GT Fechner About the unequal clarity of hearing in the left and right ear Known to both the muscle

strength than muscle mass in humans at the extremities of the right side is larger than those of the left, in which latter respect, the careful weighing of Ed.Deserve to be weavers, which are communicated in these reports (1849. P. 79) are compared. A hasty generalization could it easily establish the conclusion that the right side of the body was preferred at all before the left, but this conclusion is not confirmed when one examines, whether in the double-sided sensory organs, the left side an advantage over the right to subject the delicacy of feeling had expected. So after EH Weber's observations (Programming a collect P. 84 92 119.) Is the sensitivity to both heat differences as for print by weights generally on the left hand than on the right, and to this I add the remarkable fact that even the sound is heard more clearly in the much larger majority of individuals with the left and right ear. I myself had previously always kept my ear for normal and never thought that I could hear unequal in both ears, aroused me to the information provided in my treatise on the binocular vision tests with tuning forks and watch over both ears suspect it may be the case, a suspect who then confirmed by special attention directed experiments, and initially I was very surprised when I experimented with other people who also little something knew from an inequality of their hearing ability on both sides, with the majority of them a corresponding result later on. With tuning forks indeed can not put a precise comparative trial in front of both ears turn on because you can not easily insure themselves of the same thickness of the clay in different experiments, a clock, but gave me clear a larger beat when I immediately before the left as right ear stopped, and the same results led to the following test, which I then generally applied also to other people. For other purposes, I can manufacture me a sound pendulum is a pendulum which swings generated when crashing through a stop against a vertical fixed slate a sound that is always of equal strength when the pendulum is dropped from the same height. The elevation of the pendulum is measured by a circular arrangement along which moves the upper portion of the suspension bar, and is limited by an adjustable on the dividing Laufer, which serves as a pointer at the same time by the pendulum is always so far raised until it at Laufer these encounters. I create now clocked manner with this instrument a sound always of the same strength and allow the person to be examined alternately in same bar the one and the other ear close, then where soon forms at different good hearing ears a judgment as to whether the sound is heard clearly if the right ear is left open and the closed, or vice versa. I will make the closure such that the index finger is placed on the anterior cartilage of the ear and it will be pushed by force into the ear canal. Should doubt that this closure can always be quite evenly on both ears is (seems to be regardless of anything of uniformity in the way), so it should be noted that the judgment will always be taken only after multiple repetitions of alternating closure of both ears, and that given the large number of tested individuals (103) any inaccuracy in detail the failure of the overall outcome may not significantly old barriers. This seems rather

secure, if not about the process of appending a constant mistake to assume, however, I find no fault with the most careful consideration. Lest the position of the instrument such is founded, it was always attached to the same at such a distance from the auditee and so symmetrical position, or the position while considering several so changed that an equal participation of both ears had to take place by the sound. Mostly I've also used both stronger than weaker sound in the same individual. Common ground that there are still more sophisticated methods to test the sharpness of hearing in both ears comparatively, but then must necessarily be much more complicated, and would be necessary only insofar as it concerned a measure of uneven clarity of hearing in both ears. But here it was only to note the general fact and its direction, for which the previous method is recommended both for its simplicity as the fact that it allows to easily be stated differences between the two ears of a large number individuals at once, and therefore statistics to win in large numbers on which it mainly had to get here, and what would not have been possible with cumbersome procedures. Although maybe would an apparatus that produces a continuous uniform sound, still be preferable for testing, while the above has certainly served its purpose perfectly. Of course it was done with all of the following tests to rule, not to predict the direction of the expected outcome or have guessed, nor has the majority of persons who have been tested, the previously not known to others success obtained so that the imagination of the result may not have altered. A number of people are individually and entirely independently, as has been the opportunity presented itself, examined, also some gatherings of people at once. All individuals were adults, from about 17 to between 60 and 70 years. The following are the results obtained. An occasional single audit covered 28 persons known to me, heard of this, myself included, 18 (13 male, 5 female). Better l. Than r, 10 (6 male, 4 female). Equally well on both ears or so that the difference was doubtful no better r. as l Of the 18 better than l r. However, one listener said, not so much more than just bright l to hear the sound. In an evening party listened (to the exclusion of already approved persons) of 8 people 4 (1 male, 3 female). Better than l r., 2 (l male, 1 female). Equally well r. and l, 2 (male) r better. as l Among the 4, what better than l r. heard again declared one (female) l merely for the sound clearer or brighter, not more than r.

I led the audience a Collegium of me, 10 in number, who knew nothing at all of the objects to present themselves to the experiments. They introduced themselves one by one, and were also tested independently of one another, so that not even the judgment of an act could determine on the other. I was surprised at the unanimity of the result. 9 of the 10 l heard better than r., 1 l equally well. Than r, r not better. as l Mr. Music Director Dr. Langer gave me the opportunity to make experiments at a meeting of members of the security of its directorate, formed by students, singer Pauline Association in Leipzig. Of the 48 attendees, who might have been aware of the earlier successes partly heard 26 I. better. Than r, 12 equally well l and r., 10 r better. as l However, since one was tested by the 26 better left earlier hearing, is held 26 to bring in account in addition only 25th Prof. Ruete finally gave me the opportunity to trials with a detachment of student leaders who take part in clinical exercises under his Direction part to hire. Among the 10 individuals, none of which had been tested earlier, heard the noise 7 liters more than r., 2 merely clearer, brighter but not more than l r., Merely one equally good l and r. So all together paid less than 103 people heard the sound stronger 61, 4 merely clearer, but not stronger, so 68 still on the whole better than l r., 26 equally well l and r., Or so that the difference remained doubtful r 12 better. than I. *) . *) In the lecture on this subject on 1 July also present, usually not previously been tested, members of the sample were subjected Societt. With few exceptions, heard all the other better than l r,. Without that most inequality had known this before. In particular, Prof. Drobisch was very surprised to hear the sound decided more on the left ear, because his eyesight in his left eye is paralyzed because he has an almost habitual rheumatism on the left side of the head and a kind of chirping in the left ear, so that he used this side of the head always held for the weak at all. What is striking is the different ratio, which was found in the individual fractions of the experiments with different people, which proves that you can not be based on small numbers.Everywhere but the preponderance of l was better than r. Hearing decision. Two, l better than r. hearing, persons of the above company (Prof. EH Weber and a musically educated young lady) insured at the same time, that they the sound on one ear to have a greater height than rail on the other, a person (Weber) on the right , the other on his left ear, though the sound used for testing had absolutely no other actual pitch. Moreover, I received several times the statement that the sound in one ear

appears higher than the other, but if I zufragte closer was found that only a brighter, clearer sound was meant (which was sometimes associated with greater strength, other times did not connected thereto), but not actually larger pitch of a sound. Those two people but expressly declared to my questioning to hear not only a greater brightness but greater height in one ear. Of the previous tests such persons have been excluded, which either were notoriously hard of hearing in both ears, or noticeably deaf in one ear, so as much as possible to take only cases considered, which still fall within the width of Health. Meanwhile, I have not left aside those cases where I could get hold of these, but only particularly noted, and thereafter pathological deafness in his left ear seems more likely to occur than on the right, because of 10 cases, the extent of those categories to me personally are known mainly through reports from others, hear, at its own test, or inquiry 7 better r. as I, only 2 l better. Than r, l equally bad in both ears. Here over but a more complete and more decisive statistics bids are doctors who deal specifically with diseases of the ear, of course, are because of so few cases to include anything else than that which takes place in normal limits preponderance of l on r. no longer exists in pathological cases. Incidentally, the result obtained by me to persons whose hearing is even in the breadth of health, practical extent have some interest, as a moderate inequality of hearing of both ears ears hereafter doctors still can be no reason to see something pathological in it. One naturally wonders where the reason for the peculiar preponderance of the average hearing loss of about l r. based. If heat differences more clearly than l r. be felt, it can not be pushed it unlikely that the skin of his right hand due to more frequent use unquestionably somewhat thicker than that of the left. When printing more than l r. is felt, this declaration is no longer enough, by a greater or lesser thickness of the epidermis is not significantly alters the perception of pressure, and the difference in favor of l in Weber's experiments not only obvious, but also the sole and the scapula showed. Itaque says Weber, quia alia explicatione caremus, vero est simile, diversitatem illam in nervorum sentientium structura positam eat.Quemadmodum enim musculi dextri Lateris musculis sinistri Lateris crassiores adeoque robustiores sunt, ita nervous sensorios sinistri Lateris nervous dextri Lateris sensibilitate superare non repugnat. " You will now have to also ask the hearing: depends the difference between l and r. from the external organs of the sound recording or a reasoned in the structure and sensitivity of the nerves from differences, and furthermore, he is a congenital or acquired. These questions I do not sure to decide until now. It has been expressed to me that

probably could carry a difference in the pressure or heat conditions of the ears, frequent in the whole of the people sleeping on the right side, which will have those differences result in the presumption. Again, this is not just unlikely, but I have not so far been able to obtain sufficiently extensive and accurate notes to be insured an average coincidence in this respect. It has also been suggested that perhaps one, it is through that relationship when sleeping, it was otherwise resulting inequality in the secretion of ear wax the nonsignificant hearing l and r. its effect, that which takes place on average poorer hearing r. only of a larger dependent blockage of the right ear with ear wax. However, stayed with me and another individual the same inequality also bestmglichster to iron out the ears. To eliminate the doubt but certain, the following experiments, for their employment I am required Prof. Ruete served. After the existing section of students from 10 individuals, of the S. 169 was talk of sound pendulum by means tested, while the specified result was obtained, 7 more than l r., 2 l clearer than r., Equal to 1 and r l well. Hearing, both ears of the same individuals were Prof. Ruete mirror by means of the ears examined. Among the seven individuals who l more than r. heard both ears appear to be more purely at 3, also was found in this study as the ears Prof. Ruete itself, which is also more than l r. heard by his assistant. With 2 ears were somewhat equal and indeed noticeably unclean in 1 was the left, 1 right ear at slightly impure than the other. Among the 8 individuals who clear as l r. heard in both ears were noticeably equal to l pure; 1 at both a bit, but equal, unclean, in which l individual who heard equally in both ears, both were something unclean, r. greater than l Thereafter, in unequal blockage of ears with wax not search the basic question, and I must content myself for now to note the fact of difference with that probable reason, without a secure base to be able to specify this. It would not be without interest to apply any of the previous corresponding survey on vision in both eyes. However, we already have one investigation based on use of the registers of the optic nerve deaf in Leipzig, estimable, which can be obtained here, in the, published by EH Weber Holkes name, but the actual content of all dependent Weber thesis: Disquisitio acie oculi dextri de mille et sinistri in ducentis hominibus sexual, Aetate vitae ratione et diversis examinata. Lipsiae 1830 thereof, in the dissertation itself further specified overall result of this is: "Ex 1450 hominibus cujusvis Aetatis, sexus, Ordinis et opificii, qui a Cl. Taubero vitra acceperunt ocularia, mille satis aequaliter oculo utroque cernebant. In 415 hominibus vere, qui hoc inaequalitatis Vitio about oculos premerentur, myopesque simul essent, 248 reperiebantur Brevius in sinistro quam in dextro cernentes, nec nisi quibus 167 in inversa ratio obtineret. In 254 hominibus, in quibus eadem singulis adesset oculorum inaequalitas, simul vero presbyopiae vitium adjunctum, 137 a 117 a dextro et sinistro oculo graviorem offerebant presbyopiam. Igitur in myopibus sinister in presbyopibus vero Deterior foret oculus dexter, dexter Itaque in casu utroque longinquius cernens. Veruntamen Quisque intelligit, ad haec confirmanda opus adhucdum eat majore observationum

copia, Eaque in sanis quidem inslituenda, oculari vitro minime indigentibus. " Meanwhile, this study refers to the visual range rather than the brightness of both eyes. But I met with my studies of binocular vision to a plurality of individuals which konstatierten by alternating circuit of one and the other eye or by pushing apart of the double image of a white box on a black ground, a greater brightness of the one than the other eye, and began himself to, occasionally to make further observations about it, as I led many individuals to watch, whether in the view of the sky in the evening or on the milk glass shade of a burning lamp, the field appears brighter at the end of the day them one or the other eye. Here, too, a considerable overweight found in favor of the left eye. But I lead with diligence on any figures, because soon aufdrang me the conviction that only can cause occasional attempts to secure anything and I do not consider that result to be reliable. It is difficult to make many people understand that it was not a question about clarity, but brightness, both eyes must carefully protected against unequal fatigue, be brought under the same lighting effect and tested repeatedly under different circumstances, what not everything by merely occasional attempts this and that can happen. Moreover, such an inquiry may unquestionably have interest only if it is done with consideration to the question of how far the occurring inequalities based rather on uneven darkening of the transparent media of the eye or unequal sensitivity of the retina, which the concurrence of the ophthalmoscope, the entoptic shadows and other diagnostic expedients presupposes that I'm not familiar enough, so I consider to be appropriate to recommend such an investigation chiefs physiological and clinical institutes eyes stations, which draw while a larger number of young people who needed guidance and can provide you with the necessary tools. Apart from the brightness of the eyes can also color vision and the ability of the same fatigue be different, which is very good by generating double images in my treatise on the binocular vision (Abhandl. D. schs Soc. Phys-math. Cl. VS 375 ff 413 ff) can be determined manner specified, and unquestionably it will be useful, to connect with the investigation here about the unequal brightness of the eyes.