Professional Documents
Culture Documents
First, a confession
I make a living selling ideas to design roads, to upgrade transit
systems or to rehabilitate cities and towns
Day 1
First, a confession
I make a living selling ideas to design roads, to upgrade transit systems or to rehabilitate cities and towns
Day 1
Day 1
In Engineering Schools:
This is THE problem
We want THE solution
Day 1
Transportation:
Day 1
A Complex System
Systemic Thinking
Goals
Problem
Decision
Results
Situation
Decisions
Goals
Side Effects
Environment
Goals of
Other Agents
Day 1
Actions of Others
Road Construction
Delay
+
Capacity
Expansion
Highway Capacity
+
Open the
Hinterlands
Delay
Travel Desire
Travel Time
Traffic
Volume
Size of Region
within desired
travel time
Move to
the Burbs
+ + +
Discretionary
Trips
Attractiveness
of Driving
+
+
Cars per
Region
+
Delay
Choke off
Ridership
Public Transit
Fares
Public Transit
Ridership
Route
Expansion
Extra Miles
PT Capacity
Expansion
Adequacy of
Public Transit
Delay
Delay
Population and
Economic Activity
of Region
Fare
Increase
Cost
Cutting
Public Transit
Deficit
Public Transit
Costs
Public Transit
Revenue
Day 1
Transportation modes
Land use
Quality of life of residents
Economic development
Transportation
Transportation is a great field to be in!
simplistic solutions are proposed with sublime assurance,
as if the construction of some type of transportation used
in another city, would suddenly solve all problems
And these large matters are discussed without any
organized framework, without any consideration of goals,
mostly without any data ...
It is almost as if people delight in having an area in which
anybody can speculate because nobody knows anything
Roger L. Creighton, Urban Transportation Planning, 1970
Day 1
10
Day 1
The automobile
Transit: Past and Future
Transportation
And Land Use
Technological Fixes
Closing Thoughts
11
The Automobile
Day 1
Convenience, comfort,
flexibility
Who is against the
American way of life?
It drives the economy!
The Automobile
Day 1
To the driver
To the rest of society
13
The Automobile
Day 1
The Automobile
Day 1
The Automobile
Suburban sprawl:
Day 1
16
Trends in Modal Split for Daily Travel in the United States (1969-2001)
Mode of Transportation
1977
1983
1990
1995
2001
81.8
83.7
82.0
87.1
86.5
86.4
Transit
3.2
2.6
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
Walk2
na
9.3
8.5
7.2
5.4
8.6
Bicycle
na
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.9
Other3
5.0
3.7
6.5
3.0
5.4
2.5
Auto2
1969
17
Transit
Non
Motorized
Work at
home
Car
Greater Boston
82.7 - 82.7
8.6 - 9.0
6.2 - 5.1
2.5 - 3.2
Chicago Counties
79.5 - 81.5
13.4 - 11.5
4.9 - 4.2
2.1 - 2.9
NY-NJ-CT-PA
65.8 - 65.7
24.8 - 24.9
7.0 - 6.4
2.4 - 3.0
81.3 - 81.0
9.3 - 9.5
5.9 - 5.5
3.5 - 4.1
Washington DCBaltimore
81.5 - 83.2
11.0 - 9.4
4.8 - 3.9
2.7 - 3.5
Source: Journey to Work Trends in the United States and its Major Metropolitan Areas 1960-2000
Day 1
18
Day 1
Transit
Is it a panacea?
A tram with say 230
riders is equivalent to
177 automobiles
with an occupancy
ratio of 1.3...
provided they are
all choice riders
Day 1
20
Transit
Same menu for all
21
Transit
Day 1
Transit
Day 1
often free
*Source: The Urban Transportation Crisis in Europe and North America, by John Pucher and
Christian LeFevre, 1996.
Day 1
24
Equity:
Congestion:
Energy:
Day 1
Environmental:
Day 1
Day 1
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1960
U.S. Census
Day 1
1970
1980
1990
2000
Business as usual
translates into annual
congestion cost today
of more than $ 60
billion/year (AASHTO)
Implications of the
number of automobiles
in USA exceeding the
number of licensed
drivers
28
Day 1
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32
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33
Day 1
Day 1
Metropolitan Bilbao, in
the Basque Country of
Spain, is a good
example of balanced
investments between
highways and transit
In the last decade, the
transit network added a
state-of-the-art new
subway, a new Light Rail
and new refurbishment
of the RENFE, FEVE and
ET rail networks
Day 1
LRT
Metro
RENFE
FEVE
500 mts
36
Day 1
37
Day 1
38
In parallel, new
expressways
have attempted
to build their way
out of congestion
but have in fact
served to foster
new suburban
developments
Day 1
39
Day 1
40
1987
2002
50%
43,4%
40%
31,1%
30%
18,5%
20%
13,3%
11,2%11,8%
10%
5,5%
1,8%
0,4%
0,1% 0,1%
0%
A PieFoot
On
Day 1
Coche
Automobile
Bus
Bus
Modos
Tren
Train
Metro
Metro
Otros
Others
Bici
41
Transit
Service quality is a
prerequisite, but transit is
part of a bigger whole
Day 1
Urban Density
Parking policy
Priority
Information
Pricing
42
Day 1
43
New Cars
Low
Menor
Transit
Users
Pedestrians
Aumento de
PARKING
Density
CONGESTION
car use
IMPACT
FACTORS
IMPACTS
TRANSIT
44
Buses in green
Subway in brown
Commuter Rail in blue
Day 1
.5
1.5
Miles
45
Mystic River
Chelsea River
Jerrys Pond
Fresh Pond
Little Mystic Ch
Millers River
Millers River
Sawing Pond
Charles River
Charles River
Basin
Charles River
Frog Pond
Public Garden
Pond
Boston Harbor
er Pond
Fort Point
Channel
Muddy River
Chestnut Hill
Reservoir
Fisher Hill
Reservoir
Brookline
Reservr
Leverett Pond
Old Harbor
Day 1
Sargent Pond
Wards Pond
3,000
1,500
750
Boston Harbor Drove alone
Carpool
Bus
Streetcar
Subway
Railroad
Walked
0
.4
.8
46
1.2
38
93
128
129
95
28
107
3A
129
95
62
114
2
1A
99
126
60
2A
90F
1
2
90
27
90
30
9
Day 1
28
203
93
3,000
1,500
750
Drove alone
Carpool
Bus
Streetcar
Subway
Railroad
Walked
1
2
47
Mystic River
Chelsea River
Jerrys Pond
Belle Isle I
Little Mystic Ch
Millers River
Charles River
Charles River
Basin
Charles River
Muddy River Pond
Frog Pond
Public Garden
Pond
75,000
Boston Harbor
37,500
18,750
Fort Point
Channel
Muddy River
Reserved Channel
Day Fisher
1 Hill
Reservoir
Leverett Pond
Drove alone
Carpool
Bus
Streetcar
Subway
Commuter rail
Boston
Harbor
Walk
Taxi
0
.4
.8
Miles
1.2
48
129
95
28
38
93
114
128
62
107
3A
129
4
95
62
2
1A
99
126
60
20
27
2A
75,000
37,500
18,750
16
30
90
9
28
135
Day 1
90F
90
93
203
3A
Drove alone
Carpool
Bus
Streetcar
Subway
Commuter rail
Walk
Taxi
0
1
2
Miles
49
Day 1
Day 1
51
Day 1
52
Technological Fixes
Day 1
Increased efficiency
Lower pollution levels
Safer operation (mainly for the driver)
53
Day 1
55
Day 1
Transportation:
Old
New Trends
New
Independent Modes
Intermodal
Local Economies
Regional/Global Economies
Independent Jurisdictions
Coalitions/Seamlessness
Users
Customers
Build
Manage
Day 1
57
Transportation
Day 1
In a nutshell
Transportation
In a nutshell
Day 1
59
Transportation:
Day 1
In a nutshell
Day 1
Transportation: In closing
RADICAL changes
Known
Solution
Unknown
Solution
Problems Typology
Adapted from a presentation
by Marc J. Roberts
Harvard School of Public Health
Day 1
SMALL changes
63
Known
Solution
Unknown
Solution
COACH
Coach:
Day 1
SMALL changes
64
Known
Solution
Unknown
Solution
THERAPIST
Therapist:
Day 1
SMALL changes
PROPHET
Known
Solution
Prophet:
Day 1
Unknown
Solution
SMALL changes
POET
Known
Solution
A Poet:
Day 1
Unknown
Solution
SMALL changes
67
Bus
Light Rail
Rapid Transit
Taxi, CarSharing
Walking
Biking
2
Road system:
Mobility
Hierarchical system:
Collectors
Uninterrupted segments:
Arterials
Interrupted segments:
Land Access
Locals
Sf
Speed (mi/h)
So
Oversaturated
Flow
Do
Dj
Density (veh/mi/ln)
Speed-Density
Figure by MIT OCW, adapted from the Transportation Research Board, "Highway Capacity Manual 2000".
Speed-Flow Relationship
Sf
Speed (mi/h)
Do
So
Oversaturated
Flow
Dj
Flow (veh/h/ln)
Vm
Speed-Flow
Figure by MIT OCW, adapted from the Transportation Research Board, "Highway Capacity Manual 2000".
10
Flow-Density Relationship
Do=Optimum density
Dj= Jam density
So
Flow (veh/h/ln)
Vm
Sf
Oversaturated
Flow
Do
Dj
Density (veh/mi/ln)
Flow-Density
Figure by MIT OCW, adapted from the Transportation Research Board, "Highway Capacity Manual 2000".
11
Speed-Flow-Density Relationship
D=v/S
Do
So
So
Vm
Flow (veh/h/ln)
Vm
Flow (veh/h/ln)
Speed (mi/h)
Sf
Do
Dj
Density (veh/mi/ln)
Figure by MIT OCW, adapted from the Transportation Research Board, "Highway Capacity Manual 2000".
12
120
Vehicle
throughput in
uninterrumpted
flow:
Speeddensity
curves
1300
1450
110
1600
100
100
1750
90
80
LOS A
Density = 7
pc/km/ln
60
11
40
16
22
28
20
0
Note:
FFS= Free-flow speed
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
13
Speed-Flow Curves:
HCM speed-flow curve, before and after:
Human adaptation to driving in congested conditions
The original dream of ITS
BASE FREEWAY SEGMENT
Design Speed
80
4-Lanes
60 MPH
50
50 MPH
40
20
10
Unstable
Flow
*2000 pcphpi
30
*1900 pcphpi
120
70 MPH
0
2
(0.1)
4
(0.2)
6
(0.3)
8
(0.4)
10
(0.5)
12
(0.6)
14
(0.7)
16
(0.8)
18
(0.9)
20
(1.0)
1300
1450
1600
60
1750
A
80
40
10
16
24
32
45 pcpmpl
40
20
0
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
8-Lanes
60
0
2400
Capacity
(pcphpl)
2400
2350
2300
2250
Figures by MIT OCW, adapted from the Transportation Research Board, "Highway Capacity Manual 2000".
14
14
Speed-Flow Curves
Unstable Flow
Stable Flow
Flows (Vehicles/hour/lane)
2500
2000
Shock Wave
Toll Range
1500
500
Oversaturated
Density at Flow Capacity
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Density (Vehicles/km/lane)
Figure by MIT OCW, adapted from the Transportation Research Board, "Highway Capacity Manual 2000".
15
Gradients
Widths
Weather
16
Even in
uninterrupted flow
sections, some
movements may
reduce the ideal
capacity, such as:
Merging
Diverging
Weaving
.
17
Traffic signals,
roundabouts, all-stops
Automobiles and trucks
reaction times
Saturation, blocking
intersections (gridlock??)
18
oad
Rur
oa d
Little nos
Vs
Fancy nos
li m
ho
es
ur
ign
al p
50-60
miles per
hour
it
{
ile
er m
als p
si g n
Th
ree
Thirty miles
per hour
al R
Thr
ee
per signa
mil ls
e
Fo
ur
Tw -lane
roa
o-l
d
ane
roa
d
Fo
urlan
er
oad
s i gn
als
mi le
per
Fiv e
er m
Five or more
signals per mile
Exp
Two-lane road
On
ile
12
an R
ay
w
s
s
e
r
s6
i
m
0
le
e
sp
400
800
1200
1600
2000
19
PEOPLE throughput :
HBW
1.1
HBO-shop 1.4
HBO-social 1.7
NHB
1.6
20
The power of A to F
From spot values to travel
times
Living under saturated
conditions
21
Fixed Costs:
Vehicle purchase
Insurance
A parking spot/garage
.
Variables Costs:
Gasoline
Oil and maintenance
Parking
Tolls
.
Social costs:
Environmental costs:
Accidents
Health impacts
Noise (pedestrian areas)
Air pollution: cold-start, f(speed)
Land consumed
Energy
Segregation
24
Transit - Capacity
People throughput:
Vehicle size
Headway (and fleet size)
Commercial speed
26
Buses - Capacity
No of doors
Easy access and egress
Access by the front door, other doors
Egress by one or two doors
Low floor
Ticket validation:
27
Buses - Capacity
Capacity (Contd):
Commercial speed:
Mixed traffic
Bus lanes
Signal priority
28
7.0 2.0
113 70
Engine Governed Speed = 64 mph (103 km/h)
97 60
6.0 1.8
80 50
5.0 1.6
64 40
4.0 1.4
Speed-time
3.0 0.2
48 30
Distance-time
2.0 0.
32 20
Cruise at
55 mph
(88 km/h)
16 10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Decelerate at
2.5 mph/sec
(4 km/h/sec)
80
90
1.0 0.
100
Time (sec)
Figure by MIT OCW, adapted from the Transportation Research Board, "Highway Capacity Manual 2000".
29
Path of front
of train
Path of rear
of train
Distance
Minimum safe
separation
Station
Train
=
platform length
Dwell time
(sec.)
Headway
30
Transit LOS
Transit - LOS
Originally, just density as for automobiles!!
BUS
RAIL
COMMENTS
LOS
ft2/p
p/seat*
>12.9
0.00-0.50
>19.9
0.00-0.50
8.6-12.9
0.51-0.75
14.0-19.9
0.51-0.75
6.5-8.5
0.76-1.00
10.2-13.9
0.76-1.00
5.4-6.4
1.01-1.25
5.4-10.1
1.01-2.00
4.3-5.3
1.26-1.50
3.2-5.3
2.01-3.00
<4.3
>1.50
<3.2
>3.00
Crush loads
ft2/p
p/seat*
Figure by MIT OCW, adapted from the Transportation Research Board, "Highway Capacity Manual 2000".
32
Transit - LOS
AVAILABILITY
1. Service coverage
2. Hours of service
3. Sidewalk condition
4. Park & Ride spacing
CONVENIENCE
1. Passenger loading
2. Transit/auto travel time
3. Amenities
4. Safety
33
Transit - LOS
Service & Performance Measures
Category
Availability
Comfort and
Convenience
Transit Stop
Route Segment
Frequency*
Hours of service*
Service coverage
Passenger loads
Accessibility
% person-minutes served
Passenger loads*
Reliability*
Amenities
Travel speed
Travel time
Reliability
Transit/auto
travel time
Safety
System
Accessibility
Figure by MIT OCW, adapted from the Transportation Research Board, "Highway Capacity Manual 2000".
34
Transit - LOS
Different points of view to judge LOS:
TRANSIT/AUTO TRAVEL TIME LOS
LOS
Comments
<_ 0
1-15
16-30
31-45
46-60
>60
35
Transit - Cost
Capital Costs:
Operating Costs:
Environmental Costs:
Accident rate
Noise, soot
36
Buses
37