photo).
Surface biofilm control was further
evaluated upon chiller inspection. A
video probe inspection revealed clean,
like-new appearance of brushed, air-
blown tubes in the first and second pass
with no indication of pitting or under-
deposit corrosion.
Analytical evaluation of corrosion
coupons revealed excellent corrosion
rates with no evidence of localized corro-
sion. The 65-day corrosion rate was 0.262
mpy (mils per year, where mil equals
0.001 inch) for mild steel and 0.004 mpy
for copper. If oxidative microbiocides
had been present, it is anticipated that
corrosion rates would have been higher
and, therefore, the demand for corrosion
inhibitor greater.
In this university trial, the ultrasonic
treatment achieved the studys objectives
by reducing the total number of chemi-
cals applied to the cooling system while
achieving effective microbiological con-
trol. The ultrasonic device operated con-
tinuously without the need for routine
maintenance or operator interaction. In
addition, the treatment eliminated the
need for halogen testing and maintenance
of microbiocide feed and control systems.
Equally important, cooling system
performance was optimized by eliminating
insulating biofilm on heat transfer sur-
faces. Improvements in corrosion rates
were noted and attributed to eliminating
oxidant-induced corrosion commonly
experienced when applying such biocides.
Sound Solution
This case study illustrates that the
application of ultrasonic treatment is an
excellent alternative to chemical micro-
Figure 1. Total Bacteria Counts Using Ultrasonic Treatment in University Trial.
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This biofilm coupon, removed from the sidestream
coupon rack during a university trial of the ultra-
sound system, shows no evidence of slime or bio-
fouling.
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Analytical evaluation of corro-
sion coupons revealed excellent
corrosion rates with no evidence
of localized corrosion.
Cooling system performance
was optimized by eliminating
insulating biofilm on heat
transfer surfaces.
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 25
biocides, providing the following benefits:
G
Continuous effective microbiological
control.
G
Improved biofilm control a benefit
for all cooling systems but especially
critical for systems with enhanced
tubes.
G
Reduced operator interaction
required for maintaining control,
feed and monitoring equipment plus
halogen testing.
G
Increased equipment life and
improved reliability as evidenced by
minimized corrosion rates and
slime-free heat transfer surfaces.
G
Greater optimization of inhibitor
levels, thereby reducing overall pro-
gram costs while further reducing
chemical usage.
G
No localized corrosion or pitting.
G
Consistently low corrosion rates.
G
Single-product convenience.
G
Environmentally responsible solution.
Although ultrasound treatment is a
newly developed technology, it clearly has
numerous advantages. With todays envi-
ronmental, health and safety concerns over
chemical water treatment, it offers district
energy operators an attractive cooling
water treatment option to consider.
Joanne Kuchinski is product manager at
Ashland Specialty Chemical. She has more than
15 years experience in industrial water treat-
ment with expertise in the areas of ultrasonic
microbiological control, investment protection
and Legionella risk minimization programs.
Kuchinski can be reached at jkuchinski@
ashland.com.
Not Yet an IDEA Member?
Join today.
Visit www.districtenergy.
org/join.htm for more
information and a
membership application.
Questions?
Contact Dina Gadon,
dina.idea@districtenergy.org.
26 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Employee Safety and
Training Programs:
Insights from System of the
Year winners
www.districtenergy.org/weblink.htm
Editors Note: WebLink is a relatively new
feature for District Energy magazine. In
each issues WebLink feature, well include
an abstract of an article that appears in
full on IDEAs Web site. After reading the
abstract here in the publication, all you
need to do is visit www.districtenergy.org/
weblink.html for the full transcript.
T
he safety and training of employees
is important for any organization,
but perhaps even moreso for dis-
trict energy systems where large machin-
ery, combustion and tight spaces are
involved.
District Energy magazine decided to
find out more about the industrys safety
and training programs and asked some of
the past winners of IDEAs System of the
Year Award for their insights. (For more on
the award and its past winners, see
www.districtenergy.org/awardwinners.htm.)
They were posed the following questions:
1. Generally describe your employee train-
ing and safety programs. Do you use an
incentive approach or a behavior-based
approach? Or perhaps a combination?
2. Is most of your training planned and
implemented by in-house personnel or
do you use an outside consultant in
any way? What have you found are the
advantages of using one or the other or
a combination thereof?
3. Does your training involve all on-site
classes or do you send employees off-
site for training? Is training generally
done in groups or is it one-on-one?
Does it differ among the various posi-
tions within the company? If so, how?
4. How has your training and safety pro-
gram evolved over the years? Has much
changed or have you found that what
worked earlier is still a solid approach?
Has the workforces receptivity to your
program changed at all due to demo-
graphics or different work approaches?
5. In general, how do you stay in touch
with your overall employee base? Do
you hold regular meetings? Send out
regular or periodic emails or newslet-
ters? Or solely one or the other?
6. Are there new programs or approaches
you have considered but decided
against or plan to implement in the
future? If so, please describe.
Responses from five of the past
System of the Year winners are included
in the full article found on IDEAs Web
site. The responses varied based on the
size and type of system. Some train their
employees solely in-house; some provide
training both on-site and at remote loca-
tions. Some organizations use outside
facilitators for at least part of their train-
ing; some strictly use in-house personnel.
Some use incentive-based programs;
some have opted to add behavior-based
programs as well. IDEA thanks these five
systems for their participation and contri-
butions to the article.
In the fourth quarter 2006 issue of
District Energy magazine, Ann McIver of
Citizens Thermal will report on IDEAs
in-depth safety benchmarking efforts
coming up for 2006-2007 and provide
examples of the safety survey results
from 2003. McIver is the vice chair of
IDEAs Safety, Environment and Operations
Forum. If you have questions or comments
on safety benchmarking, please contact
her at amciver@cgcu.com. For more on
IDEAs forums, contact Laxmi Rao,
laxmi.idea@districtenergy.org.
To find out more, read the full article at
www.districtenergy.org/weblink.htm.
Past WebLink articles also available.
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28 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Annual Conference
Highlights Solutions,
Advantages:
Growth takes center stage
Feature
Story
M
ore than 420 people, including
nearly 70 attendees from 14
countries outside the United
States, attended the International District
Energy Associations 97th Annual Con-
ference & Trade Show held in Nashville,
Tenn., June 11-14. Titled District Energy/
CHP 2006: Todays Solution, Tomorrows
Advantage, the conference featured a
strong program,
excellent depth of
discussion, and
numerous network-
ing and business
opportunities.
Organized by
Technical Co-chairs
Johnathan Coleman,
Solar Turbines, and
Rick Pucak, Akron
Thermal, the techni-
cal program offered
more than 30 sessions on topics ranging
from the use of tire-derived fuel to the
development of mini-grids in Australia to
new trends in piping systems. The confer-
ence proceedings are available under the
2006 conference heading at www.district
energy.org/calendar.htm.
There were 58 exhibitors at the events
sold-out trade show, which included over-
flow tabletop exhibits in the hallway! Nearly
75 percent have already signed up to
participate again in 2007. The conference
also had more than 20 corporate sponsors,
who demonstrated their commitment to
IDEA and the industry with their contri-
butions.
Home to a rejuvenated district heat-
ing and cooling system, Nashville proved
to be an excellent venue for the event.
Attendees had the opportunity to tour
the new district energy plant as well as
visit the district energy facility at Van-
derbilt University, also in Nashville. IDEA
thanks Metro Nashville District Energy
System and Constellation Energy Projects
& Services Group for serving as hosts.
An Information-Filled
Opening Session
The conference theme District
All conference photos are by Bob Fielder.
The room was packed for the opening plenary session June 12 that featured eight panelists from
around the world.
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 29
Energy/CHP 2006: Todays Solution,
Tomorrows Advantage illustrated how
cities and campuses across the world are
investing in district energy systems today
to solve a myriad of energy challenges
high fossil fuel costs, landfill and waste-
to-energy options; reducing grid conges-
tion and enhancing power reliability;
meeting the need for new energy infra-
structure to support real estate construc-
tion; and the importance of balanced
energy portfolio for concentrated energy
requirements, such as center cities, col-
lege and research campuses, and high-
density, mixed-use developments.
The opening plenary session June 12
included eight panelists from around the
world. They provided insightful overviews
of the renewal, expansion and develop-
ment of district energy systems in the
worlds largest cities like New York City
and the fastest-growing like Dubai, United
Arab Emirates.
Leading off the panel, Nick Gosling
of Dalkia provided an inside look at the
challenges of transfer, renewal and re-
direction of the district steam system in
Cambridge, Mass., serving some of the
nations most progressive pharmaceuti-
cal research companies in a very dense
and competitive urban energy market-
place. He was followed by Harvey
Gershman of Gershman, Brickner &
Bratton, who highlighted the history,
transition and rejuvenation of the dis-
trict energy system in Nashville through
an innovative public/private partnership.
The audience was visibly impressed
with the presentation by Ron Bozgo of
Con Edison Steam Business Unit as he
relayed the immense scale and complexity
of constructing a deep tunnel from 14th
Street to First Avenue and the challenges
of re-fitting a 300 MW CHP unit at the
East River Plant. The projects clearly con-
veyed Con Eds commitment to expansion
and continuation of the worlds largest
district steam system.
David Toombs of Citizens Thermal
in Indianapolis described the enviable
process steam baseload of the nations
second largest steam system, coupled
with the continued expansion of a highly
reliable district cooling system and an
ever-increasing energy services portfolio
for Citizens Thermal. Toombs offered a
positive outlook for the industry tem-
pered by the need for continued atten-
tion to succession planning and staffing
for the future.
Concluding the session, leaders
from three of the fastest-growing district
cooling businesses in the world spoke of
their respective visions of the industry
and its increasing importance underpin-
ning the massive real estate expansion in
Dubai, Abu Dhabi and across the Gulf
Region. Ahmad bin Shafar, CEO of
Empower, offered a compelling overview
of the extensive construction under way
in Dubai in which his company last year
secured customer commitments for serv-
ice to more than 60 million sq ft of new
space. Bin Shafar urged IDEA members to
visit the region to explore opportunities
for collaboration and business develop-
ment and he reinforced the key role IDEA
can play in expanding the market for
members.
Mohammed El Shentenawy, CFO of
Palm District Cooling, discussed the fast
pace of construction and Palms approach
to serving a diverse customer base includ-
ing office, retail and residential buildings.
El Shentenawy called for attention to the
unique value proposition of district cool-
ing for residential properties and suggested
the industry must educate end users at
various levels on how to optimize the
advantages of district cooling. Dany Safi,
CEO of Tabreed and one of the founders
of the district cooling industry in the
Middle East, explained the importance of
operational excellence, adherence to
sound business models and the impor-
tance of maintenance for reliability and
system integrity. Safi suggested that IDEA
members can play an important role in
establishing industry fundamentals to
ensure the value of billions of dollars in
During the plenary session, Young Nam Kim,
CEO of Korea District Heating Corp., one of the
fastest-growing and largest district energy com-
panies in the world, outlined the commitment
of KDHC to energy efficiency, system reliability
and implementing clean energy solutions like
landfill gas, wood waste and other renewable
energy solutions. Across new communities in
and around Seoul, KDHC is implementing sus-
tainable technologies that will support contin-
ued growth and environmental stewardship.
Kims organization has firmly embraced the
premise that district energy is todays solution
for tomorrows advantage.
Attendees filled the room during the Monday luncheon held at the Renaissance Nashville, a Metro
Nashville District Energy System customer. Following lunch, the Hon. Bill Purcell, mayor of Metro
Nashville and Davidson County, addressed the group.
30 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
infrastructure assets currently being
developed.
Business Meeting and Election
IDEAs annual business meeting was
held Tues., June 13. President Rob
Thornton presented an association
update outlining IDEA operating results
and an overview of progress on the new
strategic plan adopted by the board of
directors in 2005. Treasurer Tom Guglielmi
reported on the favorable financial results
of the prior year and the associations
fiscal condition.
Gary Rugel of EVAPCO was elected to
succeed Cheryl Gomez of the University
of Virginia as IDEA chair for 2006-2007.
Also elected to the executive committee
were Robert D. Smith, RMF Engineering
Inc., vice chair; Dennis Fotinos, Enwave,
second vice chair; Thomas Guglielmi,
NRG Thermal LLC, secretary/treasurer;
and Cheryl Gomez, University of Virginia,
immediate past chair. In keeping with
association bylaws, newly elected Chair
Gary Rugel selected Juan Ontiveros of
the University of Texas-Austin to serve
on the executive committee as member
at large.
Newly elected directors on the board
for three-year terms commencing June
2006 are Vincent Badali, Johnson Controls;
Cliff Braddock, Austin Energy; Joe Brillhart,
York; John Carlson, Entergy Thermal; Juan
Ontiveros, University of Texas at Austin
(elected to a second term); Dany Safi,
Tabreed (elected to a second term); and
Everett Wolverton, University of Cincinnati.
Rick Pucak of Akron Thermal was selected
by the executive committee to complete
the final year of another members term.
The associations next annual meet-
ing will be held during the 98th Annual
Conference & Trade Show in Scottsdale,
Ariz., June 17-20, 2007. The host will be
Northwind Phoenix.
IDEA Honors Industry
Leaders, Excellence
The Chairs Banquet was held Tuesday
evening, June 13. Bob Smith, vice chair,
served as master of ceremonies, and John
Gray, GE Water and Infrastructure Tech-
nologies, provided the invocation. Before
passing the gavel to Gary Rugel, Chair
Cheryl Gomez presented awards to key
contributors to the association.
Chair award recipients included out-
going board members Steve Spiwak, Nalco;
Mike Thompson, Trane; and Scott Clark,
Carter & Burgess. Other chair award
recipients assisted with IDEA conferences
and workshops in 2005: Patrick Davin,
Johnson Controls Inc.; Paul Razo, Detroit
Thermal Energy; Jim Lodge, Northwind
Phoenix; David Woods, Energy Systems
Company of Omaha; Larry Schuster,
University of New Mexico; Jeffrey Zumwalt,
University of New Mexico; Kristin Fjeseth,
Carter & Burgess; Rick Pucak, Akron
Thermal; Johnathan Coleman, Solar
Turbines; Harvey Gershman, Gershman
Brickner & Bratton; Donald Clark, Constel-
lation Energy Projects & Services; and Greg
Jarosinski, Constellation Energy Projects
& Services. Major award recipients are fea-
tured in accompanying photographs.
IDEAs 2006-2007 Board of Directors. Seated from left: Juan Ontiveros, Bob Smith, Cheryl Gomez,
Gary Rugel, Tom Guglielmi and Rob Thornton. Back row from left: Everett Wolverton, Vincent Badali,
Johnathan Coleman, David Leach, Bill Verge, Rick Pucak, Ken Clark, Ferman Milster, Jim Lodge, John
Carlson, Monica Westerlund, Cliff Braddock and Dany Safi. Not pictured: Joe Brillhart, Lynn Crawford,
Dennis Fotinos, Joel Greene (counsel) and Mark Spurr (legislative director). For individual contact infor-
mation, see p.2.
IDEA bestowed its System of the Year Award on Metro Nashville District Energy System. Cheryl Gomez,
2005-2006 chair, IDEA (far left), and Ray DuBose, chair of IDEA's 2006 System of the Year Selection
Committee (far right), presented the award to (left to right) John Schaffer, vice president of operations,
Constellation Energy Projects & Services Group; Harvey Gershman, project administrator, Metro
Nashville District Energy System, and president, Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc.; David Manning,
director of finance, Metro Nashville; and Don Clark, Constellation Energy Projects & Services Group.
The award recognizes a district energy system that demonstrates exemplary performance and out-
standing customer service. (See www.districtenergy.org/releases.htm for more.)
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 31
IDEA traditionally recognizes and thanks the
past chair who cycles off the board of directors
at the conference. Gomez presented Past Chair
Anders Rydaker with a plaque commemorating
his first chairmans column in District Energy
magazine.
Cheryl Gomez presented the Unsung Hero
Award to Dany Safi, Tabreed, for his efforts to
champion district cooling development and
IDEAs involvement in the Middle East.
Bill Goodwin (right), general manager of NRG
Energy Center Harrisburg, presented an IDEA
Life Member Award to Rich Mayer for his many
achievements and contributions to the district
energy industry over a lifetime. Mayer recently
retired from his position as general manager of
NRG Energy Center San Francisco.
Clearly, cities and campuses are investing in district energy to solve critical
energy needs for today, with the promise of enhanced dividends in the
future. Since 1990, IDEA has been collecting data on the number, type and
size of buildings connected to the nations district energy systems. Due to
district energys growth in member systems outside the United States, last
year a new category of statistics Beyond North America was added to
better track global expansion.
In 2005, numerous IDEA members from North America reported more than
30 million sq ft of space committed or recommitted to district energy systems,
bringing the total since 1990 to more than 348,341,462 sq ft. In systems
outside North America, more than 62 million sq ft was reported for 2005.
The current District Energy Space report and past issues are posted at
www.districtenergy.org/de_space.htm.
The following IDEA-member companies were recognized at the
conference with awards for their achievements in 2005:
North America Most Total Square Footage Committed/Recommitted 2005
G
Gold: Enwave Energy Corporation - 12,802,367 sq ft
G
Silver: Con Edison Steam Business Unit - 4,992,600 sq ft
G
Bronze: NRG Energy Center Minneapolis - 3,325,000 sq ft
North America Most Buildings Committed/Recommitted 2005
G
Gold: Enwave Energy Corporation - 30 buildings
G
Silver: Con Edison Steam Business Unit - 24 buildings
G
Bronze: Citizens Thermal Energy - 10 buildings
Beyond North America Most Total Square Footage
Committed/Recommitted 2005
G
Gold: Emirates Central Cooling Systems Corp. (Empower) - 63,072,454 sq ft
Beyond North America Most Buildings Committed/Recommitted 2005
G
Gold: Emirates Central Cooling Systems Corp. (Empower) - 117 buildings
District Energy Space Winners
District Energy Space Winners
32 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Our Thanks to Exhibitors
and Sponsors
Filling all available exhibit spaces
and overflowing into the hallway, IDEA
vendor and supplier members business
partners turned out in record numbers.
The trade show serves as a valuable mar-
ketplace for learning about new technolo-
gies and strengthening business partner-
ships and alliances. For links to the
exhibitors shown here, go to www.district
energy.org/06AnnConfExhibitors.htm.
IDEA extends its sincere appreciation to
the exhibitors and to the many sponsors
who helped make the Nashville event
possible. For links to conference sponsors,
go to www.districtenergy.org/06Annual
ConfSponsors.htm.
Sponsors
Acordia
Ashland
Baltimore Aircoil Company
Carrier
Carter & Burgess
Constellation Energy Projects &
Services Group
EVAPCO
FVB Energy Inc.
Gershman, Brickner & Bratton Inc.
Gresham Smith and Partners
Hawkins Delafield & Wood
MAN TURBO
McQuay International
NRG Thermal
Sebesta Blomberg
Smith Seckman Reid Inc.
Stanley Consultants
Tabreed
Tower Tech
Trane
U.S. Chiller Services
York, a Johnson Controls Company
The Hon. Bill Purcell, mayor of Metro Nashville
and Davidson County, (right) received IDEAs
Public Sector Leadership Award, which is given
annually to the public entity or individual
deemed by the association to have demonstrat-
ed public leadership in the energy field. IDEA
President Rob Thornton presented the award
and cited the mayors willingness to provide the
vision and leadership for rejuvenation of
Nashvilles district energy system.
This years recipient of IDEAs Norman R. Taylor
Award is IDEA President Rob Thornton. The
award is the highest honor IDEA can present to
one of its members. Cheryl Gomez presented
the award, stating that IDEA is the strong,
vibrant, wonderful association it has become in
large part due to his tireless and dedicated serv-
ice, his countless hours of hard work, and his
positive can do attitude.
Paul Razo, Detroit Thermal, (left) came in second
in this years golf tournament and accepted the
trophy from Rob Thornton on behalf of winner
Jeff Bees, Thermal Ventures II LP. The trophy is
engraved with all winners names dating back
to 1935.
IDEAs new Chairman Gary Rugel from EVAPCO accepted the
gavel from Cheryl Gomez and then introduced the theme for the
coming year, Leading the Way.
Nalco Company was voted Best in Show by its exhibitor peers at IDEAs
trade show. Steve Spiwak accepted the award from Cheryl Gomez.
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 33
Fuel Tech, Inc.
EVAPCO
Fuss & O'Neil Technologies Gilsulate International, Inc. Industrial Resources, Inc.
Fibrelite Composites Flow Control Industries, Inc.
Direct Contact Inc.
BA HERCS Corp./ELGE
Heat Exchangers
Carrier Commercial Service
Capstone Manufacturing LLC
Chicago Bridge & Iron Constellation Energy Project &
Services Group
Dresser Rand
DYK Incorporated
Baltimore Aircoil Company Benz Air Engineering Co., Inc.
Adams Valves, Inc. Alfa Laval Inc. APV Heat Transfer
Black & Veatch Special
Projects Corp.
Carter & Burgess ChemTreat, Inc.
Exhibitors
34 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Stellar Power and Utilities
TAS Packaged Central Plants Thermacor Process, LP Thermal Ceramics Inc.
Spence Engineering Company, Inc. Spirax Sarco, Inc. & EMCO Flow
Systems
Thermal Science Technologies
Siemens Industrial
Turbomachinery, Ltd.
McCrometer
Perma-Pipe, Inc. Parsons Brinckerhoff
Sega Inc. Siemens Energy & Automation Inc. Sierra Instruments, Inc.
Solar Turbines Incorporated
McQuay International Natgun Corporation
Kessler Ellis Products LightRidge Resources MAN TURBO Inc. USA
Nationwide Boiler Inc.
Richards Industries Rovanco Piping Systems
Itron, Inc.
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 35
Veris, Inc.
Yokogawa Corporation of
America
WSU Energy Program
HEATMAP
Vexve Oy Warren Controls, Inc.
Tower Tech Inc. Trane Urecon Ltd.
William E. Williams Valve
Corporation
YORK, a Johnson Controls
Company
Not pictured: Source One.
Contact Tanya Kozel,
tanya.idea@districtenergy. org, (410) 518-6676
for 2007 sponsorship and exhibit information.
36 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Gary Rugel, New
IDEA Chairman:
Reflections on Illinois, China and
the Baltimore Ravens
Feature
Story
Editors Note: Gary Rugel, director of
Global Thermal Storage & District Energy
at EVAPCO Inc., was elected chairman of
IDEA at the annual meeting held at the
97th Annual Conference & Trade Show
in June 2006. EVAPCO is located in
Taneytown, Md., northwest of Baltimore.
Following is some background on your
new leader. Rugel may be reached at
(410) 756-2600, grugel@evapco.com. He
invites your insight, questions and com-
ments.
Q. What drove your decision to become
an engineer? What is your educational
background?
A. I grew up in a small southern Illinois
town that was supported mainly by coal
mining and farming. I knew that neither
was for me, but I loved math and science
in school and ultimately decided mechan-
ical engineering was what I wanted to do. I
then went to the University of Illinois and
graduated with a bachelor of science
degree in mechanical engineering.
Q. How long have you been in the energy
industry? How long have you been
specifically involved with district cool-
ing? What has your role been?
A. I have spent the past 12 years focused
on thermal storage as a component part
of the energy industry and, more specifi-
cally, district cooling. During much of
that time, I was the main initial contact
for Baltimore Aircoil Company (BAC).
Q. What has been striking to you about
the district cooling industrys evolution
over the past decade?
A. For about the past decade, the United
States has gone through many stages of
the electric industry deregulation. Early
on in the deregulation process, the regu-
lated utilities were concerned they would
lose their core downtown commercial
customers. To prevent this, many of
them formed non-regulated businesses
that offered district cooling. The motiva-
tion was to supply chilled water to the
downtown areas and their customers. By
supplying chilled water to their cus-
tomers, they would then retain them as
electric customers. This type of business
remained strong for about six years, but
ultimately, most utilities decided this was
not their core business and now are rarely
creating new district cooling systems.
However, during the past decade, the uni-
versity campuses shifted their cooling
approach from a chiller in each building
to centralized campus cooling. District
cooling has continued to grow because
when the utilities backed off, the univer-
sity campuses picked it up and more.
Q. Does any certain philosophy drive
your work? Is there a credo by which
you conduct business?
A. The main philosophy that I have
always followed is to provide and do
what is right for your customers and
their projects. When you do this, every-
P
h
o
t
o
B
o
b
F
i
e
l
d
e
r
.
Cheryl Gomez, PE, IDEA chair 2005-2006, and
director of energy and utilities at the University of
Virginia, passed the gavel to incoming Chair
Gary Rugel from EVAPCO at ceremonies during
the annual conference in Nashville.
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 37
thing else will fall into place. Ultimately,
when you provide your customers the
best solutions, they will always come
back to you again and again.
Q. Much of your work has taken you
abroad, particularly to the Pacific Rim
countries. Tell us more about your
work there and how that market has
changed and continues to change.
A. The Pacific Rim is a large area made
up of many different countries, each with
their own issues. So I will focus on China
and note the biggest change that I have
seen is how the experience level of the
owner and consulting engineer has
matured. Along with gaining technical
experience, they have a better under-
standing of their part to help with creat-
ing cleaner air and increasing energy effi-
ciency. China is truly in a balancing act
today. Their growth is threatened by a
lack of power, yet since most of their
power plants are coal burning, clean air
also is a very serious concern. The
Chinese government is now and contin-
ues to actively support the efforts of our
customers to use highly energy-efficient
products and thermal storage, which
allow them to stretch their existing
power plants further and also to more
efficiently baseload their cleanest plants
24 hours a day.
Q. IDEA will be establishing a new chap-
ter in the Middle East. What do you
envision for the new chapter and for
IDEA as a result?
A. I believe the new chapter will be a
huge success, as interest in chapter
membership has already been very
strong. Since cooling is critical, IDEAs
current experience level and by creating
a best practices guide provides the
Middle East community with the needed
basis of knowledge to move forward as
they continue to develop new district
cooling systems to support their growth.
Q. Obviously energy is a hot topic
right now worldwide. What is the great-
est ray of hope in the industry right
now? Why?
A. The greatest ray of hope is that now
energy is truly being taken seriously. The
worlds dependence on oil alone has cre-
ated uncertainty about all aspects of our
future whether it is the economy, secu-
rity, the world our children inherit, etc.
The governments around the world are
now ramping up investment in research.
IDEA can certainly play a part in this as
our membership probably has the most
practical combined experience operating
the most efficient systems in the world.
As an organization, we must find ways to
play a part in this future development
and keep IDEA in the forefront on the
use of new technology.
Q. When did you join IDEA, and how
did you first learn about it?
A. I joined IDEA in 1994 and attended
the Seattle annual conference. I was with
BAC then, and we were just starting to
seriously provide solutions for downtown
district cooling systems. At the time,
Northwind was building its first plant in
Chicago and Bill McCloskey, who headed
up BACs district cooling efforts, asked
me to attend. From that conference, I
found there was a lot more to IDEA. As
business partners, we are an integral part
of the organization. I have fortunately
been able to be a part of developing IDEA
as it is today and hope to guide our con-
tinued prosperous growth in the future.
Q. What does it mean to be a leader?
What is your leadership style?
A. I believe a leader is someone who is
able to earn the respect across all levels
of participants in our business. I believe
this respect is earned by our actions,
dedication and fairness to those people
around us. My style of leadership has
always been to give people enough free-
dom to develop and grow their career
path, whatever that may be. In doing so, I
feel I have been a pretty good judge of
people, especially in providing them
opportunities to shine at whatever they
do best. However, they still need to make
their own decisions to grow professional-
ly, even if at times I think it may be
wrong, as we will then all learn together.
Q. What do you like to do in your free
time?
A. I think its a tossup. I enjoy almost all
sports, but I especially like fall Sundays,
starting with tailgating and then watch-
ing the Baltimore Ravens. I also enjoy
gourmet cooking. There is nothing like
picking a menu, going out and finding
just the right ingredients, and then
preparing it to enjoy with a nice bottle
of wine.
C
o
u
r
t
e
s
y
G
a
r
y
R
u
g
e
l
.
Gary is EVAPCOs director of Global Thermal Storage & District Energy and oversees all of the compa-
nys global activities. He often travels to China. On a recent trip he visited the Wolong Panda Reserve,
about three hours from Chengdu, located in central China.
C A L L F O R P A P E R S
Critical Energy, Critical Needs
If you are interested in making a presentation in one of the following topic
areas or have a topic of your own please contact Lynn Crawford,
ConferenceTechnical Chair, Carter & Burgess, Inc at lynn.crawford@c-b.com.
For more information, please call Lynn at (713) 803-2172 or call Rob Thornton
at IDEA at (508) 366-9339.
I Case Studies of Central Plants (college and university campuses, airports,
refineries, healthcare and research campuses, etc. )
I Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Recovery
I Campus Cooling and Thermal Storage Systems
I Combined Heat and Power/Cogeneration
I Fuel and Power Procurement /Renewable Fuels
I Master Planning - Infrastructure Design and System Expansion
I Financing and Project Development Strategies
I LEED Designation and Sustainable Campus Initiatives
I Controls, Monitoring and Metering Technologies
I Emissions Reduction Credits and Environmental Strategies
I Operations, Maintenance, Staffing Training, Development and Safety
Please submit a 75 word abstract outlining your presentation to Lynn
Crawford at lynn.crawford@c-b.com or to IDEA at idea@districtenergy.org.
For additional information or to download a copy of the Author Guidelines,
please visit IDEAs Web site www.districtenergy.org or contact IDEA at
(508) 366-9339.
DEADLINE FOR SUBMITTAL OF ABSTRACTS: September 15, 2006
FINAL PAPERS DUE: December 8, 2006
Exhibitors: A limited number of tabletop exhibits are available to IDEA
members who are already committed to exhibit at IDEAs 98th Annual
Conference & Trade Show in Phoenix, AZ.
Please contact Tanya Kozel at (410) 518-6676 or tanya.idea@districtenergy.org
for exhibiting details.
IDEA 20th Annual
Campus Energy
Conference
Critical Energy,
Critical Needs
February 27 March 2, 2007
The Westin Galleria Houston
Houston, Texas
Hosted by
Thermal Energy Corporation
and Rice University
Two Great IDEA Workshops Together!
19th Annual Marketing Workshop and 18th Annual Distribution Workshop
Sept. 6-8, 2006
The Roosevelt Hotel & Consolidated
Edisons Learning Center
New York, N.Y.
Hosted by Con Edison Steam Operations
IDEA is offering simultaneous separate workshops on
marketing and distribution topics in New York City Sept. 6-8,
2006. (Early-bird registration cutoff is Fri., Aug. 11!)
At the marketing workshop you will discuss strategy,
messages, materials, LEED

, submetering and other ideas


to win the confidence of your key customers. Connect
with your colleagues. Exchange ideas. RECHARGE!
At the distribution workshop, discussions will focus on
the challenges of building and maintaining safe, reliable
thermal piping networks. What works what doesnt
whats new? Tours of Con Edisons East River Station and
distribution excavations near Ground Zero are on the
agenda for Wednesday afternoon.
A combined lunch Thursday will bring the two groups
together to discuss customer service and satisfaction and
communication needs. Both groups will also share a boat
cruise that evening, courtesy of Con Ed.
Dont miss this opportunity to network and learn from
your peers!
Download the preliminary program and registration form from
www.districtenergy.org/calendar.htm or call (508) 366-9339 for more
information. Register by Fri., Aug. 11 for early-bird discount.
40 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Trigen Purchases
California/Nevada Systems
Thermal North America Holdings LLC
(THAH) announced June 5 that it had com-
pleted its acquisition of the energy facilities
management group from Sempra Genera-
tion, a subsidiary of Sempra Energy. The
acquisition was completed through a direct
wholly owned subsidiary of THAH, Thermal
Western Holdings Inc. Sempra Generations
facilities management group owned district
energy systems in southern California and
Nevada. The systems acquired in this trans-
action provide cooling and heating for 30
million sq ft of space in office buildings,
casinos, hotels, hospitals, condominiums
and medical centers. THAH, through its
ownership of The Trigen Companies, is the
largest owner and operator of district energy
systems in North America.
New Accessories for
Ultrasonic Detectors
UE Systems has introduced new probes
and remote sensors for its Ultraprobe

line
of ultrasonic detectors. The products enable
the instruments to perform condition mon-
itoring of mechanical, electrical and fluid
applications in hard-to-reach spaces. The
U-Bend is a bendable probe that fits Ultra-
probe digital models 10,000 and 9000,
and analog models 2000 and 100. Tele-Bend
is a telescoping version available for Ultra-
District Energy Research
Launched in Canada
The Canadian District Energy Associa-
tion (CDEA), the Canadian Urban Institute
and the Toronto Atmospheric Fund are
partnering on a national research initiative
that will examine the practical methods
that local decision makers can use to
undertake successful district energy devel-
opment in their communities. The Urban
Energy Solutions project, announced in
May at the CDEAs 11th annual conference
is expected to accelerate the implementa-
tion of district energy systems in urban
centers across Canada.
The Urban Solutions Energy program
has been made possible through the finan-
cial support of Infrastructure Canada and
the Toronto Atmospheric Fund. It is directed
at assisting government decision makers,
research institutes, energy practitioners,
investors and industry associates to address
challenges, find solutions and enhance
knowledge about district energy applica-
tions. For more information, visit www.
cdea.ca/decrc.
Wesleyan University To
Add CHP
According to a May 28 online newsletter
article from Wesleyan University in Middle-
town, Conn., the institution is receiving a
$1.3 million rebate from the Connecticut
Department of Public Utility to install a
combined heat and power system. Expected
to be operational in January 2008, the system
will save the university about $500,000 in
energy costs. The campuss current central
power plant uses large boilers and coolants
to provide heating and cooling to the 90
largest buildings on campus. The cogener-
ation system will work in parallel with that
equipment.
Installing the new system is among
numerous efforts by the university to con-
serve energy. Besides saving the university
money, such efforts are critical to helping
the state reduce summertime power demand
and avoid statewide shortages. Connecti-
cuts power grid, which is undersized and
aging, will be updated in 2010.
probe 10,000; 9000; and 2000. It extends
up to 56 inches to reach overhead or diffi-
cult-to-access targets.
UE Systems Remote Access Sensor
(RAS) includes a sensing transducer that is
permanently mounted on a test subject
such as a pump, motor, bearing or valve
housing. It is connected to a cable, which
can be inserted through a test port and
attached to an Ultraprobe to data log and/or
record sound samples for analysis. Another
remote sensor, the RAS-MT, is a magneti-
cally mounted transducer assembly with
cable, included with the Ultraprobe 10,000
and available as an optional accessory for
the 9000. The UE Ultra-Trak 750, which
operates without human presence and is
designed to function in the harshest of
environments, measures ultrasonic ampli-
tude changes on a continuous basis, pro-
viding early warning of mechanical failure,
valve leakage or flow disruption.
For more information on these products,
visit www.uesystems.com.
Enwave To Cool Trump Hotel
in Toronto
Enwave Energy Corp. has announced
it will provide the Trump International
Hotel & Tower, currently under develop-
ment in Toronto, with air conditioning pro-
duced by its deep lake water cooling system.
By using Enwaves service, the 750,000-sq-
ft, 70-floor tower will help reduce harmful
emissions by 3,224 tons the equivalent
of taking more than 645 cars off the road.
It will also help decrease electricity usage by
more than 2.9 million kWh, comparable to
the electricity used by more than 290 homes.
The Trump International Hotel & Tower,
which will boast luxurious living and hospi-
tality, is a joint venture between Donald J.
Trump and Canada-based Talon International
Development Inc. Located in the heart of
Torontos financial and entertainment district,
the $500 million tower will be the tallest
building in Canada, with a height of more
than 1,000 ft. The property will feature
291 luxury guestrooms and 147 residential
condominiums.
UE Systems U-Bend probe in use.
Industry
News
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 41
Power House Serves
Power Lunches
The Hattiesburg American Web site
reports that the University of Southern
Mississippis old steam-generating power
plant in Hattiesburg has been converted to
a full-service dining venue serving Cajun
and Southern cuisine. The Power House
Restaurant, which began serving customers
in May, was originally constructed in 1934
and housed two 250-lb gas-fired boilers
that provided steam to campus buildings.
In recent decades, the brick structure
served as a storage facility. Now exposed
brick with original pipes and pulleys are
part of the decor along with cushioned
booths, gleaming mahogany bars, a patio
with gas lighting and a circular stage on
which entertainers will perform starting in
the fall. The restaurant hopes to attract the
general public in addition to Southern Miss
students and faculty.
UMass Upgrades
With Cogen
The University of Massachusetts Amherst
is building a state-of-the-art cogeneration
facility that will meet all the campuss
heating and cooling needs and provide
much of its electricity. The Spring 2006
edition of UMassMag Online has reported
that the new plant, slated to start up in
March 2008, will replace the current steam
plant, which is equipped with 60-year-old
boilers and steam turbines. The new facility
will be fueled by oil and natural gas no
longer any coal, which currently generates
half the heat on campus. As a result,
campus carbon dioxide emissions will
be reduced to one-seventh the current
level. Total project cost is $118 million.
Professor Larry Ambs, director of the
Northeast Combined Heat & Power Applica-
tion Center at UMass Amherst, said the
plant would be useful in the instruction of
UMass students. He also hoped the new
plant would help publicize both the center
and the campus.
Citizens Thermal to Serve
Airport Terminal
Through its partnership with BHMM
Energy Services LLC, Citizens Thermal Energy
of Indianapolis will play an instrumental
role in heating and cooling the Indianapolis
International Airports new midfield terminal
once it opens in late 2008. BHMM, 40
percent owned by Citizens Gas subsidiary
Citizens By-Products, signed an agreement
with the Indianapolis Airport Authority to
operate the Central Energy Center (CEC).
Located on the site of the 1.7 million-sq-ft,
state-of-the-art Indianapolis Maintenance
Center, the CEC will provide the new ter-
minal with hot water heating and chilled-
water cooling.
COGEN Europes Latest
Position Paper
In March COGEN Europe issued an
official response to the European Com-
missions Green Paper on Energy Efficiency.
Frank Knecht, head of public affairs for
COGEN Europe, lauded the Green Paper
for identifying the promotion of cogenera-
tion as one key measure for making Europe
more energy-efficient. He also noted that,
with a share of 10 percent of electricity
generation, the current use of cogenera-
tion is below the European Union target
of 18 percent.
To more fully exploit cogenerations
potential, COGEN Europe urges the
European Union and member states to
focus on five main areas: rigorous imple-
mentation of the cogeneration directive;
establishment of cost-effective support
mechanisms; creation of a fair market
framework for independent producers of
heat and power; launch of long-term
information campaigns on cogeneration;
and wider use of voluntary agreements
within the industry. The group also urges
member states to include a specific chapter
on cogeneration promotion when estab-
lishing their national energy-efficiency plans.
The full text of the position paper may be
downloaded at www.cogen.org.
High School Students Earn
Fireman Licenses
As reported in the online edition of
The Standard-Times of New Bedford, Mass.,
four steam engineering students at Greater
New Bedford Regional Vocational-Technical
High School have earned Massachusetts
Second Class Fireman licenses. The students
passed a written and oral exam adminis-
tered by the Massachusetts Department of
Public Safety, Division of Inspection. The
students are now entitled to operate any
high-pressure boiler under the supervision
of a licensed engineer or fireman.
The school is the only vocational-
technical high school in Massachusetts to
offer the training required for the Second
Class Fireman exam. Students in the pro-
gram are responsible for operating and
maintaining the schools power plant, which
includes boilers, chillers, pumps and two
cogeneration units generating approxi-
mately 350 kW of electricity. During each
of the past 16 years, at least one student
in the schools program has earned the
Second Class Fireman license.
European Biomass
Report Issued
COGEN Europe has released a report
containing the conclusions of the European
Biomass CHP Conference 2006 in Brussels,
an event which focused on how to promote
biomass combined heat and power across
Europe. The conference report aims to
provide the European Commission, national
governments and others with a road map
for developing more biomass CHP. According
to the report, strong political backing is
Power House Restaurant,
University of Southern Mississippi.
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42 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
were initially planned to help the city save
on energy costs. Woking has a combined
heat and power plant that supplies heating,
cooling and lighting to the town hall and
other municipal buildings. The town also
has a large hydrogen fuel cell that provides
heat and power to the local leisure center,
additional small-scale CHP plants serving
other buildings, and solar panels that power
accommodations for retirees.
Through its energy plan, Woking has
reduced its fuel bills and been selling power
back to the national grid. The towns success
caught the eye of London Mayor Nicky
Gavron, who has hired Allan Jones, one of
Wokings energy plan designers, to develop
a green plan for the capital city. Gavrons
Climate Change Agency aims to cut CO
2
emissions by 60 percent by 2050.
Tabreed Inks
New Contracts
Tabreed (National Central Cooling
PJSC of the United Arab Emirates) has
recently entered into three new contracts.
It has signed an agreement with the Al
Jazira Sports and Cultural Club-Abu Dhabi
(Mohammed bin Zayed Stadium) to provide
cooling services for its existing buildings.
This is Tabreeds first sports sector project
and will require an estimated 1,200 tons
of refrigeration for the existing grandstand
and gymnasium. The company also has
been contracted to cool the Mohammed
bin Zayed Stadiums new development
aimed at transforming it into a world-class
sporting facility. The cooling load will be
2,200 tons. The development will be com-
plete in October.
In addition, Tabreed was recently
contracted by the Abu Dhabi government
to provide cooling services for its new
General Pension & Social Security Authority
headquarters. Scheduled for completion in
June 2006, the project will be served by
Tabreeds Zayed Sports City district cooling
system, which has a maximum cooling
capacity of 22,000 tons.
Tabreed also will build a new plant in
Abu Dhabis Mohammed bin Zayed city to
provide cooling services to a major new
mixed-use development from Link Invest-
ment. Ready by September 2007, this proj-
ect will require a cooling capacity of 7,365
tons and will include 20 buildings and a
shopping mall. This brings the current
number of Tabreed cooling plants in Abu
Dhabi to 18 the largest in any emirate.
New Electricity Supply
for Toronto
Enwave Energy Corp. has announced
the development of an 11 MW distributed
generation plant. The company applied for
and received $1.76 million (Cdn.) toward the
project from Toronto Hydro-Electric Supply
Ltd. as part of its Conservation and Demand-
side Management (CDM) program. Expected
to be operating by January 2007, the steam
turbine facility will be housed within Enwaves
existing Simcoe Street Cooling Plant and
will provide backup for the companys deep
lake water cooling system.
As part of the CDM agreement, Toronto
Hydro will be able to draw upon the elec-
tricity to help the city reduce power con-
sumption on days when demand threatens
to exceed Ontarios electricity supply. This
project represents the third agreement
between Enwave and Toronto Hydro.
Report: Coal-Fired Generation
Staging a Comeback
Research Reports International is
offering the first edition of its Coal-Fired
Generation Staging a Comeback report.
The 100-page overview provides a concise
look at the renewed U.S. market interest
in coal-fired power generation whats
driving it, the current and future state of
the most important factor in making the
technology a success. The document also
advocates that biomass CHP should be
the first energy choice whenever suitable
heat demand and biomass fuel supply are
available. Other conference report recom-
mendations include using subsidies in a
more targeted manner to promote biomass
CHP and also making more and better use
of the structural funds in Central and
Eastern Europe. The full text of the European
Biomass CHP Conference 2006 can be
downloaded at www.cogen.org.
Seattle Steam To
Burn Biomass
Seattle Steam Co. has announced plans
to replace one of its natural gas-fired boilers
with one that uses recycled and urban
wood (i.e., crates, packaging material and
tree trimmings) as fuel. According to Seattle
Steam President Stan Gent, burning wood
could cut the companys natural gas con-
sumption by 60 percent a significant step
in light of high natural gas prices, since the
company is the largest single natural gas
consumer in Washington. Seattle Steam
projects that using wood as a fuel would
reduce carbon dioxide emissions by more
than 50,000 tons annually.
The companys biomass project is one
of 18 initiatives recommended by Mayor
Greg Nickels Green Ribbon Commission
on Climate Protection as a way to reduce
greenhouse gases.
Seattle Steam provides steam for space
heating and domestic hot water to 175
downtown Seattle customers, including
most government facilities, many large
skyscrapers, hotel and three major hospitals.
U.K. Town a Low-
Carbon Model
According to a Scotsman.com News
story, Woking, England, is becoming an
example for nearby London and the
world when it comes to waging war on
global warming. This town of 90,000 has
lowered carbon dioxide emissions from civic
buildings by 77 percent through a variety
of environmentally friendly measures that
Industry
News
Al Jazirah Sports Club.
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coal-fired generation and the challenges
in implementing it. The report comes in
Adobe Acrobat PDF format and is available
via electronic download, CD Rom or hard
copy. For more information or to purchase
the report, go to www.researchreportsintl.
com/products/product.cfm?report_ID=81.
U.K. Community
Energy Program
The United Kingdoms Community
Energy Program (CEP) the countrys sole
funding source for the development of pub-
lic-sector district heating systems has been
withdrawn, according to the U.K. govern-
ments recent Climate Change Programme
report. The Department for Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs had allotted 10 mil-
lion (more than $18.5 million) in December
2004 to continue the program.
Phil Piddington, director of the Com-
bined Heat and Power Association, expressed
the organizations dismay, commenting,
Community heating provides a powerful
opportunity to help tackle the problems of
fuel poverty. It is thus highly confusing that
at a time when we are experiencing a rapid
rise in the number of people falling into
fuel poverty, the Government has decided
to eliminate support for this Programme.
The Community Energy Programme
has provided grants for nearly 200 public-
sector district energy systems and has
developed projects worth a total of 200
million (nearly $372 million).
YORK

Stock Chillers Now


Viewable Online
YORK, a Johnson Controls company,
now offers an interactive Web site that
features its current inventory of small-ton-
nage and, air- and water-cooled stock
chillers. The site gives visitors the opportu-
nity to search for stock chiller solutions by
chiller compressor and model; choose
capacity range, voltage requirements and
available chiller options; pinpoint their
search by state; and receive instant
response messages after their search.
Scroll- and screw-compressor chillers are
factory-packaged for quick plug-and-play
installation; some customization of chiller
features is also available on a quick-ship
basis. The stock chiller solution search is
located at
www2.york.com/stock/stocksearch.asp.
Spirax Sarco Opens Midwest
Training Center
Spirax Sarco Inc. recently marked the
grand opening of its fifth Steam Technology
Training Center in the United States. Located
at the companys Midwest regional facility
Industry
News
d n e t t a o t s n a l p e k a m d n a s r a d n e l a c r u o y k r a M
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44 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
than 6.9-sq-mile) estate east of Guangzhou,
capital of Guangdong Province, the Guang-
dong campus comprises 10 universities and
two schools. Some 250,000 people are on
the campus every day, including 170,000
students. Under the contract, Dalkia will
provide energy management services and
operate the campuss three ice-water plants
and domestic hot water plant. Refrigeration
capacity totals 230 MWr (65,412 tons), but
the installation of a cogeneration plant
currently under study would add a further
150 MWr (42,659 tons). In all, these facilities
provide air conditioning and hot water for
an area covering 3.5 million sq m (nearly
37.7 million sq ft).
Dalkia has been present in China since
May 2003, when foreign companies were
authorized to operate district heating and
cooling systems. More than 1.5 billion
sq m (16 billion sq ft) of housing and
office space in China are heated by district
heating systems.
Survey: Decentralized
Energy Increasing
According to research by the World
Alliance for Decentralized Energy (WADE),
24 percent of electricity output from newly
installed power generation plants in 2005
was derived from decentralized energy sys-
tems. This share is up from 13 percent in
2002. These findings were published in
WADEs latest annual market assessment,
the World Survey of Decentralized Energy
2006.
WADEs study shows a clear momen-
tum in many international markets toward
greater decentralized energy use. Decentral-
ized energys growing competitive position
is based on rapidly emerging recognition
of the economic benefits of generation at
the point of demand. A high share of
decentralized energy generation is based
on high-efficiency cogeneration, which
accounts for the majority of capacity and
generation additions emerging from the
study. Standby and peaking decentralized
energy systems have lower shares.
WADEs goal is to achieve a 20 percent
market share of total capacity for decen-
tralized energy by 2025; the current level
is around 8 percent to 9 percent. The
organization believes the goal is achievable
provided that policy and regulatory barriers
are eliminated. The full World Survey can
be downloaded from www.localpower.
org/documents_pub/report_worldsurvey
06.pdf.
New Toronto Waterfront
Development
Work began in March on West Don
Lands, the first new Toronto neighborhood
to be created as part of the citys waterfront
revitalization. West Don Lands is a 32-hectare
(approximately 79-acre) development, which
will be served by a district energy system
providing both heating and cooling. Located
east of downtown between Parliament
Street and the Don River, it will be home
to 6,000 new residences, including 1,200
affordable rental units; a new transit line;
two child care centers; a community center
and pool; an elementary school; and the
8-hectare (nearly 20-acre) Don River Park.
Committed to creating a sustainable com-
munity, master developer Toronto Water-
front Revitalization Corp. (TWRC) is target-
ing LEED Gold as the standard for the
development.
Approved by the Toronto City Council
in May 2005, the West Don Lands precinct
plan won the Toronto Architecture & Urban
Design Award of Excellence in 2005 and,
in 2004, the Public Sector Quality Award
for public consultation.
The first phase of West Don Lands
development includes a bridge expansion,
a berm, Don River Park and the North River
Square neighborhood also known as the
McCord site. Residential construction will
start in spring 2007, with the first residents
moving in starting in 2008.
Wisconsin To Enact Green
Building Standards
Wisconsin Gov. Jim Doyle in April signed
an executive order requiring all state build-
ings to conform to high environmental and
energy-efficiency standards. The order will
affect both existing buildings and future
in Lisle, Ill., the center hosted an open house
March 27-29 for customers, distributors
and company dignitaries. Spirax Sarco
training centers reflect the companys com-
mitment to support education in all areas
of steam energy. In addition to classroom
space, each center is equipped with live
steam labs that incorporate most compo-
nents found in typical steam distribution,
utilization and condensate recovery systems.
This includes see-through components such
as steam traps and pressure-powered con-
densate pumps operating under various
conditions.
Spirax Sarco Purchases Flow
Meter Company
Spirax Sarco has purchased Advanced
Flow Technology Company (AFTCO) from
AMJ Equipment Corp. of Lakeland, Fla.
Following the purchase, AFTCO will be
merged into Spirax Sarcos EMCO FLOW
Systems division, which Spirax acquired in
June 2005. According to the company,
the addition of AFTCO complements
EMCOs existing broad line of flow meters
with a patented electromagnetic meter
that has significant advantages over con-
ventional electromagnetic meters. For more
information, see www.spiraxsarco.com/us.
Dalkia Wins First
China Contract
Dalkia has been awarded its first con-
tract in China. Under the contract Dalkia
will operate the air-conditioning system on
the worlds largest university campus, in
Guangdong. Built on an 18-sq-km (more
Industry
News
Spirax Sarcos newest U.S. Steam
Technology Center.
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construction. Wanting the state to lead by
example, Doyle said, This executive order
will make sure that our state buildings are
a model for the rest of the state in energy
conservation, and save us millions in the
process.
Part of the Conserve Wisconsin agenda
Doyle announced last year, the green build-
ing standards are designed to use renew-
able energy sources and recycled materials,
as well as establish water-efficiency standards.
The executive order directs the Department
of Administration to establish these stan-
dards based on the LEED (Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design) Green
Building Rating System

.
In 2004, the state spent $127 million
on energy. Once the new standards are fully
implemented, Wisconsin will save as much
as 30 percent on its energy bill, translating
to more than $30 million in annual savings
for state taxpayers.
Flowserve Launches
Training Labs
Flowserve has opened new training
labs at its Irving, Texas, Learning Resource
Center a state-of-the-art, hands-on
technical facility for pump, valve and seal
system optimization and maintenance
education. The center provides training for
operators, craftsmen and other plant pro-
fessionals in a simulated plant environment,
with complete pumping systems and
equipment from both Flowserve and other
manufacturers. Three of the centers training
labs, totaling 4,300 sq ft, enable participants
to analyze equipment failures and determine
their causes, learning firsthand how to
prevent pump, seal and control valve failure.
Four 900-sq-ft power labs feature 26 oper-
ational pumping systems, many with trans-
parent piping and housing so participants
have a real-time view of fluid motion and
typical pumping system failures. More infor-
mation is available at www.flowserve.com/
education.
Oslo Taps Sewage as
Heat Source
As reported by Planet Ark online envi-
ronmental news, a heating system that
uses raw sewage as a fuel source recently
started up in Oslo, Norway. The plant in
central Oslo, run by energy company Viken
Fjernvarme, has a capacity of 18 MW
enough to heat 9,000 apartments and save
6,000 tonnes of oil annually. Untreated
sewer flows from toilets, bathtubs and sinks
(plus rainwater from streets) run into the
system past a filter. Heat is extracted with
a refrigerant and then warms the water in
the 400-km (250-mile) pipe system from
52 degrees C (125.6 F) to about 90 C
(194 F). Other plants that burn industrial
waste also heat the water.
According to an official with the Inter-
national Energy Agencys heat pump center,
tapping heat from raw sewage is a feasible
solution in many cities. In Sweden, a heat
pump with a 160 MW capacity exploits heat
from treated sewage; in Finland, a 90 MW
plant runs on waste water.
Stellar in the News
Stellar Power and Utilities made news
for shipping the worlds largest chiller
modules to Dubai for installation at Jumeirah
Lake Towers (see Industry News, First
Quarter 2006 District Energy). In December
2005, the United Arab Emirates-based
newspapers Khaleej Times, The Emirates
Evening Post and Gulf Today all carried
stories about the modules.
Palm District Cooling awarded The
Stellar Group the contract to construct
three district cooling plants at the Jumeirah
Lake Towers, and also design and build
other systems for the Palm Jumeirah island.
Both developments are projects of property
developer Nakheel. The district cooling
projects for Jumeirah Lake Towers and the
Palm Jumeirah are the largest of their kind
in the world.
GE Energy To Start
European Projects
The Atlanta Business Chronicle
reported that GE Energy has announced
plans to build a gas-fired power plant in
Latvia. GE Energy will supply a Frame 9FB
gas turbine generator for the expansion of
Riga Thermal Power Plant II. The largest
thermal plant in Latvia, this project is the
first time that large 400 MW class F tech-
nology has been used for combined-cycle
operation in Eastern Europe. The expan-
sion will increase the plants electrical pro-
duction by approximately 420 MW and
also provide approximately 270 MW of
thermal heat to the Riga district heating
network.
Sebesta Blomberg Makes
ENR Top 500
Engineering News-Record (ENR)
ranked Sebesta Blomberg 314 on the 2006
Top 500 Design Firm chart a jump of
nearly 70 spots from the companys 2005
ranking. The company also ranked on the
Top 20 Manufacturing list. ENR ranked
design firms according to revenue in mil-
lions of dollars for design services per-
formed in 2005. Based in Roseville, Minn.,
Sebesta Blomberg has offices in 17 states
and Washington, D.C., as well as China.
Preparing for Flu Pandemic
Dr. Maurice Ramirez, founding chair of
the American Board of Disaster Medicine,
has some tips to help businesses lessen the
impact of an avian flu pandemic:
1. Create an institutional memory archive
to get information out of key players
heads and on to paper.
2. Plan for contingencies prepare for one
of your key suppliers or largest customers
to close their doors.
3. Take steps to isolate your employees
from the disease; vaccination, early treat-
Industry
News
Hands-on training is available at Flowserves
new training lab in Irving, Texas.
C
o
u
r
t
e
s
y
F
l
o
w
s
e
r
v
e
.
46 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
CLARIFICATION
In the Second Quarter 2006 issue of District
Energy, Cornell University was included in
a sidebar to the article Campus Energy a
Hot Topic. The sidebar incorrectly referred
to that institutions combined heat and
power system as recently expanded. The
system is currently making plans for a $50
million upgrade to its existing plant. The new
system could be operational by fall 2009.
IDEA Inaugural Middle East Cooling Conference
January 14-17, 2007 The Emirates Palace Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Conference to include:
I Informative and educational technical
presentations
I Technical tours
I Networking opportunities at receptions,
dinner and breaks
I Table-top exhibits (limited availability)
I IDEA Best Practices Guide for District
Cooling
This conference will help to assemble the
newly formed IDEA Middle East Chapter
and provide a unique opportunity to engage
and meet with industry leaders from across
the Gulf Region.
Hotel Web site: www.emiratespalace.com
Watch your email and IDEA web site
www.districtenergy.org/calendar.htm for program details.
Visit: www.districtenergy.org/pdfs/MidEastFlyer.pdf for complete details
about joining IDEA's Middle East Chapter.
ment and telecommuting can reduce its
spread.
4. Have a treatment plan, and make sure
your company has access to the latest med-
ications.
5. Plan for your employees family care; flex-
ibility will be key when employees loved
ones are affected.
According to Ramirez, a pandemic is
expected to occur between now and 2013,
and scientists predict that 6 percent of the
worlds workforce will die when (not if) the
pandemic strikes. Ramirez, DO, CNS,
CMRO, is founder of High Alert LLC, a
Florida corporation dedicated to disaster
preparedness education for businesses and
communities. He teaches all levels of disas-
ter life support to healthcare providers,
emergency workers and governmental
agencies.
Sterling Network Services
Adds Chilled-Water Lines
Sterling Network Services LLC in March
completed the installation of two new high-
capacity chilled-water lines for its Phoenix
data center facility. The project is the largest
district cooling installation in a commercial
building in Arizona and one of the largest in
the United States. The addition of the
chilled-water lines, made available by
Northwind Phoenix LLC, increases the
cooling capacity at the data center to more
than 10,000 tons. With the addition,
Sterling can meet and exceed any data cen-
ter or colocation cooling requirement at vir-
tually any level of redundancy.
In the past, data center designs called
for 2 kW of power per rack of servers and
gave off an equivalent amount of heat.
Fully loaded server racks now require as
much as 20 kW of power. This requires
adding significantly more heating, ventila-
tion and air conditioning to remove the
heat and cool the same space.
Industry
News
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 47
David Urke, project engineer, Market
Street Energy Co., a District Energy St. Paul
affiliate, received a Charles W. Britzius
Distinguished Engineer Award at the 42nd
Annual Engineers Weeks Awards and
Recognition Banquet Feb. 24. Bestowed by
the Minnesota Federation of Engineering
Science and Technology Societies, the pres-
tigious award recognizes outstanding lifetime
achievements in the practice of engineering,
contributions to the engineering profession
and actions enhancing the image of engi-
neering in our society. Urke was nominated
for the award by the Engineers Society of
St. Paul. He served as president of that
organization in 2004-2005.
Kenneth Smith, PE, joined Market
Street Energy Co., St. Paul, in March as
vice president of marketing and develop-
ment. Smith has more than 20 years
experience in the consulting, engineering
and construction
industries. Most
recently he was a vice
president at Stanley
Consultants Inc.,
responsible for busi-
ness development,
client relations and
management of the Minneapolis office. He
also previously worked at Black & Veatch
Corp., Kansas City, Mo., where he pro-
gressed from a design/project engineer to
director of engineering and operations of
the Advanced Technology Division. Smith
earned a bachelor of science degree in
electrical engineering from North Dakota
State University.
Jamie Dillard was recently promoted
to general manager, engineering and facility
operations, for Citizens Thermal Energy of
Indianapolis. Dillard will be responsible for
Lilly Facility operations, plant and project
engineering and additional facility opera-
tions at the Indianapolis Airport. Dave
Toombs will continue his role with Citizens
Thermal Energy as general manager, steam
and chilled water operations. His direct
responsibilities include the Perry K Steam
Plant, West Street Chilled Water, ICE
Chilled Water, IUPUI North Plant, Illinois
Street Chilled Water and the companys
remote chilled-water operations at the
Convention Center and State Office
Buildings.
Ehsan Dehbashi has joined FVB
Energy as senior engineer in the firms
Minneapolis office. He
brings to the position
nearly 20 years experi-
ence in district energy
and combined heat
and power, including
work for major district
energy companies in
Hartford, Boston and Philadelphia.
Dehbashi received a master of business
administration degree from Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, a master of science
degree in industrial management from
Connecticut State University and a bache-
lor of science degree in petroleum engi-
neering from Marietta College. Michael
Feldman has also joined FVB Energys
Minneapolis office as junior engineer. He
holds a bachelor of science degree in
mechanical engineering from Michigan
Technological University.
Spirax-Sarco Engineering plc has
announced that Mark E. Vernon, president
and general manager of Spirax Sarco Inc.
(SSI), the U.S. sub-
sidiary company, will
join the Spirax-Sarco
Engineering plc board
of directors July 1 as
divisional director. He
will have responsibility
for company opera-
tions in North and South America and the
group marketing department in the United
Kingdom. Vernon will retain his present
position as SSI president and remain based
in the U.S. Vernon joined SSI in 2003 as
president with nearly 25 years industry
experience. He is a current director of the
Valve Manufacturers Association of America.
People In
the News
Please forward your industry and personnel
news to IDEA at idea@districtenergy.org.
www.districtenergy.org
Your on-line advertising source for the district energy industry
With about 13,000 hits each day, the IDEA Web site is a hot spot to advertise your company!
Special: Advertise now and receive six months of Web site advertising for the price of three months.
Contact Tanya Kozel (tanya.idea@districtenergy.org, (410) 518-6676) to select your ad spot on IDEAs site.
Be visible where your customers visit. Act today!
13,000
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 49
Institute are providing strong leadership and
forging alliances in Canada. It seems logical
the United States should do the same.
Initiatives directed at educating cities in
the benefits of district energy, acquainting
them with state-of-the-art technology,
reviewing lessons learned over the last 30
years and providing assistance with feasi-
bility studies can revitalize interest in district
heating and cooling technology and create
a climate favorable to development. Modest
investments by DOE and HUD would allow
annual community energy system confer-
ences to reconvene, could develop case
studies highlighting success stories in the
U.S. and Europe and provide information
on current development trends in the Middle
East where new towns are constructed
using district cooling as an energy source.
The time is right to point out oppor-
tunities for combined heat and power,
waste-to-energy, alternative energy and
solid fuels. If the United States had invested
in more district energy systems in the 80s,
just think where we might be now. Looking
ahead, if we want to be sure well be
reaping more of district energys benefits
tomorrow, we need to work to make the
technology more widely understood and
embraced as a solution for today.
Editors Note: Members Speak Out runs in
periodic issues of District Energy magazine. Its
purpose is for a member to briefly share his/her
district energy experiences and opinions and
obtain feedback from fellow members. If you
have comments on this column, please email
David Wade at the address below or email
IDEA with your response for publication in the
next issue.
A
s IDEA met in Nashville, rising fuel
prices were and continue to be
on everyones minds. Although
high heating bills only partially materialized
last winter, the expense involved in heating
and cooling our cities is a vital long-term
issue of national importance. As captured
in IDEAs annual conference theme, district
energy can most certainly help address
that issue as Todays Solution, Tomorrows
Advantage.
Reviewing the topics that were included
in IDEAs annual conference program, I am
reminded how important district energy is
as a building block for the development
and well-being of urban communities. As
we saw, Nashville, Tenn., made a commit-
ment to district energy more than 30 years
ago and continues that commitment with
the recent construction and financing of a
new energy plant to service its downtown.
Indianapolis, Akron, New York and Austin
were highlighted throughout the IDEA pro-
gram as examples of cities that are also
experiencing the benefits of district energy.
In addition, the City of Victorville, Calif.,
presented its bold decision to enter the
district energy and electricity business as
an economic development incentive
attracting new businesses and jobs. By
lowering costs and increasing reliability,
Victorville has taken steps to insure its future.
Last, but not least, we also learned how the
unbelievable growth in the Middle East is
being assisted by carefully planned and
executed district cooling systems crafted to
support the new cities rising out of the
desert.
In the United States, the district energy
industry has barely scratched the surface in
bringing district heating and cooling benefits
to communities. Our industry, led by IDEA,
has an opportunity to assist a new gener-
ation of city planners, developers and
municipal officials in developing thermal
infrastructures that will support energy
efficiency in the coming decades.
Perhaps only a handful of conference
attendees and other IDEA members remem-
ber the efforts of the U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in
the 1980s to foster district heating and
cooling. These programs very successfully
sponsored feasibility studies and preliminary
design efforts for many U.S. cities. I doubt
whether District Energy St. Paul, for example,
would be in existence today if the DOE had
not lent its support.
The time has come for IDEA to revisit
the alliances of the 1980s and seek coop-
eration with HUD, the DOE, National League
of Cities, Conference of Mayors and other
organizations involved in city planning and
development. The Federation of Canadian
Municipalities and the Canadian Urban
Alliances Needed To
Foster Community
Energy Systems
David W. Wade, PE, President, RDA Engineering Inc.
David W. Wade, PE, is pres-
ident of RDA Engineering Inc.
in Atlanta and has been an
IDEA member for more than
20 years. He has served on
IDEAs board and is a past
chairman of ASHRAEs
national technical committees
dealing with Building Steam and Hot Water
Systems and District Heating and Cooling.
Wade may be reached at dww@rdaeng.com.
Column also available at
www.districtenergy.org/de_magazine.htm
Members
Speak Out
The time has come for IDEA to
revisit the alliances of the 1980s
and seek cooperation with
organizations involved in city
planning and development.
50 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
at or near shut-off head conditions. Operat-
ing in this region is very unstable for a
number of reasons, including potential
temperature rise of fluid, unstable opera-
tions or flow recirculation within the impeller.
Fluid Temperature Rise
At low flow conditions, the inefficiency
of the pump (the difference between the
brake horsepower consumed and the water
horsepower developed) transmits heat to
the fluid creating a potential for overheating
the water. Overheating the water can cause
bearing failure as well as excessive radial
thrust loads and shaft deflection, since the
heat is conducted to all components. There-
fore, the Hydraulic Institute recommends
limiting the temperature rise of the fluid
flowing through the pump to 15 F. This is
especially true for pumping higher-temper-
ature water systems. Equation 1 quantifies
this flow rate:
Equation 1: Q = P / (2.95 x Cp x S)
where
Q = minimum flow rate for a 15 F
temperature rise
P = Input power at minimum flow rate
(HP). [Assume that shut-off HP is
equivalent to minimum flow rate HP]
2.95 = constant [(HP-lb-min-F)/(Btu-gal)]
Cp = specific heat of fluid [(Btu/(lb -F)]
[1 for water]
S = specific gravity of fluid [1 for water]
Unstable Operation
If the pump selected does not have a
flat curve characteristic, then there could
possibly be multiple operating points for
reduced flows at the same pump head. This
not only creates hunting by the control sys-
tem but also translates to unstable opera-
tion resulting in excessive shaft deflection
and vibration due to unbalanced radial
thrust and rotating element instability.
Recirculation Within Pump Casing
Low flow conditions also may create
reduced pressure in the pump vortex. When
the pressure drops below the liquids vapor
pressure, cavitation will occur, damaging
the pump impeller and therefore its per-
formance. These scenarios become more
evident as suction pressures increase beyond
the net positive suction head required
(NPSHR) by the pump.
with turning down the VFD to zero. So
whats the big deal then? As VFD and pump
vendors will tell you, the limitation is not
with the VFD, but rather, the culprits are
the motor and pump.
Motor Limitations
Most standard motors are capable of
providing full torque output from 3 to 60 Hz;
however, at lower speeds, where the integral
motor cooling fans become less effective,
supplemental cooling may be needed to
operate at full torque output continuously.
Therefore, VFD manufacturers recommend
a minimum speed of 30 percent of their
rated speed (18 Hz) for standard motors
controlled by VFDs, to prevent motor over-
heating due to inadequate air flow. If lower
speeds are required, then the motor man-
ufacturer should be consulted for recom-
mendations. Inverter duty motors can
operate below 20 percent (12 Hz) of rated
speed without problems in a variable load
application, since they usually incorporate
special cooling provisions and use a higher-
class insulation.
Pump Limitations
As mechanical devices, it appears that
pumps are the most unforgiving component
in the system. In high-static head applications
(such as large building or district energy
heating and cooling pumps), a pump with
a VFD can slow down such that it operates
Editors Note: Inside Insights is a column
designed to address ongoing issues of interest
to building owners, managers and operating
engineers who use district energy services.
T
oday, with the higher cost of elec-
tricity, an increasing number of heat-
ing, ventilation and air-conditioning
systems are using variable speed-driven
equipment to save energy and optimize
the system performance. For years engineers
and designers have provided a minimum
flow to protect the pumping system. One
may ask, Protect the system from what?
and How low can you go? To answer
these questions, we have to analyze all the
components pump, motor and variable
frequency drive (VFD).
Since pumps, motors and VFDs are
not 100 percent efficient, these inefficiencies
are usually radiated as heat to the surround-
ings. Excessive heat will lead to component
damage and premature failure. So, just like
my beer, keeping it cool is the secret to
success! Hence, VFDs and motors have
integral cooling fans to remove this heat.
In the case of the motors, the fan is attached
directly to the drive shaft that forces air
over the windings to cool them. VFDs also
have internal fans that take room air and
circulate through the cabinet. The fans also
add to the drive inefficiencies. As long as
the room air is clean and tempered (below
104 degrees F), there should be no issue
Variable Speed
Pumping: How low
can you go?
Steve Tredinnick, PE, Infrastructure Project Engineer/Manager, Affiliated Engineers Inc.
Inside
Insights
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 51
Volume Pumping, Pumps and Systems
Magazine, March 1999; Ed H. Edwards,
HBE Engineering, Ensure Minimum Flow
for Centrifugal Pumps, Pumps and
Systems, March 2003.
Steve Tredinnick, PE, is a
project engineer/manager
for Affiliated Engineers in
Madison, Wis., with more
than 20 years experience
related to building HVAC
systems. The past 10 years of
his work have been focused
on district energy systems. Tredinnick is a
graduate of Pennsylvania State University with
a degree in architectural engineering. He is a
member of IDEA and ASHRAE and is currently
chair of ASHRAE TC 6.2 District Energy.
Tredinnick may be reached at stredinnick@
aeieng.com.
Pump Minimum Flow Criteria
It is interesting to note that there are
no published industry standards that estab-
lish precise limits for minimum flow in
pumps, but ANSI/HI 9.6.3-1997 Centrifugal
and Vertical Pumps Allowable Operating
Region presents all of the factors involved
and provides recommendations for the
preferred operating region. As a rule of
thumb, the Hydraulic Institute and pump
manufacturers typically recommend a min-
imum flow rate of the 20 percent best
efficiency point (BEP) flow rate, which cor-
responds to the VFD manufacturers sug-
gested minimum as well. However, some
pump manufacturers recommend 25 percent
of BEP flow rate, so the designer must
confirm this value.
Figure 1 illustrates the BEP as the point
on a pump's performance curve that corre-
sponds to the highest efficiency at a given
flow rate and pump head. Pump operating
conditions selected within the identified BEP
area ensures that the impeller is subjected
to minimum radial forces promoting smooth
operation with low vibration and noise.
Figure 1 also indicates the NPSHR curve a
good graphic indicator of the suggested
pump operating range. The designer should
not select a pump to operate to the left or
right of this curve without consulting the
manufacturer.
Methods of Providing
Minimum Flow
There are several proven methods for
providing minimum flow for variable flow
water systems:
(1) Locate a constant flow (continuous
bypass) using orifice or balancing valve/
constant flow control valve across the pump.
(2) Locate three-way control valve(s) within
the piping network.
(3) Locate two-way valve across pump that
is energized at low flow from signal from
the VFD controller.
Of the above three options, only the
last one is preferred because it is the most
efficient since it does not bypass water
from the supply to the return until low
flow conditions are met. The third option
also is the most complex and expensive to
install, however, so there are trade-offs.
The other two methods constantly dilute
the return-water temperature with supply
water, which detrimentally effects system
efficiency and Delta T.
So instead of playing a game of limbo
with your pumping network, guessing
how low you can go, use the knowledge
obtained from VFD and pump vendors to
stay within 20 percent to 25 percent of
your BEP flow and stay below the bar.
The author acknowledges the follow-
ing reference sources: Kenneth R. Luther,
ITT Fluid Handling, Applying Variable
Column also available at
www.districtenergy.org/de_magazine.htm
Operational
Envelope
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
gpm
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
ft
NPSH Curve
76%
78%
80%
Design Point (to the left of
capacity range midpoint)
Approx. BEP
System Curve
15
9
Figure 1. Best Efficiency Point and Optimum Pump Selection. Figure illustrates a typical pump curve
with the optimum selection area indicated with best efficiency points.
S
o
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c
e
:
S
t
e
v
e
T
r
e
d
i
n
n
i
c
k
.
District Energy magazine available by subscription!
All IDEA members receive District Energy magazine. But even if youre already getting the magazine, you
can order subscriptions for others employees, customers, potential customers, board members, the
public library, your city and state contacts and more!
Order today to let more people know more about this healthy and growing industry.
Download an order form from www.districtenergy.org/de_magazine.htm or contact Dina Gadon at
IDEA (508) 366-9339.
52 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
include not only petroleum but also natural
gas. Imports of liquefied natural gas are
projected to increase dramatically over the
next 25 years, as illustrated in figure 1.
Natural gas prices are already high and
volatile, and increasing dependence on for-
eign sources will make natural gas supplies
and prices even less secure in
the long term. With most
institutional and commercial
buildings currently depend-
ent on natural gas or oil for
heating, do we want our
universities, hospitals, air-
ports and other buildings to
become increasingly vulnera-
ble to foreign supply disrup-
tion and price increases?
With natural gas and oil
production concentrated in
the hurricane-prone Gulf of
Mexico, continued depend-
ence on gas and oil also
exposes key institutional
buildings to vulnerability
E
nergy will continue to be a strong
political focus due to concerns about
high energy prices, dependence on
foreign oil and power grid reliability. While
energy security is the current energy policy
focus of the administration and the Congress,
this focus is too narrow. What is missing
from the current debate? That energy secu-
rity in the institutional and commercial
buildings sector is also important and can
be significantly enhanced through district
energy systems.
Important for Buildings Too
The current flurry of energy legislation
is directed primarily toward reducing depend-
ence on imported oil for transportation.
However, dependence on foreign energy
sources is now projected to extend to
from natural disasters such as hurricanes.
As of late May 2006, 22 percent of oil pro-
duction capacity and 13 percent of natural
gas capacity remained out of service due to
the Katrina and Rita storms.
In addition, power grid reliability remains
a major energy policy issue, with transmis-
sion and distribution grid limitations raising
ongoing concerns about the quality and
reliability of the power grid.
Energy Security
Infrastructure
Long-term energy security requires
significant steps now to increase efficiency
and shift to renewable energy sources in
the institutional and commercial buildings
sector. How? District energy systems.
District energy systems are energy
security infrastructure, because they provide
multiple opportunities to enhance energy
security:
G
District energy systems reduce peak
power demand at grid-constrained
load centers by supplying cooling
through combined heat and power-
driven chillers and by shifting cooling
loads to off-peak times through ther-
mal storage systems.
G
By increasing the flexibility to use a vari-
ety of energy sources, district energy
systems reduce exposure to price
volatility.
G
District energy systems can provide
particularly strong energy security
benefits by enabling cities, universities
and hospitals to use local renewable
energy resources such as biomass,
landfill methane or geothermal energy.
G
By improving fossil fuel efficiency
through use of combined heat and
power (CHP), district energy systems
can reduce total national risks due to
natural gas and oil price volatility and
supply constraints resulting from nat-
ural disasters such as hurricanes.
Enhancing energy supply security for
our hospitals and institutions has taken on
increasing importance in the context of our
nations potential vulnerability to catastrophic
events, including extreme weather events,
terrorism and disease epidemics. District
energy systems often supply critical energy
services (heating, process steam and cool-
ing) to the regional trauma center, terti-
ary-care hospital or university teaching
and research hospital.
Energy Security
for Buildings
Mark Spurr, IDEA Legislative Director
What is missing from the current
debate? That energy security
in the institutional and
commercial buildings sector
is also important and can
be significantly enhanced
through district energy systems.
Energy and
Environmental
Policy
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
0
P
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r
c
e
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o
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i
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s
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0
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2
0
2
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2
0
2
5
2
0
2
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2
0
2
9
Figure 1. Projected Liquified Natural Gas Imports in the United States,
2003-2030.
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a
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.
2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 53
the production tax credit, as well as for the
production tax incentive (for public sector
facilities), to include (1) high-efficiency CHP
facilities regardless of fuel source and (2)
facilities using renewable resources to pro-
duce only thermal energy.
Clean Energy Bonds
As summarized in my second quarter
2006 column, the Energy Policy Act of
2005 established a program for Clean
Renewable Energy Bonds (CREBs). This is
a new form of tax credit bond, in which
interest on the bonds is paid in the form
of federal tax credits by the U.S. govern-
ment in lieu of interest paid by the issuer.
Through this program, government bodies
(including states and political subdivisions
thereof) are eligible to apply for financing
of qualified renewable energy projects.
Through CREBs it is possible to borrow at
0 percent interest. A total of $800 million
was provided for CREBs, and will be allo-
cated based on recent submissions to the
Internal Revenue Service.
The CREBs program should be extended
and expanded: (1) The volume of funding
should be expanded to at least $3 billion.
(2) Projects eligible for the program should
be expanded to include CHP using fossil
fuels, or thermal-only renewable energy
projects. (3) These bonds should be available
for financing projects by private colleges
and universities.
Clean Energy
Resource Standard
Currently 21 states plus the District
of Columbia have a Renewable Portfolio
Standard (RPS) that requires companies
To enhance energy security as well as
benefit the environment, the Congress
should pass energy legislation that includes a
Combined Heat and Power Investment Tax
Credit and production incentives for CHP
and for renewable thermal energy. A Clean
Energy Bonds program should also be con-
sidered in the next energy bill. In addition,
any federal energy portfolio standard should
include CHP as well as renewable energy.
CHP Investment Tax Credit
A package of energy tax incentives was
recently introduced by Sen. Jeff Bingaman,
D-N.M., as S.2748 (Enhanced Energy Security
Tax Incentives of 2006). Section 301 of
that bill provides a 10 percent investment
tax credit for CHP. IDEA strongly supports
this provision, with a recommendation to
increase the maximum-size facility eligible
for the credit from 15 MW to 50 MW.
Production Incentives
Production incentives are currently avail-
able for power production from two sets
of renewable resources: wind, closed-loop
biomass, geothermal and solar (currently at
1.9 cents per kWh); and open-loop biomass,
landfill gas, municipal solid waste and other
facilities (currently at 0.9 cents per kWh).
Qualifying facilities receive credit per kWh
produced over a 10-year period. These
incentives take the form of tax credits for
taxable entities, and incentive payments
(from appropriations) to non-taxable
organizations.
The production incentive is currently
not available for fossil-fuel-fired CHP, yet
CHP offers a means for significant reductions
in fossil fuel use and thus helps achieve
the same energy security and environmental
benefits sought with renewable energy.
Similarly, the production incentive covers
renewable production of electricity but not
thermal energy. However, there are signifi-
cant opportunities to implement renewable
thermal energy, which can provide large
reductions in fossil fuel use. In some cases,
non-CHP use of renewable energy sources
such as biomass may be the most feasible
approach to making productive use of bio-
mass materials such as waste wood, due to
specific pricing and contractual issues with
the power utility.
National energy security and the envi-
ronment would both benefit from expansion
of the definition of facilities qualifying for
selling electricity in a competitive market
to generate a set amount of power from
renewable energy sources. The definition
of renewable varies dramatically from
state to state but generally focuses on
solar, wind, biomass and geothermal.
Proposals for a national RPS have been
incorporated in new legislation introduced
in 2006. Proposals for a national RPS during
2004 and 2005 faced strong opposition,
particularly in the House. Opposition results
from concerns about the impact on power
costs as well as significant state-to-state
variations in the level of state renewable
resource potential.
A Clean Energy Resource Standard
(CERS) would help reduce reliance on fossil
fuel more quickly and flexibly than a renew-
able-only portfolio standard, and mitigate
the variations between states relative to
renewable energy potential. In a CERS,
recovery of recycled energy, such as
through CHP, would also be an eligible tech-
nology. This may offer a compromise
approach that could make the difference
between continued stalemate and passage
of a federal portfolio standard that combines
renewable and recycled energy. Currently,
portfolio standards in six states include some
form of recycled energy recovery.
Mark Spurr is legislative
director of IDEA. He also
is vice president of FVB
Energy Inc., a consulting
firm specializing in district
energy and CHP business
development, engineer-
ing and marketing, with
offices in the United States, Canada and
Sweden and extensive experience in the
Middle East. Spurr represents the United
States on the Executive Committee of the
International Energy Agency Implementing
Agreement on District Heating and
Cooling, including Implementation of
CHP. He may be reached at mspurr@
fvbenergy.com.
Column also available at
www.districtenergy.org/de_magazine.htm
A Clean Energy Resource
Standard (CERS) would help
reduce reliance on fossil fuel
more quickly and flexibly than
a renewable-only portfolio
standard, and mitigate the
variations between states
relative to renewable energy
potential.
54 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Seattles Fairmont
Olympic Hotel: An
efficient and longtime
steam user
The Fairmont Olympic Hotel is Seattles pre-
mier luxury hotel and the Pacific Northwests
only AAA Five Diamond property, a designation
it has held since 1984. On the National Register
of Historic Places, The Fairmont Olympic is
acclaimed for its outstanding service, beautiful
Italian Renaissance architecture and two
award-winning restaurants. A Seattle Steam
customer for more than 80 years, the hotel has
long shown innovation and leadership in the
effective use of district heating steam.
The Fairmont Olympic opened its doors in
1924, the same year it connected to Seattle
Steam. Today, with a full portfolio of events and
activities, 450 guest rooms, the restaurants,
numerous large meeting rooms and banquet
halls, a fitness center, spa and indoor pool, the
hotel has significant thermal energy require-
The Fairmont Olympic Hotel, Seattle, Wash.
C
o
u
r
t
e
s
y
F
a
i
r
m
o
n
t
H
o
t
e
l
s
&
R
e
s
o
r
t
s
I
n
c
.
ments, and it uses its district steam with great
efficiency. Every energy unit possible is extracted
from the steam; not a drop of water is lost, as
the hotel recovers and reuses 100 percent of
the steam condensate.
High-pressure steam enters the property at
125 psig. Quickly the pressure is reduced to 60
psig so that the higher temperatures can be
used in the laundry facility to dry the many
hundreds of sheets and linens the hotel needs
daily. Cascading condensate from the laundry
dryers is flashed back to steam where it is used
at the lower 15-psig pressures to provide energy
to the building heating systems. The hot con-
densate created in the steam converter is used
once again to preheat potable water for the
hotel and guest needs.
With all the useful energy extracted from the
steam and condensate, the condensate is col-
lected in a series of condensate storage tanks.
This collected condensate is then used in the
laundry and dishwashing pre-cycles to reduce
purchased city potable water, avoiding the costs
of both the water and sewage disposal.
For lists of other buildings using district energy service,
see the District Energy Space section of IDEAs Web site
at www.districtenergy.org/de_space.html.
Join your colleagues in
online discussion.
Each quarter, IDEA is featuring a question
of the quarter related to one of its forum
interest areas. Members are encouraged
to visit IDEAs forum bulletin board to
weigh in on the topic and voice your
opinions or share your experiences.
This quarter, were calling on all safety,
environment and operations personnel
to go on-line to discuss this question:
How does your organization use
safety metrics (the OSHA incident
rate or similar calculation) to com-
municate with employees? Do
employees have a say in how
incentives based on the safety
metrics are implemented?
Please visit the Safety, Environment and
Operations Forum Message Board to dis-
cuss this topic with your colleagues. The
message board is located in the IDEA
Forums section of the Members Only
dropdown menu on at www.districtener
gy.org. You will need a login and a pass-
word, so if you dont have them yet,
please email your request to dina.idea@
districtenergy.org. (Youll also need to reg-
ister to access the message board, but its
worth it!)
If you would like to know more about
IDEAs forums, contact Laxmi Rao,
laxmi.idea@districtenergy.org.
Question
of the
Quarter
Condensate storage tanks at The Fairmont
Olympic Hotel.
C
o
u
r
t
e
s
y
S
e
a
t
t
l
e
S
t
e
a
m
C
o
m
p
a
n
y
.
Third Quarter 2006 55 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 55
District Energy Magazine
www.districtenergy.org/de_magazine.htm
I Nonmember subscriptions: U.S. $50/yr; International $75/yr
I Special bulk and employee subscription pricing available
I Individual back issues available: U.S. member $12/nonmember $15;
International member $17/nonmember $20
IDEA Archives www.districtenergy.org/archives
I Search for technical papers from past IDEA conferences and
selected past issues of District Energy magazine
I Available free to members but requires password; fee
for nonmembers
IDEA Forum Message Boards (members only)
www.districtenergy.org/mo_forums.asp
I Connect with other IDEA members to exchange ideas and solutions
I Available free to members but requires password
Inside DriTherm, Inc.
Back Michael Musto
Cover (800) 343-4188
(973) 808-2815
mcmusto@dritherm.com
www.dritherm.com
11 Empower
Samer Khoudeir
971 4 391 5110
971 4 366 4090
info@empower.ae
www.empower.ae
25 Sierra Instruments
Maryadine Washington
(800) 866-0200
(831) 373-4402
sales@sierrainstruments.com
www.sierrainstruments.com
Inside Thermacor Process, L.P.
Front Tom Walker
Cover (817) 847-7300
(817) 847-7222
twalker@thermacor.com
www.thermacor.com
Page
Outside Advanced Thermal Systems, Inc.
Back Bill Krause
Cover (716) 681-1800
(716) 681-0228 Fax
ats@advancedthermal.net
www.advancedthermal.net
48 Association of Energy Engineers
Ted Kurklis
770-271-7869
770-271-7981 fax
www.energycongress.com
ted@aeecenter.org
22 Carter & Burgess
Scott Clark
(817) 735-6038
(817) 735-6148
scott.clark@c-b.com
www.c-b.com
5 Dresser-Rand
Richard Perry
(888) 614-9168
(319) 752-1616
turbineinfo@dresser-rand.com
www.dresser-rand.com
15 Thermal Science Technologies
David Leach
(410) 760-7241
(410) 760-0028
david@thermalsciencetech.com
www.thermalsciencetech.com
10 Urecon Ltd.
Jean Laganiere
(450) 455-0961
(450) 455-0350
j.laganiere@urecon.com
www.urecon.com
27 York, a Johnson Controls Company
Joe Brillhart
(717) 771-6114
(717) 771-6820
joe.brillhart@york.com
www.york.com
Accessing IDEA Resources
Please contact Dina Gadon, IDEA, (508) 366-9339,
dina.idea@districtenergy.org to
I become a member,
I order the magazine,
I obtain your passwords,
I submit your industry and personnel news, and
I get answers to your questions!
Please contact Tanya Kozel, IDEA, (410) 518-6676,
tanya.idea@districtenergy.org to
I advertise,
I exhibit at an event, or
I sponsor an event.
Meet Our
Advertisers
To find out more about
advertising in District
Energy, contact Tanya
Kozel, tanya.idea@
districtenergy.org.
56 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
19th Annual Marketing Workshop and
18th Annual Distribution Workshop
Sept. 6-8, 2006
The Roosevelt Hotel and Consolidated Edisons Facilities
New York, N.Y.
Hosted by Consolidated Edison
Hotel Web Site: rooseveltnyc.com
World Energy Engineering Congress
Sept. 13-15, 2006
Washington Convention Center
Washington, D.C.
Contact: www.energycongress.com
Middle East Cooling Conference
Jan. 14-17, 2007
Emirates Palace
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Hotel Web site: emiratespalace.com
20th Annual Campus Energy Conference Critical Energy,
Critical Needs plus Special Pre-Conference Workshop on
Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Recovery
Feb. 27-March 2, 2007
The Westin Galleria Houston
Houston, Texas
Hosted by Thermal Energy Corporation and Rice University
Hotel Web Site: westin.com/galleria
District Energy/CHP 2007:
Leading the Way, Setting the Pace
98th Annual Conference &Trade Show
June 17-20, 2007
Hyatt Regency Scottsdale Resort and Spa
at Gainey Ranch
Scottsdale, Ariz.
Hosted by Northwind Phoenix
Hotel Web Site: scottsdale.hyatt.com
The Energy Future in an Interdependent World
20th World Energy Conference and Exhibition
Nov. 9-15, 2007
Rome, Italy
Contact: info@micromegas.it, www.rome2007.it (now accepting
full papers for presentation)
District Energy/CHP 2008: 99th Annual Conference &
Trade Show
June 2008
Orlando, Fla.
Details to come
District Energy/CHP 2009: 100th Annual Conference &
Trade Show
June 28-July 1, 2009
Hyatt Regency Crystal City
Crystal City, Va.
8.11.06 Early-bird discount registration fee deadline for marketing and distribution workshops
8.16.06 The Roosevelt Hotel reduced rate cut-off for marketing and distribution workshops
8.25.06 Advertising space deadline for fourth quarter District Energy magazine
9.15.06 Abstracts due for 20th Annual Campus Energy Conference
9.15.06 Advertising materials deadline for fourth quarter District Energy magazine
12.8.06 Papers/presentations due for 20th Annual Campus Energy Conference
2.2.06 Early-bird discount registration fee and hotel reservation deadline for campus energy conference
3.26.07 District Energy Space 2006 entries due
4.27.07 System of the Year entries due
Dates
to Remember
All entries in color are IDEA events. Questions? (508) 366-9339.
Calendar
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