1 Max Reitz Partner: Alex Toennies Equipment List and Materials Oscilloscope Digital Multimeter Function Generator NI ELVIS

system 4: 1k Resistors 1: 100k Resistor 1: 1.8k Resistor 1: 10k Resistor 1: 741 Op-amp 3: .1F capacitors 1: 1F capacitor 1: Diode Resistor and Capacitor Values
Fig1 nominal actual %difference nominal actual %difference Fig 2 nominal actual %difference R1(kOhm) R2(kOhm) 60*R2(kOhm) R(kOhm) R(kOhm) R(kOhm) 1.00 1.80 100.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.76 97.36 0.99 0.98 0.98 2.00 2.22 2.64 1.00 2.00 2.00 C(nF) C(nF) C(nF) 100.00 100.00 100.00 73.00 77.00 71.00 27.00 23.00 29.00 R(kOhm) R(kOhm) R(kOhm) C(nF) Voltage(V) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1000.00 10.00 0.99 0.98 0.99 850.00 9.20 1.00 2.00 1.00 15.00 8.00

Figures
Fig1

Purpose- The purpose of this lab was to use op-amps to design and study a phaseshift oscillator, a multivibrator, and a modified multivibrator that can be used as a pulse generator.

ProcedurePhase Shift Oscillator We first designed an inverting op-amp circuit with a gain of about 60. Because of our limited resistance values, we used a 100k for R2 and a 1.8k for R1, which theoretically would give a gain of about 55.6. We connected this circuit on the ELVIS board and made sure it gave us the output we desired. We then designed a three-stage RC filter network with a gain of 1/29 and a phase shift of 180. The closest we could get to the desired 1kHz frequency was by using .1F capacitors and 1k resistors. Plugging these values into the equation for the oscillation frequency, fo = 1/(26RC) gave us a theoretical oscillation frequency of 650Hz, although because of resistor and capacitor tolerances, it would be a little different. We connected the resistor capacitor combination and applied a sine wave to the input to make sure it was shifted the desired 180 at the output. We then connected the output of the inverting op-amp to the RC filter network as shown in figure 1 and applied a voltage of 200mV p-p. This gave us a very strange waveform on the output. After 20 minutes of debugging, we discovered that our op amp was no longer functioning correctly. After switching out and testing a new op amp, we found the frequency at point D was in phase with the input, and measured the gain from the input to point D at the frequency.

3 We replaced the last resistor in the filter network with a potentiometer and adjusted it until the gain between the input and point D was 1. We connected the output to the input and found that the circuit oscillated on its own at a frequency of about 700Hz. We set a function generator to the same frequency that the circuit oscillated at and applied a 100mv p-p signal to the sync input. This caused the oscillator to synchronize with the signal generator. We tested the frequency range over which the oscillator remained in sync with the function generator. Multivibrator We designed a multivibrator (Figure 2) using a 1F capacitor and 3 1k resistors. Using the relationship fo = 1/(2RCln3), we found that the circuit should oscillate at a frequency of 455Hz. We measured the voltage at the output, and the voltage at the noninverting and inverting inputs. Pulse Generator To make the square wave output of the multivibrator into a pulse generator with narrow pulses and longer time intervals between them, we replaced the resistor connecting the inverting input to the output with a 10k resistor, and placed a diode in parallel with it. This gave us a duty cycle of 3.0%. With a 100k resistor, we achieved a duty cycle of .3%.

Results
Phase Shift Oscillator 1)We designed the op-amp portion with R1= 1k, R2=1.8k, and R3(about 60 R2) = 100k. For the filter, we used 1k resistors and .1F capacitors. The op-amp was

4 powered with -10V and +10V from the ELVIS board, and an input signal of 200mV pp on the input. The input and output of the op-amp portion can be seen below with a phase shift of 180 and a gain of 46.5.

After connecting the filter network to the output of the op amp, we found that point D was in phase with the input at a frequency of 658Hz with a gain of 300mV/200mV = 1.5V 2)When we adjusted the potentiometer to give a gain of 1 and connected the output to the input, we got the circuit to oscillate. (below)

3) The theoretical frequency of the RC network should be 1/(2(1000)(.1x10^-6)) = 650Hz. The actual frequency was about 700Hz. The theoretical attenuation should

5 be 29, but the actual attenuation was 46/1.5 = 31. There should be differences because of the large tolerance ranges on the capacitors and resistors. 4) When we applied a 100mV p-p signal to the sync, we found that we could pull the oscillator from 620-700Hz. This is probably off though because the lab manual asks for a 10mV signal, but our function generators cant go that low on their own. Multivibrator 1) For our multivibrator design, we used the circuit in figure two with R=1k and C=1F. The op-amp was powered with -10 and +10V as in the previous circuit. This would give a nominal frequency of 1/(2RCln3) = 455Hz. Below is the voltage waveform at the output

Below is the voltage waveform at the inverting input(green) and noninverting(orange)

6 The voltages on the inverting input change at +- approx. 4.6V. It switches because the amplifier has a maximum positive and negative voltage that it can supply. Because of the positive feedback, when the input voltage reaches a certain positive point, the amplifier will jump to its positive extreme, and when it reaches a certain negative point, it will jump to its negative extreme. Pulse Generator Here is the design of our pulse generator

Here are the results

The diode allows the capacitor to charge quickly but discharge slowly through the 10k resistor. The pulse width is proportional to the size of the resistor in parallel

7 with the diode. To switch from positive to negative pulse generation, you would have to switch the direction of the diode. PSPICE Assignment I set the input voltage to 1V so the gain should be 1/29 at .03448V. Im running a version of LT Spice ported to Mac, so I cant import the file directly into word, but you can see that at a frequency of 649Hz, the phase is 180 and the voltage is .0344V

Conclusion The purpose of this lab was to study phase shift and multivibrator oscillators by designing the circuits using the specifications in the lab manual. We first designed, built, and analyzed a phase-shift oscillator by combining an inverting

8 amplifying circuit and a three stage RC filter network. We then designed, built, and analyzed a multivibrator oscillator by utilizing an op-amp with both positive and negative feedback. We then modified this circuit to create a pulse generator. Overall, we learned a lot about making a circuit oscillate.