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MISSIONARY NATURE OF THE CHURCH

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re-examination of the Biblical basis of mission has been aa essential part of the " "" "

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CHURCH THE MISSIONARY NATURE OF THE CHURCH

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FOUNDATIONS OF THE CHRISTIAN MISSION


Studies Studies in the Gospel the World in the Gospel and the

Advisory Board Advisory Board


HENDRIK KRAEMER

Driebergen, late Director of Ecumenical Director of Ecumenical InstiInstiHolland, late Driebergen, Holland, tute, tute, Geneva
VICTOR E. W. HAYWARD

Research Secretary, Council of of Churches Churches ComSecretary, World Council mission on World Mission Mission and Evangelism, London Evangelism, London
HERBERT G. C. JACKSON JACKSON

Director, Missionary Missionary Research Research Library, Library, Director,


D. T. NILES

York New York

General General Secretary, Secretary, East East Asia Asia Christian Christian Council, Council, Ceylon Ceylon

PAUL MINEAR

Director, Director,

World Council Council of of Churches Churches Faith Faith and and Order Order Commission, Geneva Commission,

FOUNDATIONS FOUNDATIONS OF OF THE THE CHRISTIAN CHRISTIAN MISSION MISSION

THE MISSIONARY NATURE OF THE CHURCH


the Biblical A Survey Biblical Theology of Mission Mission Survey of the Theology of

BLAUW JOHANNES P~AUW Secretary, Netherlands Missionary Netherlands Council Secretary Missionary Council
y

McGRAW-HILL BOOK BOOK COMPANY, COMPANY, INC. INC. McGRAW-HILL


NEW YORK: YORK: TORONTO: TORONTO: LONDON LONDON NEW

First edition,

First edition, 1962 1962

of Congress Catalog Card Number: 62-8829 Library of


COPYRIGHT~ 1962 JOHANNES BLAUW COPYRIGHT 1962 JOHANNES

Library

Congress Catalog Card Number: 62-8829 05875 05B75

" "The Missionary Nature Nature of published in The Missionary the Church" is published in Church" is of the co-operation with with the Department of Missionary Studies Studies the Department co-operation of Missionary of Division of the World World Council Council of Churches Division World of the of Churches' of World Mission and Evangelism "Mission and Evangelism
9

Printed in in Great Great Britain Printed Britain

CONTENTS
Foreword Foreword
Introduction

page J 7 page
9 9

Introduction
I. 1.

THE POINT OF DEPARTURE AND GENERAL PERSPECTIVE OF UNIVERSALISM IN THE OLD TESTAMENT
,

15

2. THE 2.

OLD TESTAMENT MESSAGE OF UNIVERSALISM

AS A MISSIONARY MESSAGE

29 29

OLD TESTAMENT MESSAGE OF UNIVERSALISM AS 3. THE 'OLD

MESSIANIC MESSAGE

44 44 55 55
UNIVERSALISM

4 4. THE INTER-TESTAMENTAL PERIOD

5 TE('ITAMENT MESSAGE OF 5. THE NEW TESTAMENT


6.

IN RELATION TO THAT OF THE OLD TESTAMENT


6. THE MISSIONARY MESSAGE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT

65 65
81 8I

NEW

IN CONTRAST WITH THE OLD TESTAMENT

A THEOLOGY 7. 7. TOWARDS A

OF MISSION?

I04 104

Notes Notes Abbreviations Abbreviations General General Bibliograplry Bibliography Index Index of Bible References References of Bible Index Index of Authors of Authors

137 137 I73 173 1 74 I74 I75 175


180 I80

5
'

FOREWORD
of their their current current study study on "The Word of of God As A PART of the Church's Church's Missionary Missionary Obedience", Obedience", the the Working Working and the
Studies of the the Department Department of Missionary Studies Committee of of Missionary and jointly by the International Missionary Council run the International jointly by Missionary the the World Council Council of of Churches Churches decided to commission a decided to survey appraisal of of recent recent work in Biblical theology theology in Biblical survey and appraisal of any bearing upon the nature necessity of the the having the nature and necessity having any bearing upon ofthe Church's mission mission to to the the world. world. Dr.J. the NetherNether Dr. J. Blauw, Blauw, of invitation lands Missionary Missionary Council, Council, kindly kindly accepted their invitation lands accepted their undertake this this task. task. At the the same time time a series to undertake series of conto sultations planned in in America, America, Asia, Asia, Europe, sultations was planned Europe, and enMrica, be attended chiefly by responsibly en to be attended chiefly Africa, to by people people responsibly this gaged in the Churches' missionary work, at which this and in the at Churches' missionary work, gaged other was to to form the material was for discussion. discussion. These other material the basis basis for conferences were to to be be followed by the writing, conferences were followed up writing, and up by the 1 careful scrutiny, of a book by Dr. D. T. Niles Niles1 careful theological of by theological scrutiny, condealing with the the empirical arise today issues which arise today in con dealing with empirical issues focused nection with Christian missions. This focused nection with Christian missions. This whole study, study, to answer the in in the the publication seeks to of these these two books, books, seeks publication of in question "What does it mean in theological it in does theological terms and in question practice in this to discharge this ecumenical era for for the the Church to ecumenical era discharge practice in its its mission all the to all the nations?" nations?" mission to fulWe are are very for admirably to Dr. Dr. Blauw for admirably fulvery grateful grateful to filling lands Missionary his assignment, the Nether to the Netherlands Missionary assignment, and to filling his this Council Council for for work on this for enabling to take take time time for enabling him to
1 D. T. Niles, Upon the 1 D. T. Niles, Upon the Earth: Earth: the the Mission Mission Enterprise the Churches. Churches. Enterprise of of the

the Missionary of and the Missionary of God and

7 7

study. study.

We have have pleasure pleasure in in commending commending this this constructive constructive presentation of of a a critical critical survey survey of of Biblical Biblical theology theology in in this this presentation it to to be be a a real real contribution contribution to to ecumenical ecumenical field, believing believing it field,

We

thinking-which concerns itself itself equally equally with with the the mission mission which concerns thinking the unity unity of of the the Church. Church. and the
E. W. HAYWARD VICTOR E.

London London

C. W.M.E. Research Research Secretary Secretary C.W.M.E.

INTRODUCTION
the Ghana Assembly DuRING Assembly of International MisDURING the Misof the the International sionary Council, the the late late Professor Professor W. Freytag a sionary Council, Freytag made a comparison between between 1928 rg28 and 1958. way so so characcharaccomparison away 1958. In a teristic of him he teristic of he expressed expressed the the difference thus: "Then difference thus: missions missions had problems, problems, but but they they were not not a problem a problem 1 themselves." 1 themselves." The problematic problematic character the missionary character of of the missionary movement which began began about about two two and a half has led led half centuries centuries ago ago has to an ever ever more insistent to question as why of missions. insistent question as to to the the why of missions. only the but even to Not only the method but the right of missions missions to even the right of exist at all all is exist at at stake. stake. For For those those who see missionary is at see the the missionary the last merely as movement of last few as a historically of the few centuries centuries merely historically distinct phenomenon, phenomenon, it not difficult to consign distinct it is is not missions difficult to consign missions themselves to to the the great great institutions institutions which which have have had their their themselves day, like any any other historical complex, since mismisother specific day, like specific historical complex, since sions will of of course course gradually gradually disappear sions will of their their own disappear of accord. For For what is the point point of at the is old accord. is at of obsolete is old and obsolete disappearing. disappearing. as an However, when missions missions are not as are considered considered not However, historical phenomenon but but as as a commission from God, historical phenomenon God, for the question of Biblical and and theological foundation for of a Biblical foundation the question theological mission becomes becomes important. mission important. There was was a a time time when this this Biblical Biblical foundation foundation and motivation was was not not considered necessary to be so so urgently considered to motivation urgently necessary missions for missions as is the case. case. In fact, the Biblical as is now the Biblical motive for fact, the not one among many motives, and sometimes not was only one motives, only among many to led even the the most most important important one. one. The impulses that led to that even impulses and the awakening of missionary have been varied varied have been the of work awakening missionary all multiple in in the the course course of of history, history, and the the deposit deposit of all multiple

9 9

is plain these is these of missionary see in to see in the the history and missionary theory plain to history of theory and 2 knowledge. knowledge. 2 During the last last thirty resisthowever, a growing During the growing resistthirty years, years, however, ance has has been noted for missions, to a a multiple foundation for noted to missions, multiple foundation especially the European has been continent. The plea been especially on the plea has European continent. made with for a "purification with ever ever greater of the the "purification of greater emphasis emphasis for motive for for missions" exclusive limitation missions" and for limitation to for an exclusive to a a 8 Biblical foundation. Biblical foundation. 3 Though not have been this Biblical Biblical foundation foundation might been Though this might not lacking past, we must admit in the that the the theological the past, admit that lacking in theological basis was often basis often quite took little little narrow, and frequently frequently took quite narrow, or no account trends in academic in account of of the trends the important academic important theological research. theological research. as theology is concerned, So far far as theology is missions have often often been been concerned, missions as a by-product. regarded by-product. And when attempts have been been regarded as attempts have made to treat them as as a to treat the reaction a theological reaction theological problem, problem, the the theological from the has not church side side has not been been satissatistheological and church factory. this point point a great great change has come about about in in factory. At this change has the the last last few decades. decades. The result result of the theology of the Old of the of the theology and New Testament points points more more and more in in the the direction direction of of the the universal universal and and missionary missionary character the Church; character of of the Church; 4 and systematic theology is is keeping keeping up up its its end. end. 4 systematic theology At the same time, time, there there is is a felt need in felt need in missionary missionary circles circles for for a a broader broader and deeper deeper theological theological orientation. orientation. Not only only church and mission, mission, but but also also theology theology and and mismissionary thinking, are are approaching approaching each each other other more more and and sionary thinking, more. more. The influence influence of of these these factors factors is is not not always always apparent at apparent at missionary conferences, conferences, perhaps perhaps because because the the themes themes of of missionary such such conferences conferences are are more often often concerned concerned with with practical practical missionary affairs affairs and with with missionary missionary leadership leadership rather rather missionary than than with with theological theological sensitivity. sensitivity. Above Above all, all, there there is is always the the language language barrier, barrier, so so that that the the results results of of theotheoalways logical research research in in one one language language area area become become known only only logical slowly in in another another language language area. area. In In order order to to fill fill this this existexistslowly ing lacuna lacuna to to some degree, degree, the the attempt attempt is is ventured ventured in in the the ing following survey survey to to set set forth forth the the most most important important results results of of following

10

the theological research research of the last thirty years years concerning of the the theological last thirty concerning the basis and the the purpose, purpose, the the place meaning of the basis the meaning of place and the missions. missions. In discussions missionary work and its In discussions on missionary its distinctive distinctive place in the Church, Church, it it has has been been generally that in the place generally agreed agreed that the Church has has a missionary missionary calling. question has has the calling. The question is the been, what is the relation relation between between this the existexistthis calling, been, calling, the is not ence not disputed, to take, take, ence of of which is the shape it is is to disputed, and the shape it is a a point point of in our which of dispute which is time and age, our time dispute in age, and which is usually usually expressed by the the word "missions" is "missions" (foreign misexpressed by (foreign misMission). sions, dussere Mission). sions, iiussere I had been been asked asked to to have have this by I this manuscript ready by manuscript ready April I was unable unable to to start upon it it till till start work upon 1960. As I April 1960. and, once once I I had started, November 1959 started, was occupied 1959 and, occupied with time and again, the with other other work time it bears clear signs of the bears clear again, it signs of haste in to be be written. written. After Mter it it had been it had to in which it haste extensively discussed discussed in in Geneva from July July 10 to to 14, 14, extensively it appeared 1960, appeared to to be be necessary necessary to to add a few few things it. to it. 1960, it things to this revision of Again this revision had to to be be postponed postponed till till the the end of Again rg6o. This manuscript is presented to the to the This manuscript is now presented November 1960. reader reader with with apologies apologies for not having been able give able to for not to give having been anything better. better. anything I would like the reader reader to to take take into the followfollowinto account I like the account the ing factors judging it: it: factors when judging ing (a) This little book is not intended to present a (a] This little book is not intended to present a new Biblical theology of of missionary missionary work but a critical critical Biblical theology survry of of what has has been been said the subject by said about the subject by survey will others in the past past thirty thirty years. years. The gaps that will in the others gaps that be encountered are therefore therefore indications both of indications both be encountered are gaps the theological theological material material and of in the of faulty faulty comgaps in pilation. pilation. (b) realize that that in in arranging arranging the the large I realize large amount of (b) I in the material in in such way that it could be given the a way that it could be material such a given in present paper, paper, I have made the the treatise treatise more I have present schematic than than the the Biblical Biblical data theological their theological data and their schematic reflections warrant. Actually Actually the the data to be found data to reflections warrant. in the the Bible Bible are are more varied varied in in character character than in
ii II

could be be shown in in the the limited limited space space available. available. It It could may be, be, however, however, that that this this gives gives the the book greater greater may practical value. value. practical
(c)

(c) In In view view of of the the amount of of material material and the the task task I I to the the questions questions that that given, I I restricted restricted myself myself to was given, concern what is is called called the the Biblical Biblical foundation foundation of of concern missionary work. work. The important important and nowadays nowadays missionary burning question question of of the the relation relation between "the "the word burning of God and the the living living faiths faiths of of men" men'' had to to remain of unanswered or or practically practically so. so. unanswered been asked asked what is is meant by by "Biblical "Biblical (d) I I have have been (d)

(e) (e)

of missionary missionary work". work". Personally Personally I I take take it it theology of theology as to mean a a conception conception of of missionary missionary work that that is is as to the Bible Bible tells tells us. us. closely as as possible possible related related to to what the closely age needs needs a a fresh fresh encounter with with the the Bible, Bible, Every age Every has its its own questions questions and probprobbecause every every age age has because lems. Nothing Nothing is is more healthful healthful than to to listen listen to to the the lems. Bible time time and again, again, not not because because we want to to hear Bible the answer to our question from the Bible (theologithe Bible our question the answer to (theologithrough the medium of the the Bible Bible is is a cal ventriloquy ventriloquy through cal but rather rather tiring tiring and useless but favourite useless pastime), favourite but pastime), but because we want to to miss miss nothing nothing of the light that of the because light that God's sheds on our our path. God's Word sheds path. to the Some people will consider consider my approach approach to people will it Holy too conservative, others may Bible too consider it conservative, others may consider Holy Bible too I have let will think think I let myself too liberal. liberal. Some people myself people will too much by the present-day be influenced influenced too by the present-day probproblems that I lems of missionary others that I have dealt dealt work, others missionary work, the material in too with the material in abstract and timeless too abstract timeless a way. way. I admit that I as far that as far as as the the task task entrusted entrusted to to me is is concerned, to write treatise about theowrite a treatise theoconcerned, namely, namely, to logical I have overhave overlogical data (exegetic (exegetic and systematic), systematic), I stepped several times, times, particularly stepped the boundaries several particularly the last last two chapters in the in the the notes. notes. chapters and in I have also I also been asked I have taken asked why the Old taken the why I as my Testament as of the the my starting starting point. point. Some were of this wronged opinion as God's Christ as God's opinion that this Jesus Christ wronged Jesus 12

revelation. I hasten to that I, I, too, I hasten to declare declare that main revelation. too, consider the the Scriptures because they consider they Scriptures precious precious because testifY ofJesus (John 5 Christ (John are realized realized 5 : 39), testify Jesus Christ 39), and are in Him. The Scriptures horizon in open horizon Scriptures have an open turned towards towards Jesus that also also means Christ, but that Jesus Christ, that Jesus Christ Christ has has a a previous history worth ininthat Jesus previous history vestigating. the Old Testament is He who gives It is vestigating. It gives the
:

its perspective and He cannot be understood understood except its perspective except in the the history history in the light in history, of God's actions actions in light of history, the of why this is why this book has has been arranged of salvation. salvation. That is arranged in such a way as to deal with God's actions hisas to in deal in hisactions in way tory since the creation of the world. It seemed to to tory since the creation of the world. It illegitimate, theologically theologically speaking, (i) to prome illegitimate, to speaking, (i) project Jesus Jesus Christ Christ back into into the the Old Testament and ject its text; thus to to interpret into its text; (ii) to surrender surrender thus (ii) to interpret Him into to those those who exegesize away the Messianic nature the nature Messianic to exegesize away of (parts of) the Old Testament. of the (parts of) (f) Finally the the author author is is surrounded surrounded by conby European (/) Finally European continental theologians, which means that that he has a tinental theologians, certain opinion about about theological theological subjects that certain opinion subjects and that deals with with them in in a a characteristic he deals characteristic manner. The author has has not not been either either able willing to to turn turn able or or willing literahimself into cosmopolitan in The literain theologicis. himself into a cosmopolitan theologicis. ture he he used used was also the major part of European of European also for for the ture major part (continental) origin. is no doubt that more is that There (continental) origin. British and American theological theological literature literature now British exists the university university libraries the case libraries than was the case exists in in the twenty years ago, but there were all too many books all there too but many twenty years ago, that could could not not be be secured there was not enough that secured and there enough time for travelling. So the the author wishes wishes to to apolotime for travelling. apologize in advance if if he has has missed out any any important important gize in works to be found found in in Great Britain Britain and America. America, works to be harvest of of missionary missionary ideas ideas from systematic The harvest systematic theology has has been been extremely extremely poor, poor, partly partly because theology little interest interest in systematic theology has has shown very very little systematic theology in this the questions with deal in this book, we which the with book, questions partly because the author has been very inaccurate the because author very partly 13 13

in in his his research this respect; in this research in literature respect; exegetic exegetic literature claimed practically all his his time time and attention. attention. practically all it has so so often As it often been necessary in this this survey to necessary in survey to refer to refer to others, the author author has has been in in danger of others, the danger of misunderstanding of reporting their misunderstanding them andfor reporting their and/or of opinions that he he has has opinions incorrectly. incorrectly. He sincerely sincerely hopes hopes that in doing succeeded succeeded in to nobody that he injustice to doing injustice nobody and that is capable of is to be be able able capable of listening listening carefully carefully enough enough to to to pass others what he has to others has heard. heard. pass on to I am indebted I to the the International indebted to International Missionary Council Missionary Council for of this for the the honour of this assignment; to the the Netherlands Netherlands MisMisassignment; to sionary for permission to spend time on its its fulfilfulfilsionary Council for spend time permission to ment; to Dr. Dr. W. L. L. Holladay, ment; especially especially to Holladay, who under pressure of time translated the first draft of time the first translated draft from the the Dutch Dutch pressure to A. M. language; to Dr. A.M. Chirgwin, who reshaped Dr. the final final language; Chirgwin, reshaped the to the Drs. J. took care text; to the Rev. Drs. care of of the the notes, text; J. Slomp, notes, Slomp, who took up to to the Anglo-Saxon standard; bringing them up the Anglo-Saxon and bringing standard; and all those to finally to all those who have helped me through have finally helped through discussing discussing the the first first draft, draft, in in criticizing criticizing and stimulating stimulating my my thoughts. thoughts. With the the gratitude gratitude of a son son and the pride of a father, the pride of a father, I mention that the the indexes Bible references references and of I mention that indexes of of Bible of authors authors have been prepared prepared by by my my eighty-years my old father father and my eighty-years old old son. twenty-years old son. This symbolizes the fact that the the fact that the twenty-years symbolizes present generation generation is is nothing nothing without without the the former, and present former, and the without helpless without the future, generation. future, generation. helpless J. BLAUW j.
rg6r June 1961

June

CHAPTER I I

THE POINT OF DEPARTURE AND GENERAL PERSPECTIVE OF UNIVERSALISM IN THE OLD TESTAMENT
i.

HEN THE QUESTION QUESTION OF THE BASIS AND MEANING of the mission of the Church to all the nations is raised, the can neither neither be nor the Old Testament can be by-passed raised, by-passed nor referred to merely merely by by way way of of introduction. referred to introduction. There was a a time time when one scarcely do to do scarcely knew what to with the Old Testament. Testament. The search the motive search for with the for the motive for for the Old Testament was confined to the mission in in the mission the indicaconfined to indication of of some non-Israelite non-Israelite persons persons who were incorporated tion incorporated faith of into Israel or the faith Israel (Ruth into Israel or who accepted of Israel accepted the (Ruth and for example), Naaman, for example), and to to the the unearthing unearthing from proNaaman, proof testimonies testimonies to which also phetic writings writings of to universalism universalism which also phetic bear a a missionary missionary character character to to a a greater lesser degree. bear or lesser greater or degree. The most popular popular subjects the so-called so-called subjects were Jonah Jonah and the this respect the older Deutero-Isaiah. Thus in in this Deutero-Isaiah. is older literature literature is respect the

AND W of the mission of the Church to all the nations is WHEN

r. Introduction Introduction

constantly disappointing. constantly disappointing.

1 1

This should not come as as too too much of a surprise to us. This should not us. surprise to For years years Old Testament criticism was, with criticism was, with few excepexcepby the the dependence dependence of the the Old TestaTestations, tions, more impressed impressed by ment on its its environment than than by its special vocation its the in the by special vocation in midst this environment. environment. Historical Historical and literary criticism of this midst of literary criticism interest in in the Old Testament" in in a "theology little interest of the had little "theology of at the the sense attached to to this this expression at the present time. sense attached the time. expression present In the last thirty thirty years years a great has taken taken place. place. In the last great change change has So far far as know, W. Eichrodt Eichrodt was the the first I know, first to to take as I take a new his Theologie Alten Testaments, direction, in des Alten in his direction, Testaments, which Theologie des the appeared in I933-35 (E.T. Theology of the Old Testament). in 1933-35 (E.T. Theology of Testament}. appeared IS 15

Since then then several several theologies theologies of ofthe the Old Old Testament Testament have have Since taken direction appeared which go further in the direction taken by the in further which by go appeared 2 The most recent Eichrodt.a publication in in this this area area is is that that The most recent publication Eichrodt. lag, Munich, Munich, 1957-60 1957-60 (E.T. (E. T. in in preparation, preparation, Theology Theology of ofthe the Old Testament, Testament, Vol. Vol. I: I: The The Theology Theology of of the the Historical Historical TradiTradiOld tions). In more than than one one respect respect this this work work is is especially especially tions}* In more instructive for for our our purpose, purpose, because because von von Rad Rad is is particuparticuinstructive the Old of the kerygma of the Old larly concerned to understand the understand to concerned kerygma larly 3 To Testament.3 To this this end end he he does does not not draw up up a a dogmatic dogmatic Testament, scheme, thereupon thereupon to to go go looking looking in in the the Old Old Testament Testament scheme, for answers answers to to the the questions questions asked asked of of him; him; instead instead he he atatfor in context in the tempts to understand the Testament in the context in Testament Old the understand to tempts
lag,

of G. G. von von Rad: Rad: Theologie Theologie des des Alien Alten Testaments, Testaments, Band Band I: I: Die Die of Theologie der der geschichtlichen geschichtlichen Uberlieferungen, Uberlieferungen, Ch, Ch. Kaiser Kaiser VerVerTheologie

which it it has has come come to to us. us. He leaves leaves the the material material in in the the which context of of Heilsgeschichte Heilsgeschichte (salvation-history), (salvation-history), in in which it it context has been been placed placed by by Israel Israel herself. hersel He considers considers recital recital to to be be has the most most legitimate legitimate form form of of theological theological discussion discussion about about the 4 the Old Old Testament. Testament. 4 the attention has come to Now it that since to since more attention that is striking it is striking its Israel and its be to the whole peculiar character of Israel character the whole to be paid peculiar paid "religion" in the nations, of the midst of the midst in the nations, the message message of Israel
"religion"

and place of out much more clearly. stand out Israel stand of Israel the place and the clearly. Therefore in a happier also in are also Therefore we are position than we happier position were as regards were thirty regards the Old Testament ago, as years ago, thirty years foundation mission. Where Heilsgeschichte of mission. foundation of Heilsgeschichte stands out into the picture again in its mission comes into mission its own right, in picture too. right, again foundation The heilsgeschichtlich (salvation-historical) foundation of heilsgeschichtlich (salvation-historical) a new seem it would mission history, and it seem that a new would and a long has a mission has history, long 5 in which in chapter be added, now be can now this history to this added,5 which history can chapter to first the of one of essence but an elaboration of one of the first an elaboration but is nothing essence is nothing of the unity of the chapters. view of the view becomes the clearer becomes The clearer unity of chapters. The visions of value the appears the value of visions which, the the greater the Bible, which, Bible, the appears greater nevertheless while a "pre-critical" from a date from while they age, nevertheless "pre-critical" age, they date appear more correct than we used to to think. think.66 used than we correct more appear of a "theology that a We it of ofgreat We consider consider it "theology of importance that great importance some of some mission" the narrow narrow strip on the based not not only be based mission" be strip of only on x6 16

"missionary but on the the whole whole witness witness of both the the of both texts", but "missionary texts", Old Testament and the the New Testament. this is the is the Testament. That this case in regard to the Old Testament must now be demonin the case Testament be regard to strated chapter. in this this chapter. strated in it would not Perhaps not be superfluous superfluous to to to call call attention attention to Perhaps it not the not unimportant distinction between "universal" the "universal" and unimportant distinction ''missionary''. "missionary". call the the message message of the Old Testament When we call of the "uniTestament "universal", that it has the whole world view and we mean that it has the in view world in versal", that it it has has validity validity for for the the whole world. world. This that This universality universality is the the basis basis for for the the missionary missionary message of the Old Testais Testamessage of the ment. By By "missionary" understand the the commission to ment. commission to "missionary" we understand Our thesis, which will be deliberate witness, to to going out. deliberate witness, be out. will thesis, going forth below, set below, is is that that we must be be much more reserved reserved in in set forth the of speaking of the missionary message of the Old Testament of the missionary message speaking than of its universal universal message. message. than of its
2. 2.

Point of Departure Point of Departure our point point of choose the the first As our of departure first chapters of departure we choose chapters of

the Bible, Bible, Gen. Gen. I-I is not not so i-i I. as it it seems. This is self-evident as seems. the i. This so self-evident Ordinarily the exodus from Egypt forms the point the the of dedeexodus forms Ordinarily Egypt point of parture both in the theologies of the Old Testament and in the both of the theologies parture in the description of the the history history of Israel. of Israel. in the description of the Old Testament has it is is no coincidence that the has But it coincidence that to us us in present form. arrangebeen handed down to its present in its form. The arrangebeen ment, the order order qf the material to the the kerygma, also belongs material also ment, the kerygma, of the belongs to the message of the Old Testament. Historical and literary of the Historical Testament. the literary message criticism have proved proved that that there there are are various sources and various sources criticism have strata tradition; but we need not not in the the Old Testament tradition; strata in concern ourselves with this this at present juncture. juncture. Our at the the present ourselves with concern problem is the kerygma, kerygma, and this be neither this kerygma neither is the kerygma can be problem preserved nor passed properly if some point of deparif of nor on deparpoint passed properly preserved the ture other than than that that given by the Old Testament is chosen chosen other ture is given by its traditional traditional form. itself for an understandform. Therefore understandin its Therefore for itself in it is ing of the universal purport of the Old Testament, is the universal of the of Testament, it ing purport it benecessary to have the Old Testament begin where it beto the have begin necessary gins. ago as as I936, Hartenstein pointed pointed out 1936, K. Hartenstein long ago gins. As long
B

17 17

(albeit in another connection) that the the first of first chapters in another chapters of (albeit connection) that of misGenesis are of of special special significance significance for theology of misGenesis are for a theology 7 But he is it is he left this remark remark without without elaboration, sion. left this sion. 7 elaboration, and it all up this hint of us to to follow his. This of his. This can all this hint now time time for for us follow up is the more easily easily be be done, done, now that that exegetical research is the exegetical research 8 8 providing us us with with increasing increasing light. light. providing first chapters of Genesis Genesis are is the the whole Book are (as The first (as is chapters of of Genesis, Genesis, for for that that matter) matter) a to the the understanding understanding of a key of key to for those those who all the rest of the Old Testament and even, all the rest of the even, for the unity unity of of the the Bible, Bible, of whole Bible. recognize the the whole Bible. of the recognize The conviction that we are to look these beginning beginning are to look upon conviction that upon these chapters not not only only as narrative old narrative of very as an adaptation very old adaptation of chapters but more more especially especially as material, but a "theology of history", as a history material, "theology of and as as rilckwarts riickwarts gekehrte gekehrte Prophetic Prophetic (prophecy backturned backand (prophecy turned 9 is gaining gaining ground ground more and more. more. 9 We shall therewards) shall therewards) is put aside the thought thought that that we are offered fore have have to to put are being aside the fore being offered an "ontology" here of man. We shall shall have of creation here an creation and of "ontology" of to dispense with this this philosophical philosophical terminology terminology and mode to dispense with of thinking, in order order not not to to lose lose sight the true intentions true intentions of of the sight of thinking, in of these these very very compact compact and and charged charged chapters. did not Israel did not of chapters. Israel think and live live philosophically, philosophically, but the think but historically, historically, and the Testament, more than than any these other document from these Old Testament, any other As history, history, the the times, has has a historical, historical, prophetic prophetic character. character. As times, is prophecy; prophecy; as as prophecy, the same Old Testament it is is at Testament is at the prophecy, it time history. history. first chapters chapters of must therefore be seen of Genesis The first therefore be Genesis must seen also also as witness, as witness, as confession concerning concerning the the pre-history as confession of ^-history of Israel the People Israel as as the People of the same time time as preof God, at the as preGod, and at history which gives meaning to to the history of the history Israel itself. of Israel itself. history which gives meaning In short short compass compass the the contents contents of may this "pre-history" of this "pre-history" may be summed up up as as follows. follows. be In the the beginning beginning God created created the the heavens heavens and the the earth. earth. The whole whole creation has been instituted upon man creation has instituted upon and for for man (Gen. (Gen. 1). In consequence the centre centre of of i). In consequence the creation creation is is man (Gen. 2), but but man misuses misuses this this centrality (Gen. 2), centrality and does does not not understand understand his his responsibility responsibility (Gen. (Gen. 3). 3). Then there there begins begins the the guilty alienation from God which assumes which assumes guilty alienation 18 18
5

',

ever more catastrophic catastrophic proportions, proportions, and which makes itever itself felt in the whole selffelt in the whole creation 4-6).judgment, creation (Gen. then, (Gen. 4-6) Judgment, then, but after this judgment, judgment, cannot fail fail to to come (Gen. after this (Gen. 7-8), 7-8), but it, God still remains faithful to His and through still remains faithful to His creation creation through it, to man (Gen. (Gen. 8, g). A new generation grows and to of men grows 8, 9). generation of up (Gen. I o), but these also turn away from God and prebut these also turn away up (Gen. 10), preand look only to themsumptuously seek only themselves seek look only to themsumptuously only themselves selves. Again the the judgment judgment of this time time selves. Again of God strikes strikes man, man, this not in Flood but but in in the the dispersion of mankind over the in a Flood not over the dispersion of as a whole earth earth as a result result of their alienation from each other of their alienation each other u). (Gen. (Gen. n). have a both of the origin Here we have a conception of the of origin and of conception both the of the earth and the world of nations which is the history of the is earth the nations world of which history 10 10 of an uncommon "theological" of quality. "theological" quality. relationship of to the the world world of is this relationship Now this of God to of nations nations is the background of of the the history history of Israel, which begins with the background of Israel, with begins 11 the patriarchs and particularly particularly with with the the patriarchs the call call of of Abraham. 11 call of The call Abraham, and the the history of Israel of Abraham, which of Israel history at that begins at that point, point, is is the the beginning beginning of the restoration restoration of of of the begins lost unity the unity of the broken fellowship the lost of mankind and of of the fellowship with God. "In you you all all the the families families of the earth earth will of the will be 12 Here it blessed" (or (or "will bless themselves"), themselves"), Gen. I 2: 3 g12 "will bless it blessed" 12: becomes clear whole history history of Israel is nothing but the clear that the whole becomes that the but the Israel is of nothing continuation of with the nations, and continuation God's dealings the nations, and that that therefore of God's dealings with therefore the history of Israel is onry to be understood from the history Israel to unsolved is be understood the unsolved of only from the the problem of the relation of God to the nations. to the nations. relation problem of of [This connection of been called of what has has been called Urgeschichte, [This connection Urgeschichte, primeval history (Gen. I-II) and the history the origin the of the origin history of primeval history (Gen. i-n) of Israel Israel (Gen. I 2 ff.) has convincingly indicated by has indicated of 12 been by (Gen. ff.) convincingly 13 exegesis of chapters I0-12: 9 von Rad. 13 A complete of 10-12: 9 of chapters complete exegesis Genesis lies outside the the scope scope of this book, book, but but the the main lies outside of this Genesis lines may be be set set forth here. In In the the Table of the Nations Nations in in lines may forth here. of the in Gen. 10 have a consequence of the announcement in the Gen. 10 we have of consequence the earth. Gen. 9 regarding the covenant with the earth. This the new covenant 9 regarding the earth earth covenant shows its its effectiveness effectiveness in of the the filling in the covenant filling of with a multitude multitude of the nations. nations. The joy joy of of the the Creator Creator has of the with won out out over over his his sadness cf. Acts Acts I17: 7: 26). sadness and wrath ( 26). The (cf. 19 19
.

world of ofnations nations is is the the result result of ofthe the peace peace made made with with man man world

after the the Flood. Flood. The nations nations are are simultaneously simultaneously signs signs of of God's God's will will to to The of double this from peace and of His judgment. It is from this double point of is It His of and point judgment. peace view that that the the nations nations will will be be considered, considered, again again and and again, again, view in the the whole whole Old Old Testament. Testament. The The key key to to understanding understanding in put into into our our hands hands in in Gen. Gen. 10 IO this ambivalent ambivalent assessment assessment is is put this and n. I 1. They They contain contain the the reflection reflection of of Israel Israel on on the the probproband of the the nations nations (or (or the the heathen) heathen) and and the the fundamental fundamental lem of lem kerygma regarding the nations. nations. the kerygma regarding of the the Tower Tower of of Babel Babel does does not not Nevertheless, the the story story of Nevertheless, of List of the carry the same weight as does that of the List of Nations, that does as Nations, the same weight carry of language language and the the dispersion dispersion over over because the the confusion confusion of because the whole whole earth earth are are counterbalanced counterbalanced by by the the call call of of AbraAbrathe and the the election election of of Israel. Israel. Even in in the the choice choice of of ham and the Tower of words Gen. Gen. 12 I2: 1-3 1-3 recalls recalls the the story story of ofthe of Babel. Babel. words The promise promise to to Abraham reflects reflects both both the the salvation salvation of of God The but (Gen. 10) and the judgment of (Gen. u), salvaof God the and n), (Gen. judgment (Gen. 10) (cf. "him "him who curses you", singular, singular, with tion prevails prevails (cf. curses you", tion "those bless you", you", plural). plural). "Salvation judgment "Salvation and judgment "those who bless the attitude are into history by God, and by the attitude into are now brought God, by by history brought in history, taken will perform that God will this work that toward this taken toward history, perform in for judgment men shall the decision decision made for shall determine determine the judgment or salvation." salvation. (Von E.T., Genesis.) Genesis.) Mose, p. 133; E.T., Rad, Ii Mose, p. I33; (Von Rad, the central and It to see an analogy between the central see to is possible It is analogy possible 12: decisive allotted to Abraham in Gen. I 2 : 3 in to allotted decisive part 3 and the part story in Gen. 2: r6 and I7. In the one, Man's answer the 16 in Gen. 2: one, 17. story (Adam=Man=humanity) to God's commandment conto God's Man ^humanity) (Adam his evil decided his of good and evil cerning the tree of knowledge of the tree of knowledge good cerning from then life that from it becomes clear that becomes clear the other in the other it life and and future, future, in the have the will have on one's to Abraham will with regard attitude with one's attitude regard to in actions in same that God's God's actions This implies decisive meaning. same decisive implies that meaning. This history to the the to Abraham Abraham (that in fulfilling His promise is, to (that is, history in promise to fulfilling His of the lives people in the lives of a critical critical function function in of Israel) Israel) perform people of perform a disobedience all and disobedience other words, obedience and all peoples. In other words, obedience peoples. In those of those towards are judged the background towards God God are against the background of judged against is an interaction people's an interaction Israel. There There is attitude towards towards Israel. people's attitude
after
:

3'

20 20

(which cannot be fully fully proved proved exegetically, but which cannot be (which exegetically, but can be be derived derived theologically theologically and anthropologically) becan anthropologically) between Gen. I-I2 the remainder remainder of 1-12 and the the Old Testament; of the Testament; the history of Israel the elaboration has been the is the Israel is of what has elaboration of history of related in in Gen. Gen. I - I I; Gen. I -I I turn is reflection i ; Gen. related i-i i-i i in its turn is a a reflection in its of Israel's history. history. Any Any anthropology the Bible of Israel's Bible based on the anthropology based will therefore have have to to take take seriously the portrait portrait of will therefore of both the seriously both Man as as painted painted in in Gen. Gen. I -I i r and Israel's reaction to i-i to God's God's Israel's reaction action. action. An obvious obvious illustration illustration of of the is the data in Gen. 10-12 is data in Gen. ro-12
Ps. Ps. 87. 87.

Here the jerusalem, the the city is celecelethe greatness ofJerusalem, of God, God, is greatness of city of brated. This This greatness greatness she she derives derives from the the fact she is is brated. that she fact that the the city city of God. But as as the the city city of of God she she is the same is at of God. at the
to time the native city all nations. nations. They the native not only They come not only to city of all but they they have have their their domicile, but their citizenship, domicile, their citizenship, their birthright birthright there. there. As pars pars pro pro toto their find Egypt toto we find Egypt (Rahab) Babylon, Philistia, Philistia, Tyre, Ethiopia (Rahab) and Babylon, Tyre, and Ethiopia In the the history history of of Israel Israel most most of these nations nations named. In of these appear as as constant arch-enemies oflsrael Israel's God. constant arch-enemies of Israel and Israel's appear In an imposing statement from God's God's own mouth (verse (verse imposing statement it is are all at home in in the 4), is declared that they they are the city all at declared that city of 4), it is declared of God is declared God. In In an unequivocal unequivocal way way the the law of to be binding binding on the the nations. nations. They have their their origin and to be origin and They have destiny wherewith Yahweh loves Jerusalem loves Jerusalem in the the same love love wherewith destiny in Israel. This This universal universal love love is the glad glad in the is answered in and Israel. God an round-dance of the nations nations within within the the city round-dance of the city of God: ecumenical vision which which was was granted in worship, Israel in to Israel ecumenical vision worship, granted to of as reminder of of the the universal universal lordship as a reminder goodness of lordship and goodness Israel's God. This song song must must have been of of great Israel's God. This great signifisignificance, particularly for the strangers into for the cance, particularly incorporated into strangers incorporated Israel.] Israel.]

this this city, city,

3 Election 3. Election
of the If -I I the background background of history of the of the the history i forms forms the If Gen. i-i Gen. I of patriarchs, the the latter latter in turn forms background of its turn the background in its forms the patriarchs, in Exodus. the history of Israel begins in Exodus. the Israel which begins history of 21 21

That the the call call of ofAbraham Abraham (and (and thus thus Implicitly implicitly that that of of That the to revelation God's Israel) must be seen in the light of God's revelation to the of the In seen be must light Israel) nations, is is especially especially to to be be gleaned gleaned from from Gen. Gen. 12:3. I 2: 3 nations, heir the [Paul names Abraham in Rom. 4: 13 the heir of of the the in Rom. Abraham names 13 4: [Paul Gen. world, and the meeting with Melchizedek, Gen. 14: 18-24, with the and 18-245 Melchizedekj 14: world, meeting is connected connected in in Heb. Heb. 7 7 with with the the universal universal priesthood priesthood of of is Christ. The The important important declaration declaration of of Gen. Gen. 12: I 2: 3 3 is is interinterChrist. preted in the New Testament as a a proinise of ofsalvation salvation for for preted in the New Testament as promise all peoples, peoples, and and placed placed in in a a Ghristological Christological light light (Gal. (Gal. 3: 3: all 8, r6, 29).] 8,16,29).] The great great importance importance of ofthis this declaration declaration is is being being admitadmitThe ted more more and and more. more. Abraham and his his descendants descendants will will ted draw the the attention attention of of the the nations nations to to themselves themselves and make draw them eager eager to to share share in in his his blessings. blessings. The act act of cif election election of cif them Abraham (and (and implicitly implicitly of cif Israel) Israel) coincides coincides with with the the promise promise or or Abraham * 14 H. EL prospect of blessing for the nations. nations.1 H. Rowley Rowley (among (among prospect of blessing for the of universal others) has pointed out in detail this universal meaning of this detail in out has meaning pointed others) 15 5 in the election election of of Israel. IsraeJ.l One might Inight differ differ with him in the opinion as to the motive for Israel's election: election: he supposes supposes opinion as to the motive for Israel's fit for for the that chose Israel because Israel Israel was most fit Israel because that God chose task,lS task. 16 in basis present It is no specific that there there is to me that It seems seems to present in specific basis the the declaration. In fact, this declaration. for this itself for Testament itself fact, the the Old Old Testament 17 Emopposite is set forth: Deut. 7: 6-8, Amos 9: 7P forth: set is often often y. 6-8, 9 7 opposite that phatically and rightly, however, Rowley maintains that phatically and rightly, however, Rowley the of election service". "The purpose for service". "election for is "election election is purpose of the the is withheld the service is election the service is service, election is service, and when the 18 18 This does fails." election This does therefore fails." its meaning, loses its election loses meaning, and therefore the abandons the His part not on His God on that God not mean, part abandons however, that mean, however, election on this this election election; the contrary. on the emphasis on election; on Special emphasis contrary. Special on his basic basic study for in his Vriezen in G. Vriezen Th. C. is made made by for service service is study on by Th. the Old Old Testament; the to the Israel according of Israel the election election of Testament; according to 9 Die Testament. 19 Alien Testament.1 dem Alten nach dem Israels nach Die Erwahlung Erwahlung Israels instance the first first instance in the The is not not concerned concerned in Testament is The Old Old Testament least and of of a certainty of salvation, and least to the foundations a of foundations the to lay salvation, certainty lay fact of the to but of certainty of salvation, but to place the fact of of a personal ofall all a salvation, place personal certainty in the as the people of God in the right light: [Israel's] existence God of as the existence light: right people [Israel's]
.
.

22 22

this privilege this

privilege has has not not been been extended extended to to Israel Israel that that she she might might

apart from from the the nations, nations, so so a commission. commission. Election Election sets sets Israel Israel apart a that she she might might in in a a special special way way serve serve God and and reveal reveal Ms his that glory and lordship lordship on on earth earth and in in the the end bring bring the the whole whole glory 10 Election has has no no goal goal in in itself, itself, but but only only world to to God 20 . Election . world 21 of God. God.n the Kingdom Kingdom of the
.

but that that she she might might recognize recognize it it as as become infatuated infatuated by by it, it, but become

in the significance that the the word election choice in the Old election and choice significance that in Testament, whenever it refers to Israel, is always used in is Testament, whenever it refers to Israel, always used called is never the active, never in the passive form: Israel is never called Israel the active, never in the passive form: 23 hahiir, "chosen aa bah&r, "chosen". as subelection as Israel not so subof divine the object divine election Israel is is not so much the object of elecject in the service asked for by God on the ground of electhe in the asked for service ground by ject is not there is that there tion. it this this way: one could could put tion. Perhaps way: that Perhaps one put it because service election but rather election because of service. election but rather service through election 0/*service. through Therefore Therefore election election is is not not primarily privilege but a primarily a privilege election can is refused, responsibility. If the the responsibility refused, election responsibility. If responsibility is even for divine punishment: the motiye divine for even become the only motiye punishment: "You only I will will have of the the earth, I known of have I all the families of of all the families earth, therefore therefore I thereIt is punish you for all your iniquities" (Amos 3: 2). It is thereall for punish you your iniquities" (Amos 3 2). the Old of the fore a misjudgment declarations of the clear fore a of the clear declarations rnisjudgment of Israel nation Israel Testament of the the nation the election election of from the Testament to to derive derive from for any national concept, much less any sanction for a "master less sanction national any any concept, 24 The Old Testament is all at all race" Testament is not at race" or or nationalism. nationalism. 24 of concerned of descent, unity of territory of concerned with with purity descent, unity territory or purity culture, or the like. The emphasis in the Old Testament the in or like. the culture, emphasis
35
.
:

reproach from from the the neo-Hindu neo-Hindu side?) side?) : "We do do not not like like a reproach God who has has favourite favourite peoples peoples and favourite favourite persons." persons." As a a matter matter of of fact, fact, the the idea idea that that the the divine divine deed of of the to election is to be explained as favouritism belongs to the election is to be explained as favouritism belongs 22 It is therefore of great great sin, the the apostasy apostasy of of Israel. Israel. 22 therefore of great It is great sin,
:

It seems seems to to me of of the the highest highest importance importance to to take take careful careful It note of of the the specific specific meaning meaning and and import import of of the the word elecele&note tUm. As & Vriezen Vriezen and Rowley Rowley both both demonstrate demonstrate convincconvinction. ingly, it it has has no no connection connection with with favouritism, favouritism, and there there is is ingly, often therefore no no ground ground for for the the reproach reproach still still often heard therefore within the the younger younger Churches Churches of of Asia Asia (an. (an echo echo of of the the within

23

never lies lies upon upon Israel Israel as as a a people, people, but but only only upon upon Israel Israel as as never m 25 the People People of of God. God. the election of of Israel Israel is is a a matter matter of of divine divine Initiative initiative The election which has has as as its its goal goal the the recognition recognition of of God by by all all nations nations which over the the whole whole world. world. The way way to to this this goal goal Is is the the theocracy theocracy over of Israel; Israel; the the means means is is Israel's Israel's separation separation from from the the other other of peoples. peoples.
26 116

While the the emphasis emphasis Is is laid laid during during the the whole history history of While Israel on her her necessity necessity to to be be separate, separate, this this must never never be Israel an expression of Old Testament "particuexplained as "particuexpression of explained as larism", but but as as the the adherence adherence to to the the conditio conditio sine sine qua qua non rum for for larism", as the forerunner the maintenance of theocracy in Israel as the forerunner Israel the maintenance of theocracy in for the the lordship lordship of of God over over the the whole world. world. for B. Y. Scott has given of Exod. [The exegesis which R. has B. Y. Scott R. given of [The exegesis 27 27 In the at this I 9: 6, is especially enlightening at this point. the point. 19: 6, is especially enlightening
all previous verse verse (verse (verse 5) 5) the the right right of of possession possession of all previous be . . peoples by Yahweh is underlined: ". . shall my is ". . you shall underlined: you peoples by for all own possession possession among among all all peoples; peoples; for all the the earth earth is is

shall be you shall be to mine." Verse Verse 6 6 says: says: "And you to me a kingdom mine." kingdom does not of priests and a a holy holy nation." nation!' This does not mean that that of priests Israel shall be a people people that that is entirely of priests, is made up shall be Israel up entirely priests, in the as a people but that that Israel Israel shall priestly role role as people in the fulfil a priestly shall fulfil but in the midst of the the peoples; peoples; she represents God in the world world of she represents midst of is as a people Israel as nations. What priests are for for a people, nations. people is people, Israel priests are world. for the world. for the is "particularistic", in No doubt the the Old Testament is "particularistic", in the to are confined sense the service confined to sense that salvation and the service of God are that salvation is the instruinstrupeople; but this "particularism" is one special this special people; "particularism" ment for the world. the universal ends of of God with with the world. Therefor the universal ends Is unsuited task and fore particularism is the word particularism the task fore the unsuited to to define define the place of Israel. It arouses misunderstandings and associaassociaof Israel. It arouses place misunderstandings tions with isolationism, tions separatism, individualism. To my individualism. isolationism, separatism, way of thinking we will do best to discard the scheme of the of will best to discard way thinking particularism and universalism in the light of the theology universaHsm in the the of theology light particularism 28 of the the Old Testament Testament in in our our days. days. 28 as Exod. 19: Alongside declarations such as 6, we might 19 6, might Alongside of declarations oftfurther g6, 100, I 17, etc. The oftfurther cite cite such as 67, etc. such Psalms as 67, 96, 100, 117, 24 24
:

used term term "holy" used as a a designation for Israel Israel also also points in "holy" as designation for points in this direction. direction. By this is meant meant not not an an ethical ethical By "holy" "holy" (qadhOs) (qddhbs) is a relation quality relation with with God; consecrated (and thus quality but a God; consecrated (and thus 2 ] also separated) for a a special also service.211 separated) for special service. ]

The .Nations Nations 4 4. The


If the the election election of If of Abraham, i.e. Israel, is to to have a unihave a uniAbraham, i.e. Israel, is it it for for the the world world of of is that nations is that they nations described as as "peoples they can be described "peoples whom Yahweh does does not not know". The designation is "nations" is designation "nations" identical with "heathen"; identical in other other words, the designation "heathen"; in words, the designation "nations" (gqyyim) does not not have a political have a or national, (goyyim) does national, political or 30 30 but a religious meaning. religious meaning. is not possible here It is It to treat treat in in broad broad outline outline the the place possible here to place and meaning of the nations in the Old Testament. the nations in the it Testament. But But it meaning is worth while here here to is to assemble assemble the the results results of of research research in in statements. a few statements. (i) does not not state state that that the the election election (i) The Old Testament does of Israel means the of Israel the rejection rejection of nations. The fact of the the nations. fact that that the the Old Testament Testament knows nothing nothing of of the the passive passive definition definition (that Israel Israel is is the the chosen chosen people), people), but but the the active announceactive announce(that ment that that Yahweh chooses, chooses, makes it it impossible impossible to to speak speak of the the nations nations as as "rejected". "rejected". And this this never never occurs occurs in in the the Old Testament. Testament. (ii) The nations nations come into into view view variously variously in in the the Old (ii) but Testament, but always in their relation to Israel as the people in their relation to as Israel the Testament, always people of God. It It is is out out of of the the question, question, then, then, to to speak speak of of a a uniuniform judgment judgment on the the nations; nations; on the the contrary, contrary, it it is is a of their always question of their concrete relation to Israel. In other concrete relation to Israel. In other always question words, the the distinction distinction between between Israel Israel and and the the nations nations is is words, 31 31 In exclusively connected with God's dealings. In principle, connected with God's exclusively dealings. principle, then, the the possibility possibility is is always always open open for for reception reception into into Israel Israel then, as the people people of of God God and and for for sharing sharing in in the the salvation salvation and and as the of Israel. blessing of Israel. blessing (iii) Often, Often, particularly particularly in in the the historical historical books books of of the the (iii) Old Old Testament, Testament, the the nations nations are are a a threat threat to to Israel Israel in in politics politics and and a a temptation temptation in in respect respect to to religion. religion. Whenever Whenever Israel Israel
versal purpose, versal the consequence of purpose, the consequence of

25 25

cannot withstand withstand the the temptation temptation to to consort consort with with the the gods gods cannot of the the nations, nations, and and whenever whenever it it has has let let itself itself be be yoked yoked with with of them, it it has has lost lost its its sense sense and and right right of of existence, existence, and has has them, been threatened threatened and and conquered conquered by by them. them. This This is is the the way way been the judgment judgment of of Yahweh works: works: He punishes punishes Israel Israel for for her her the infidelity and and uses uses the the nations nations as as His His instrument. instrument. infidelity (iv) The nations nations are are witnesses witnesses of of Yahweh's deeds deeds in in (iv) Israel. This This is is their their most most prominent prominent function. function. In God's Israel. dealings with with Israel, Israel, however, however, they, they, too, too, are are summoned dealings to recognize recognize the the God of of Israel Israel as as the the God of of the the whole to existence of of other other gods gods was was never never theoretically theoretically earth. The existence earth. denied; in in the the light light of of Yahweh's Yahweh's deeds, deeds, however, however, they they are are denied; unimportant and and powerless. powerless. That God's God's dealings dealings with unimportant Israel directlv directlv concern concern the the nations nations comes comes explicitly explicitly and Israel clearly to to light light in in the the Psalms Psalms (e.g. (e.g. 22: 28, 24: 24: i, I, 33: 33: 8, 22: 28, 8, clearly
etc. etc.). 7, 67, 67, 87,93-100, etc.). 117, etc. 87, 93-100, 117, 7, of a a psalm psalm of the nations, nations, Psalm 67, 67, is is [The opening of of the [The opening quite plain in in this this regard; regard; Israel Israel prays: "May God be quite plain prays: "May face to us [Israel] bless us, his face to gracious to to us us, and make his gracious [Israel] and bless shine upon us, us, that that thy thy way way may may be be known upon upon earth, shine upon earth, thy saving power among I-2). The all nations" nations" (verses thy among all saving power (verses 1-2). conclusion is still shorter pregnant (verse is still conclusion shorter and more pregnant 7) (verse 7): fear earth fear "God has has blessed blessed us; us; let let all all the the ends the earth of the ends of elseis found in him!"* The same thought thought is 17 and elsePs. I in Ps. 117 where.] where.] are also The nations nations are also created created (Ps. 86 g) 9) and summoned (Ps. 86: their relation by relation to to Israel to recognize) the the Israel to to praise by their praise (i.e. (i.e. to recognize) God of the whole earth earth (Exod. g: 5, Deut. 32: 8, Psalms 19: 32: 8, (ExocL I 5, Deut. passim). passim). the(v) the nations nations of of Yahweh, Yahweh, the(v) The recognition recognition by by the of Israel, as as the God oflsrael, the God of of the the earth is anticipated by the earth is anticipated by the of the the prophets, message involve the the nations nations most message of prophets, who involve intensively in their their preaching. is this regard there is intensively in preaching. In this regard there 32 3 complete in all all the the prophets. complete unanimity unanimity in prophets. 2 The question question in Israel Israel and in in the the world of in of nations is not nations is not the the existence, existence,
:
:

47:8,48: IO, 66: 66: 8, 48: 10, 47:

* The Dutch version version reads" reads ". * ... that that all all the of the fear the ends ends of the earth earth may may fear him", Dr. Blauw has has underlined underlined "that". "that". him", and Dr.
.
.

26 26

33 The but the the presence presence of of God. God.33 The active active presence presence of of God God is is but 34 the problem of world history. s4 the problem of world history. It is is no no coincidence coincidence that that in in the the prophetic prophetic books books of of the the It Old Testament Testament the the nations nations come come to to the the fore fore so so frequently frequently Old in a a different different perspective perspective from from that that in in the the historical historical in 35 35 books. It It is is in in the the light light of of the the exile exile that that the the special special task task books. and place place of of Israel Israel in in the the world world of of nations nations becomes becomes plain. plain. and In every every case case the the downfall downfall of oflsrael not the the downfall downfall Israel means not In of the "national" god, as is considered self-evident among self-evident of the "national" god, as is considered among a all the nations, because Israel's God is not a local divinity, is local not all the nations, because Israel's divinity, but the the Creator Creator of of heaven heaven and earth. earth. The promised promised but restoration of of Israel, Israel, according according to to Ezekiel, Ezekiel, has has the the same restoration motive as had the downfall oflsrael: you (Israel, the and Israel: the downfall of motive as you (Israel, the

that I I am Yahweh. The prevalent prevalent nations) shall shall know that nations) here finds judgment on the nations in the Testament finds here Testament in the nations Old the judgment its basis unity. and its basis unity. (vi) The recognition recognition of of Yahweh by by the the nations nations is is (vi) and as summons usually set forth as imperative the future as summons and the as forth future imperative usually set as promise. promise. This This summons is is the the meaning meaning of Israel's history history of Israel's as the and the contents of her liturgy. During the whole history her of the contents and history liturgy. During 36 It is at all. all. 36 It if at little if of Israel this comes to realization realization little is comes to Israel this of that so ordinarily expressed in this way so that the universal this in way ordinarily expressed is Israel's history, the Old Testament, character of Israel's of the character of history, is Testament, of 37 This eschatology is 37 to is brought eschatologically defined. to This defined. brought eschatology eschatologically bear of Israel the return Israel from exile, return of exile, as the bear especially especially on the immediate return will will be an evidence that this return But this immediate goal. goal. But Israel's God is indeed the only living the is indeed Israel's God, an evidence only living God, that must convince the nations. the nations. convince must that is often often connected with This eschatological outlook (vii) outlook is (vii) This eschatological 38 33 this the expectation of the Messiah. At the point the Messiah. of the expectation point where this the universal expectation of salvation comes out in the salvation of universal expectation and prophets, there is living reminder of God's power and a is a there power living prophets, right as Creator (notably in the so-called so-called Deutero-Isaiah). Deutero-Isaiah), right as Creator (notably in the
Conclusions 5 and Conclusions Summary and 5. Summary
refar rethus far said thus have said If we have what we summarize what If we may may summarize and garding the universal point of departure and purport for of universal the purport for departure point garding

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universalism in in the the universalism

Old Testament Testament in in general, general, we we cannot cannot Old than quote quote the the words words of ofone one of ofthe the few few systematic systematic do better better than do theologians who have have given given attention attention to to the the problem problem that that theologians confronts us, us, Karl Karl Earth: Barth: confronts
history of of Israel Israel in in her her totality totality and in in her her context context is is The history it makes Testament it ununiversal prophecy. For the Testament Old For the universal prophecy. mistakably clear, clear, again again and and again, again, that that it it is is precisely precisely the the mistakably covenant of of Yahweh with with a a unique unique Israel, Israel, of of Israel Israel with with a covenant unique God ... ... far far from from being being an end in in itself, itself, far far from unique has up in in this this particular particular relationship relationship-has getting one one wrapped wrapped up getting relathe for meaning, revelation, real dynamic import for the relaand real dynamic import meaning, revelation, tion between between God and all all peoples, peoples, men men of of all all peoples. peoples. tion

While Earth Barth lays lays emphasis emphasis on the the prophetic prophetic character character of of While the Old Old Testament Testament "as "as an an accurate accurate example example and adequate adequate the prefiguration of of the the prophecy prophecy of ofJesus jesus Christ", Christ", we saw the the prefiguration accent in in Exod. Exod. 19: 5-6 lying lying on the the priestly priest!J character character of accent 19: 5-6 Israel. in regard regard to to the the universal universal character character of conclusion in Our conclusion Israel has as follows: the Testament can then read read as follows: Israel can then the Old Old Testament to be preacher in her her election election by by Yahweh to preacher and been called called in been example, priest for the nations. nations. for the example, prophet prophet and priest is a sign Israel is The active presence of in Israel of God in active presence sign and guarantee the presence the world: in the world and the His presence of His presence presence in guarantee of of the of to the a continuing the nations nations of is thus thus a Israel is of Israel continuing appeal appeal to world. world. of We recall are speaking in this this chapter recall that that in only of chapter we are speaking only the of the the missionary of the not (yet) character ofthe universal and not the universal missionary character (yet) of Old Testament. not It is, of great Testament. It is, however, however, of significance, not great significance, only also for for a "theology of Inissions", a "theology but also for a missions", but only for "theology of "theology of the Church", call to to Inind mind this this universal of the to call universal Church", constantly constantly to task task of of Israel Israel in in and for the world. for the case an introworld. In any introany case is tempted to verted verted Church, itself the the consider itself Church, which is tempted to consider goal of the the purposes of God, never make appeal to God, can never goal of purposes of appeal to Israel, in the the light of the the Old Testament Testament kerygma. Israel, in light of kerygma. Can an extroverted extroverted "theology of Inissions" missions" do so? so? To "theology of this question this seek an answer in the answer in the following question we must seek following chapter. chapter.
Israel.
:

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CHAPTER 2

THE OLD TESTAMENT MESSAGE OF UNIVERSALISM AS A MISSIONARY MESSAGE

HILE THERE IS IS BROAD AGREEMENT AS TO THE trend toward universalism universalism in the Old Testament, trend toward in the Testament, great differences arise whenever one proceeds from this this great differences arise whenever proceeds universalism to to the the missionary universalism commission. intention and commission. missionary intention In earlier Testayears the the thought thought of mission in earlier years in the the Old Testaof mission often seen the end end result result of proment was often extended proseen as as the of an extended decess of development: assumed to have deto have cess of Yahweh was development: Israelitic folk-god to a God veloped gradually from an to Israelitic veloped gradually folk-god of the nations and to to a world-God; world-God; the writing the other other nations the writing of thought to have fulfilled an prophets, especially, were fulfilled were to thought prophets, especially, to important function. monotheism was thought function. Thus monotheism was thought to important as a the have had universalism universalism as a consequence; and the idea consequence; of mission was thought thought in in its turn to to have its turn have emerged of mission emerged from 1 1 universalism. universalism. In more recent recent years years much criticism has been levelled levelled In criticism has against assumption. Some people such an assumption. observe monoagainst such people observe of the theism already already present present in in Moses Moses and thus the germ the theism thus the germ of 2 In this monoidea of mission mission as as well. well. 2 this way the scheme of of the idea of way theism-universalism-mission to be maintained; maintained; continues to theism-universalism-mission continues likewise the the idea that the the goal of the missionary idea of the idea that and likewise missionary idea goal was gradually attained. Moses has sometimes even been attained. was gradually 3 considered to be be the the first first missionary. missionary. 3 considered to ascent from It to me that that the the idea idea of this gradual of this It occurs occurs to gradual ascent the and the idea idea polytheism via monotheism to universalism to universalism polytheism via that if one assumes that the of mission mission can can be be maintained maintained only only if the of idea of of mission mission can be be gleaned gleaned from a process process of growth in idea growth in

W WHILE

I. and Mission Mission /. Universalism Universalism and

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Israel's religion. But it seems to glean seems to But it to me impossible glean impossible to from the the Old Testament. Testament. We are are not not therefore therefore obliged obliged to to climb the ladder ladder of of climb the polytheism-monotheism-universalism in order to come out in to out order polytheism-monotheism-universalism finally at at the the highest highest rung, rung, that that of the idea mission. of the idea of of mission. finally The prophetic-priestly-royal prophetic-priestly-royal character Israel as as a character of of Israel people of the election is established fact from the beginis an fact the of the election established beginpeople ning, and it it is is an an obsolete obsolete notion notion to that the the idea think that to think idea of ning, a universal universal call call could emerge only a the in Israel. Israel. But the late in could emerge only late whole scheme of polytheism-to-monotheism-to-univerof polytheism-to-monotheism-to-universalism-to-the-idea-of-mission the Old is surely forced on the salism-to-the-idea-of-mission is surely forced Testament, and time and again has led us off in the wrong the has us in and time led off Testament, again wrong direction. And, And, in in particular, particular, the postulate is a postulate is direction. the idea idea of of a surely more of a philosophical construct than an exegetical of a construct surely exegetical philosophical 4 In conclusion ?4 In fact, fact, I I think think that that the the conclusion? that if if one assumes assumes that idea of mission mission is postulate of one is up idea of is a a postulate is of universalism, universalism, up a against a very great difficulty in regard to mission. in to mission. against very great difficulty regard What is is this difficulty? Simply this: that while the this difficulty? that while the point Simply this point of departure of the Old Testament is universalistic, of the of is Testament the universalistic, the departure idea of idea mission either occurs on(y sporadical(y or is missing altomission either occurs or is altoof only sporadically missing this case gether. In this can call call the the Old Testament case we can Testament "mis"misgether. if sionary" only if abandon the distinction between we the distinction between sionary" only universalism mission. But But if this, we are universalism and mission. if we do this, are dedepriving ourselves of the distinctive effort of the Old Testaourselves of the distinctive effort of the Testapriving If we direct ment. ment. If thoughts in this chapter exclusive()~ direct our thoughts in this chapter exclusively to to the the missionary missionary character of the character of the Old Testament, will Testament, we will end really by considering only two portions of the Old of the really by considering only two portions Testament. Testament. If If every every declaration universalism in the Old Testadeclaration of of universalism in the Testais called ment is called "missionary", then Isaiah 40-55 the then Isaiah the and "missionary", 40-55 book of ofJonah Jonah are are indisputably indisputably the points of the Old the high of the high points Testament from a missionary missionary point point of view. But But if the of view. if the word "missionary" is confined to the idea of being sent is to confined the idea of sent "missionary" being out out to to the the nations nations with with the the message message of then of salvation, salvation, then these these two portions portions of of Scripture become almost the only almost the Scripture only in passages in support of an idea of mission. But even here idea of mission. even here But passages support there is is no longer longer any any unanimity unanimity because the missionary missionary because the
Israel's religion.

this this

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these passages character of these of Scripture has not not remained remained passages of Scripture has unchallenged. unchallenged. will want to to place We will side by the various views side the various views place side by side these oft-discussed regarding oft-discussed passages of Scripture, in regarding these passages of Scripture, in to draw our conclusions order to order conclusions regarding the character character regarding the and boundaries boundaries of of the the missionary of the the Old missionary message message of Testament.

2. The "Missionary Points" of the Old Testament the Old Testament "Missionary High High Points"

of

A. ISAIAH 40-55 40-55 all those those who have Almost all have been concerned the concerned with with the question of the missionary message of the Old Testament Testament question missionary message of the are agreed the universal universal significance of agreed that the significance and calling calling of is nowhere expressed more clearly than Israel is Israel here. expressed clearly than here. see Moses as Those who see first missionary the Old as the the first in the missionary in of Isa. 40-55 Testament consider consider the the author ofisa. to have been 40-55 to 5 by him, and thus to be continuing Moses's longinspired to thus inspired by him/ continuing Moses's longforgotten work. forgotten and neglected neglected work. see the Those who see the germ of the the Old Testament in in the the germ of divine election election of of Israel divine also recognize recognize in Israel also in Deutero-Isaiah Deutero-Isaiah the the high high point point of of the the doctrine election as as an expression doctrine of of election expression of universalism. 6 G of universalism. of universalism in The prophecies prophecies ofuniversalism 40-55 have been in Isa. Isa. 40-55 discussed to render render repetition repetition of this discussed frequently frequently enough enough to of this 7 7 The strictly missionary prophecies are point unnecessary. point unnecessary, strictly missionary prophecies are to usually confined to Songs of the the Servant of Yahweh, Yahweh, confined two Servant of usually Songs of It is and in these stated 42 : I -7 49: 1-7. It is clearly stated in these passages 42: 1-7 49: 1-7. clearly passages that that the the Servant Servant is is called called to to reveal reveal justice justice to to the the nations nations be as a and to to the (42: I) to as light to the nations (42: 6, 49: 6), 6), nations light (42: i) (42: 6, 49: in in order order that that the the salvation salvation of of God may may reach reach to to the the end of of the the earth earth (49 (49: 6) 6). While in in the the remaining remaining passages passages of of Deutero-Isaiah it it is is stated stated only only that that the the world world of of nations nations Deutero-Isaiah will be be taken taken aback aback by by the the restoration restoration of of Israel, Israel, or or that that will the He they are to praise for the liberation to liberation are summoned Yahweh for they praise extends to to Israel, Israel, here here the the Servant Servant directly directly calls calls the the nations nations extends themselves to to salvation. salvation. themselves There is is pretty pretty general general agreement agreement that that the the figure figure of of the the There 31
: .

Servant is is best best conceived conceived of ofneither neither as as a a personification personification of of Servant an individual individual person, person, but but as as a a an as both understood "corporate personality", who can be understood both as be can who "corporate personality", individual and and as as collective. collective. Therefore Therefore there there is is real real justijustiindividual fication for for speaking speaking of of a a missionary missionary calling calling of Israel. Israel. fication the Servant) Israel is is called called (under (under the the figure figure of ofthe Servant) to to bring bring Israel nations. the to a justice to the nations and to be a light to the nations. be to and nations the to light justice Certainly the the charge charge to to mission mission can can be be formulated formulated no no Certainly Israel exclusively, exclusively, nor nor as as Israel

of

more clearly, clearly, and and one one of of the the exegetes exegetes rightly rightly observes: observes: more "The objections objections raised raised against against an an exegesis exegesis of of Isa. Isa. 42 42 and and "The estimation 49 which which imply imply mission mission activity activity are are in in my estimation valid valid 49 only if if we make a a consistent consistent attempt attempt to to elucidate elucidate the the only Servant of of the the Lord Lord as as an individual individual (and (and eschatological) eschatological) Servant 8 This expresses the opinion of of most exegetes. exegetes. But figure."8 figure." This expresses the opinion quite recently recently there there has has been proposed proposed another exegesis exegesis quite 9 that of these very passages. For Martin-Achard argues9 that Martin-Achard argues of these very passages. the of Servant the even in these statements regarding the the even in these statements regarding unithan farther Lord the Old Testament does not go any farther uniTestament does not go any Lord the

versalistic versalistic

is no question preaching; according according to to him there there is question preaching; to here of any preaching in the world, any going out to the the here of any preaching in world, any going but nations, nor of any commission to them, only to them, only of a nations, nor of any commission Israel's existence that remains confined to Israel's existence and witness to confined witness that remains suffering in the midst of the nations. the nations. of in midst the suffering Let Martin-Achard's conclusion concerning us quote Let us concerning quote Martin-Achard's I sa. 42 and 49 and Deutero-Isaiah Deutero-Isaiah in general: Isa. general: 49 42

in the is not missionary The message Deutero-Isaiah is of Deutero-Isaiah missionary in message of issue does ordinary sense of this word; his preaching does not issue in his this sense of word; preaching ordinary to range Israel to invite Israel proselytism. not invite does not range prophet does proselytism. The prophet raison the to repentance. call the heathen to the heathen to call the world world to repentance. The raison testiits d' etre of is to exist; its presence gives is to of the the chosen chosen people d'etre exist; presence gives testipeople that all mony to the divinity of Yahweh, its all that its life life proclaims of to the Yahweh, proclaims divinity mony exists Israel exists of Israel God The mission mission of for the the world. world. The is for and for for it it and God is His gifts in the glory of God God by in reflecting along gifts along by accepting reflecting the accepting His glory of with by beholding the whole singular the whole His judgments; with His singular judgments; by beholding earth heaven and and earth fortune discovers heaven the chosen ofthe chosen people, one discovers fortune of people, one of mediator mediator and the function exercises the function of their Maker. Maker. Israel Israel exercises and their to Him over Him she points them back back to the nations; over against nations; she against the points them

32 32

whom she she has has to to thank thank for is their their light for everything. She is light everything. She because Israel Israel has has been been lit lit by by God's in a special because a special in God's glory glory manner. While Deutero-Isaiah preaches comfort manner. to his his comfort to Deutero-Isaiah preaches brethren, he he is proclaiming that their glorious is also return also proclaiming that their brethren, glorious return testifies to the unique greatness greatness ofYahweh. marvel by testifies to the unique of Yahweh. The marvel by publicizes the the glory of her God to the the which Israel which Israel lives lives publicizes her to of glory whole world. whole world. fortune of the world world ultimately ultimately hangs The fortune of the the upon the hangs upon the midst midst of the nations; nations; living existence Israel in existence of of Israel in the of the living by by Yahweh, the the chosen people lives That is the chosen people is the for mankind. mankind. That lives for Yahweh, missionary perspective which which becomes becomes visible in the the visible in missionary perspective 10 declarations of declarations of Deutero-Isaiah. Deutero-Isaiah. 10

B. BooK OF oF JONAH JoNAH B. THE BOOK like Jonah, like Deutero-Isaiah, often been termed the the has often Deutero-Isaiah, has Jonah, missionary high point of the Old Testament. It is a is the It of a Testament. missionary high point to the the book of of Esther Esther (an ultra-particuwelcome contrast contrast to (an ultra-particularistic document). document). laristic Although personally personally I I believe believe that this point point of that this of view Although tends the significance of the book, the to exaggerate the at the tends to the book, at exaggerate significance same time time it it is is difficult difficult to to deny deny that that Jonah breathes an breathes Jonah uncommonly universal spirit. But about a missionary what universal But uncommonly missionary spirit. spirit? spirit? Most of of the exegetes are are unanimous in judgment the judgment in the the exegetes the about Jonah, Jonah, too. too. Here, Here, as far as they are are concerned, as far as they about concerned, the is in this missionary ideal is proclaimed unambiguously, and in this ideal missionary proclaimed unambiguously, Israel is toward her proper proper calling in the the is directed book Israel directed toward calling in world. The book is is levelled levelled against Jewish religious and world. against Jewish religious for nationalistic exclusivism thus a straight-out nationalistic is thus exclusivism and is straight-out plea plea for 11 The assumption is is also also mission among among the the heathen. heathen. 11 mission assumption frequently made that that the the writer writer is the book is dependent dependent on the frequently 12 2 of Deutero-Isaiah. Deutero-Isaiah.l of 13 13 But both at earlier period recently, at an earlier But others, others, both period and more recently, to the deny that the is with the commission to is concerned with the book that concerned deny salvation. proclaim to all nations the message of salvation. The the to all nations message proclaim opposition to a aJewish consists only, exclusivism consists according only, according Jewish exclusivism opposition to to this this view, view, in in accentuating the infinite and ample mercy the infinite to ample mercy accentuating of Yahweh. Martin-Achardu the associates himself with the Martin-Achard 14 associates of c c 33 33

ideas of the the Roman Catholic A, Feuillet, Catholic theologian, ideas of Feuillet, who theologian. A. as a humiliating prefers to understand to understand Jonah Jonah as prefers to humiliating sermon to narrow-minded Jews; Jews; nothing nothing more. It It cannot for mission the that a real plea mission to to the cannot be denied that a real be denied plea for heathen is at most is lacking in the book of it can only ofJonah; most it Jonah; at only lacking in the be deduced from the the book. book.

C. C. AGGRAVATION OF THE PROBLEM Now with the for the the idea idea of in the chief chief witnesses witnesses for of mission mission in the Old Testament-Deutero-Isaiah and Jonah-no the Testament Deutero-Isaiah Jonah no longer the conclusion led to are we not not led to the conclusion longer above suspicion, suspicion, are that abandon the Old Testament as that we had best the as a source source best the Biblical for for the Biblical foundation still is there foundation of mission? Or is there still of mission? in the conflicting some suggestion of a common conviction in the of conviction suggestion conflicting testimony that can open conviction that the way testimony of exegesis, exegesis, a conviction way open the to a solution solution of this difficult I believe to of this I difficult question? will believe we will question? well to to separate two do well two issues. issues. separate it seems to to me that that First, that both sides are agreed sides are First, it agreed that the whole never in the never in whole period period of of the the Old Testament there there Testament was was deliberate missionary any deliberate missionary activity. those who hold hold any activity. Even those fast fast to to a a missionary missionary interpretation interpretation of of Deutero-Isaiah Deutero-Isaiah and is for Jonah recognize recognize that that the the concern concern is for commissions commissions and Jonah which promises will be realized onlyinthefoture. the will be realized in the promises only future. During During the Old Testament period period no one one could mission as as an at mission could arrive arrive at act act of of going going out out for for proclamation proclamation among among the the nations. nations. If the If the Old Testament has has become acquainted with the idea of the idea with of acquainted mission mission in in the the narrower narrower sense, sense, its realization is is reserved reserved its realization to the future future age. age. So we encounter encounter the the problem problem of the to the of the future future expectation expectation in in the the Old Testament. Testament. that when people people use use Second, we shall shall do well well to to realize realize that Second, the the word "mission "mission" in in contrast contrast to to "universalism" they do do "universalism" they not not always always mean the the same thing. thing. At the the risk risk of of being being the suspected here here of of sophism, sophism, may may I I venture venture to to complete complete the suspected distinction distinction already already made between between "universalism" "universalism" and and "mission" "mission" by by a a further further distinction distinction between between centripetal centripetal and and centrifugal missionary missionary consciousness. consciousness. I I believe believe that that those those centrifugal who advocate and advocate a a missionary missionary exegesis exegesis of ofDeutero-Isaiah Deutero-Isaiah and 34
35

Jonah right in in so so far far as understand that that these these are right as they Jonah are they understand passages of uniof Scripture are concerned than uniwith more concerned with more than passages Scripture are versalism as as defined On the the other hand, I I versalism i defined in in Chapter other hand, Chapter 1. believe that those who reject reject such missionary exegesis that those believe such a missionary exegesis right in so far far as as they they understand understand that are right in so is no are that there there is thought of mission in the Old Testament in the centrifugal Testament in the centrifugal thought of mission in the sense in which it it comes to to the the fore the New Testament. sense in in the Testament. fore in
.

3 3.

Character of The Character the Old Testament Expectation for for Testament Expectation of the the Future the Future

The Old Testament Testament might might be as the the book characterized as be characterized of the the expectation oflsrael. The content of this expectation of of Israel. content of this expectation expectation is none other is other than than Yahweh Himself (Jer. 8, 17: 13, 14: 8, 17: 13, (Jer. 14:
Ps. 71 50: 7, Ps. 71:15). 5). 50: 7, Yahweh is not, like like the the gods nations, a is not, a other nations, of the the other gods of 15 Therefore He is 15 power of nature, but the God ofhistory. is of but the Therefore of nature, history. power almost never never referred referred to to in in the the Old Testament as almost as "God of gods", as if were the primus inter pares among the gods gods as if He were the inter gods", primus pares among the of is of the rather is the God of Israel. Here, the earth; Israel. rather He the earth; Here, and particularly here, is His special character lies; is His character where lies; He particularly here, special has has entered into a covenant with men, in particular entered into in covenant with men, particular with Israel. oflsrael the God who steps Israel. The God of is the into human Israel is steps into life and thereby thereby makes history. history. This why history is why carries life This is history carries is the it such a great weight in for Israel-because it is the Israel in and for because such a great weight the history of the acts of (cf. e.g. Ps. 78, and the acts Ps. of of Yahweh history (cf. e.g. 78, appeal to the acts of in the past in the prophetic the the to acts of Yahweh in the in prophetic appeal past writings). writings). Israel and conconthis God, the past in the chose Israel From this God, who in past chose cluded a covenant with with Abraham, Abraham, everything is expected is a covenant cluded expected everything is all all expectain well. The Old Testament is as well. in the the future future as expecta16 Because tion.16 actively into history and into history Because Yahweh steps tion. steps actively leads His people, people, therefore therefore people people expect expect everything leads everything from past of of the the acts ofYahweh beHim. The past never really acts of Yahweh thus thus never really becomes past past in in the the sense sense of is of finished finished business. business. The past comes past is active the active never only on?J past; past; it it is is also also a a powerful powerful witness witness for for the never also presence and power power of of Yahweh today, today, and therefore therefore also presence 17 17 a promise promise for future activity. a for Yahweh's future activity.

35 35

In this light we must also view the this light also view the relationship relationship between Israel, as the People of God, on the the the one one hand, Israel, as the People of God, hand, and the nations (heathen), the other. nations other. (heathen), on the In the the past past God created these nations. the work are the created these nations. They They are of His hands (Ps. (Ps. 86: g), they witness to His many-sided of 86: 9), they witness to many-sided wisdom and goodness goodness (Gen. (Gen. g: to His yearning yearning for for 9: 16), 16), to peace as well (Gen. 10: 1, 32), because He blessed the the blessed i, 32), because peace as well (Gen. earth after with a a multitude multitude of earth the flood of peoples. flood with after the peoples. Because the God of of Israel Israel has has been been the the God of nations in in the the the of all all nations past, so also is He in the present and will be in the future. so is also in the future. in the present will past, Because the the God of the Creator not only all Because of Israel of all Israel is is the Creator not only of nations but but also also of of heaven and earth, man and beast, nations beast, earth, reveal Himself Himself in the future therefore will will He reveal therefore Creator in the as Creator future as particularly as Redeemer also and Possessor, the as Redeemer of the also of Possessor, and more particularly whole world. world. whole The salvation reaches out possible salvation of of Yahweh reaches as far far as as possible out as in in time time and space (Gen. 1-n), and it will extend just it will extend space (Gen. i-n), just as far in the as far in the future. future. The past past is is guarantee of the future and the of future guarantee the is confirmation the future future is confirmation of of the the past, because in both in both past, because is the Yahweh is the living, living, the the acting, acting, and the the only God. only Thus we have have just just as to say as much right that Israel's Israel's say that right to is defined future is defined by future by her her past past as that the the appreciation as that of appreciation of her past past is is defined defined by by her her expectation expectation for the future. for the future. In the prophets' prophets' expectation expectation for the perthe future, for the in the future, and in perof spective of the Psalms, get a new view both of creation we a of view both creation Psalms, spective get and ofthe of the world of nations, illumined world ofnations, just as the descripillumined just as the description i is i-i in Gen. I -I I is illumined: by the of the goodness, tion in illumined by the light of the light goodness, the friendship, the blessing blessing of of God. God. friendship, the It is precisely "to "to the It is the uttermost limits their range" range" uttermost of their limits of precisely that the declarations (in the the Psalms declarations (in Psalms and Wisdom literaliterature) concerning creation to bear witness to the creation mean to bear witness to the ture) concerning salvation which Yahweh will salvation will give not only as the God of not as the of give only Israel but as as the the God of of all all that that lives lives and has has breath breath 18 1 (Ps. (Ps. 150). 50). People fallen into into the the common habit of referring habit of People have fallen referring the future But it every expectation for for the future to to "eschatology". it every expectation "eschatology". But seems to to me more correct to keep keep the the word "eschatology" correct to "eschatology"
:

s6 36

for that expectation of really extends to the the for that expectation of Israel Israel which really extends to "eschata", the farthest limits (geographical, historical, the farthest limits (geographical, historical, "eschata", qualitative). in general that Israel's Israel's exexgeneral we can say say that qualitative). So in of pectation of and the God of Israel belongs not to the Yahweh of Israel to belongs not pectation the eschatological expectation, but but Israel's the Israel's expectation of eschatological expectation, expectation of Yahweh as of the the world world of belong as the the God of of nations nations does does belong to eschatology, eschatology, because because here here the to the limits limits are are really overreally overstepped. The sharp distinction from other nations cannot distinction other nations cannot stepped. sharp of the the Old Testament. would run run be rationalized rationalized out out of It would Testament. It be counter the election election of of Israel Israel if were already to the if the the nations counter to nations were already put on a a par par with with Israel the present; present; on the the other hand, Israel in in the other hand, put it would run counter counter to to the the sense purpose of it sense and purpose of Israel's Israel's election if if the the prospect prospect of of the nations' knowing knowing and the nations' election Yahweh to praising were not to be preserved in spite were not be of the in the praising preserved spite of the idolatry, the guilt of the nations toward Israel. sin, the the of the nations Israel. toward sin, idolatry, guilt But it it is is quite plain that that He who has the nations nations (Ps. But has made made the (Ps. quite plain as His 86: g) and who has has made them as His nations nations (Ps. 86: 9) 87) (Ps. 87) one who can can call is also to Himself. the only is also the call them to Himself. That only one which will bring the the world world of of nations is not to Him is Israel's will bring nations to not Israel's her out to but the calling them, nor her going out to them, but exclusively nor them, exclusively the calling them, going visible manifestation manifestation of of the the deeds deeds of God in in and with visible Israel; only so will they they recognize recognize Yahweh as as their their God, so will Israel; only God, that Israel's Israel's God is the God of the i.e. is their their God, the of the confess that i.e. confess God, whole earth, the the only God. whole earth, only in general, Israel's expectation for the the future a future in Israel's general, and a expectation for the nations fortiori Israel's eschatological expectation for for the nations Israel's eschatological expectation fortiori is not not know Yahweh, Yahweh, the the heathen, heathen, is not based based on a who do not but on the future acts ofYahweh. In future act oflsrael's, the future acts of In but future act of Yahweh. on Israel's, other words, eschatology eschatology in the Old Testarr.tent Testament is is not not conconin the other words, Israel in sense of cerned with a a mission mission of the sense of Israel in the of a going cerned with going out the nations nations to to preach preach the the gospel: the mission of Israel to the of Israel the mission to gospel: consists in the the fact that through through this this nation will make nation God will fact that consists in all the view His power known, known, visible, visible, and tangible tangible to to the view of all His power nations and with a view view to to all all nations. nations. with a nations The character character of what Yahweh as expectation The of what of eschatology eschatology as expectation of sense in the mission narrower will do do really really excludes excludes the idea of mission in the narrower sense the idea will of (Israel's going out to the nations). the out to nations). (Israel's going

37 37

Neither the the activity activity of of Israel Israel nor nor that that of of the the nations nations Neither in the the foreground foreground of of eschatology, eschatology, but but exclusively exclusively the the stands in stands activity of of Yahweh, Yahweh. His His acts acts happen happen to to Israel, Israel, in in the the sight sight activity of the the nations, nations, and and therefore therefore to to the the nations nations too. too. of the So whether whether there there will will be be any any deliverance deliverance directed directed to to the So nations depends depends nations upon their their relation relation to to Israel Israel and upon upon upon Yahweh's activity activity in in and with with Israel. Israel. The arbitrariness arbitrariness Yahweh's and overweening overweening pride pride of of the the nations nations (Gen. (Gen. u) I I) prevents prevents and from seeing seeing reality, reality, namely, namely, that that they they have Yahweh them from thank for for their their existence existence (Gen. (Gen. 10); therefore He will will thank 10); therefore see reality reality by by creating creating space space in in their their midst for for make them see 12) that is His special possession, in order a nation (Gen. in order a nation (Gen. 12) that is His special possession, to create create space space for for His His recognition recognition among the nations. nations. to among the the is the theme of Heilsgeschichte and therefore the outThis therefore outof Heilsgeschichte This is the of eschatology as well. In eschatology, Heilsgeschichte look look of eschatology as well. eschatology, Heilsgeschichte eschawill find find its its confirmation confirmation and crown. Therefore the the eschacrown. Therefore will itself of avail can also avail itself of present tological expectation also present and tological expectation even of perfect (verb forms): prophetic present even of perfect (verb forms) prophetic present and proprophetic perfect. phetic perfect. correctness of of this this conception conception of the Old Testament of the The correctness by Karl expectation for the future is concisely confirmed is concisely for the future confirmed by expectation between Barth, K.D. IV, 3, pp. 788-g2. He distinguishes K.D. Earth, IV, 3, pp. 788-92. distinguishes the forea tentative, tentative, subordinate conception, present a in the subordinate conception, forepresent in of the coexistence of the nations with Israel as ground, the Israel of the coexistence of as nations with ground, and threat, and a conception in the backtemptation in the backthreat, temptation conception ground, sees the definitive, which sees ground, superordinate superordinate and definitive, nations as as the nations the creation as the the Kingdom creation of of God and as of God. Kingdom of it is sufficient to establish For our here our purpose it is here establish sufficient to purpose (i) that that the the expectation in regard to the of the world world of (i) regard to expectation in nations nations is is an eschatological expectation which also also eschatological expectation harks back to harks to the the past therefore be past and which can therefore celebrated-liturgically-as present; celebrated liturgically as already already present; (ii) that the the fulfilling of this this expectation will be exex(ii) that fulfilling of expectation will an act of Yahweh's. clusively act of Yahweh's. clusively to to
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Mission as as Eschatological 4 4. Mission Eschatological Possibility Possibility


the light the expectation In the of the for the the future future which has has light of expectation for 38 38

been sketched out here, here, we must must now raise raise the sketched out been the question question as to once more as to whether whether there there is trace of missionary once is any of missionary any trace consciousness the Old Testament consciousness in in the not. Testament or or not. Our appeal to Deutero-Isaiah, to the the Deutero-Isaiah, and particularly appeal to particularly to songs of the the Servant the Lord, justified when our Servant of of the is fully our Lord, is songs of fully justified is to concern demonstrate the the eschatological to demonstrate concern is eschatological expectation expectation for the world of nations. But we have already for the of nations. have seen (2) already seen (2) that a missionary significance to these Biblical passages is that missionary significance to these Biblical passages is both accepted (Sellin, Volz, Eichrodt, Vriezen, Rowley, accepted (Sellin, Volz, Eichrodt, Vriezen, Rowley, 19 20 and rejected Jacob) 19 rejected (de (de Boer, Boer, Snaith, Martin-Achard).2 Snaith, MartinJacob) Achard). so far as Some go so far as to doubt or even to deny any univerto or to deny any univergo 21 But I salistic to Deutero-Isaiah. Deutero-Isaiah. 21 character to salistic character I must oppose oppose such the ground of the unity of the of such an interpretation on the ground the unity of the interpretation I Bible, and I submit that Israel's eschatological expectation that Israel's Bible, eschatological expectation 22 of salvation becomes an expectation the nations. salvation becomes of for the nations. 22 expectation for I Likewise, I think that it is difficult to oppose the missionary think that it is the difficult to Likewise, missionary oppose character of as Isa. Isa. 42 character of such declarations 42: 4, 23, declarations as 22, 23, 4, 45: 45 22, ii for salvation shall 49: 6, 53 : I I -for they clearly say that salvation shall 49: 6, 53: they clearly say that that the the nations nations shall the light reach the coastlands; coastlands; that reach the shall see see the light of the the Servant of Yahweh, Yahweh, that that the the ends are of Servant of ends of the earth earth are of the called to turn to to Yahweh. to turn called I think But I think we shall shall have have to to admit that that there there are are no Isa. compelling reasons for explaining Isa. 45: 22, 23 reasons for 45: 22, 23 and compelling explaining Israel's ii 53: I I in this way; there is no reference here to in this there is reference to Israel's way; 53: I that ofthe Servant of Yahweh). I going out (or to the of beout that Servant to of (or Yahweh). do begoing Isa. of I that this affirmed of lieve that this must sa. 42 42 : 2 2 and 49: 6. lieve must be affirmed 49 6. Mter are doing some violence to these declarations violence to these declarations After all, are we all, doing in denying the most most obvious these verses, verses, that that in these idea in in obvious idea denying the coastlands the justice shall brought to the waiting coastlands (42: 4), shall be to (42 4), waiting brought justice that salvation and in that the expression "so that my salvation the "so in denying that my denying expression shall to the the end of the earth" of the earth" (in direct connection shall reach reach to (in direct with "light for for the of the the nations" nations" of the Servant Servant the designation with the designation "light the of ofYahweh, 49: 6) also implies the bringing ofthe news. of also Yahweh, 49: 6) bringing implies is in in fact fact only Thus we must must conclude that there there is conclude that only one so many in that expresses statement the Old Testament Testament that in so many in the statement in expresses the to idea of mission in the sense out to the words sense of of "going out the idea in the of mission words the "going another cited here nations", and that of the other passages cited here another of other the that nations", passages 39 39
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nations shall shall interpretation is is possible possible-simply that the the nations simply that interpretation come to salvation. to salvation. come

is to to be be found not only the passages This idea is cited in the found not This idea only in passages cited here; the Psalms often express the idea that the nations here; the Psalms often express the idea that the nations shall to Israel, Israel, to to Jerusalem J erusalem-agair~: shall come come to again. The again and again. best known in this regard regard is 2-5 ( cf. is certainly Isa. 2 : 2-5 in this best (cf. certainly Isa. i ff.; Zech. 8: 20, Mic. 4: Zech. 8: 20, 21, Mic. 21, 14: 14: 16). 16). 4: Iff.; 23 that It is is to the merit merit ofBengt that he has called called Sundkler 23 It to the of Bengt Sundkler in attention to this specific form of missionary sense in Israel, sense of missionary attention to this specific Israel, is the namely, that Israel Israel and especially Jerusalem Jerusalem is the the conviction conviction that and especially namely, the That centre of the world, whither the nations shall tum their steps. their centre of the world, whither the nations shall turn steps. familiar ethnocentrism this has has nothing nothing to to do with with the the familiar this with in many forms world, which is the world, is met with in so forms throughout so many which throughout the need not be set forth in this connection in any greater in set this forth in connection need not be any greater detail. But But it good to to realize that the the prophecy of it is is also realize that also good detail. prophecy of the coming of the nations to Yahweh, or to Israel, Jerusalem of the nations or to the coming to Yahweh, Israel, Jerusalem the Old or Zion Zion is is announced only in the the later writings of later writings of the or only in Testament. notion of the universal significance the universal of the The notion of the Testament. significance of is the election Israel is certainly present from the very beginIsrael election of of very begincertainly present the our having the promise promise of ning, without, without, however, however, our of the ning, having the the coming of the nations, of the answer of the nations to the the of the the of of nations to answer nations, coming "universal prophecy" of of Israel. Israel. "universal prophecy" The prospect prospect of of a a positive positive reaction reaction on the part of the the part of the nations to the existence existence of Israel is the to the in the nations of Israel is first first held held forth forth in the of prophetic writings and in the Psalms. To my way of thinkin Psalms. thinkmy way prophetic writings is a a valid valid reason reason for the Old ing, this this is for distinguishing in the ing, distinguishing in Testament between: between: (a) the thought ofuniversalism; the Testament of universalism; (b) (a) (b] thought the thought of of mission mission in in the the centripetal the the thought the sense; (c) centripetal sense; (c) thought of of mission mission in the centrifugal in the sense. thought centrifugal sense. This first first is is quite quite general, and is even very preThis is the very even the general, preof supposition of!srael's election (Gen. 10, II, and 12); Israel's election the supposition (Gen. 10, n, 12); the is so last last is so rare rare that that one can actually point to only one to actually point only Scriptural passage with with certainty, 42: 4. 4 But the Isa. 42: the Scriptural passage certainty, !sa. of thought of mission in the centripetal sense occurs with mission in the sense occurs with thought centripetal great frequency frequency both both in in the the prophets prophets and in the Psalms. in the Psalms. great this we By this understand the promise of the coming the understand the of the By promise of the coming of nations as a response nations as a to God's acts in Israel. Israel herself to God's in acts Israel. That Israel herself response 40
:

thereby fulfils fulfils the the role role of messenger, caller the land land of messenger, of the caller out out of thereby of oflsrael, the city city of the Temple, ofJerusalem, is not or the not out out of of Israel, the Jerusalem, or Temple, is the that the the question. the question. But we must certainly certainly remember that Psalms, for nations to to know and for example, the nations Psalms, example, summon the praise Yahweh, but that these Psalms were in the the praise Yahweh, but that these Psalms were sung sung in temple of Israel, and thus could only be heard by those thus could only heard by those temple of Israel, there present, present, that that is, is, by by Israel Israel herself. herself. there But the execution of of the the summons and the the promise promise to to the execution the nations is of the the future. In other words, the the nations is an affair affair of future. other words, the revealing of Israel's universal significance, the centripetal Israel's universal revealing of significance, the centripetal missionary function oflsrael and (if necessary) the centrifunction Israel of centrimissionary (if necessary) the fugal missionary task of the Servant of the Lord (Isa. 42: 4) of task the Servant the of fugal missionary 4) (Isa. 42 is eschatological expectation, which will be fulfilled is an eschatological be fulfilled will expectation, at the the end end of only at of days. only days. We have paid paid attention here exclusively Deuteroattention here to Deuteroexclusively to rather than than to to Jonah Jonah (cf. 2) because of my conIsaiah Isaiah rather of because con(cf. my 2) viction that that the the book of of Jonah Jonah has h,as to to be classified viction classified among among the universalistic and not not among missionary portions portions the universalistic the missionary among the of the universalism of of the the book of of the Old Testament. Testament. The universalism of or Jonah expresses anti-particularistic, anti-nationalistic, or Jonah expresses anti-particularistic, anti-nationalistic, (anachronistically) anti-Pharisaic anti-Pharisaic tendencies, tendencies, but I do not not but I (anachronistically) feel that can be be advanced as as evidence the presence in it can feel that it evidence for for the presence in outthe Old Testament of missionary commission to to go outthe of a missionary go side Israel. Here, I think, think, we must admit, side Israel. admit, "He [Jonah] Here, I [Jonah] brings no no new revelation revelation regarding regarding Yahweh, Yahweh, but but combats brings a bad bad interpretation interpretation of of Israel's recalling an Israel's election election by by recalling 24 24 essential characteristic of of the the God of namely, of Israel," essential characteristic Israel," namely, His care care for the nations. nations. His for the return in in another chapter to to another will return another chapter another important We will important of passage in the Testament in history of the history Testament in the in the Old which passage revelation has has fulfilled function, namely, revelation fulfilled an important important function, namely, Dan. 7: 1-14. 7: 1-14.
:

5 Summary 5. Summary
as to When, after after this this short short survey, survey, we inquire to the the results results When, inquire as Testathe of of our into the significance of the Old Testathe into of our investigation significance investigation theology of of mission, mission, we must affirm, in view of a theology ment for for a affirm,

41 41

the present-day present-day state state of of the the data, data, that that the the harvest harvest is is not not the particularly great. great. When one one turns turns to to the the Old Testament Testament particularly to find find a a justification justification and basis basis for for missions missions in in the the current current to meaning, that that is, is, as as "foreign "foreign missions", missions", one one is is bound to to be meaning, disappointed. It It does does not not seem advisable advisable to to build build a disappointed* theology of of missions missions on a a few few statements, statements, especially especially on theology those which which are are still still exegetically exegetically in in dispute. dispute. those may question question whether whether there there is is any any reason reason to to may complain about about this this meagre meagre result. result. I I certainly certainly do not not think think complain it should should be be considered considered a a loss loss if if the the Bible Bible does does not not give give us us it an answer answer to to the the questions questions we ask ask but but leads leads our thought thought in in that stands another direction. It is not the human activity that stands another direction. It is not the activity in the the foreground foreground of of the the Old Testament but but the the divine divine in be These acts cannot acts for the redemption of Israel. acts cannot acts for the redemption of Israel. the and confined to Israel, for the existence redemption existence confined to Israel, for redemption of Israel has consequences for the nations. nations do not not nations for the nations. The Israel has consequences know this this themselves, themselves, it it has has been been avowed to to Israel Israel alone; alone; but one one day day it it will will be be avowed to to the the nations nations themselves. themselves. but And then then the the destiny destiny of the nations nations will will be be determined in in of the their coming coming to to Yahweh or in their their refusing to come. But to or in But their refusing this belongs belongs to to eschatological eschatological expectations, not to the to the this expectations, not promises already realized. Only in liturgy and in the in in the realized. Only liturgy promises already visions of can the future be surveyed of apocalyptic the visions future as surveyed as apocalyptic already present. already present. The significance for a theology of these these insights of insights for significance of theology of mission becomes completely clear from the words with clear mission becomes the completely which Martin-Achard closes his investigation closes his into the the investigation into in missionary perspective in the Old Testament: the Testament: missionary perspective
In conclusion, In the Church cannot cannot deny that God converts converts conclusion, the deny that the nations, in the the acting in the midst of His people. His intermidst of His interHis nations, acting people. vening, this alone, makes oflsrael of Israel the the light the world. of the world. alone, makes vening, and this light of The Church evangelizes to the extent that that her the extent her Lord Lord inspires evangelizes to inspires her existence, is her her; her itself is her power. has Mission has her; existence, then, then, itself power. Mission to with this nothing to do with this or that political or commercial or that or commercial nothing political as people undertaking, have sometimes sometimes thought; it is is comcomundertaking, as people have thought; it pletelydependenton the secret secret activity of God in in the the Church, Church, pletely dependent on the activity of it is is the the fruit fruit of of a life it is truly life that that is in God. founded in First God. First truly founded

But we But

42 42

a and foremost, the evangelization evangelization of world is is not not a of the the world foremost, the matter of words words or activity, but but of the presence matter of of activity, the or of of presence: presence presence: of the people people of the midst midst of presence of in the the presence of the of God in of God of humanity, humanity, the among His His people. people. It It is is not not without without purpose purpose that the Old that the among 25 Testament brings brings this this to to the the recollection recollection of the Church. Testament Church. 25 of the

that we have have distinguished the universalistic Now that universalistic from distinguished the the-in this special sense-missionary character of the Old the in this sense of the character special missionary Testament, shall to tum our attention in we shall in the the want attention, to turn Testament, following chapter to the connection of both these elements to the elements of these connection following chapter with the expectation of the the Messiah Messiah in in the the Old Testament. Testament. with the expectation of

43 43

CHAPTER 3 3 CHAPTER

THE OLD TESTAMENT MESSAGE OF UNIVERSALISM AS A MESSIANIC MESSAGE


T IS IS A NOTEWORTHY PHENOMENON THAT OLD TESTAment research in the last few decades has spent only a modest amount of of effort effort in in research research into into the the Messianic Messianic modest amount the and of in character of the Old Testament in general of the Old Testament character of the general 1 1 in Testament expectation of salvation in particular. Probsalvation Testament expectation of particular. Probwhich historical ably one reason for this is the aversion historical aversion the ably one reason for this is earlier Messianic criticism has has always always displayed displayed for for the the earlier Messianic criticism 2 the of the the Old Old Testament Testament on the the part part of of the Church. 2 exegesis of exegesis
for Another reason is that the the Old Testament expectation is that Another reason expectation for of salvation, does the expectation of but does is always future is the future salvation, but always an expectation 3 a Messianic not Messianic expectation. the character character of of a bear the not always expectation. 8 always bear here to to the the Old The justification justification for attention here for calling calling attention for the the investigaTestament is that that for Messianic expectation Testament Messianic investigaexpectation is tion a theology of mission, for a foundations for of the the Biblical Biblical foundations tion of mission, theology of of special this in our our opinion, Messianic expectation this Messianic is, in opinion, of special expectation is, the Messiah does does play significance. after all, all, the play a Perhaps, after significance. Perhaps, the greater the basis basis of than one realize on the of the role than one might might realize greater role number of in recent It of publications recent years. the subject subject in years. It publications on the is Christian tradiis certainly that Jewish tradicertainly significant significant that Jewish and Christian tions in regard to the Messianic the explicitly tions run parallel regard to explicitly Messianic parallel in 4 in the Old Testament.' passages the in Testament. passages Thus, future expectation Messianic Thus, even though though future expectation and Messianic expectation may not coincide, nevertheless the Messiah is not the nevertheless is coincide, expectation may in sense the symbol and the culminating point in a a special sense the the special symbol culminating point for for future future expectation in the the expectation and salvation-expectation salvation-expectation in Old Testament. Testament. Within the the limits limits of of our our investigation, investigation, we to the significance and range want only to trace the trace the uniof the unionly significance range of 44

NOTEWORTHY I ment research in the last few decades has spent only a IT

/.

r. Expectation Expectation of ofSalvation Salvation and and Expectation Expectation of ofthe the Messiah Messiah

versal versa!

and missionary missionary character the Old Testament to character of of the Testament to the extent extent to the to which the the expectation expectation of Messiah in the Messiah in of the fill out Israel Israel can fill the picture picture thus thus far out the far sketched. sketched.
2. 2.

Messianic Figures Figures Messianic

A. If If the the Messiah figure figure is royal is considered considered solely as a a royal solely as figure, the the origin origin of of Messianic Messianic expectation will be be sought figure, sought expectation will 5 But if time of David. in the time in the David. 5 not only kings, as if not of as executors executors of only kings, God's will, will, but but also also prophets, prophets, as God's will, as proclaimers of God's will, proclaimers of in a a Messianic then the are to be considered are to considered in Messianic light, the picture light, then picture becomes more varied. varied. I I believe believe we can do justice the to the can justice to Old Testament Messianic Messianic expectation only by paying expectation only by paying
attention to to the attention the prophetic prophetic as as well well as as to the royal to the tradition. royal tradition. In our our investigation of Messianic expectation, investigation of Messianic expectation, we must further bear bear in in mind the the dynamic unity of Testafurther of the the Old Testadynamic unity ment and of the whole whole Bible, Bible, and not not confine ourselves of the confine ourselves exclusively to the the analytical analytical methods of of historical historical and exclusively to 6 6 literary criticism. criticism. literary Although with with good reason Israel the Israel can be called called the Although good reason 7 Messianic nation, nation,' nevertheless I believe it better to I believe it is Messianic is better nevertheless to conconfine the the term "Messianic" to those fine those individual individual figures "Messianic" to figures a which give give expression in a special way will and in to God's God's will expression special way to in history. history. This This is is not not to to deny work in that the the notion of a notion of deny that in the course of time Messiah has has become compressed in the course of time and compressed has been connected particularly with with the the Davidic Davidic royal has been connected particularly royal that any athouse. certainly state state emphatically house. We must certainly any atemphatically that idea of the Messiah as a borrowing tempts to explain the as a to the of Messiah idea the borrowing tempts explain from other nations, particularly particularly from Babylon Babylon or Egypt, other nations, or Egypt, 8 must be be regarded regarded as as a a failure. failure. 8 In the the Messianic Messianic expectaexpectathe future unique tion, Israel's expectation expectation for for the takes on unique future takes tion, Israel's see in the form. Its Its origins origins are are probably probably very old as we can see in form. as old very is it ancient sayings of Gen. 49: 8 ff., and it is not improbable of ancient ff., sayings improbable 49 that this passage passage contains contains a recollection recollection of of Gen. 3: that this 3: 15, 15, in 9 10 10 view of of the Paradise motifs motifs which resound resound through through it. it. 9 the Paradise view in this remarkable that that Messianic Messianic expectation this is remarkable it is Now it expectation in broader sense bears the the character of universalism universalism wellwellcharacter of broader sense bears nigh continually. continually. If, with the the synagogue If, with early synagogue and early nigh 45 45
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>

I 5 among among the the 15 indication Messianic passages, passages, this this is is simply simply an an indication of of the the uniuniMessianic versality of of salvation salvation and and of of the the Personage Personage who brings brings versality salvation. The The figure figure of ofMelchizedek, Gen. 14, 14, interpreted interpreted salvation. Melchizedek, Gen. Messianically in in the the Epistle Epistle to to the the Hebrews, Hebrews, is is likewise likewise a a Messianically is there universal figure :figure and and its its significance significance there is just just that that the the universal

Christian Church, Church, Christian

we do do count count Gen. Gen. 3: 3: we

priesthood in in Israel Israel seems seems seldom seldom to to be be referred referred to to Mespriesthood 11 In Gen. is almost sianically.11 Gen. 49: ro, which is almost always which In always 49: 10, sianically. words of in termed "early Messianic", it is said in plain of the the is said termed "early Messianic", it plain of the obedience Ruler of Shiloh, "to shall be the obedience of the be the him shall Ruler of Shiloh, "to the Messianic peoples". Here at this early stage the Messianic expectaat this early stage expectapeoples". tion and and the the expectation expectation of of universal universal salvation salvation coincide coincide tion in Num. 24: completely. The Messianic Messianic statement statement in 24: 17, is 17, is completely. it is not conof a somewhat different character, because it is not conbecause of a somewhat different character, ideas of cerned with with obedience obedience but but (in (in harmony harmony with with the the ideas of cerned 12 12 the of nations. that age) with the chastisement and defeat of the nations. defeat that age) with the chastisement testaAlso striking is the formulation in the so-called testain the so-called is formulation the Also striking is no reference there is reference ment of of David, David, 2 Sam. 23: 1-7, where there 23 1-7,
:

universal priesthood priesthood is is more more than than the the Aaronic Aaronic one. one. The universal here same thought thought underlies underlies Ps. Ps. 1 I 10 ro also. also. Perhaps Perhaps here we have same fact the key to the explanation of the remarkable fact that that the the remarkable the the key to the explanation of

to righteous ruler ruler over to "a righteous ruler but to over Israel, to a a righteous Israel, but righteous ruler as over nuance in in such devotional sayings such devotional similar nuance men". A similar over men''. sayings as to these has a tendency to universalism. a universalism. has these certainly tendency certainly is to in passages A similar to be found in similar tendency which, tendency is passages which, while Messianic, are certainly are while not not explicitly so, certainly implicitly implicitly so, explicitly Messianic, such as Isa. Isa. 2: Mic. 4: such as 2 2-5, Furthermore, beyond beyond 1-4. Furthermore, 2-5, and Mic. 4: 1-4. these other Messianic Messianic texts texts which see see out other these we can point point out Israel salvation exclusively over Israel (Amos g: salvation dawning over n, (Amos 9: u, dawning exclusively Messianic Hos. 5, Isa. 4: 2-the Messianic designation the Hos. 3: Isa. 2 4: designation "Branch" 3: 5, Isa. g: -Isa. 1-6, Mic. 5: Jer. 23: 30: g, 9, 33: 33: !4-I8, 9: I-6, 5: 1-5, 1-5, jer. 23: 5-8, 5-8, 30: 14-18, 6: g-rs), 2: Ezek. 34: 21-30, 37: 24-28, Hag. 2: 7-9, Zech. 6: 34: 21-30, 37: 24-28, Hag. 9-15), 7-9, but the designations but where the of the the Mesdesignations and descriptions descriptions of sianic sianic kingdom the specifically Israelite often go kingdom often go beyond beyond the specifically Israelite framework. this connection it is is also framework. In this connection it also not not without without that significance that the Messiah, although almost never the almost never Messiah, although significance still called still receives the attributes of the general called "king", receives of the the attributes "king", general 46
:

3 whereas this is 13 style of an Oriental Oriental court court outside outside Israel, whereas this is Israel/ style of almost never never the the case as regards regards Israel's themselves. almost case as Israel's kings kings themselves. The Messiah figure is a divine figure will bring bring to to a divine figure is figure who will expression the the actual royal lordship the future. actual royal of God in in the future. expression lordship of the Messiah is is not not so the bringer bringer and Therefore the Therefore so much the of salvation author of as He is is its its representative. representative. The Messiah salvation as Messiah is is the the visible visible manifestation manifestation of of God Himself. Himself. In the light In the of light of all the this the Psalms this statement, Psalms which celebrate the future celebrate the future statement, all belong to Messianic royal of God belong to the the category of Messianic royal lordship lordship of category of Psalms; while, moreover, Israel's kings are often provided Psalms; while, moreover, Israel's kings are often provided with Messianic Messianic features, as for example Ps. 72 et al. with al. In features, as for example Ps. 72 et the other words, the universal lordship of God and the other words, universal lordship of the lordlordthe of Messiah are ship of the Messiah are correlates: the latter is an exprescorrelates: the latter is ship expression of the sion the former. former. We are justified in are justified that the the in concluding concluding that universal lordship of of God, the eschatological expectation of salvauniversal lordship the God, eschatological expectation of salvation and the tion and expectation of of the Messiah belong are, the expectation the Messiah together; they they are, belong together; it were, as it as were, concentric circles: the the Messiah Messiah is the centre concentric circles: is the centre of the of the as well Israelite universal Israelite as well as as of the universal expectation of salvation. the of expectation of salvation. it is B. this light must refer refer again to is in B. Now it that we must in this light that again to the well-known the well-known Songs of the Servant of the Lord. Naturally of the Servant the of Lord. Songs Naturally that there there is nothing Messianic Messianic as one can say is nothing such in in as such say that 14 but this these songs ;14 conviction, I only makes these songs; I believe, but this conviction, believe, only fact that is no possibility of clear the the fact that there there is clear the connecting the possibility of connecting tradition of royal Messiah Messiah expectation expectation and the tradition of of royal tradition of the tradition prophetic Messiah expectation. prophetic expectation. These two traditions traditions were were probably probably present Israel in Israel present in from early early times, even though the so-called royal tradition tradition even the so-called from times, though royal of seems to have have spoken to the the imagination seems to imagination of spoken more strongly strongly to the nation nation than the the prophetic. prophetic. But the the Servant of the way the the Servant way the Lord Lord is addressed in these songs, the way is addressed himself the in these way he himself songs, the is speaks, the way he is celebrated, point unmistakably in the the he celebrated, point unmistakably in way speaks, 16 One might rightly say 15 direction of of a Messianic Messianic figure. direction might rightly say figure. that the Servant-of-the-Lord prophecies supplement that the Servant-of-the-Lord prophecies supplement and deepen the Messianic idea in ways previously of: the idea in Messianic ways previously unheard of: deepen in (i) In the designation "Servant", than in any the more In any (i) designation "Servant", other designation, we find find an expression other Messianic Messianic designation, expression of the absolute surrender the service service of Yahweh. of the absolute surrender to to the

47 47

is underlined underlined in in the the clearest clearest by his his suffering suffering and dying dying (Isa. (Isa. 50, so, 53). 53). way by way (ii) At At the the same same time time (Isa. (Isa. 42 42: i, I, 49: 49: i) I) his his connection connection (ii) a such with Yahweh is is expressed expressed in in such a way way as as to to sugsugwith more-than-human glory glory and authority, authority. gest a a more-than-human gest all the the emphasis emphasis falls falls on the the establishestablish(iii) Similarly, all (iii) Similarly, He of the the lordship lordship of of God. magnifies the the ment of ment magnifies unique glory glory of of God and becomes becomes light light and salvation salvation unique 16 the world. world.16 for the for (iv) task of showing that that Yahweh alone alone is is God, God, (iv) The task of showing which the other prophecies (notably Jeremiah which the other prophecies (notably Jeremiah and Ezekiel) affirm affirm to to be a a task task for for all all Israel, Israel, is is here here Ezekiel) all the Old the Servant. Through all the ascribed to ascribed to the Servant. Through we find books Testament historical prophetic books find and Testament historical prophetic a "progressive "progressive reduction": reduction": from the the many many to to the the a from the the few, from the nation to the remnant, the to nation remnant, few, from the 17 17 remnant to the one Servant. one Servant. remnant to the in the If now-in contrast to to our the previous treatment in our treatment in contrast If now previous of the the Lord chapter-we regard the Songs of the Servant of the Servant the of Songs chapter we regard unias expressing as rather than as as Messianic Messianic prophecies, expressing uniprophecies, rather then the question arises: do they give versalism, arises: the then versalism, any they give any question the further as to the missionary as to to our our inquiry answer to further answer missionary message message inquiry to a head, I of the Old Testament? Testament? The question of the head, I question comes to think, in another question: is the Messianic figure which is the Messianic in another think, figure question: to be conappears as the the "Servant of the the Lord" to conhere as "Servant of appears here sidered personage? as a a missionary sidered as missionary personage? to Isa. Isa. 42 If If we were to to confine ourselves only confine ourselves 42 : 4, 4, we only to would certainly be inclined to answer this question affirmathis be to affirmainclined answer certainly question as one organic tively. if we consider consider the the four four songs songs as organic tively. But if I the text of the songs themselves argues whole (and I think think the the themselves text of (and songs argues very strongly for this), then we are not so sure. for then are not so sure. very strongly this), Let Let us us summarize the the contents these songs: contents of of these songs the first Isa. In the first song, Isa. 42: 1-7, we find find celebrated celebrated the the song, 42 1-7, the Servant for election election and vocation of the vocation of Servant to to be a covenant covenant for the people a the nations. The order of law, the and a light to to the nations. order of law, light people the reign of peace, the as a a reign of peace, and complete well-being as complete human well-being
is
:
:

whole emphasis emphasis is is laid laid on on the the human human character character The whole of the the Servant, Servant, which which of

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gift from Yahweh, Yahweh, describe describe a the a situation in which all all the situation in world may may share. share. world In the the second second song, I sa. 49 49 : r -7, it that the it is is made clear clear that the song, Isa. 1-7, fulfilling of of this vocation lies lies in Israel, but to fail there this vocation fail there in Israel, seems to but seems fulfilling completely. The fault this lies fault for for this lies not not on God's God's side; side; He completely. has to the the word of of His His Servant powerfully intrusive has given Servant a a powerfully intrusive given to
gift
:

and penetrating penetrating ability ability ("sword", ("sword", "arrow", verses 2-4). 2-4). "arrow", verses All All labour vain, but but the labour seems seems in in vain, the Servant is strengthened Servant is strengthened and consoled consoled by by the the promise promise that Israel will will that his his work for for Israel furthermore that not be useless, useless, and furthermore not that he shall shall be be a blessing, blessing, a light light for the nations. nations. But we are not told how this to for the this is is to are not told

third song, third sa. 50 50: 4-9, 4-9, all the emphasis falls on Isa. all the song, I emphasis falls to the dedication to Yahweh and on the contumely which this dedication this contumely the Servant. His message involves innocent means for for the His Servant. message involves innocent suffering. messenger of ofthe righteousness of the righteousness of God must suffering. The messenger suffer as someone without without rights. rights. suffer as In the thefourth fourth song, 53: 1-12, r-r2, which bears bears the the characIsa. 53 characsong, Isa. ter a confession confession by by the the congregation, the last and deepter of last of a the congregation, deepest of suffering is disclosed: innocent suffering est secret is secret of is disclosed innocent suffering suffering is the vicarious suffering; suffering is the way to glory, to the vicarious is the to to way suffering; suffering glory, recompense which exists in the the fact that many exists in fact that will be many will recompense which in It is the of of justified. It is not difficult in the light of 52: 13-15 not difficult light justified. 52 13-15 and of the previous previous songs to see in those "many" a reference to to in those reference to the see a "many" songs fall as as booty the world world of of nations nations which which will will fall to the the Servant the Servant booty to 18 18 is who, following death, is saved. saved. who, following death, In all all the songs where where there there is reference to to the the world is reference of In world of the songs nations, do not find the Servant going out to the world to world the Servant the not find out we nations, going 19 the of nations 19 so his being recompensed by of nations so much as as his by the being recompensed are the world of nations. In other the nations are the of nations. other words, nations world words, reward of the Messianic the guarantee guarantee that his that his Messianic Servant, reward of the Servant, and the that the work will will not not be be in vain. All All the the emphasis falls on the fact that on in vain. fact emphasis falls there is is no the world nations is gift to to the the Messianic Messianic Servant; Servant; there no is a a gift the world of of nations as "mission reference here to the world of nations as a "mission territory" a the world nations here to territory" of of of reference that the itself it it is is completely completely understandable understandable that the Servant. Servant. In itself see we are are to these songs songs as as mission mission songs, that we see to see see these songs, and that the a Missionary. But this is not to be gleaned is this not to as a the Messiah Messiah as gleaned Missionary. D D 49 49
:
:

happen. happen. In the the

dl.rectly from from the the Old Testament Testament text. text. Isa. Isa. 49: 49: 7, 7, just just as as directly as 52 52: 13-15, 13-15, requires requires the the conclusion, conclusion, I I believe, believe, that that much as
:

which the powerful powerful acts acts of of God with with and by by the the Servant Servant-which the will fill :fill the the nations, nations, and particularly particularly the the princes princes (the (the will "divine" princes princes of of the the ancient ancient Oriental Oriental world) world) with with "divine" amazement-are the occasion^ occasion for those those princes princes to to acknoware the amazement

ledge Yahweh. ledge Here, too, too, if if we wish wish to to speak speak of of the the idea idea of of mission, mission, we Here, must understand understand "missionary" "missionary" exclusively exclusively in in the the sense sense of of must the centripetal centripetal activity activity of of the the nations; nations; they they will will come to to the Israel in in order order to to put put themselves themselves under the the rule rule of of YahIsrael weh's law. law. This This is is also also expressed expressed in in Zech. Zech. 8:23: 8: 23: ten ten men weh's shall take from the the nations nations of of every every tongue tongue shall take hold hold of of the the robe robe from of a a Jew, Jew, saying, saying, "Let us us go go with with you, you, for for we have heard of that God is is with with you." you." that important shall want want to to deal deal separately separately with with the the important C. We shall C. pericope Dan. Dan. 7: 7: 1-14, r-14, and particularly particularly with with verse verse 14, in 14, in pericope which the the Son of of Man is is referred referred to. to. In another another connection connection in more detail. we shall have to to return return to to verse verse 14 detail. We shall shall shall have 14 in therefore confine ourselves here to stating that it it here the fact fact that to stating the therefore confine ourselves
see an apocalyptic is to to the the Son of in whom we see indiof Man, Man, in apocalyptic indi20 20 is that the after it of the Messiah, that the is given after it cation dominion the of cation Messiah, given has been been taken taken away from the four beasts. These four the four beasts. four has away beasts of the world world of beasts represent rising from the kingdoms rising represent kingdoms nations, that is, from the anti-godly depths (of the sea). the the that nations, is, anti-godly depths (of sea). is cruel, Their Their dominion is cruel, inhuman, inhuman, blasphemous, blasphemous, and "beastly". the anti-godly against the anti-godly powers "beastly". Over against powers God Him21 self places the power of the Son of the power of the of Man. 21 self places Here also also the the Messianic dominion over the nations is a over the nations is the gift for which neither the Messiah himself nor the nations for neither himself nor the nations gift have asked. asked. The depicting the dominion of of the the Messiah depicting of the in nuance of in this this vision vision still still has has the the special of a a human human special to dominion, in contrast to the subhuman and brutish lords in contrast the lords brutish dominion, All nations, and tongues will enter before peoples before him. All will enter nations, peoples tongues this dominion and will into into this will serve serve and obey the Son of of Man obey the cf. verse (verse J4., cf. verse 27). Here also there is no reference to also there is to reference (verse 14, 27). the nations the wqy the nations will come to this obedient service. One will to this obedient service. way
is

50

can trace trace here here a resemblance resemblance to to Isa. 42 : 4, 49: 6, Isa. 42 6, and 6, 49 4, 6, like, in which there there is is reference reference to to the the Messiah the as the Messiah as like, in to whom the one to the nations nations look look forward he for whom he forward and for shall be a shall a light, but not to the the way this light shall be spread not to this shall be light, but way spread light and the shall be be fulfilled. the expectation fulfilled. expectation shall In the the apocalyptic apocalyptic vision vision of the Son of Man, together of the of Man, together with the figure figure of the the Servant the songs Isa. 40-55, 40-55, Servant from the in Isa. songs in all the all the Messianic Messianic features which we find through features which find spread spread through the Old Testament the Testament are are united. united. In regard to Dan. Dan. 7, 7, we regard to
:
:

the the

forth as as follows: could could set set them forth follows: (i) The Messiah represents represents the the Kingdom, Kingdom, the Royal the Royal (i) God; the the Messiah were, the Dominion of of God; it were, the Messiah is, as it is, as visible appearance appearance of of God Himself. visible Himself. the same time (ii) At the time the the Messiah Messiah bears bears "human" (ii) features, by which we do not set "human" not mean to to set features, by in opposition in to "divine", to indicate the rather to but rather indicate the "divine", but opposition to actual divine divine acts actual acts really really to be expected the history history to be in the expected in of of men. (iii) This kingship kingship he he does not earn; to him does not it is is granted earn; it (iii) granted to the basis basis of of a divine divine intervention the history history on the in the intervention in of Israel but not only only oflsrael but of of the the world of well. not nations as as well. of nations (iv) The Messianic Messianic dominion is is a human, human, righteous (iv) righteous in contrast of the the subhuman dominion in to that contrast to that of powers which have been conquered. powers conquered.
,

3. Messiah- Missionary? this short short discussion of a few Messianic Messianic passages in In this discussion of passages in the Old Testament, the Testament, it it has has become clear that we are are not not clear that

3 Messiah-Missionary?
being entirely entirely being

fair to the the distinctive nuances of the Old fair to of the distinctive nuances if we seek bases for theology of misif seek bases of misfor a theology the in the sion a "going out to the nations") in the figure of the sion (as the a out to figure (as "going nations") Messiah. Messiah. himself is is more a visible visible appearance The Messiah himself appearance of a human figure figure who enters the world world of of nations nations enters the God than than a preaching. even where the Messiah bears expressly the Messiah even where bears And expressly preaching. features-as in the the figure figure of the Servant the Servant of of the as in of the human features to the Lord-his is not not in in the the first first place proclamation to the Lord his task task is place proclamation 51 Testament witness witness Testament

nations but but to to Israel. lsrael. Furthermore, Furthermore, his his proclamation proclamation nations of innocent innocent suffering, suffering, a suffering suffering that that assumes the the form form of assumes 22 receives substitutory substitutory meaning meaning for for Israel Israel and for for the the world world: 22 receives
:

of God that that bears bears the the sins sins of of the the world. world. Lamb of dominion over over the the world world of of nations nations and the the obediobediThe dominion ent service service to to the the nations nations falls falls to to him, him, whether whether simply simply as as a a ent divine gift gift or or as as a a reward reward for for his his innocent innocent suffering. suffering. divine of the the world world of of nations nations itself itself either either no activity activity proproOut of ceeds, or or else else the the activity activity is is only only a a reaction reaction to to the the eschatoeschatoceeds, logical-Messianic acts acts of of God. logical-Messianic So it it appears appears that that the the Messianic Messianic expectation expectation in in the the Old So Testament does does add add new features features to to the the eschatologicaleschatologicalTestament universal expectation expectation of of the the salvation salvation of of Israel, Israel, but but not not the the universal missionary features features which which we seek seek as as a a point point of of departure departure missionary for a a theology theology of of mission. mission. for if we concluded should again again be be mistaken mistaken if concluded from Thus we should the foregoing foregoing that that the the Old Testament is is disappointing the disappointing from a a missionary missionary point point of of view. view. Rather, Rather, the the result result we have here here gained gained seems to me satisfying and enlarging, seems to satisfying enlarging, because the message of leads of the the Old Testament leads because Messianic message the Messianic at what found at the us to underline with special clarity we the us to underline with special clarity end of of Chapter 2: Chapter 2 to Israel Israel (a) the salvation salvation that that God has promised to has promised (a) That the is a universal is a universal salvation. salvation. as an eschatological (b) this salvation, salvation, as has (b) That this reality, has eschatological reality, never never been been received received by by Israel the whole course of of Israel during the course whole during the but only expected. the Old Testament, but Testament, only expected. (c) this eschatological with is connected connected with salvation is (c) That this eschatological salvation the of the Messiah. the coming of the Messiah. coming this universal-eschatological-Messianic (d) universal-eschatological-Messianic salvasalva(d) That this is not a consequence of preaching or tion is tion of witness, or of witness, but consequence preaching is a gift is which is granted by God Himself to and via is Himself the to via the gift granted by Messiah. Messiah. It occurs occurs to to me that that it it would be good, It after what has has good, after said in Chapter 2, to bear in mind that there is no been said to in there that is Chapter 2, concern in the Old Testament for human activity for for any for any activity 23 The salvation cultivation or the cultivation or acquisition of salvation. salvation. 23 salvation acquisition of
:

the the

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for the of the world world is is a whose joy joy can be be savoured of God for a gift in savoured in gift whose the the Old Testament Testament period period only only by hope as hope by anticipation, anticipation, as firm trust or in the the validity validity and effectiveness or a firm trust in of God's effectiveness of God's promises. promises. [We not need need to to enlarge enlarge here on the here any fact further on the fact [We do not any further that the word "salvation" that the "salvation" in is a a in the the Old Testament Testament is rendering of of the the word salom. sal8m. Although Although the the origin rendering origin and meaning the word is has an unis ultimately religious, it an unmeaning of the ultimately religious, it has mistakably material content as well. Perhaps we should should mistakably material content as well. Perhaps it is say, because it religious, it also has has a material meaning. meaning. is religious, it also a material say, because well-being in A situation situation of of complete is in every complete well-being every respect respect is 10-13, where verses designated; c, e.g. Ps. 85: rr-13 are verses 11-13 are designated; cf., e.g. Ps. 85: 10-13, the }dlom siilom referred verse 10. a definition of further definition a further of the to in in verse referred to Remarkably enough, there is no single passage to be be there is Remarkably enough, single passage to in the found in the Old Testament where "salom siil8m designates an designates inner, personal personal peace peace or or repose repose of mind, even though this this of mind, even though inner, is certainly is certainly assumed assumed to to be be involved involved in the idea in the idea itself. itself. The Messiah Messiah himself himself is is thus thus typified typified in 5: this this is in Mic. Mic. 5: is salvasalva5:5: an is tion, expression is taken over literally in Eph. which in taken over 2 tion, expression literally Eph. 2: 24 14.24] H- ] Perhaps it is not not superfluous superfluous to to return this it is at the the end of return at of this Perhaps chapter to the beginning, especially to the opinion that the to to the that chapter beginning, especially opinion as a the Old Testament as a whole whole could hardly have known the could hardly the idea of of a a personal personal Messiah. the idea still remains remains Messiah. The question question still whether not fall fall short of the Bible if of the the unity the does not short of of whether one does Bible if unity one does not, with with the the ancient ancient Church, acknowledge that that does not, one Church, acknowledge the New Testament Testament is hidden in is hidden in the the Old Testament, the Testament, and the that the the Old Testament is is opened up in the in New. that opened up the Old Testament in Has Israel understood the in a Israel itself itself understood Messianic sense sense than than many many Old Testament scholars scholars more Messianic is a Christian Christian do nowadays nowadays? ask this this question question because because it it is do ? We ask of view that the Old Testament is point is a first first word which the Testament of view that point later revelation, is be explained surpassed by by a later revelation, and is to to be explained and surpassed because for those who read read the the Old Testament in the light light in the for those because of the the New there is a a trend trend in in the the former towards a new of there is is a remarkable It is and fuller revelation of God's activity. remarkable of God's fuller revelation activity. It fact that that this pressing towards towards the the future, this asking-forthis fact this pressing future, asking-for:

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more, appears appears to to belong belong to to the the Old Old Testament Testament in in such such a a more, way that that it it was was understood understood by by Israel Israel itself itself long long before before the the way Christian Church Church drew drew its its conclusions conclusions and and gave gave its its exexChristian planation of the Old Testament. Testament. the Old of planation The question question which which has has occupied occupied our our minds minds in in the the The universal previous chapters, chapters, namely, namely, the the question question of of the the universal previous and missionary missionary character character of of the the Old Old Testament, Testament, has has been been and clearly answered answered by by Israel Israel itself itself at at a a later later stage stage of of its its hishisclearly tory. Long Long before before the the missionary missionary movement movement as as an act act of of tory. witness of of the the Christian Christian Church started, started, Israel Israel itself itself was witness engaged in in missionary missionary work. work. To be be sure, sure, we cannot cannot overoverengaged of Israel look the the fact fact that that the the missionary missionary activity activity of Israel was of of a look some Church different type type from from that that of of the the Christian Christian different centuries later; later; but but we must must not not make the the mistake mistake of of rerecenturies as Israel garding the the whole whole missionary missionary activity activity of of Israel as fanatic, fanatic, garding nationalistic propaganda. propaganda. nationalistic In its its writings, writings, too, too, Israel Israel has has shown a missionary missionary menIn tality. For For example, example, one one may may wonder whether the the wisdom tality. the inside literature, not only outside but already inside the Old literature, not only outside but already Testament, has built a bridge between a centripetal miscentripetal misTestament, has built a bridge actisionary consciousness and a centrifugal missionary actia centrifugal missionary sionary consciousness vity. point out these important out these will point important phenomena phenomena in the vity. We will next chapter. Because we have to move partly outside the to have next chapter. Because partly outside still Biblical realm and also because we have to summarize still to because also Biblical realm more briefly than thus far, we will call that chapter that call will chapter an briefly than thus far, intermezzo. intermezzo.

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4 CHAPTER 4
THE INTER-TESTAMENTAL PERIOD

1 1. Diaspora and Proselytism1 /. Diaspora and Proseljtism T HAS OFTEN BEEN REMARKED THAT THE NEW TESTAbe understood understood merely merely in terms of the Old. ment canot be IT in terms of the Old.

is a gap of There is a few few centuries centuries between the conclusion between the conclusion gap of a of the canon and the the beginning the of the Old Testament canon of the beginning of formulation of the New Testament formulation of the Testament canon. canon. These These centuries centuries of great to the the people people of were of Israel in in regard of Israel great importance importance to regard both to to its part in its attitude towards the the world world of both its part in and its attitude towards of

nations. nations. The diaspora altered the the people people of of Israel, Israel, and diaspora greatly greatly altered its influence also be be seen those who escaped or influence can it or can also seen in in those escaped it 2 returned from from it it to to the the Holy Holy Land. Land. 2 returned Here we can can indicate indicate only only one of viz. the the of its its aspects, aspects, viz. initiation of missionary missionary activity among the Jews during initiation of the during Jews activity among It seems to me that this is this period. period. It this is underestimated seems to that this underestimated rather its extent extent and rather than than overestimated overestimated with with regard regard to to its the intensity as well as to its significance for the missionary as as its for well to missionary intensity significance the first of the Christian Church in the first attitude and activity in attitude the Christian of activity few centuries its existence. existence. centuries of of its the proselytizing After having having investigated After investigated the proselytizing movement jews later on, Derwacter came to to the the following among the the later Derwacter on, following Jews among conclusion: conclusion:
its

We cann<;>t therefore give cannot therefore give even an approximate approximate count of the proselytes proselytes to to Judaism Judaism in in the the Mediterranean world of the the period. They to New Testament period. enough to They were numerous enough claim the the attention attention of Philo and Josephus, of Philo claim conspicuous Josephus, conspicuous enough pagan writers writers such as Tacitus Tacitus and Horace and for pagan such as enough for their time. of their Juvenal to to see see them them as as a a part part of time. the Judaism of the Judaism of Juvenal in the They are looked upon as a factor in the great growth of the the as factor are looked great growth They upon

We

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the Exile. Exile. The rapid Jewish following the Jewish population population following rapid developdevelopa ment of into a Gentile religion seems inexplicinto Gentile of Christianity seems religion Christianity inexplica large able able without without a than this this constituency. More than large proselyte proselyte constituency. 2 said. 8 can hardly hardly be said.

the diaspora It It cannot said that that the cannot be said itself explains diaspora by by itself explains it can be said Jewish but it said that that the the Jewish missionary missionary propaganda, propaganda, but diaspora its prime that this this propaganda prime mover and that diaspora was its propaganda was "chiefly, not exclusively, "chiefly, though though not exclusively,, a diaspora diaspora phenophenomenon".3 menon' 3 Several different elements Several different elements will will have to to be taken taken into into 4 here. account the account here. Bamberger Bamberger enumerates the following:' following: The decay the Jewish nation led of the (i) led to to greater decay of Jewish nation (i) greater on the idea that that the laid emphasis the idea the Jewish being laid emphasis being Jewish group chiefly a religious religious entity; entity; group was chiefly of monotheism in in Israel Israel transformed (ii) transformed (ii) The conquest conquest of into universalistic Judaism into a purely universalistic religion; Judaism purely religion; extension of of the the diaspora (iii) (iii) The extension strengthened Jewish diaspora strengthened Jewish self-confidence among the self-confidence the colonists in colonists in new places; among places; other ways of thinking, (iv) ways of in par(iv) Contact with other thinking, and in parthe Hellenistic, ticular with ticular must have stimulated with the have stimulated Hellenistic, the Jews the Jews to to undertake undertake apologetic activities at at first first apologetic activities and missionary ones later later on; missionary ones on; success ofthe of the Maccabean rebellion (v) rebellion made for for (v) The success increased increased self-confidence self-confidence within within Palestine Palestine of a of a kind. religious kind. religious Long before before the the diaspora diaspora there there had been been a a certain certain Long inclination inclination towards towards missionary missionary activities, activities, as as has has been been described in previous previous chapters. chapters. Accepting Accepting foreigners foreigners into into described in the the Israelitic Israelitic community community can can rightly rightly be be considered considered to to be be a first first stage, stage, or or rather rather a a stage stage leading leading up up to to the the Jewish Jewish 6 In this mission. mission.5 this connection connection it it is is particularly particularly significant significant that that the the Hebrew word for for a a foreigner foreigner who has has been been in Israel is as a accepted in Israel (glr) is as a rule translated as "proselyte" rule translated as accepted (ger) "proselyte" 6 in in the the Septuagint. Septuagint.6 G. G. Bertram Bertram pointed pointed out out that that the the diaspora diaspora cannot cannot be be by exile emigration from the completely explained exile and from the completely explained by emigration small small country country of of the the Jews. Jews.77 Harnack Harnack estimated estimated the the numnum5

56 56

ber of of Jews in the the Roman Mediterranean area her area alone alone Jews in 8 around the the time time of of the the birth birth of Christ at 4-4! million,s Christ at 4-4-^ million, that is is about about 7 7% of the total population of that area. This that of the total % population of that area. This can only explained by by accepting can the satisfactorily explained only be satisfactorily accepting the possibility of a propagatory action. Long before of action. the Old possibility propagatory Long before the Testament eschatologic universalism of been of salvation salvation had been eschatologic universalism in deepened extended in a missionary sense by the extended a and deepened missionary sense by the the preaching of Christ the apostles, the process of this Christ and of the preaching apostles, process of this reformation had been been set in motion motion by by the the Judaism Judaism of reformation set in of the the diaspora. diaspora. Study Hellenistic Judaic Judaic missionary missionary literature literature has has Study of Hellenistic shown how important important the the missionary missionary activity must have have activity 9 It was so so extensive extensive and intense not at been.9 It been. intense that that it it did did not at once disappear after after the the appearance appearance of Christian once disappear of the the young Christian young is not It is Church. It not true true that that Christianity has not not only Christianity has only adopted Judaic missionary activity but has also replaced has but also adopted Judaic missionary activity replaced the fifth Until the fifth century century A.D. Judaism Judaism must have it. it. Until have concontinued its its proselytizing proselytizing activities activities in of the difficulties in spite tinued the of difficulties spite 10 that as the the Christian increased as Christian Church expanded. that increased expanded. 1 o And it is is not not only only the the missionary missionary effort must have have been effort that that must it been great, but also the result. In my opinion it is wrong the result. it but also is my opinion great, wrong and rather too too tendentious tendentious to to explainJesus' well-known words rather words explain Jesus as that their in Matt. Matt. 23 23: 15, as meaning that their success must have in success have meaning 15, In my opinion Bamberger's observations on been slight. In been observations slight. my opinion Bamberger's this be considered correct and I with text should this text should be considered correct I agree with agree his conclusion: his conclusion:
5
:

In verse corroborates testimony of HellenisIn short, this verse the testimony of Helleniscorroborates the short, this the official tic, and Rabbinic Rabbinic sources-that leaders sources that the official leaders tic, Roman and ofJudaism were eager eager to to make converts converts and highly successof Judaism were highly successful their aim. Distinction must be made bebeful in in achieving aim. Distinction achieving their tween the the highly highly coloured coloured style style and and the of the the content of tween the actual actual content 11 11 passage. passage. More or less general agreement has now been reached reached or less general agreement with regard regard to to the the important result of Judaic missionary result with Judaic missionary important are partly effort during the the diaspora. diaspora. The causes partly those those causes are effort during which Bamberger enumerated to prove the proselytizing the to which proselytizing prove Bamberger 57 57

the Jews these we could activity of the could add activity of Jews (see (see above). above). To these Dalbert's remarks Dalbert's remarks: (i) The antisemitic antisemitic outbursts outbursts and martyrdoms which martyrdoms which (i) the experienced several times the Jews several times during the Jews experienced during the diaspora the growth led to to the as growth of Judaism, Judaism, just just as diaspora led martyrdom led later later on to to the the growth of ChristianChristiangrowth of martyrdom led ity. ity(ii) of Judaism, (ii) The great Judaism, which made great moral strength strength of it to all pagan religions. it superior to all superior pagan religions. (iii) The strongly tendencies in monotheistic tendencies the Helin the Helstrongly monotheistic (iii) lenistic in the old town and state lenistic world, in which the old state world, cults cults had often often become mere formalities. formalities, (iv) The readiness of the countries around the readiness of the countries the Medi(iv) terranean to accept spiritual values from the terranean to values the accept spiritual Orient. with its monotheistic tenits Orient. This This orientalism, with monotheistic tenorientalism, dencies dencies and its its ethical ethical tendencies tendencies which were were anchored in in monotheism, monotheism, gave Judaism an added gave Judaism attraction, attraction. (v) shift from Palestine Palestine legalism the spirituality to the (v) The shift legalism to spirituality 12 of diaspora diaspora Judaism.l2 of Judaism. The great of the the Septuagint Septuagint influence of great importance importance and influence mentioned separately. separately. This translation of should be mentioned This Greek translation of the Old Testament became became-mainly through St. PaulPaul St. mainly through the the great great mission mission book of of the the young young Christian Christian Church, Church, but but before that it was the long before that it the Jews' mission par excelmission book excellong Jews' par lence}-* lence.13 The great great shift shift from from a a centripetal centripetal to to a a centrifugal centrifugal missionary consciousness consciousness in in the the New Testament, Testament, which which missionary will will be dealt dealt with with more fully fully in Chapter 6, 6, can can only only be be in Chapter when properly appreciated viewed against the backviewed the backproperly appreciated against of the the translation translation of of the the Septuagint, which is is much ground of ground Septuagint, which more than a mere translation translation-it is an exegesis exegesis and and transtransit is formation of the the Old Testament. Testament. This This point point of of view view will will formation of now be be explained. explained.
:

2. Septuagint 2.

Septuagint and and Proselytism Proselytism

The Septuagint Septuagint originated originated in in the the anxiety anxiety felt felt by by the the

Jews in in the the diaspora diaspora that that those those who were were living living in in foreign foreign Jews 58 58

countries were in in danger of losing their knowledge knowledge of countries were of danger of losing their the tongue, particularly particularly since Aramaic had had the Hebrew tongue, since Aramaic taken as the taken its its place place as the spoken spoken language language and Hebrew its significance retained significance only only as Holy retained its as the the language of the the Holy language of 14 Books. 14 Books. as the However, as as soon as the Greek translation availtranslation became availHowever, it began able, it began to to serve the mission. mission. The great serve the able, great importance importance of certainly lay what was in it of the Septuagint not only it in what was in Septuagint certainly lay not only in 15 It 15 but also in how how the the text text was was heard heard and interpreted. It is but also in is interpreted. that the the fact fact that that a diaspora had taken taken place place had certain that certain a diaspora a great influence on the the translation translation of the Hebrew text. text. A of the great influence well-known example example is the translation translation of sa. 55: is the of I Isa. 5, which 55: 5, not show any missionary tendency does does not the Hebrew in the any missionary tendency in text, whereas whereas it it does does so very clearly textso very in the the Greek Greek text text, clearly in "Behold, thou shalt shalt call call a nation that that thou knowest not, a nation thou knowest "Behold, thou not, and nations nations that that knew not not thee run unto unto thee [Israel] shall run [Israel] shall thee." I I have already mentioned the the translation thee.* of translation of already mentioned foreigner (ger) for "proselyte". take as a synonym foreigner (ger) as synonym for "proselyte". We may may take it that St. subscribed to to a well-known well-known interpretation it that St. Paul subscribed interpretation the words i in Rom. 10 ro: 20, words ofisa. of Isa. 65: when in 20, he interpreted interpreted the 65 1 as referring referring to to the the Gentiles, the Hebrew text as in the text Gentiles, although although in 16 itself Gentiles are mentioned. 16 A similar of are mentioned. similar shifting itself no Gentiles shifting of interpretation can be noticed in the Septuagint version the of be noticed in interpretation Septuagint version of Isa. 54: Isa. 54: 15. 15. the literary The fact that the the Septuagint Septuagint does not speak fact that does not literary speak the but the of the language of Hellenism but the popular one of the koine, of Hellenism koine, popular language also gives gives this this translation translation great the point point also significance from the great significance of view view of history; it it opened the Oriental to of social social history; Oriental world to of opened the the Occident. According to its significance from Bertram its to the Occident. According significance the point point ofview history of religion is even greater. of the history of view ofthe the greater. religion is
5
:

collected, the the origin origin of of collected,

In the the Hebraic Hebraic Old Testament a number of books is is of books In which is over centuries. centuries. is extended over which

Therefore they they reflect reflect the the manifold manifold stages Therefore development stages of development
in the Israelitic-Judaic Israelitic-Judaic religion. religion. The Septuagint Septuagint comes in the
it is from unified world world of ideas; it is a of religious from a a much more unified religious ideas; creation of ofJewry, jewry, which owes its Persians and the Persians to the its origin creation origin to its world-wide world-wide activity activity to to its Hellenistic rulers. rulers. Therefore its Hellenistic its

59 59

one spirit spirit is is blowing blowing through through the the book; book; its its parts parts fuse. fuse. ConConone 17 out. and foldings are smoothed out.17 tradictions smoothed are and tradictions foldings interaction took took place; place; the the diaspora diaspora developed developed the the An interaction

missionary consciousness consciousness that that by by implication implication was present present missionary in the the testimonies testimonies of ofdivine divine revelations revelations and thus thus influenced influenced in the translation translation of of the the Septuagint, Septuagint, while while the the latter latter in in its its the tum gave gave a a vigorous vigorous impulse impulse to to missionary missionary activity. activity. The turn 18 18 life". in a Jews want to be "to all mortals a guide in life". mortals all "to to be guide Jews want that so obvious have been Jewish missionary effort have been so obvious that must effort Jewish missionary a about it bon mot a poet like Horace can even produce a bon mot about it even can like Horace a poet produce when he he wants wants to to stress stress an an invitation invitation to to a a friend: friend: "If "If you you won't come willingly, willingly, we shall shall act act like like the the Jews Jews do and won't 19 19 deduce too should not force you to .... " Although one should not too one ," force you to. Although that Judaic Judaic much from from words words like like these, these, they they do show that propaganda was was of of a a particularly particularly insistent insistent nature. nature. This This is is propaganda misalso evident from the extensive Hellenistic-Judaic misextensive the also evident from Hellenistic-Judaic sionary literature. literature. 20 2o sionary If Jewish missionary missionary consciousness consciousness is is to to be be explained by IfJewish explained by of the influence the diaspora, Hellenism particularly the influence o,f and the diaspora, Hellenism particularly tenthe the Septuagint, one should not overlook the strong tenoverlook the Septuagint, one should not strong of in the the later later parts dencies towards universalistic universalistic mission mission in dencies towards parts of of the Old Testament. Particularly the great importance of the the Old Testament. Particularly great importance is dealt It is dealt be noted. noted. It the literature should should be later wisdom literature the later a it has with because it has a of in in Chapter instead of with now instead 2, only only because Chapter 2, 21 21 unique Testament. the canon of the Old Testament. in the canon ofthe unique place place in
.
.

3. and Proselytism Wisdom and Israelitic Wisdom Proseljtism 3. Israeliti.c


are withthe book of of Proverbs withThe first first nine Proverbs are of the nine chapters chapters of at the the same out the most enigmatic doubt amongst out doubt enigmatic and at amongst the literature in in the the Old time chokma (wisdom) time fascinating fascinating ckokma (wisdom) literature Testament. this is is only a survey Since this discuss them Testament. Since only a survey we can discuss only there is is still still much unceruncerbriefly. Moreover there only very very briefly. tainty last the wisdom literature literature in in general the last about the general and the tainty about word about it has has not not yet said. about it been said. yet been that the fear of Israel Israel has has always the fear of the the Lord is is the the always known that beginning of wisdom. But nowhere else else in in the the Old TestaTestabeginning of as a is wisdom referred to as a person is at ment is at one and referred to person who is

6o 60

the time princeps princeps and principle principle of the same time of the creation of the creation of the world. the This personification personification of world. This of wisdom even even goes the to the goes to 22 length representing it it as as a a seductive of representing seductive woman. 22 length of It It is is worth noting noting that that wisdom viewed viewed in this way bein this way becomes important from the comesimportantfrom the point point of of view view of the history the of the of the history of world and the history of of salvation. salvation. Israel the history Israel is is not the only not the only to possess nation possess wisdom; wisdom; the the world world of nation to of nations nations possesses possesses it it too. too. "By kings reign, reign, and princes justice. By By decree justice. "By me kings princes decree me princes princes rule, rule, and nobles, nobles, even the judges judges of all the the even all of the earth" (Prov. 8: earth' (Prov. 8: 15, 15, 16). 16). This should probably probably be be interpreted not as meaning, interpreted as meaning, not that Israel's particular role role in that Israel's particular is in God's God's saving activity is saving activity denied, but that that this this divine rightly known and divine wisdom is is rightly denied, but recognized only in in and by by Israel Israel as as the first of of Yahweh's the first recognized only 23 creatures. 23 creatures. Seen against against the the background background of way of of thinking of of the the way thinking of the Old Testament, nevertheless remains the it nevertheless a remarkable remains a remarkable Testament, it in divine phenomenon that that the the share have in share the the nations nations have divine phenomenon here without without reference reference to Israel's wisdom is is spoken of to Israel's spoken of here unique position position and significance, significance, at the at any rate without without the unique any rate election of Israel being being directly directly mentioned and referred referred election of Israel to. to. In Prov. 35, the the normal order the Old Testament 8 35, order of of the Prov. 8: gods of of the the nations nonis even reversed. is even nations are are idols idols and nonreversed. The gods is the entities; Israel's God is the living entities; only life-giving God. living and life-giving only Israel's Here, however, however, it it is is not not said that he who finds said that finds Yahweh Here, finds but the the other round; he who finds also finds finds Life, other way also Life, but way round; wisdom, finds life life and so so Yahweh's Yahweh's favour-"For favour "For whoso wisdom, finds obtain findeth (=Wisdom), findeth findeth Life, Life, and shall shall obtain findeth me (=Wisdom), favour of of the Lord". What else this mean but that that else does does this favour the Lord". is present? wherever there is is wisdom, wisdom, Yahweh is present? wherever there In later this Wisdom will paridentified more parwill be identified In later days days this ticularly with the Torah. Torah. This This does not deny its universal universal does not with the deny its ticularly significance but it Judaic it a more disguised, it does does give disguised, Judaic give it significance but statecharacter. One has has only to compare compare Prov. Prov. 1-9 character. 1-9 with stateonly to the ments regarding the wisdom of of Ecclesiasticus Ecclesiasticus and the ments regarding the 24 24 to that awakens man to Wisdom of of Solomon. Solomon. The word that 61 61
5

life

life and and salvation salvation is is the the same same as as that that which which God used used as as a a
26

ing in in these these chapters chapters is is more or or less less the the same same as as that that in in the the ing first eleven eleven chapters chapters of of Genesis. Genesis. That which was was meant in in first the latter latter as as Israel's Israel's credo, credo, sounds sounds in in the the former former like like an an the appeal to to anyone anyone who is is willing willing to to listen, listen, be be it it within within or or appeal outside Israel; Israel; the the salvation salvation of ofthe the world world lies lies in in the the wisdom outside that was was already already present present when the the world world began. began. that This way way of of thinking thinking reveals reveals a a positive positive attitude attitude towards towards This the world world of of nations nations and and the the fact fact that that this this positive positive attitude attitude the was evidently evidently legitimate legitimate in in Israel Israel and was even even sanctioned sanctioned was Judaic canon canon should should warn us us to to be careful careful when we by the the Judaic by or "particularism". judge Israel's Israel's "exclusivism" "exclusivism" or "particularism". judge if Prov. Prov. 1--9 into being being in in the the post-exile post-exile And if 1-9 came into period, then then it it is is certainly certainly also thanks to to this this wisdom also thanks period, literature that that Israel Israel became became more and more aware aware of its of its literature at that in the missionary It is not to to be wondered at that in the is not be wondered calling. It missionary calling. looked old Christian Church personified personified Wisdom was looked old Christian Christ. Did He not Himupon as prefiguration of of Jesus a prefiguration as a Jesus Christ. upon it if not not identify self use of of this this wisdom if self make use identify Himself with it the chokma: chokma: "Come when He said, words borrowed from the in words said, in I unto are heavy that labour labour and are all ye unto me, laden, and I me, all heavy laden, ye that learn of of will rest. Take my will give yoke upon you, and learn my yoke upon you, give you you rest.
shall find me; heart: and ye find in heart: I am meek and lowly for I me; for lowly in ye shall is is easy, rest souls. For my rest unto unto your yoke is easy, and my my burden is my yoke your souls. ii cf. Ecclus. Ecclus. 51: I : 28-30, light"? 28-30, cf. 23-27, 6: 24-30.) 24-30.) 51 23-27,6: (Matt, I light"? (Matt. not attach We should attach too too much importance should certainly certainly not importance to never in careful should never careful hermeneutics hermeneutics one should to Prov. Prov. r-g; 1-9; in the Old promote rare perspective in the a surprising perspective in surprising and rare promote a of Testament the level to the level of of a general Testament to general and guiding guiding point point of view. the other other hand, the spirit while searching for the view. On the hand, while searching for spirit and intention this the Scriptures, should not of the not neglect intention of neglect this Scriptures, one should testimony It seems seems to that so so far far the the wisdom either. It to me that testimony either. literature the attention literature has has not not received received the it deserves, attention it deserves, parparticularly in missionary science. missionary science. ticularly in
: :

plan when when creating creating the the world. world.2s plan Those curious curious chapters chapters 1-9 1-9 of of Proverbs Proverbs are, are, as as it it were, were, Those a bridge bridge between between Israel Israel and and the the nations. nations. The way way of ofthinkthinka

62 62

the apocalyptic In the of the the Old Testament and particuapocalyptic of particuof Daniel larly a connection Daniel we find find a connection between larly in the book of wisdom and apocalyptic; also gives into apocalyptic; wisdom also gives insight insight into secrets of the future future (Dan. the secrets 2: 31, 6, 5: 12, 7-10 31, 4: 4: 6, 7-10 (Dan. 2: 5: 12, passim). This can easily because apocalyppassim) understood, because easily be understood, apocalyplike chokma, is of a universal tic, universal nature, in a tic, like chokma, is nature, though though in sense from different different sense the other other parts of the from the the Old Testament. Testament. parts of If we now go If to discuss discuss the the data data to in the the to be found found in go on to New Testament we should should remember that that it not only it not only builds builds on those those parts the Old Testament of the are Testament that that are parts of of history accounts of accounts is also but is also a a reaction reaction to to history and prophecy, prophecy, but the chokmatic and apocalyptic the used to statements which used to apocalyptic statements such an important play such in the the life life and thoughts of play important part part in thoughts of post-exile Israel, Israel, amongst those who were as were in in diaspora post-exile amongst those diaspora as as amongst well as well those who still still lived lived in in Israel Israel itself, amongst those itself, parparin the centuries ticularly in the centuries following upon the conclusion of ticularly following upon the conclusion of the Old Testament canon. the canon. It has It has been established established that that the the missionary consciousmissionary consciousthe early ness of ness of the early Christian Christian Church is to these these is partly due to partly centuries are not not mentioned mentioned in centuries which are in the the Old Testament 26 itself. itself. 26 are now faced, We are faced, however, however, with the extremely with the extremely awkquestion whether whether this this Christian missionary conward question Christian missionary consciousness is is indeed indeed a a continuation continuation and strengthening sciousness of strengthening of Judaic missionary consciousness. So far the terms proselyfar the terms consciousness. Judaic missionary proselytism and missionary Inissionary activity activity have have been used used indiscrimiindiscrimitism nately in in this this chapter. chapter. There is is a tendency tendency to to separate separate these these nately is In the this unideas sharply. In the present circumstances this is untwo ideas circumstances sharply. present 27 avoidable avoidable as as well well as as healthful. healthful. 27 the Judaic Judaic propaganda propaganda of of the the post-exile post-exile period period in in its its Can the the in sense which entirery be called proselytism in the derogatory sense be called entirety proselytism derogatory the the word nowadays nowadays has? has? Or should should Matt. Matt. 23: 23: 15 seen 15 be seen the excesses excesses of of an originally originally legitimate legitimate as a a protest protest against against the as ? missionary impulse impulse? missionary study of of the the data data in in the the New Testament will will show A study that the the missionary missionary consciousness consciousness of of the the Christian Christian Church that did not not fall fall from from the the air air but but that, that, on the the other other hand, hand, one one did 63 63
.

should be be very very careful careful about about continuing continuing the the line line from from should Judaic missionary missionary propaganda propaganda to to the the Christian Christian Church. Church. Judaic distinction will will have have to to be be made between between the the apostolic apostolic A distinction statement that that "if "if any any man be be in in Christ Christ he he is is a a new statement Cor. 5:17) 5: I 7) and the the activities activities of of the the Christian Christian creature" (2 (2 Cor. creature" that were were not not only determined determined by by its its "being "being in in Church that Church

onry

Christ". Christ '.


5

In this this study, study, the the main aim of of which is is to to report report the the In data to to be be found found in in the the Bible, Bible, the the question question of of the the connecconnecdata the Old Old Testament Testament and the the New and the the tion between between the tion difference between between the the difference Testament and the the New will will Old Testament be dealt dealt with with apart apart from from the the question question of of how far far Christian Christian be mission and and Judaic Judaic proselyte proselyte activity activity were related related genetigenetimission cally and and historically. historically. It It seems seems to to us us that that this this question question is is cally mainly of of importance importance from from the the historical historical point point of ofview. It view. It mainly
is therefore outside outside the the scope scope ofthis study, although although in in our our of this study, is therefore in this opinion it it had to to be be mentioned mentioned in this chapter, is chapter, which is opinion

intended as an intermezzo. intermezzo. as an intended

CHAPTER 5 5

THE NEW TESTAMENT MESSAGE OF UNIVERSALISM IN RELATION TO THAT OF THE OLD TESTAMENT

E IMPORTANCE FOR A THEOLOGY OF MISSION OF HE having true insight insight into message of the Old the message into the of the having a true Testament is is obvious obvious from the the difficulties people Testament difficulties which people with various various passages passages of the New Testament have had with of the Testament the Gentiles. here specidealing with the Gentiles. We are are referring dealing with specireferring here the of Jesus and mission, Jesus the fically to the problem to of mission, Jesus and the fically Jesus problem in the course of Gentiles, has set many pens going has which set in the of course Gentiles, many pens going 1 the years. 1 Only by a clearer insight into the structure and the years. Only by clearer insight into the structure intention the message message of of the could a intention of of the the Old Testament could a be found, whichsatisfying solution to this problem found, which satisfying solution to this problem for details-has except for details has been fairly at fairly generally except generally accepted, accepted, at least in in missionary missionary circles. least circles. In this this chapter particularly to to underscore the In underscore the chapter we want particularly in regard continuity of of the the Old and the the New Testaments regard Testaments in continuity questions with with which which we are here concerned. is to It is the questions are here concerned. It to the perhaps not not superfluous to point point out that continuity is out that continuity is superfluous to perhaps in quite different from identity. identity. Over against against the different from the tendency tendency in quite the theology which which lays lays strong strong emphasis continuity theology emphasis on continuiry-the inclination to view view the the New Testament as as only inclination to only an appenappenthe Old Testament-we wish to dage to the to affirm affirm emphatiTestament we wish emphatidage to us message of the New Testament brings brings us cally of the the message that the cally that new, and by by the the glow thing something of this this new thing glow of something quite quite new, is replaced by not only only does does the the old old pale, pale, but but it it is not something replaced by something that than just just the the fulfilment fulfilment of of the the old old expectations. is more than that is expectations. In fulfilment, fulfilment, the the expectations but are not only In only exceeded but expectations are the also overtaken, modified, modified, corrected. over against corrected* And over also overtaken, against the E 6 5 65

r. Introduction i. Introduction

other tendency tendency to to pay pay too too other the the

little

little attention attention to to the the great great

significance of of the the Old Testament Testament for for the the New Testament, Testament, significance wish to to affirm affirm just just as as emphatically emphatically that that the the "new" in in we wish Testament is is nothing nothing else else than than that that which had New Testament already been been predicted predicted in in the the Old Testament, Testament, and it it is is of of already great significance significance that that the the "new" in in the the New Testament Testament is is great illuminated and and clarified clarified time time and again again from the the Old illuminated Testament, so so that that we go go off off on the the wrong wrong track track if if we Testament, neglect the the Old Testament Testament as as irrelevant. irrelevant. neglect It thus thus seems seems to to me of of essential essential importance importance for for the the conconIt struction of of a a theology theology of of mission mission that that both both the the unity unity and struction the diversity diversity of of the the Old and New Testaments Testaments be kept kept in in the mind, because because the the diversity diversity can can be be understood understood rightly right?J only mind, only and the the unity unity receives receives its its full full significance from the the unity, unity, and from significance idea of from the the diversity. diversity. Particularly Particularly in respect to to the the idea of in respect from in mind, "mission" must must these these things things be be kept kept firmly firmly in mind, bebe"mission" cause the the New Testament Testament brings brings us us something something totally totally new cause which is is quite lacking in the Old Testament: the the commisin the which quite lacking
mission in the sion proclamation to to the the nations, nations, to in the to mission sion to to proclamation centrifugal sense. would do scant justice to to the scant justice the New sense. We would centrifugal as a victory to see Testament witness witness were were we to this only victory see this Testament only as witness. On the over or as as a a contrast to the the Old Testament witness. the over or contrast to other hand, it it seems seems to to me fully as much an impoverishother hand, fully as impoverishthe great the ment and a a misjudgment of the significance of the misjudgment of great significance to mission call mission if if we explain the centrifugal call to centrifugal commission explain the only mode, of a form, or the centripetal as aform, or a a mode, of the task. only as centripetal task. in the first place, In this to show, the first that this chapter show, in place, that chapter we want to great between the the Old and the exists between the New great continuity continuity exists Testament witness the nations, in order witness with with respect to the order to to nations, in respect to the differences indicate, in the the second differences from the the second place, indicate, in place, the Old Testament which will will prevent our confusing conconfusing conprevent our tinuity with identity. to indiindishall have to tinuity with identity. In particular particular we shall cate the the progression cate Heilsgeschichte, which offers of Heilsgeschichte, offers sursurprogression of prising as well. well. prising new perspectives perspectives as this chapter In this the shall confine confine ourselves to the ourselves chiefly chapter we shall chiefly to witness of of the the Gospels. witness conthe next next chapter shall conGospels. In the chapter we shall centrate on the the call call to centrate mission proper, as the to mission the completely completely proper, as

66 66

that distinguishes distinguishes the new element that the New Testament from the the Old Testament. Testament. That this this "new" has has roots roots in the in the "old" will then then be be set forth. Then, besides the the so-called "old" will so-called set forth. Then, besides "great the letters Paul and the the other other letters of of Paul commission", the "great commission", writings of will claim In of the the New Testament Testament will our attention. attention. In claim our writings the final chapter try to to the the the final shall try answer to to find find an answer chapter we shall
as to question as to how, how, in in the the light light of the Old Testaof study Testaof the question study of the New Testament, the ment and the of the the light in the Testament, and in light of

present-day situation missions, a "theology situation in in missions, mission" of mission" present-day "theology of is is to to be constructed. constructed.
2. 2. Jesus, Israel,

Jesus, Israel, and the .Nations and the Nations

Earlier exegetes A. Earlier could not that Jesus Jesus avoided not deny avoided exegetes could deny that the Gentiles, though they affirmed thatJesus a mission mission to to the Gentiles, though they affirmed that Jesus would have expressed to the favour of in favour a mission mission to the of a expressed Himself in Gentiles, or have pursued pursued it is now or would have it is it Himself; Gentiles, Himself; and it seen to to be seen be an incontestable incontestable fact, state the Gospels fact, which the Gospels state clearly, that Jesus consciously wished to confine His that His to confine clearly, Jesus consciously wished in Matt. activity to Israel. find the clearest statement to in Israel. Matt. We find the clearest statement activity of I 5 : 24: 24: "I was sent sent only only to to the the lost the house house of lost sheep of the 15: sheep of Israel." Jesus spoke of the "house" to a Israel." That Jesus a who of the to "house" woman spoke did not belong belong to to the the house house of of Israel did not Israel at is an added bit bit all is at all of in mind of evidence evidence that that Jesus Jesus kept kept the in the contrast contrast firmly firmly the world world of nations, quite in accord between Israel Israel and the accord between of nations, quite in is with the the Old Testament doctrine doctrine of Israel is with of election. election. Israel 10: God's vineyard (Mark 12: Iff.), God's flock (Matt. 10: 6), i flock God's 12: 6), (Matt. vineyard (Mark ff.), promises of are valid valid particularly particularly for Israel: the promises and the of God are for Israel: 8 the Kingdom Kingdom of of God will will be granted to Israel Israel (Matt. the granted to (Matt. 8: 2 2 Luke I2, I2: 32). 12: 12, 32). are drawn Over against against this, this, the the Gentiles Gentiles (the nations) are (the nations) in in the colours which we have have already seen in the same dark dark colours in already seen the Old Testament: Testament: they they do not not know God, but they the God, they camouflage that that ignorance ignorance in in their their prayers verbosity by verbosity camouflage prayers by of this this world (Matt. (Matt. 6: 7), they they seek seek only the things things of (Matt. only the (Matt. 6:7), to God act 6: 32, Luke 12: they can act only can 12: 30), 6: 32, contrary to only contrary 30), they cf. Acts (and Messiah) (Mark (Mark 10: 24, cf. Acts 10: 33, 21: 24, His Messiah) 33, Luke 21: (and His 4= 27). 27). 4:
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He forbids forbids His His disciples disciples emphatically: emphatically: "Go "Go nowhere nowhere He of the among the Gentiles, and enter no town of the Samaritans, no town enter and the Samaritans, Gentiles, among but go go rather rather ta to- the the lost lost sheep sheep of of the the house house of of Israel" Israel" but zeal the (Matt. I 0: 5-6). s-6). His judgment on the missionary zeal of of on His 10 missionary judgment (Matt. the Jews Jews is is completely completely annihilating annihilating (Matt. (Matt. 23: 23: is). 15).33 the It will will not not do do to to soften soften the the weight weight and and keenness keenness of ofthese these It did heal and that passages by appealing to the fact that Jesus did heal and fact the to Jesus passages by appealing neither case was in preach outside Israel as well, because in neither case was because as Israel outside well, preach there any any concern concern for for a a labour labour of of mission mission among among the the there Gentiles by byJesus Jesus Himself: Himself: the the healings healings of of Matt. Matt. 15: 15: 21-28 21-28 Gentiles and Matt. Matt. 8: 8: 5-13 5-13 take take place place from from afar; afar; and His His crossing crossing and the Jewish Jewish borders borders was was done done for for the the sake sake of of the the Jewish Jewish the than directed rather areas population in previously Jewish areas rather directed in previously Jewish population 4 to the the Gentiles. Gentiles.4 to B. Attempts Attempts to to ascribe ascribe this this state state of of affairs affairs to to Jesus Jesus' B. or "particularism" "particularism" have have now been almost almost nationalism or nationalism and I completely abandoned. abandoned. We recognize recognize all all this this-and I completely believe correctly correctly-as a sign sign that that Jesus Jesus kept kept Himself within within as a believe 5 the "historic "historic context context of of revelation". revelation". 5 the for the Gentiles This also implies that salvation salvation for context also This context implies that was at the time of the end, when God's Kingdom the of time the at was expected Kingdom end, expected would revealed in Israel. That Jesus considered Israel. in revealed be fully would be Jesus fully this as immediately salvation as of salvation time of this time near, and that He immediately near, brought it into connection with His own Messianic comwith into connection it brought all the the in all Gospels. In no way Inission, convincing in way Gospels. mission, appears convincing appears aversion does in to the nationalistic feelings of aversion and nationalistic the to in does He give feelings give hate, attitude toward the SamariHis attitude see from His can see as we can hate, as the good tans His parable tans and His 4, (John 4, good Samaritan (John parable of the ~ I 9)> in which respect X II Luke g: 51 ff., 17: 11-rg), He ff. 10:25-37, 10: respect 7 25-37, 9: 51 6 runs attitudes (Luke to prevailing counter to runs counter i6-3o). 4: r6-3o).s (Luke 4: prevailing attitudes of as the At as well the world world of well as Israel as last judgment, At the the last judgment, Israel as as well as and Gentiles Gentiles as nations stand before before God, nations will will stand God, and and Israelites lost (Matt. saved and and be be lost be saved will be Israelites will 31 ff.), ff.) and (Matt. 25: 25: 31 at the the end end ofGod God at many in the the fellowship share in will share Gentiles will fellowship of many Gentiles is no no to Israel of (Matt. 8: II, I 2 : 4 I ff.). Belonging to Israel is 12 8: of days 11, Belonging 41 ff.). (Matt. days God's judgment guarantee all of at all of protection judgment against God's protection against guarantee at differon the the contrary, (Matt. 3: 6-g) : on Luke I13: the differcontrary, the 6-9): 9, Luke 3: 9, (Matt 3:
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and the the nations then fall nations will will then fall away away (Luke 13: 1-3, Matt. 23: 37) and Israel will have more to to Israel will (Luie 13 1-3, 23 37) the Gentiles Gentiles (Matt. 12: 41 , Luke 4: answer for for than the answer (Matt. 12: 41 , 4: 25-27).7 25-27).* of salvation to the nations, however, however, beJesus' promise of salvation to the nations, beJesus' promise the light of His comes fully fully clear clear only only if if we see see it it in in the of His light Messianic must consider first, the Messianic declarations. declarations. We must consider here, the here, first, self-designation "Son of Man", which is borrowed from of which is from borrowed Man", self-designation It is a Messianic tis title which indicates Dan. 7: Messianic title indicates universal universal 7 13. 13. I it also doininion, though it also probably probably serves hide Jesus' serves to to hide dominion, though Jesus* Messianic character character during during His His Ininistry Messianic Israel. through Israel. ministry through For Jesus Jesus is is so so completely completely different different from the the Messiah Messiah of of 8 But it has been demonJewish nationalistic expectation. expectation.8 But it has Jewish nationalistic that the the Son-of-Man title title is strated beyond doubt doubt that strated beyond is cercerthe tainly intended to reflect reflect the the universal intended to universal claiins claims and the tainly 9 eschatological of Jesus' character of Messianic cominission, commission,9 eschatological character Jesus* Messianic first becomes becomes fully clear during the trial before which :first trial before fully clear during the 10 the resurrection. resurrection.1 o Caiaphas after the Caiaphas and after the In the the second place, place, we must make reference reference to to the cerappropriation by Jesus-not explicitly by name, but cernot appropriation by Jesus explicitly by name, by His His work work--of the "Servant the Lord" :figure tainly of the of the "Servant of figure tainly by u By this 11 in this means in Isaiah Isaiah (Matt. (Matt. 12: I2: 15-21, I 5-2 I, Mark 10: 45). 45). By as a His dying His work, work, His His suffering, His are explained suffering, and His dying are explained as and the 10 suffering dying for the "many" (Mark 10: 45, I4: 24), for 45, 14: 24), suffering dying "many" (Mark in by universal universal consent, to see are to see a designation in which, consent, we are which, by designation ofthe world ofnations,12 the world of nations. 12 of In the the third third place, place, the the claim to the the title title "Son of of David" claim to as must, in in the of Ps. I o, be seen as an indication of the the the light 1 I indication of seen Ps. be 10, must, light 18 18 as Messiah 12: world dominion doininion of of Jesus as Messiah (Mark I2: 35-37). world 35-37) (Mark Jesus ass account of entry into The account of Jesus' into Jerusalem Jerusalem on an ass Jesus' entry is also also obvious obvious instead of of on a a royal royal horse, horse, Mark I I-10, 1 1 I: instead i-io, is in this connection. This strange strange entry considered in this connection. This entry must be considered all over all in direct connection connection with with the the doininion peace over dominion of of peace in direct 14 14 nations: Zech. g: g f., cf. !sa. 4-6. Isa. g: nations: Zech. f., cf. 9: 4-6. 9: 9 are several Among the parables parables of Jesus are to several which point of Jesus point to Among the Testament Old nations. The well-known well-known a salvation for all all nations. salvation for of the the pilgrimage pilgrimage of of the the nations to Jerusalem image nations to Jerusalem and image of
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ences between Israel Israel ences

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of the of the the nations nations at at the the end of the times times (Isa. of the feast of the feast of 2: (Isa. 2: 2-4, 25: 6-8) recurs in in various various statements statements and parables of 6~8) recurs parables of 2-4, 25 15 has stated in a Jesus. J eremias15 lines "what has stated in a few sharp Jesus. Jeremias sharp lines Jesus read in in His His Bible about the the eschatological Bible about eschatological pilgrimage Jesus read pilgrimage of the nations nations to to the the mount of these, according of God". In these, of the according to him, him, five five features features are are to to be distinguished: the to distinguished: (a) (a) the epiphany of of God (Isa. (!sa. 51:5, 51: 5, Zech. 2: 2: II, 2: 2, 4, Isa. 2 2, 51: 11, !sa. 51 4, epiphany of God (Ps. 6o: 3, 3, 62: I 1) I);; (b) the summons of r, !sa. Isa. 45: 60 62 1 50: i, (Ps. so: 45 (b) the of the the march of the 20, 22, 22, 55: rg, Ps. Ps. g6: 66: 19, 20, (c] the 5, 66: 96: 3, 3, ro); 10); (c) 55: 5, Ps. 8: nations (Isa. (!sa. 2:3, Zech. 8:21, Jer. 3: g) nations 21, Jer. 3: 17, 47: 9) 2:3, Ig:23, 17, Ps. 47: 19:23, Zech. laden with gifts (!sa. 18: r8: 7, 7, 60: 6o: 5-20, Hag. 2: 2:7, Ps. 68:30, laden with 7, Ps. 68:30, 5-20, Hag. gifts (Isa. worship in the sanctuary sanctuary of the world, world, J em32); the worship in the of the Jeru32) ; (d) (d) the Ps. salem salem (!sa. 66: I8, Isa. 45: 24, Ps. 22: 22: 27, 18, Isa. 14, 24, 72: 27, 72: (Isa. 56: 56: 7, 45: I4, 7, 66: g-I I, 86: g, Zeph. Zeph. 3: 9); (e) (e) the the feast the mount of the feast on the the 86: 9, 911, 3:9);
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world, Zion (Isa. 25: 6-8). world, Zion (Isa. 25: 6-8). Like Sundkler, Like the centricentrialso accentuates accentuates the Sundkler, Jeremias Jeremias also petal character of the image in both the Old Testament the the in character of both image petal 16 of and the Gospels. 16 This presentation of pilgrimage of the pilgrimage the Gospels. of the This presentation the nations lies lies at the basis basis of the well-known well-known statement statement in the nations at the of the in Matt. Matt. 8: I. Jeremias rightly refers to Isa. 49: I12 2 and Isa. n. refers to Isa. 49: Isa. 8: I Jeremias rightly 17 7 and remarks 6,1 remarks that it is from this image that we 25: that is this that it 25 6, image must explain explain all all the the eschatological parables and passages eschatological parables passages 18 Closely related to to the the have reference reference to to the the feast. which have feast. 18 Closely related image of the pilgrimage of the nations is that of a gathering of the is a the of of nations that image pilgrimage gathering of the flock of the flock (Matt. 3I f., John r6, I I: 51 n: 10: 16, (Matt. 25: 25: 31 John IO: 51 ff.), ff.), and that of the temple (Mark thatofthetemple (Mark n: II: I7, I2: IO, 14: 58,John 12: 12: 10, 14: 58, John 12: 17, 19 20 9 that 20 the 20 ff.), ff.)/ that of of the the city city on a a hill hill (Matt. 5: 14), light the (Matt. 5 I4), light on the stand stand (Matt. n (Matt. 5: 21, Luke 8: 8: 16, 16, II: 5: 15, 4: 21, 15, Mark 4: the life of the 33), the stream oflife (John 7: 37), the inheritance (Matt. inheritance 33), (John 7: 37), (Matt. the tree tree wherein wherein the 25: 34), 34), and the the birds birds of of the the air air make 25: their nests In all their nests (Matt. 32). In all these these images the find the 13: 32). (Matt. 13: images we find same concern as as in in the the image image of of the the of the the pilgrimage of pilgrimage nations, namely, that of universal and eschatological that of universal nations, namely, eschatological 21 Although this salvation. 21 would appear salvation. at first conclusion would first Although this conclusion appear at to sight to many strange, and reminds us of the somewhat the us reminds of sight many strange, dream eschatological out of Karl Barth would like out of like which Karl Barth would eschatological 22 it to awaken men, to men, 22 must be be admitted the other it must admitted on the other hand 70 7
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the frequently the frequently used Kingdom of used concept or of the Kingdom God, or of concept of of the of God, the world world of nations. And from this this the of nations. statement-irrefutable, believe-it becomes statement irrefutable, I I believe it certainly certainly becomes probable that that we must understand understand the the images parables probable images and parables in the the New Testament in in this this light in salvation. of universal universal salvation. light of The question arises, why why has has Jesus task His task question arises, Jesus separated separated His for Israel so strictly from His for Israel so strictly His expectation the nations? nations? for the expectation for The answer answer we shall is twofold: shall give twofold: (I) Salvation must give is (i) Salvation first first be be offered to Israel before the nations) offered to Israel before the Gentiles Gentiles (the (the nations) can be received received into the people people of this light into the of God. In this light we must understand, understand, too, too, Jesus' Jesus' strong strong prohibition prohibition to the disdisto the ciples against going the Gentiles, Gentiles, Matt. the to the Matt. 10: 5-6: ciples against 5-6: the going to of at Kingdom of God is at hand, but its eschatological revelais hand, but its eschatological revelaKingdom tion tion has has not not yet yet come. ( 2) The Kingdom of God can dawn (2) Kingdom of after only after the blood of the true Passover has been blood of the true Passover Lamb has only 23 23 shed (Isa. 10: 45, 14: (Isa. 53: u, Mark 53: II, 45, 14: 24). 24). C. Now we come to to the the point point where we must make clear C. clear the the fact fact that that continuity continui0J between between the the Old Testament and the the New Testament does does not not mean identi0J, but includes differincludes differidentity, ence as as well. well. So long as we view view the ence the eschatological expectalong as eschatological expectation the Old Testament Testament as the only tion of of salvation as the salvation in in the only possible possible the sort of salvation we can do justice to the sort of of expectation of salvation no expectation justice to 24 witness of of the Testament. 24 witness the New Testament. view is steadily gaining has The view is steadily that when one has gaining ground ground that eschatostated the continuity between the Old Testament eschatostated the between the continuity the message message of of the the Gospels, logy and the has still said only still said only logy Gospels, one has of New the first word as regards the the distinctive the first as regards distinctive character character of Testament eschatology. eschatology. This distinctive character character must must be as follows: follows described as This distinctive be described the with the the coming of Jesus as the Messiah, and with the as with of the with Messiah, Jesus coming i coming in Him of the Kingdom of God (Mark 1: 14-15), of the of in 14-15), Kingdom (Mark coming the promises have only provisional fulfilment of the fulfilment of we still still have a provisional promises only a to Israel Israel during during the the period period of the Old Testament. Testament. of the made to this tension must therefore therefore review review the the significance of this tension We must significance between the the fulfilment fulfilment and the provisional nature of the the and the between provisional In Christ. Messianic Kingdom of has in Christ. in which has come of God Messianic Kingdom other words, we must must demonstrate demonstrate the the progression and other words, progression

that that

Heaven, always always includes includes Heaven,

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unfolding of the the heilsgeschichtlich of God, as this this is is God, as heilsgeschichtlich activity activity of unfolding of proclaimed in the the New Testament in in contrast to us us in contrast to to proclaimed to the Old Testament perspective, (but not in in opposition (but not to) the perspective, opposition to) to us in our investigation in far as as it it is is of us in in so so far of importance of importance to investigation of the of mission. motive of the Biblical Biblical foundation foundation and motive mission.
the Church Church the Apostles, 3 Apostles, and the Kingdom^ the 3. The Kingdom,

A. the Gospel contents of the A. The theme and contents are the the proGospel are prothe Kingdom clamation of the of God as as a fulfilment fulfilment of clamation of of the the Kingdom of 25 Its actualization begins in the 25 Old Testament Testament promises. actualization begins in the promises. Its 26 26 preaching In His preaching the Messianic Messianic Jesus. preaching the preaching of Jesus. of the coming character of God comes into character of the coming Kingdom into Kingdom of sharper in the focus than could could be expressed the Old TestaTestaexpressed in sharper focus the Kingdom ment. ment. For the the relation relation between the of God and Kingdom of the Messianic the revelation becomes a correlation, Messianic revelation of such such correlation, of force that that one can almost speak of an identification force almost speak of Jesus identification of Jesus Christ and the of God; the Kingdom Kingdom of proclaims, Christ God; He not only only proclaims, but He is person the Kingdom which is but in His person the Kingdom at hand. is in is at hand. We can see see here here the the first the Old first contrast contrast between the Testament Testament expectation and the Testament fulfilment. the New fulfilment. expectation Not only is the the expectation of salvation salvation in in the the Old TestaTestaonly is expectation of ment being of salvation being fulfilled; the revelation is becoming revelation of salvation is fulfilled; the becoming of salvation is clearer, because because the the history salvation (Heilsgeschichte) clearer, history of (Heilsgeschichte) is In close connection with these facts is the unfolding. close connection with these facts is the unfolding. following: following: The Messianic Messianic self-declarations self-declarations of of Jesus Jesus undoubtedly undoubtedly contain universal dominion of of God, God. Although Although He knows knows contain the the universal Himself be the the Messiah Messiah of Israel, and as as such such has has Himself to to be of Israel, chosen of suffering suffering and crucifixion, crucifixion, He has has not not chosen the the way way of only steadfastly rejected the designation "Messiah", but the but only steadfastly rejected designation "Messiah", He has has also also led led the the thoughts thoughts both both of of His His disciples disciples and and of of those those who rejected rejected Him in in another another direction. direction. This This is is clear clear from His of His plain plain preference preference for for the the appellation appellation "Son of a name which in Man", occurs in the Gospels exclusively as occurs the as Man", Gospels exclusively a ^^designation of Jesus. Jesus. The writers writers of of the the Gospels Gospels self-designation of mean that the universal-Messianic conapparently to say to that the universal-Messianic conapparently say sciousness in Jesus, Jesus, but but that that neither neither friend friend nor nor sciousness was present present in
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its its range range before before the the work of Jesus had of Jesus its fulfilment its in cross resurrection. Jesus Jesus fulfilment in cross and resurrection. opposes the the expectations a narrowly narrowlY Israelite Israelite sort sort (coloured expectations of of a opposes (coloured in in part part by by nationalism) nationalism) by by opening prospects of uniout prospects of uniopening out versalism. from the the title title "Son of Man", this this fact mrsalism. Aside from fact of Man", also becomes clear also clear in in the the preaching preaching of particularly of Jesus, Jesus, particularly in the parables parables which reveal reveal their their secret in the if we underundersecret only only if as signs stand them as signs of of the the eschatologically eschatologically universal universal Kingdom of God. Kingdom of It is is this It this eschatological eschatological character character of parables which the parables of the opens our our eyes to the the fact that that magic word "eschatofact that that magic "eschatoeyes to opens not said For precisely precisely in these logical" has not said everything. in these logical" has everything. For we see parables see that the coming of Jesus does not mean that the coming of Jesus does not parables the absolute end> the absolute end, but rather rather that that it period in it ushers in a ushers in a new new period the history history of of Israel Israel and of of the world. This is the the third the world. This is the third point of distinction between the Old Testament expectadistinction of the Testament expectapoint tion the New Testament fulfilment. just this tion and the is just this it is fulfilment. And it distinction which is of all-determinative significance for a is of for distinction all-determinative significance true understanding understanding of the missionary missionary call which Christ true Christ of the call fulhas given given to Church. For For while while the the fulto His His Church. is the has the gospel gospel is still of the the expectation filment of expectation of that fulfilment still filment of salvation, that fulfilment salvation, bears a a tentative tentative character, character, and becomes becomes in in itself itself the bears 27 source of a new expectation. expectation. 27 source of [This expectation is is often as applying often interpreted applying [This new expectation interpreted as near future, future, and there there has been talk talk of to the of a delay has also to the near also been delay in the the Parousia, Parousia, the the Second Coming in of Christ, Christ, which was Coming of the cause (according to to this this view) view) the cause of of great disappoint(according great disappoint28 Others ment for for the the early early Christians. have been been of the of the Christians. 28 Others have opinion that the expectation for the near future played that the for the future near played a expectation opinion smaller role than than has has generally been assumed, and some been smaller role assumed, generally after even any meaning at all to eschatology at to deny all to even want to eschatology after deny any meaning 29 Still that and resurrection. resurrection. 29 the opinion cross others are are of of the Still others cross and opinion that the resurrection of Christ is really really to to be be put put on the the same Christ is the resurrection of 30 Our belief is level with with the Coming. 30 that these these belief is that the Second Coming. level ideas do not not do justice justice to to the the actual actual contents contents of the Gosideas that the pels, and that recognize that the New Testament that we must recognize pels, witness concerning eschatology eschatology cannot be brought brought under witness concerning

foe foe understood understood

received received

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I believe, one denominator. We must distinguish, one denominator. bebelieve, bedistinguish, I at least three data data which are not mutually mutually exclusive tween are not least three exclusive tween at but which which supplement supplement and clarity the other: (a) but clarify each other: (a) the coming of jesus is indeed the fulfilment of the Old Testathe Testacoming of Jesus is indeed the fulfilment ment expectation expectation for for the the future to that that extent is a future and to extent is a 31 31 complete, unambiguous, eschatological eschatological event; (b) the event; (b) the complete, unambiguous, coming ofjesus, His suffering resurrecsuffering and resurrecJesus, and especially especially His coming of it tion, ushers in a new age in it becomes clear in which clear that that tion, ushers in a age the revelation of the Messiah does mean the end of does the of a the revelation of the 32 particular period of salvation, but not the end of times; 32 of the the times; particular period of salvation, but not the (c) the end of the times remains, or rather becomes an rather or the times becomes the of remains, (c) object offuture expectation in in which the the complete breakfuture expectation complete breakobject of through of the Kingdom of God is connected with the is of with the through of the Kingdom 33 33 Second Coming of Christ. of Christ. Second Coming Item (a) has already already claimed claimed our in 2 our attention attention in of 2 of (a) has the this must turn to the meaning of (b) to must turn of we this chapter. Now meaning chapter. (b) and (c).] (c}.~\ In this this connection connection the the parable parable of sower (Matt. of the the sower In (Matt. 13 13 and parallels) parallels) is significance since it forms of much significance since it forms "in "in is of many respects the the point point of the basis basis for for an of departure many respects departure and the 34 This 34 understanding of the ensuing parables". parable is This of the understanding ensuing parables". parable is concerned with with "the connection between between the the event "the connection event concerned painted in in the parable and the the revelation revelation of the Kingdom Kingdom the parable of the painted 35 The Kingdom of ofHeaven". God (which has come in of of has in Heaven". 35 (which Kingdom goes the way of the seed, and the the of the the and with with Christ) now seed, Christ) goes way Messiah assumes assumes the the figure the Sower. Messiah of the Sower. In the the great figure of great eschatological hour of fulfilment, this is just what is this is is haphour of fulfilment, eschatological just happening: "a sower goes goes out out to more; and to sow-nothing sow nothing more; pening: 36 that that means a a new world world of This Kingdom will will of God". 36 This Kingdom fare are failures fare just just as as the the seed there are is also does there seed does: failures but there there is also in a (and even in a wonderfully wonderfully abundant way) way) fruit. fruit. The (and salvation has come, come, and as salvation of of God has as a a seed. seed. This This assumes assumes time time and space to grow and ripen to the harvest. The same thought and space to grow to the harvest. andripen thought lies at the the basis basis of the parable parable of the tares lies at of the the tares among of the among the Matt. in more wheat, Matt. 13: 24-30, 36-43, in which, even wheat, 13: 24-30, 36-43, which, than in in the the previously previously considered parable, time as clearly considered parable, time as clearly than a factor within within the afactor the Kingdom Kingdom emerges: emerges: "Whoever sows sows cannot cannot
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37 forthwith mow." 37 In the the parable parable of net, :Klatt. forthwith In Matt. 13: of the the net, 13: 47-50, there is is a similar similar concern the distinction concern for for the distinction and 47-50,

interval between the interval between gathering the sortgathering and separating separating and sort38 ing.38 to view view in in the the same same way way the are to of the the the parables ing. We are parables of seed growing seed 4: 26-2g), the mustard of the growing secretly secretly (Mark (Mark 4: 26-29), of seed and the leaven (Matt. seed the leaven 31-33). The sense these of these sense of (Matt. 13: 13: 31-33). is obscured parables is obscured just just as as much by by a a one-sidedly parables one-sidedly present present 39 of the the Kingdom as by by an exclusively concept of one. 39 future one. concept Kingdom as exclusively future the At the same time, time, we must recognize recognize the the coming the of the coming of the delay the end-as the Kingdom of the a special of the end as a Kingdom and the delay of gift of special gift Messianic time. time. There is is an interval interval of time between the Messianic of time between the of the revelation of the Kingdom of God and the revelation Last Judgment, the Last Kingdom of Judgment, an interval interval which becomes the the great characteristic the of the great characteristic of of Jesus. Jesus is Saviour before Messianic self-revelation Messianic self-revelation of Jesus. Jesus is Saviour before is Judge. He is parables of the Lost Lost Sheep, Lost Coin, of the the Lost Coin, Judge. The parables Sheep, the and the the Prodigal (Luke 15) must also be understood Son also be understood Prodigal (Luke 15) this light. in this light. The divine power and glory in are divine power glory which are can be exercised by Him only granted to the Messiah to the in can be exercised by only in granted the restricted way which which God has to Him. This This restricted way the has indicated indicated to is the the way way is wqy of vicarious suffering suffering and and dying. of vicarious way dying. The Son of Man is is also also the the Servant of the the Lord. Lord. It both foci It is Servant of is both foci which 40 40 the content of the Gospel. together determine determine the content the of together Gospel. "The teaching teaching and work of of the historical Jesus jesus are are only the historical only to be understood understood in the light of His consciousness of to be of fulfulin the of His consciousness light that filling the role of the suffering Servant of God and that of the role of of the Servant filling suffering the Son of Man." the returning of returning "In the the performance performance of these two tasks tasks-as as suffering of these suffering return Servant of God as the Son of is to return on the the as is Servant and Man to the Son who of of salvation. The clouds-Jesus has fulfilled plan of of salvation. clouds Jesus has fulfilled God's God's plan of the suffering has fulfilled purport of the the purport Servant of of God has fulfilled the suffering Servant in subhistory of the people Israel, lies enclosed in sublies enclosed of the which history people Israel, stitution the Son of the clouds, of Man, stitution ... ; the clouds, comMan, coming coming on the pletes God's of creation as the Man, the Second as of the God's work creation Man, the pletes at which the creation (Erscha.ffung) of man, Adam, of at the creation which man, made Adam, (Erschaffung] 41 41 has aimed." in the the image of God, has aimed." of in God, image lies In vicarious suffering there lies Christ there death of of Christ In the the vicarious suffering and death the of ,a motive for the delay in the judgment of the the in motive for the ,a strong judgment delay strong 75 75
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the forgiveness forgiveness and and reconciliation reconciliation accomplished accomplished through through the it already already carry carry within within themselves themselves the the character character of ofjudgjudgit ment. By By Christ's Christ's suffering, suffering, judgment judgment is is not not only only postpostment. and borne over is taken it poned but in a certain way it is taken over and borne by certain a in but by way poned Him. In In Him Him the the possibility possibility is is now now open open to to escape escape the the Him. judgment. But But then then there there must must be be preached preached to to all all nations nations judgment. Israel for what Christ Christ has has done done vicariously, vicariously, for Israel (by (by the the also what also Son of of Man, Man, who who is is the the Servant Servant of of the the Lord) Lord) and and for for the the Son whole world world (by (by the the Servant Servant of of the the Lord, Lord, who is is the the Son Son whole of Man). Man). Jesus Jesus Himself Himself appears appears to to be the the seed seed which dies dies of This howfruit. bear (John r2), but which will also bear fruit. fruit, also will which but fruit, 12), (John ever, needs needs a a time time of of ripening, ripening, and a time for for bringing bringing ever, in the the harvest harvest-which shall be be abundant, abundant, because because it it is is the the which shall in the harvest of of the the whole whole world. world. Here the assumptions assumptions and harvest

world.42 u Therefore Therefore His His resurrection resurrection does does not not mean mean the the end end world. but the the beginning beginning of of a a new new period period in in world world history. history. For For but

the preaching of the Gospel to the nations Messianic wqy the resurrection resurrection thereafter, thereafter, and of of the the preaching preaching of of the the the is that Gospel among the nations, that is the new element Gospel among the nations, through the fulfilment far surpasses fulfilment far which the expectation. surpasses the expectation. through which in Christ opens God's eschatological activity in Christ God's eschatological activity opens out a most surprising the surprising being not the thing being surprising thing perspective, the surprising perspective, fact of the coming of the nations, but how they the of come, and nations, they come, fact of the coming the condition for their coming. their for the condition coming. a "dethronement" of a There to speak reason to is thus thus good There is speak of good reason 43 in the 43 of of eschatology message of the New Testament, the in of eschatology Testament, bemessage the "last things" which have been enacted in cause 'last cause the things a new age of "first Christ are at the same time the "first things" of a the time at the are Christ age things' are and of a new world. This does not mean that we are does This a world. of and conOn relevant. eliminating eschatology as no longer relevant. On the conno as longer eliminating eschatology the timeit means that instead of an end-point on trary, on the trary, it means that instead of an end-point a toward line we have a line which points toward a line a which we of history line of points history further definitive end-point. and definitive further and end-point. even that even From conclude that we may this discussion, all this From all discussion, we may conclude of at a "the of the nations" is enacted at a point enacted is not not the nations" of "the coming point of coming of time of history. the full full length out over over the is stretched stretched out time but but is history. length
of the preaching of the Gospel to the nations are are disclosed. disclosed. motives of and It is is this this Messianic way of of the the seed, seed, suffering suffering dying, of of It dying,
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motives

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This history history is is to to be be characterized characterized as time of This as the the time of sowing sowing growing before the harvest, harvest, the the time time of the throwing and growing of the before the throwing the net, of net, the the time time of of the the gathering of the of the the fish fish before before gathering of the time sorting, time of of the the working working of the leaven the meal, meal, of the leaven in in the sorting, the and therefore therefore also a time time of watchfulness, peralso a of patience, patience, watchfulness, perseverance expectation. It It is not eschatology but severance and expectation. is not itself, but eschatology itself, a a wrongly understood eschatology, eschatology, which contains the dancontains the danwrongly understood ger.44 ger."
B. B.

the end-point as as the of the the Old Testament and as as Testament expectation end-point of expectation and the point the point of of departure departure for the dawning for the the a new era of a era for for the dawning of
is is further further clarified if we ask ourselves what significlarified if ask ourselves significance the the apostles apostles have in the new situation. in the situation. Current disCurrent discussions of the cussions the "apostolate" to the the attention to direct our attention "apostolate" direct their apostles and to their function in the Kingdom of God. to function in the Kingdom of God. apostles Here, too, too, we must confine confine ourselves suggesting the the ourselves to to suggesting Here, 45 45 lines lines which are importance for subject. are of of importance for our our subject. First First of all, it must be be established established that that the the word "apostle" of all, it must "apostle" in derivation in meaning, is "missionary" the derivation and meaning, is not not "missionary" in in the sense usually ascribe ascribe to to it. it. In this this regard, regard, the sense we usually use of the the use of the intend the word "apostolate"-if the meaning "mission"apostolate" if we intend meaning "missionary" in the ordinary sense-indicates a significant in the sense a alteraindicates ary" ordinary significant alteration of of meaning meaning in in comparison with the Testament tion Testament the with New comparison is derived the juridical juridical rather rather than usage. The word is derived from the usage. the theological world, world, and means: means: to to be fully the theological entrusted fully entrusted with the responsibility responsibility or representation of that or representation of another; with the another; that is, a mandatory or a "principal", in the legal sense in a a in the sense in or is, mandatory legal "principal", England (the Dutch is lastgever). That this is is is this word word England (the lastgever}. not to be considered considered an equivalent equivalent of or or to be of "missionary" not "missionary" "one sent" the literal meaning of sent" (although of the the Greek literal meaning (although the word does does suggest this) appears from the fact that Jewish the fact that Jewish suggest this) appears missionaries at the time time of] esus are never called at the ofJesus are never called "apostles" missionaries "apostles" (Hebrew ~elt1hm). 46 The apostles apostles are by those authorized authorized by are those (Hebrew seldhim}.** Jesus, significance for the first Christian community for the first Christian whose community significance Jesus, the fact that they they are consists particularly particularly in are witnesses fact that witnesses in the consists of the resurrection, resurrection, and clothed Jesus personally with clothed by of the by Jesus personally with this alone follows the of witnesses. From this alone follows of witnesses. the authority authority

The picture picture here here sketched sketched of the Kingdom Kingdom of of the of God

nations, nations,

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their missionary missionary vocation. vocation. their

Although the the twelve twelve apostles apostles Although 47 the New Testament Testament apostolatt apostolateexclusive[y, do not notrepresent do exclusively,* 7 represent the the concept concept of of "apostle" "apostle" is is certainly certainly defined defined by by them, them, by by the the twelve twelve chosen chosen by by Jesus. Jesus. This This group group of of twelve twelve reprereprethe of sents Israel Israel first first of sents all, in in particular particular the the twelve twelve tribes tribes of of the Israel. They They form form the the beginning, beginning, the nucleus nucleus of of the the Israel. 48 (Matt. eschatological people people of of God around around the the Messiah 48 (Matt. eschatological lost sent to the 28) and and thus thus they they are are also also sent out out to the lost sheep sheep of of xg: 28) 19: 49 9 the house house of of Israel Israel (Matt. (Matt. 10: xo: 5-6) s-6).4 the Here, too, too, we see see how Jesus' Jesus' appearance appearance as as Messiah Messiah Here, 50 50 the bounds indicated by the Scriptures. remains within the indicated remains within the bounds by Scriptures. is to a the seen be But the vocation and task of the apostles is seen to be a of task But the vocation apostles Christ x8: 18, c 16: xg). Jesus Christ future one (Matt. cf. 16: While future one (Matt. 18: 18, Jesus 19). the great great Messianic Messianic future future He, He, at at the the same time, time, brings the brings work of The particular of opens a new future for His own. His own. future for particular opens a a is laid them the apostles must thus also wait; on is laid proalso thus the apostles must wait; pro20) which will will be be broken broken only visional silence silence (Matt. (Matt. 16.: 16: 20) visional only as the Mesby a a sign sign from fromJesus Hixnself (Acts (Acts i x: 8). theMesOnly as 8). Only Jesus Himself by the sianic sacrifice has been does the commission given made does has been sianic sacrifice given full activity. by Jesus the disciples into full to the then, activity. And then, disciples come into by Jesus to for all boundaries boundaries may the first first time, for the time, all must) be may (and (and must) crossed proclaim the the salvation of the the Kingdom salvation of crossed to to proclaim Kingdom through through title does the title after the resurrection does all the resurrection the earth. earth. Only all the Only after on the special overtone of "missionary", "apostle" take of the overtone take "missionary", special "apostle" justice, one of the the earth. earth. To do justice, to the the uttermost uttermost parts sent to one sent parts of three the word "apostle", we must distinguish then, to the to then, distinguish three "apostle", meanings: meanings: in His name proclaim (i) Proxies of the Proxies of the Messiah, Messiah, who in proclaim (i) the salvation the time of of the and demonstrate salvation of the demonstrate the end (by healing the sick, etc.) ; the sick, etc.) (by healing (ii) First-fruits First-fruits and representatives of the the Messianic (ii) representatives of of the time of the end; people the of the of time end; people (iii) Witnesses of of His the uttermost uttermost parts His resurrection resurrection to to the parts (iii) Witnesses in the of who carry on the work of of the the earth, of Christ Christ in the earth, carry world (John 20: 21). 18, 20: (John 17: 17: 18, 21). other words, In other the eschatological the task and position words, eschatological task position makes a new people them both the and a the first-fruits first-fruits of of the the new age people age
all,
.
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of God. Continuity with the the Old Testament is maintained maintained Testament is Continuity with it is is equally clear but it that the the position the apostles is of the equally clear that position of apostles is identical with that not identical that of of the the Old the twelve tribes in in the twelve tribes Testament. The progression progression qf is here here which is of Heilsgeschichte Heilsgeschichte which found continues, in that that the the "last mean the "last qf does not not mean the the days" continues, in found of the days" does the days, a great end of but a a new the days toward a new of the days, but great turning days toward of the turning qf future. future. C. From the apostles C. to the the Church is is but one step. but one For apostles to step. For the Church must be built built on the the foundation the apostles foundation of of the apostles and prophets 2: 20). is the the new community of She is prophets (Eph. (Eph. 2: 20). She community of the the Messiah of of which the the apostles the beginning. are the beginning. apostles are Descent from Abraham is is not not determinative in her her (Matt. determinative in (Matt* is belonging to Israel (John 3: g), nor is cf. Gal. Gal. 3: 8 37-40, 3:9), belonging to Israel 3 37-40, cf. (John 8: 29, r6-17), but but only of Abrathe faith faith and works works of 29, Rom. 4: 4: 16-17), only the ham ( Gal. 3: c Gal. 28)-and and these these can exist exist only in so so far far (cf. 3: 28) only in as one acknowledges the Messiah of as of Israel Israel and rejoices acknowledges the rejoices with Him in the the salvation nations (John salvation of of the the nations 8: 56). (John 8: 56). of Christ, going out from the This community of the centre centre Christ, going out community (the apostles), will reveal reveal itself itself in the world as the people as the in the (the apostles), will people of of the the time time of of the the end, the flock flock of of the the good end, the good Shepherd Shepherd real (John 10), the realisrael (cf. I Pet. 2: ro). Israel i Pet. 2 10). (John 10), (cf. Nowhere in in the the New Testament Testament is the Church made the the is the of the equivalent of the Kingdom of God, but neither is the one is the of neither but equivalent Kingdom God, set in opposition opposition to to the the other. is set anywhere anywhere in other. The Church is the the community community gathered gathered around around Christ by Christ and gathered gathered by Christ Christ (and (and by by the the apostles apostles who are proxy for Him). She for Him). are proxy is not herself herself the the Kingdom, Kingdom, but but she is its its manifestation manifestation and is not she is its its form. form. The Church herself herself is a sign of the the new future future is a sign of which has has broken broken in in for for the the world. world. It It is is true true that that the the Church made her her appearance appearance as as a a result result of of the the expectaexpectation of of the the Kingdom Kingdom of of God, God, but but only only in in the the sense sense that that she she tion has Christological has taken taken this this expectation expectation into into herself. herself. The Christological character of of the the Church does does not not exclude exclude her her eschatologieschatologicharacter cal character, character, but but includes includes it. it. In other other words, words, the the Church cal is is the the "holy, "holy, catholic, catholic, apostolic apostolic Church" only only when she she receives the the eschatological eschatological expectation expectation of of the the fullness fullness of of receives the Kingdom. Kingdom. If she does does not not do do that, that, then then the the great great quesquesthe If she
:

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tion whether she has the the right right any any longer longer to be called she has to be is whether tion is called 51 the community the Kingdom Kingdom and of of the the King. of the the King. 51 community of the form Ifthis confession of the Church as as the form and and anticipation of the If this confession anticipation it implies that of the Kingdom Kingdom of is correct, the correct, then it of God is implies that the of the Church has has substituted the Old Testament's yet" Testament's "not for the "not yet substituted for Church the "already", though this this "not of the the Old Testa"not yet'' the Testayet" of "already", though not dropped. dropped. So one one might might really is not ment is the really express express the situation of the the Old Testament Testament and of the New Testament of the situation of Testament in "not yet" yet"-"already"-"not yet". in this this way: "already" "not yet". way: "not In regard regard to to the the world world of of the the nations, this means that In that nations, this the in so so far she has has taken the the place Israel, as she of Israel, far as the Church, Church, in place of the salvation which has has come in just represents in Christ, salvation which Christ, just represents the as in in the in anticipation, Israel could, as the Old Testament, could, in Testament, Israel anticipation, the salvation of the the world. the difference is represent world. But the difference is salvation of represent the that the Church no no longer longer merely merely anticipates, she remains that the remains anticipates, she of the the hopes hopes for the Kingdom Kingdom in the fullness a symbol in the a for the fullness of of symbol of 62 Mission comes into view the nations. nations. 52 this hope into view when this the Mission for hope for the the form form of of acts acts of of proclamation the world takes the behalf world takes proclamation on behalf 53 of of Christ. Christ. 53 At this this point point we make the the transition transition to to the the following following chapter. We have have wanted wanted to to emphasize the continuif)! of continuity of emphasize the chapter. the Old Testament of the the New Testament witness, witness, in in the Testament and of the progression progression and modification modification of Heilsgeschichte. In the the of Heilsgeschichte. the next chapter want to to go go further further into the whole new and next into the chapter we want surprising of the the New Testament witness, namely, witness, namely, surprising aspect aspect of the to mission mission among the nations. the summons to nations. Only now, among the Only now, Biblical bases therefore, do we come to to a a discussion of the the Biblical discussion of bases therefore, of mission the strict strict and only word. Yet Yet how of the the word. of mission in in the sense of only sense he does not can one distinguish distinguish and evaluate evaluate the can the "new", if he does not "new", if know the the "old"? "old"?
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CHAPTER 6 6

TEST AMENT NEW TESTAMENT

THE MISSIONARY MESSAGE OF THE IN CONTRAST WITH THE OLD TESTAMENT

I. i. Presuppositions

Presuppositions

TN N TURNING OUR ATTENTION TO THE MISSIONARY commission as it is given us in the New Testament it is JLcommission as in the Testament we given us

want first first of of all all to to set set down the the conditions presupconditions and presuppositions which have led to this missionary commission. led to this missionary commission. positions ( r) In the stage of of the the history of the the world, the first first stage is world, God is (1) history of of heaven and earth; earth; He grants peace to to creator creator of life and peace grants life man after (and even in) his his disobedience, reveals even in) disobedience, and He reveals after (and something of His manifold divine wisdom in the multitude in the multitude something of His manifold divine of nations (Gen. (Gen. 10). the same time, time, He resists resists the the of nations 10). At the attempts of of man to to give his life to his life and future himself future himself give form to attempts without acknowledging God as the Lord over over his his life. This as the life. This without acknowledging divine leads to to the the scattering scattering of nations over the nations over resistance leads of the divine resistance the fellowthe whole world, world, as as a a sign sign and consequence of the fellowthe whole consequence of ship lost. ship men had had and have now lost. In this divine judgment judgment (which recognized this divine (which must be fully fully recognized as judgment, just just like like the the deluge deluge and the the expulsion as judgment, expulsion from the Garden of of Eden), Eden), the the way way is is opened to a restoration restoration of the opened to fellowship between God and man, man, and thus thus between God fellowship between is the election of world of nations-this way is the election of nations this way and the the world Abraham. of (2) this point history enters a new phase, phase, that that of (2) At this point history enters individual from Ur, "one many": Abraham the individual Ur, for many": "one for also a witness Israel the individual among among .the but also witness the nations, the individual Israel nations, but the to all nations nations that that God has has not not abandoned the world but to all herself continues work. Further, Israel defends defends herself His work. continues His Further, when Israel it is the nations, nations, it only a defence against apostasy; against the is only against apostasy, against 81 81 F

it is when Israel Israel suffers the nations, nations, it is a suffering suffers by for God's God's by the suffering for sake. Israel forgets forgets the the distinction between herself distinction between sake. When Israel herself nations, she treason not only she commits treason the nations, and the the only against against the covenant of of God but but also against those those nations nations for whose also against for whose covenant been set set apart. apart. sake has been she has sake she But the failure of Israel as as the the Lord will will the Servant of of the of Israel the failure But not prevent prevent God from from reaching reaching the the goal not for goal He envisages envisages for the future; future; He will will reach reach it. Israel is it. The expectation of Israel is the expectation of concentrated in the the expectation the coming of the concentrated in coming Kingdom Kingdom expectation of over the nations, nations, represented represented in Messiah. in the expected over the expected Messiah. history is history around Israel, Israel, just just as Israel's as Israel's is a history World history history history around around the the works works of God. The victory victory is a history history is and the justification in in the the judgment judgment of the the God of Israel Israel the justification and is the final goal over against the the nations nations and their their gods the final over against goal and gods is the great prospect of of history. history. Therefore the revelation revelation of Therefore the of the great prospect the of God means both both the the redemption redemption of Israel of Israel salvation of the salvation and the liberation of the nations. nations. "How" these these nations of the nations the liberation will salvation remains remains unsaid; unsaid; but the "that" is is share in in salvation will share incontrovertibly established. established. incontrovertibly the coming (3) The third third stage stage of history begins begins with the of history of coming of (3) its Jesus Christ. the Kingdom Kingdom of God pushes pushes its Christ. With Him the Jesus way through: the the last last phase, phase, the has come. In the end of days days has way through: is manifested manifested the the ultimate intention of God with ultimate intention Him is Israel and with with the the world: world: He will bear the the judgment judgment will bear Israel Himself and open the way way to to salvation all. The "last for all. "last salvation for Himself open the of of days" thus thus becomes becom.es a new beginning. beginning. The time time of of days" eschatological expectation expectation is is past, time of eschatologiof eschatologithe time eschatological past, the cal fulfilment fulfilment has has dawned. dawned. But the the fulfilment fulfilment is just at the is just at the cal early therefore the the expectation expectation remains remains part part of life of life early stage; stage; therefore even determines determines life. this tension tension of the "already" of the life. In this and even "already" and the the "not yet", yet", all the history history of thus of of all the of Israel, Israel, and thus the thus of of the the world, world, is the Church, is included. included. Church, and thus (4) There is is a a fourth history; that that since since Christ fourth stage of history; Christ stage of (4) in the end has has come into into sight. sight. This new beginning beginning exists the exists in the fact the nations nations may may now see the fact that that the see and experience experience Israel has what Israel has been allowed allowed to to see in see and experience experience in the covenant covenant with with God. The great acts acts the The manifestation the great manifestation of of the

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of God to the nations nations determines determines the to the after the character character of of history after of history death and Christ's death Christ's and resurrection. resurrection. This This last summarizes last sentence sentence summarizes what we must now demonstrate this in this demonstrate and develop develop in 1 chapter.I chapter.
2. 2.
2 The The Great Great Turning-Point Turning-Point*

The fact fact that there is reference to to a mission that there is no reference a call call to to mission
after the until until after the resurrection resurrection of has already of Christ Christ has already drawn our our attention attention several several times. times. Let this Let us us now investigate investigate this

special relation between resurrection resurrection and mission the in the mission in special relation world of nations. of world nations. is a striking A. It It is striking peculiarity peculiarity that both the the synoptic that both synoptic and the Gospels the Gospel of John culminate in the the proGospels Gospel of John culminate in prothe resurrection resurrection and call to mission nouncement of of the the call to mission and the emerging from it. clearest passage is found in it. The clearest all is found in of all emerging passage of Matt. 1 this Matt. 28: 18-20. We want, therefore, to follow up this 28: 8-20. want, therefore, to follow up pronouncement. The older older explanations began from often began pronouncement. explanations often the that this this pericope pericope contains the idea idea that of contains a pronouncement pronouncement of 3 the the ascension. ascension. 3 It is is the the great service ofO. Michel that he It of that service O. great has set forth convincingly that this this passage passage had originally set forth has originally convincingly that been connected with a a completely completely different thoughtbeen connected with different thought4 world.<l world, as fulful"Our Matthew tradition tradition regards regards Dan. 7: 7: 13-14 13-14 as transformatriad simply simply as as a Christological transformafilled and its filled its triad Christological has pretion of the Daniel passage. passage. What Dan. 7: pretion of the 13-14 has 7: 13-14 the dicted has has come to to pass pass: 'The Son of of Man came on the dicted the Ancient clouds of heaven, and was brought before the Ancient before of heaven, clouds brought of Days, to him was given of glory and given dominion and glory Days, and to kingdom, that all peoples, nations, and languages all that languages should kingdom, peoples, nations, the is a serve him.' Thus the service service of the nations is a portion portion of the nations Thus the serve him.' of the of cereenthronement of the Son of of Man. The ancient Oriental cereancient Oriental the Son enthronement of mony of of the enthronement of king comprises of a king the enthronement comprises three mony exaltaevents: presentation (=declaration of exaltadeclaration events: exaltation, exaltation, presentation (= tion) enthronement (=transfer of dominion). transfer and dominion). This (= tion) in the thought-world ceremony is transferred to Jesus the in to is transferred thought-world Jesus ceremony exaltato the of our text: text: the the word of of authority authority refers refers to the exaltaof our to mission tion which which has has taken taken place, place, the mission the command to tion 83 83
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is nothing nothing but but the the proclamation proclamation of of the the exaltation exaltation which which is has taken taken place, place, the the secret secret of of the the Lordship Lordship of of Jesus Jesus is is has hidden in in the the promise promise as as well. well. From the the homogeneity homogeneity of of hidden these three three sayings sayings it it could could certainly certainly be be concluded concluded that that these they have have existed existed from from the the beginning beginning as as a a unity. unity. Probably Probably they our Evangelist Evangelist has has also also combined combined resurrection, resurrection, exaltation exaltation our and installation installation into into a a unity, unity, and has has thus thus tinged tinged Easter Easter and with the the colours colours of of the the Second Second Coming Coming of ofJesus. Jesus. with "Nowitis also also understandable understandable why why our Evangelist Evangelist brings brings "Nowitis

of the the ascension, ascension, and why why he alternaalternaus no no explicit explicit story story of us an tively does not let our text end with ascension. The ascension. The tively does not let our text

decisive removal to the Father Father has has taken taken place place and and is is connected connected the eternal with the enthronement. In the the eternal Lordship meantime the with the enthronement. Lordship of Christ Christ over over heaven heaven and earth earth has has begun. begun. He discloses discloses of of Himself to His disciples as a hidden yet present Son of Man a hidden Himself to His disciples as yet present to them and Lord, and now He to proclaim the summons and Lord, proclaim the has now The Lordship among the nations has begun. The which nations begun. Lordship among the proclamation of of the the Gospel Gospel is is thus thus the the proclamation proclamation of of the the Lordship Lordship proclamation that since Easter of Christ among the nations. Matthew means that since Easter of Christ among the nations. like its Lord the Gospel has taken on a form, like its Himsel a Himself. new taken the Gospel has form, Perhaps also also the the various various prophecies, prophecies, Matt. 16: x6: 27, 26; 64, 64, 27, 26: Perhaps which and enthronement correspond to this exaltation exaltation this to correspond have taken taken place place with with Easter. Easter. Here we have have Christology have Christology 1 in Phil. Phil. 2: Therefore similar 'Therefore 2 5-1 similar to the one one we meet in to the 5-1 I: and bestowed on him the God has exalted the him exalted has highly highly that at name which is above every name, that at the name of of is above every name, in earth Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and knee should bow, Jesus every that Jesus confess that under the the earth, under earth, and every Jesus every tongue tongue confess the to the glory of God the Father.' Christ the Father. is Lord, to of Christ is Lord, glory "The installation ofJesus into His Lordship installation of Jesus into proLordship and the proit clamation necessarily resulting from it is is thus clamation necessarily thus eschatology eschatology resulting which is has become history. Easter is fulfilled, fulfilled, which has history. With Easter a new age has begun, the enthronement of a new ruler of has the of ruler age begun, the world, the the and the proclamation of this new ruler among this of ruler world, among proclamation the nations. nations. Mission Mission is is the the summons of the Lordship Christ. the summons of the of Christ. Lordship of The distinctive about this Christology is that, in the distinctive thing this is that, in the thing Christology Easter the resurrection of the body is not being Easter event, the set resurrection of is the not event, body being set
decisive removal to the
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forth so so much as forth the elevation elevation of as the the new of the into the the Lord into Messianic situation." Messianic situation." The significance of this this statement is emphasized by the the statement is significance of emphasized by fact that the occurs four fact that the word "all" "all" occurs "all" authority, four times: times: "all" authority, "all" nations, "all" nations, "all" that I I have have commanded, "all" that commanded, always always 5 This indicates that, according to 5 "all the (Greek: "all the days"). indicates that, according to (Greek: days"). This the the judgment judgment of the writer writer of of the are the gospel of the himself, we are gospel himself, involved in an extremely important and all-embracing involved in all-embracing extremely important declaration. The resurrected resurrected and exalted declaration. exalted Lord Himself Himself gives to to the joyous message message a must be the joyous a new form which must gives 6 brought to to the the nations. nations. 6 brought All All authority authority has been given given to to me. me. The expressed premise of of has been expressed premise "me" prevents prevents us us from simply simply assuming "all authority" authority" assuming "all to mean a to a high high position. position. It It is the fact fact of itself is not not the of authority authority itself which is is important, but the bearer of authority. important, but the bearer of authority. The is gospel is precisely that He who has has been suffering, gospel precisely that suffering, been all been crucified, died, buried, and risen, has crucified, died, buried, risen, has now gained gained all authority as a gift of the Father. In this way the whole as a the whole this way authority gift of the Father, world, visible (heaven and earth), visible and invisible invisible (heaven world, earth), has been wrested from the the grip of any other powers wrested whatsoever. of other any powers whatsoever. grip which rules heaven and earth is henceforth henceforth earth is The authority rules which heaven authority the authority authority of the abased abased and exalted of God. the Servant of of the exalted Servant Go and make disciples of all nations. This new, unand make This all nations. Go therefore therefore new, disciples of heard-of reality reality is is not not to to be be made known to to Israel Israel alone, heard-of alone, but must be be passed passed on to to "all "all nations". but nations". This expression expression is such forms a contrast to to the the Jews, Jews, Israel, Israel, to there is forms a contrast to whom there of Matthew. frequent reference in this very Gospel of (Cf. in this reference (Cf. very Gospel frequent this In Matt. r: 1-17, I-17, 2: 2:2, ro: s-6, rs: 21-28, etc.) this "go Matt, i: 10: 2, "go 5-6, 15: 21-28, etc.) to nations" there there lies therefore the the distinctive all nations" lies therefore distinctive turningto all turningindipoint, the great change change of of direction direction of the gospel, of the the great gospel, indipoint, cated prepared by by earlier of Jesus earlier declarations declarations of cated and prepared (e.g. Jesus (e.g. Matt. 13: g8, 22: r-14, 24: 14, etc.), but now coming into Matt. 22: coming into 1-14, 24: 14, etc.), 13: 38, effect. effect. Mission was formerly formerly based based a too one-sidedly a little little too Mission was one-sidedly and (even) almost exclusively this "great commission". But this on almost exclusively "great (even) this based the fault not in the fact that mission based on this mission was that the the fact fault lay not in lay isowas declaration, but in the fact that Matt. 28: r8-2o isothat Matt. 28: 18-20 in fact but the declaration, 8s 85

lated from the the whole whole of of the the Biblical Biblical witness. witness. For For lated

it it cannot cannot be denied that here, here, and and here for the the commission herefor the .first be denied that commission time^ the first time~

7 the nations. nations. 7 is given to out among among the is given to go go out the gospel Here the the limits to the the preaching preaching of of the limits to the gospel which the apostles had been been set set before before Jesus' Jesus' resurrection cf. Matt. resurrection ( Matt. apostles (cf. ro: 5 ff.) are removed; all the world is is to to hear all the hear about 10: are removed; about the the 5 ff.) great however, can be be achieved achieved only salvation. This, This, however, great salvation. only by by going forth, forth, by by visiting visiting the the nations. nations. This going forth is is going forth going task of making disciples linked to to the a guiding as a linked of making the task disciples as guiding and determining participium. participium. The fact that this this participium participium fact that determining is put first first (going forth or or after having gone particiafter having is put forth, particigone forth, (going forth pium aoristi} aoristi) places places the the emphasis travelling. going, on travelling. emphasis on going, pium will have have to to pass pass Israel's Israel's boundaries One will boundaries consciously consciously intentionally to to be be able to fulfil the order. this fulfil the able to order. In this and intentionally "going forth" the the world world apostleship apostleship of the Christian of the Christian "going forth" Church is clearly indicated; the making making of of disciples is clearly indicated; the disciples can happen only a movement of the disciples toof the Christ toin a of Christ only in disciples of happen wards all nations. nations. wards all Seen in the light light of of Christ's position of in the Christ's position of authority over authority over all things things (in (in heaven heaven and on on earth) positive attitude toall attitude toearth) a positive wards "all nations" has has come into that overshadows "all nations" wards into being overshadows being that anything negative that that may may have been said the said about about the anything negative nations. This This positive positive relationship relationship has been given nations. has been characgiven character and meaning ter meaning by by the the order order "make them into into disciples disciples 8 of of mine". mine". 8 All that that I I have have commanded commandedyou. you. The total the All total dominion over over the total world world of must also to expression total of men must in a total also come to total expression in dedication and submission to whatJesus dedication submission to what Jesus had commanded. That is not to to say say that that life life is to be to a new imimis not is to be submitted submitted to personallaw or legalism; it seems seems of to law or of great personal significance to legalism; it great significance me that that there there is is no reference reference here here to to the the "commandments of of Jesus", but of I have commanded". The obediof "what I obediJesus", but ence is determined ence is by the the relation relation to to Jesus Jesus Christ Himself, determined by Christ Himself, 9 10 9 10 not not by by a a conformity to an impersonal conformity to impersonal commandment. 11 11 is nothing There is nothing new in in this this teaching, it it . is is simply teaching, simply a matter matter of of recollecting recollecting what Jesus has already is it is said; it Jesus has already said; therefore therefore not not a matter matter of of a a "secret teaching" or of a new "secret teaching" or of
'

86 86

law. respect what Jesus Jesus has has commanded is this respect law. In this is reminisreminiscent cent of of what had had validity validity even the beginning" beginning" even "in "in the i John 2: 7). But it ( cf. 1 receives new authority authority because it receives it because it (cf. John 2:7). is now commanded is commanded by by Him who has has received all authority. received all authority. This "commanding" is a reference to to the the royal a reference divine "commanding" is royal and divine -glory is spoken of in in verse verse 18.12 i8. 12 -glory which is spoken of Whereas "all nations" indicates the extensive "all nations" of area of indicates the extensive area authority of the the exalted that I I have exalted Lord, "all that have commanded Lord, "all authority the intensive range of you" contains contains a a reference reference to to the of authorauthorintensive range you" 13 ity: all life and the whole man is claimed by Christ. all life the is claimed by Christ. 13 ity: I am with you always. Mter the proclamation and the I with you always. After the proclamation the commandment, the promise now follows. The presence of follows. commandment, the promise presence of Christ the great Christ is is the great gift to His disciples. The promise the of the gift to His disciples. promise of presence is nations--of is the the fulfilment-but the of the fulfilment but now for all nations for all presence promise expressed in the name Yahweh (Exod. 3). In promise expressed in the (Exod. 3). In other words, words, the the God ofisrael has now made His presence other Israel has His of presence in Israel into a a presence presence among among all nations at till in Israel into all times, all nations at all times, till the day of consummation. the of consummation. day the consummation consummation is not so This reference to to the This reference is not so much an indication that that the the call to mission mission will its authority its indication call to will keep authority keep I until the of the the world I believe one the consummation of believe world (though until (though the character might deduce this), as it is an indication of the character of deduce as it is indication of of might this), is the presence of Jesus Christ: it is a presence is directed directed it is a Christ: which the presence ofJesus presence to the "consummation of the world". world". Proclamation, to the of the Proclamation, comare carried carried and mandment to to preach preach and make disciples, disciples, are sent along not not only only by by the the promise promise of presence of Christ's Christ's own presence sent along but also by His glance toward toward the the consummation of also by His own glance but are not the world. the attributes the Therefore the attributes of of discipleship world. Therefore discipleship are o~ly obedience to His to proclamation, bapto to His command obedience proclamation, baponly to tism and and instruction to all nations, but also also orientation orientation to all nations, tism instruction to last and deepest the consummation consummation of the world world as as the the last of the the deepest goal work. of Christ's Christ's work. goal of as to is an implicit implicit answer as to why, Here, given why, given then, is Here, then, Kingdom of yet Christ's resurrection, the the Kingdom of God has not yet Christ's resurrection, is Christ's come, nor the complete end of all things. Christ's gaze all of nor the gaze is come, things. complete i : Acts certainly directed toward this consummation ( cf. Acts I this directed toward (cf. certainly 6-8), but this this consummation is the preaching is preceded preaching by the preceded by 6-8), but
:

87

ofthe the gospel. gospel. On On the the other other hand, hand, this this commission commission itself itself of consumthis of to the signs and the consequences of this consumbelongs the and the to consequences signs belongs the eschatological mation (forMatt. Matt. 28: 28: 118 speaksof ofthe eschatologicalroyal royal 8 speaks mation
14 lordship of Christ).14 lordship of Christ).
(for

inthe theworld worldis islaid laidin inthe thefirm firmcertainty certaintyof ofChrist's Christ'spresence presence in toward the the consummation consummation of of the the as a a presence presence directed directed toward as world. The The promise promise of of Christ's Christ's presence presence always alwqys gives gives rest rest world. and confidence confidence anew anew each each day, day, at at every every time, time, and and under under and all circumstances, circmnstances, to to do do the the work work which which He He has has comcomall
15 manded.10 manded.

The convincing convincingpower powerof ofthe the proclamation proclamationof ofthe the gospel gospel The

From this this short short summary summary of of the the rich rich contents contents of of the the From its and "great commission", its mighty significance and its abiding its abiding mighty significance "great commission", actuality are already apparent. actuality are already apparent. In the the other other Gospels Gospels the the accent accent of of the the resurrection resurrection and and In mission accounts accounts is is different. different. In Mark 16: 16: 14-20, 14-20, the the conconmission cern is is for for the the world world of of men ("the ("the whole creation" creation" is is here here cern the world world of of men). men). This This account account thus thus misses misses the the dimension the differof Matthew Matthew (heaven and earth), earth), and in any the differof any case the (heaven entiation other hand, the other latter. On the the latter. of the hand, Mark accentuentiation of of Jesus ates the intensive, Jesus ates more more the authority of intensive, comprehensive comprehensive authority In (as superior power over unbelief, powers, sickness). In over sickness). unbelief, powers, (as superior power elelies on the surprising Luke the emphasis Luke 24: surprising eleemphasis lies 44-53, the 24: 44-53, of victories out of ment which makes victories God's activity, in God's ment in activity, sin from liberates defeats, changes sadness into joy, liberates us from sin into sadness joy, defeats, changes the synoptics In the and and enables us to to sing and guilt, synoptics sing praises. praises. In guilt, and enables us there between royal ofaccent accent between a difference thus a difference of is thus there is authority, royal authority, Luke liberating authority,forgiving authority (Matt., Mark, Luke liberating authority, forgiving authority (Matt., Mark, respectively). respectively). the with the in comparison John own place his own takes his also takes comparison with place in John also of the continuity indicates the other he indicates in 20: 20: 21-23, other Gospels; continuity of 21-23, he Gospels; in the sending and the Father and the Jesus the Father Christ by of the sending sending by the Jesus Christ sending of God ofGod arm the it were, of by Jesus; man is, as it the arm of as man ofthe the disciples were, is, Jesus; by disciples taken is taken man by which He directs His saving acts, man is up His He directs which acts, up saving by 16 actively ofsalvation.1s salvation. in God's God's design design of actively in the resurrection, that the From is clear clear that it is From all all the the accounts, resurrection, accounts, it first and andgreat is the the:first as Christ'swork, ofChrist's as the the crowning work,is pregreatprecrowningof 88 88

supposition condition for for the the proclamation of the the supposition and condition proclamation of gospel the nations. nations. The second the gift the is the second is of the gospel among among the gift of Holy with which we must must now deal.J7 deal. 17 Holy Spirit, Spirit, with B. The enduring B. enduring presence presence of which was promised of Christ Christ which promised in Matt. Matt. 28: 20, will will be be a presence presence in through the the Holy Holy 28 20, in and through Spirit. If the the resurrection resurrection of a return, return, a of Christ Christ is is called called a Spirit. If then one could this with with as parousia, then could say as much, or even even much, or parousia, say this justification, of of the the outpouring outpouring of the Holy more justification, of the Holy Spirit. Spirit. John, particular, refers refers to to the the coming the Holy in particular, of the John, in coming of Holy Spirit Spirit as a return: as r-6, 15-Ig, 25-28, I5: 26, I6: 22; return: John 16: 22; 14: 1-6, John 14: 15-19, 25-28, 15: 26, and Paul, Paul, too, too, in in a a very very compact compact declaration: the declaration: "now the Lord is the Spirit", 2 Cor. Cor. 3: I 7. is the 3: 17. Spirit This This enduring enduring presence presence of the of Christ Christ in in and through through the Holy Spirit is to enable the disciples now in their turn in their turn to to Holy Spirit is to enable the disciples carry out the commission to preach the to preach the gospel to all all carry out the gospel to by all of publications nations. Emphasis Emphasis is rightly laid laid by nations. is rightly all sorts sorts of publications on the the fact fact that Christ Himself does His work of proclamaChrist Himself that does His of proclamation of of the the gospel gospel through through the the Holy Spirit. charges tion He charges them Holy Spirit. but does not delegate to them. to mission, certainly, it to to but does not them. He mission, certainly, delegate it It is is solely It solely by by the the authority authority of the Holy Spirit that the of the the that Holy Spirit in a position to be witnesses of Christ to disciples will be in to be of Christ to will witnesses be disciples position the uttermost parts parts of of the the earth, earth, Acts Acts I: 6-8 24: the uttermost i 6-8 (cf. Luke 24: (cf. 47 and John John 20: 2I). The Church's work of mission is is of mission 20: 21). 47 both to to Easter Easter and to to Pentecost. Easter mesPentecost. The Easter bound both sage be brought brought to to the the nations nations only reality of the reality of can be only by by the sage can 18 The Holy Spirit first Pentecost.18 first man an instrument instrument makes Pentecost. Holy Spirit i : 3, etc.). He is of God, God, His His "arm" (cf. (cf. Isa. Isa. 8: I, Ezek. Ezek. I 8: I is of u, 3, etc.). 19 19 n of God (Ezek. the life-giving life-giving breath breath of (Ezek. 37: g, I I: 3). the Heb. 3). 37: 9, in the "The powers powers of of the the coming age" become visible in the visible coming age" is both power of of the the Holy Holy Spirit. the Holy Therefore the Holy Spirit Spirit is Spirit. Therefore power fulfilment: the promise of the the promise promise and the of fulfilment: a fulfilment fulfilment of promise is the that the the new world world of of God has already He is the guarantee already guarantee that is still still to to come. begun, as well as a sign that this new world is that this a world as as well sign begun, close connection connection between between call mission and Holy call to to mission The close Holy in Acts If the disciples, Acts Ii : Spirit cannot be exaggerated. If the cannot be exaggerated. disciples, in Spirit 6-8, ask the "restoration the kingdom to Israel", Israel", of the "restoration of ask about about the 6-8, kingdom to shall receive they receive the answer: "you shall receive the power answer: the receive "you power of they
:

',

8g 89

in order order to to be my shall receive the the power power of of the the Holy shall receive Holy Spirit my Spirit in witnesses. witnesses. under which which the the Holy poured [The too, under Holy Spirit Spirit was poured signs, too, [The signs, of the the for the course of out, Acts 2: I-I I, are not not insignificant insignificant for the course 2 i-i i, are out. Acts make Gospel in in the world: the the Holy His way shall the world way Holy Spirit Spirit shall Gospel of wind, with irresistible irresistible and life-giving life-giving power rush of with wind, (the rush power (the cf. Ezek. 37 37: g); conquer resistance resistance and make the the shall conquer cf. Ezek. 9) He shall of His presence Church into into living living and powerful powerful witnesses presence witnesses of shall Matt. 3: 1 I) ; He shall (the tongues tongues of fire, c Exod. 3: 2, Matt. cf. Exod. of fire, 3 I 1) 3 2, (the so in the world, and so establish make Himself Himself intelligible establish intelligible in the world, in tongues, cf. Gen. unity and fellowship fellowship (the (the speaking tongues, cf. speaking in unity II). ") life in in the of life the power the The Holy Holy Spirit power of guarantees the Spirit guarantees the Church, the presence of God in the world, and the pubin the the world, Church, pubpresence of is left left to to men, licizing the Gospel. Nothing is to of the men, not even to licizing of Gospel. Nothing can delethe apostles; apostles; that, however, is why everything can be delethe is that, however, why everything the Church, the Holy Holy Spirit the apostles gated to the Church, and the gated to Spirit and the apostles can be be drawn as together as as possible possible (see can as close close together e.g. John John (see e.g. 20 as as a "symbiosis". I5: 26, Acts Acts s: IS: 28) 28) 20 15: 26, 5: 32, 32, 15: "symbiosis". The Holy Holy is the the living promise and also presence of Spirit also the the true of true presence Spirit is living promise God (in Christ) in the world. So He is the first-fruits (Rom. in the is the world. first-fruits (in Christ) (Rom. i 8: 23) and guarantee Cor. I: 22) 8: 23) of the the future.] guarantee (2 future.] (2 Cor. 22) of C. By C. the resurrection resurrection of Christ and the the gift of Christ of the the Holy By the gift of Holy Spirit the way has been freely given to the world of the has now been to the of world Spirit way freely given nations. nations. But the the gospel gospel does not enter the world does not enter the world along along but in capricious, arbitrary paths paths but in accordance accordance with with an capricious, arbitrary unchanging pattern: pattern: Jerusalem-Israel-the Gentiles. unchanging Jerusalem Israel the Gentiles. i 8 says this in clear words (this passage still Acts I: this in clear words still names says (this passage the as the Samaritans, too, as the portion of the world of Genthe the of world of Samaritans, too, portion tiles is present, as as it were, in the land of Israel tiles which is it in the land of Israel were, present, itself). In spite of!srael's rejection of Jesus Christ 2: Israel's rejection of Jesus Christ (Acts itself). spite of (Acts 2 Israel has not 36), Israel has not rejected; she has complete prebeen she has 36), rejected; complete precedence as as regards regards the the proclamation proclamation of the gospel. of the This gospel. This is still precedence is still understood initially by many (by Peter understood Peter precedence initially by many (by go 90
:
:

the Holy Holy Spirit you shall be my my witnesses". witnesses". This "and" shall be and you the Spirit and as the (kai) here has the consecutive power the "then" consecutive power as (kai) here has the same translate you (oun) in Matt. 28: Ig, and one might might almost translate: you (aim) in Matt. 28: 19,
:

among others) others) as as exclusiveness exclusiveness (Acts among (Acts 10: 1-48, 1-48, 21 21 and it 1 I: 1 1 2, is only it is in Antioch the Christian Antioch that that the Christian 2, 3, 3, 18), i8), only in loses altogether Church loses her character character of of a Jewish revival altogether her Jewish revival congregation (Acts (Acts n: I I: 20, 26). Paul to the the Paul also also goes 20, 21, 21, 26). congregation goes to first before Jews first before going going to to the the Gentiles 5, 14: Gentiles (Acts Jews i, 13: 5, (Acts 13: 14: I, etc.) Jews have have first first priority priority from a heilesgeschichtlich etc.) The Jews heilesgeschichtlich point of of view, view, Rom. 3 3: Ii ff., but the Gentiles ("Greek" point ff., but the Gentiles ("Greek" often represents often represents the the world world of of Gentiles) as follow as Gentiles) now follow fellow~partners (c Eph. 3: 6). i : I6, 16, Eph. fellow-partners (cf. Rom. I 3:6). The "progressive reduction" which the the Old Testament Testament "progressive reduction" history showed forth, forth, mankind mankind-Israel-the image of history Israel the image of remnant of Israel-the the Lord, beIsrael the One Servant of the Servant of Lord, now becomes a "progressive expansion" : the One Messiah-the Messiah the "progressive expansion" the as the the nucleus apostles nucleus and beginning beginning of the new Israel of the Israel and apostles as the the Messianic congregation-Israel-the Gentiles=manMessianic congregation Israel the Gentiles =man22 kind.22 kind. The whole whole structure structure of of the the Acts Acts of the Apostles of the is deterdeterApostles is by this the Gospel through the world, mined by this course course of of the the world, Gospel through the centre of Israel to the the centre the world, world, from from the centre of Israel to centre of of the Jerusalem to Rome. to Jerusalem Jerusalem remains the the centre centre of too, but with this Israel too, of Israel with this Jerusalem remains that the point of departure is longer difference, is the the of no that difference, longer the point departure the at Temple but rather the congregation at Jerusalem. but rather Jerusalem. In Temple congregation Jerusalem the disciples wait for the outpouring the Holy Holy the for the of the wait Jerusalem outpouring of disciples and the decisions for the whole Church are Spirit, the are made decisions for the whole Spirit, of out of of Jerusalem Jerusalem (Acts (Acts II: 22, IS: n: 22, 1-22). The sending sending of 15: 1-22). Paul and Barnabas Barnabas to to the the Gentiles have taken place Paul taken Gentiles may may place of the out of Antioch, Antioch, but but it was prepared prepared by by a decision out of it was decision of n: 22, Jerusalem congregation (cf. Acts Acts 13: 2-3 with with II: 22, 13: 2-3 Jerusalem congregation (cf. 23 23 see Gal. 2 2: 1-2). the influence of the preachsee also of the also Gal. influence Under the 1-2). preaching among the Gentiles, Gentiles, however, however, we find the new outlines outlines find the ing among the for the of another course thought, which substitutes substitutes for of another course of of thought, Rev. cf. earthly Jerusalem a heavenly one (Gal. 4: 25-26, c earthly Jerusalem heavenly (GaL 4: 25-26, Heilso). In this regard, too, there is continuity in Heilsin there is this 21 : I continuity regard, too, 10). corgeschichte, and at at the the same time time a progression geschichte, progression and a cor24 24 "new" addition in the revelation of salvation. responding of salvation. revelation the in addition responding This fact is is also reflected in the prediction regardthe in This fact also clearly reflected clearly prediction regard91 himself, himself,
: :

ing the the destruction destruction of ofJerusalem Jerusalem (Luke (Luke 13: I 3 : 34, 34, 19: I 9: 41-44, 41-44, ing 21: 20-124, 20-24, 23: 23: 28-31 28-31 and parallels). parallels). 21 25 Jesus Christ Christ Himself Himself takes takes over over the the place place of ofJerusalem. Jerusalem. 26 Jesus is the the central central point point around around whom the the nations nations will will He is
:

this they they must must be be summoned and invited. invited. To this is not not the the fact fact that that one one belongs belongs to to Israel, Israel, but one's one's beliefinJesus Christ as as Him who was sent sent by by God that that is is in Jesus Christ belief of decisive decisive importance. importance. An appeal appeal to to Abraham has has no of value unless unless one one shares shares Abraham's faith faith and his his works value 3: 9, g, John John 8: 8 : 33-40)33-40). (Matt. 3: (Matt. that the the great great significance significance of of Israel Israel This does does not not mean that This as God's God's people people is is denied denied, but but it it means that that from now on as sense of in the only those those who belong belong to to Christ Christ are are Israel Israel in the sense of only the history history of of salvation. salvation. The continuity of the the history history of of the continuity of salvation does not not get get lost, lost, but but the the line line is is bent. bent. This puts puts salvation does the controversy controversy between between a a centripetal centripetal and a a centrifugal centrifugal the movement, mentioned mentioned in in the the preceding preceding chapters, in a new chapters, in movement, light; it is as it were put in its proper perspective by the the light; it is as it were put in its proper perspective by 26 much more important question-what think ye of Christ? think ? 26 Christ ye important question what us Yet it is this very question that forces us to consider the to consider the it is this very question that forces question as as to to whether the the community communiry of Christ should should be of Christ question looked upon upon as the continuation as the of Israel Israel or or as as an entirely looked continuation of entirely Are the the nations nations being being gathered gathered up unto the the new new entity? up unto entity? Are Israel, the children the Kingdom are the children of of the or are scattered Israel, or Kingdom being being scattered over shall call over the the world like like seed in order that they seed in order that shall call all all they 27 2 nations the Kingdom? (Cf. Matt. I3: 28.) 7 nations into into the Kingdom? (Cf. 13: 28.) the synoptic the idea In the the new Israel, in idea of of the Israel, in synoptic Gospels Gospels the Christ of and through Christ the salt of the earth and the light salt the earth the of the through light of the world, clearly predominates, even though the synopthe world, clearly predominates, though synoptics themselves tics themselves hold hold different different opinions have different different opinions and have aims. In the the Gospel aims. to St. St. John, the however, the Gospel according according to John, however, as term 'jews" as used there clearly indicates strangeness and used there indicates "Jews clearly strangeness even hostility tis It is significant, that Jesus. I hostility towards Jesus. significant, however, however, that their negative in their attitude, too, it is the Jews who represent is it the negative attitude, too, Jews represent "the world". world". Paul's Paul's Epistles are based based on several several different different Epistles are lines of thought. Some say that he follows two lines lines that follows lines of of two thought. say 28 thought.za thought. It It
is
5

gather. gather.

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The congregation of Christ Christ is is to to be understood first of understood first of congregation of as the all as the true all true Israel. Israel. The old old nation at the the level nation is is Israel Israel at level the old old dispensation; of the the new nation nation is at the is also also Israel, the dispensation; the Israel, at level of the new dispensation. level Christians who were were Jews dispensation. Christians Jews are the "remnants of of Israel", this with this Israel", and only by unity only by unity with remnant do the the Gentile Gentile Christians Christians also also belong to Israel. Israel. belong to it would appear that So it for Paul Paul there are two there are two points of appear that for points of view: (I) not the the Jews, are the the congregaChristians, not (i) the Christians, Jews, are congregation of God, tion because the the important is not Israel not Israel God, because important thing thing is to the flesh, according but Israel Israel according to the the Spirit flesh, but according to according to Spirit (so in Galatians); is only there is one people (so strong, strong, e.g. e.g. in Galatians) (2) (2) there only one people of God, of the Gentile Gentile Christians are Christians are God, namely Israel, and the namely Israel, taken into this taken into this one people people as as proselytes proselytes (so (so especially, especially, e.g. e.g. in Romans). in Romans). first accentuates The first the new creation accentuates the creation which has has begun begun in and through Christ, the second the heilsgeschichtlich conthrough Christ, the second the heilsgeschichtlich confirst indicates the severity tinuity. indicates the the freedom freedom of of tinuity. The first severity and the the second God, the faithfulness promises. But second the faithfulness to to His His promises. But the the God, the most important important thing thing is that over is that over against against Jews Jews and Gentiles has tiles something has come, the third race (r Cor. new the third race Cor. 10: come, something (i that is it is 32) that is particularly characterized by the fact that it characterized the fact that is 32) by particularly the body the body of of Christ the temple temple of the Holy Holy Spirit. Christ and the of the Spirit. Therefore the between Jews Therefore the opposition has Gentiles has Jews and Gentiles opposition between lost lost its its particular particular significance significance both both inside inside and outside outside the the Church. Church .. The Church, Church, as as the the new people people of of God, has God, has of Israel Israel and the the (hidden) centre of taken over over the the place place of taken centre of (hidden) history of the world, this people is still only the and this new is still and of world, history only people the the beginning beginning of of both both the the new manhood and the the 6: i Gal. Cor. whole new creation creation (2 (2 Cor. Cor. 5: 5: 17, Gal. 6: 15, I Cor. 15: whole 17, 15, 15: 28). 28). In Paul's Paul's apostleship apostleship the tP.e continuity continuity of of God's God's work in in In for Israel, Israel, as as well well as as the the newness newness of of the the new era, era, bebeand for apparent in in an unusual unusual way. way. One can only only obtain obtain come apparent the right right insight insight into into the the complicated complicated relationship relationship bebethe tween Israel, Israel, the the community community of of Christ Christ and the the world world of of tween nations if if one one considers considers this this apostleship apostleship in in its its own and nations quite unique unique significance. significance. quite
;

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29 3, Paul's Apostleship as the If want to to understand understand the the significance the of Paul as If we want significance of of the heathen depend on sources, namely apostle two we the heathen of sources, namely depend apostle

3. Paul's Apostleship

of the the Apostles Apostles and Paul's is the Acts Paul's own epistles. the Acts of epistles. This is not the place to go deeply into the structure and construe~ structure constructhe into not the place to go deeply tion magnificent book book by by the the the architect architect among tion of of that that magnificent among the as comis as beautifully com~ Evangelists, St. Luke, whose Acts Acts is beautifully Evangelists, St. Luke,
that which posed as as his his Gospel is. We shall shall only underline that only underline Gospel is. posed is of of importance to our subject. our subject. is importance to route of of the the Gospel the road from Jerusalem, A. The route is the A. Jerusalem, Gospel is Israel, to to Rome, the centre the world. world. This the centre centre of of the centre of of Israel, the Rome, the it may may seem to to journey, however however much a matter of of course course it a matter journey, it can only that it is so and unprecedented unprecedented that us, is so strange us, only be strange and to the intervention of explained by repeatedly repeatedly pointing pointing to the intervention explained by

Himsel God Himself. is already trans~ Preaching the gospel gospel to to Samaria is already a transPreaching the the nature gression of the boundaries of Israel, pointing to the nature of to the of boundaries Israel, pointing gression i all boundaries ofthe which crosses crosses all boundaries (cf. Acts r: 8), the gospel, of (cf. Acts 8), gospel, which but it it still takes place place within within reach reach of Israel's old old country of Israel's but still takes country the Ethiopian, baptism of Ethiopian, boundaries (Acts of the boundaries 8: 4-25). (Acts 8: 4-25). The baptism Israel's God, the earth adore Israel's from the the end end of earth to of the to adore who came from God, still lies within Israel's spiritual horizon (Acts still lies 8 26-40). within Israel's (Acts 8: 26-40) spiritual horizon admit~ Peter's being sent to the the heathen heathen Cornelius, Peter's being sent to Cornelius, who admittedly lives within the confines oflsrael but apparently of does lives within the confines Israel but tedly apparently does not live within the the horizon horizon of of the apostles, not the greatest live within of the of the greatest apostles, announces It is to us us announces the great turning turning point. point. It the great is pointed out pointed out to emphatically and repeatedly repeatedly (which is characteristic of characteristic of (which is emphatically and the book the book of of Acts) Acts) that that God Himself Himself intervenes. intervenes. He indiindicates to cates to Peter Peter that that a has begun, begun, in a new era era has in which the the disdisJew and heathen heathen vanishes vanishes as tinction between Jew tinction between as far far as the as the preaching of of the the gospel is concerned. opinion it it is is concerned. In our our opinion preaching gospel is no coincidence coincidence that that Luke places places this this occurrence, related occurrence, related in in Acts 10-11: IO- II : r 7, after after Saul's He, too, has Saul's conversion. conversion. He, 17, too, has been called called direct direct from heaven, heaven, through through a particular a particular revelation he is vessel unto me, to to revelation of Christ "for of Christ "for he is a a chosen chosen vessel unto me, bear bear my my name before before the the Gentiles, Gentiles, and kings, and the the kings,
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children of Israel') Israel* children (Acts Saul has been has been (Acts 9: 9: 15). 15). When Sa:ul called to to be God's tool, called Peter (and the comcomtool, Peter (and through through him the at Jerusalem) munity is warned to to accept this turning tomunity at Jerusalem) is accept this turning towards the world of of the the heathen heathen that that God wants. exwants. This This explains the particular charismatic nature of nature of plains two things: things (i) (i) the particular charismatic to the the apostleship the heathen, is of of an almost almost apostleship to heathen, which is violent character-Paul character Paul becomes an apostle violent after he, he, who apostle after strongly has been arrested arrested by the Christ, has strongly opposed opposed Christ, by Him on the to Damascus; road to it it is is the the community itself that that actuactuDamascus; (ii) (ii) community itself this apostleship ally to the the heathen, for they are ally supports supports this heathen, for apostleship to they are convinced by convinced divine intervention intervention (Peter's by divine by (Peter's vision) vision) and by Peter's authority: Peter's thus God granted to the the Gentiles also to Gentiles authority: thus granted also the repentance the life (Acts n 18). repentance unto life (Acts II: 18). When the the Jewish Christians from Cyprus Jewish Christians Gyrene Cyprus and Cyrene also preach the gospel to the the Greeks also preach the Greeks (which in this this case case (which in gospel to is practically synonymous with is gqyyim, ethne, the practically synonymous with gqyyim, ethne, heathen) heathen) the is with them and a hand of of the Lord is a great are great number are converted. In view converted. view of this rush rush ofheathen is sent of this of heathen Barnabas sent Barnabas is from Jerusalem Jerusalem ( !) to Antioch Antioch and Barnabas in his turn to in his turn !) of requisitions Saul of Tarsus. They work in Antioch for in for a a Tarsus. They requisitions full are then then sent to Jerusalem with gifts of love full year year and are sent to of love with Jerusalem gifts donated by by the the community community (Jews (Jews and Gentile Gentile Christians), Christians), are then, they return and are then, by by a special of the the indication of they return special indication Holy Spirit, separated sent forth; that is the the and that is sent when forth; Holy Spirit, separated missionary work among among the the nations nations actually (Acts starts (Acts missionary actually starts is 1 1 clear that the 13: 1-5). It is clear that Paul wasnotexclusive[ythepreacher Paul was not 13:1 -5) exclusively preacher of the the gospel gospel among among the the Gentiles. Gentiles. The reference reference in in Gal. Gal. 2 : of to the in between the 9 to the arrangement the apostles in Jerusalem 9 arrangement Jerusalem apostles on the the one hand and Paul Paul and Barnabas Barnabas on the the other, other, that that the the former former were to to work among among the the Jews Jews and the the latter latter among the the Gentiles, Gentiles, is is to to be be understood understood geographically, geographically, among 30 This not not ethnographically ethnographically and not not exclusively. exclusively. 30 This tallies tallies with the fact fact that that from the the very very beginning beginning Paul Paul and BarnaBarnawith the bas bas preached preached the the gospel gospel first first to to the the Jews Jews (Acts (Acts 13: 13: 5, 5, cf. c to seems It and to the Gentiles. 9: 15) only afterwards go to the Gentiles. It seems to afterwards 9: 15) only go me that that this this fact fact should should not not be be overestimated overestimated in in a a theotheological sense; sense; Paul Paul goes goes to to the the synagogue synagogue not not only only because because logical 95 95
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Israel has a a priority priority in in the the history history of of salvation, also Israel has salvation, but also because there, there, among among the the proselytes, proselytes, he finds finds points conbecause points of con31 tact for the preaching preaching of of the the gospel among the the Gentiles. Gentiles. 31 tact for the gospel among that Paul's Paul's apostleship the GenThe conclusion conclusion that among the apostleship among
is obvious; tiles has has a pronounced geographical geographical component a pronounced tiles obvious; component is is the he is not not the only apostle of the the Gentiles but he is the most Gentiles but the only he is apostle of That is why he he can be contrasted the prominent one. one. That contrasted with the is why prominent twelve apostles; apostles; he he does in the the world world of nations nations what they they does in twelve is the the great do among the Jews in their their own country-he great do country he is Jews in among the world-witness for Christ. for Jesus world-witness Jesus Christ. Much has has been been written written about about Paul's Paul's apostleship as comapostleship as It be pared with that of the twelve apostles. It cannot denied cannot pared with that of the twelve apostles. that it is characterized by a (certain amount of) exthat it is characterized by of) ex(certain 2 sanction centricity.32 Antioch (be it with the sanction of JerusalemJerusalem centricity.* Antioch (be it with the Acts I I : 22) becomes a second beside Jerusalem. second centre, ii Acts centre, beside Jerusalem. 22) becomes it was in Antioch, for it The term Antioch, for term "Christians" "Christians" originated originated in there that it became clear-through the large of the number it clear through of there that large first time Gentile Christians in the community-for the first time the the in for Gentile Christians community that believed in third group group in Christ constituted a third those who believed Christ constituted that those is sent Paul forth beside Jews and Gentiles (Acts II: 26). Paul is sent forth n Gentiles beside Jews (Acts 26). his own apostleship himself always always saw his from Antioch. Antioch. He himself from apostleship as to as something unique, he he refers refers to to someone to himself himself as as something unique, born untimely, untimely, who is not worthy worthy to the name of is not to bear the of born 33 33 In apostle (1 Cor. 15: 8). In other words, his apostleship is Cor. his other words, apostle (i 15: 8). apostleship is of the usual, but not therefore less valid. It something out less It out of the not but therefore valid. usual, something is well that in almost all his epistles epistles he places places great great is well known that in almost all his emphasis his lawful apostleship, given to him by on his lawful to emphasis by God apostleship, given 34 His unusual Himself. unusual calling to the apostleship accentuHimself. 34 the to accentucalling apostleship ates ates its its uniqueness uniqueness and he he is being an is strongly of being aware of strongly aware 35 apostle of the Gentiles. as of the Gentiles. apostle B. B. It It cannot be be said said often often enough that Paul's Paul's apostleenough that apostleis not based ship is not only based an calling on abnormal but also also has has ship only calling but an abnormal nature nature and abnormal contents; in the first in the first contents; to Paul as place to as a a Jew, but also for they also to to all all Jews, place Jew, but Jews, for they partly partly Israel's "expected Israel's consolation" and knew of "a light consolation" and of for "expected light for the Gentiles", but they could not but experience the but could not but the Gentiles", they experience "mission among the Gentiles" something unpreceunpreceGentiles" as as something among the
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portant testimonies testimonies regarding regarding Paul's Paul's apostleship apostleship among among portant the Gentiles. Gentiles. It It is is made made clear clear here, here, if if anywhere, anywhere, that that the the the mission among among the the Gentiles Gentiles cannot cannot possibly possibly be be seen seen as as a a mission ofthe the Judaic Judaic making making of ofproselytes proselytes during during the the continuation of continuation 36 diaspora.38 it was only a matter of of a a few individuals individuals diaspora. Then it was only a matter from the the world world of ofnations nations and for for them there there would always always from in Israel, Israel, geographically geographically as as well well as as spirituspirituhave been been room room in have ally. If Paul had been only the the Jewish-Christian Jewish-Christian inheritor inheritor ally. If Paul had been only of a a Judaic Judaic missionary missionary tradition, tradition, there there would have been of no cause cause for for him to to speak speak so so emotionally emotionally and ecstatically ecstatically no about his his calling calling as as an apostle apostle of of the the Gentiles. Gentiles. The proseproseabout in the the conviction of the the unique unique lytic mission originated in conviction of lytic mission originated elect nation. nature of the people the elect nation. of God, as the Israel as of Israel nature God, the people of that Paul's apostleship became possible when the wall that Paul's apostleship possible fullness separated Israel and the nations fell. In Christ the fullness fell. the nations separated Israel the of i: ro, the times times began of the 10, II) n) and that means the (Eph. I: began (Eph. unity of everything, in heaven and earth, under His in earth, unity of everything, alienation can go dominion. go on dominion. No contrast, break, no alienation contrast, no break, existing and remain valid. They who used to be "alienvalid. They existing and remain to the the ated of Israel and strangers the commonwealth commonwealth oflsrael from the ated from strangers to and of promise, having no hope and without God covenants covenants of promise, having hope the now made nigh are now in 2: 12) by the world (Eph. nigh by in the the world" 12) are (Eph. 2: and Israel between wall blood of Christ (Eph. 2: I 3). The wall between Israel and The blood of Christ (Eph. 2:13). dewas demeans hostility, the also means that also a wall wall that the Gentiles, hostility, was Gentiles, a now and by Christ. He is peace (shalom, eirene) and now molished is He Christ. molished by peace (skalom, eirene] and former strangers the former there is no no longer strangers and there is difference; the any difference; longer any the are of and the saints aliens are now fellow-citizens with the saints and are of the with fellow-citizens now aliens are not A new of God (Eph. 2: rg). A new temple arises, not household arises, 2: God of household temple 19). (Eph. 2: 21, one (Eph. an oecumenical one an oecumenical 21, but an Israelitic temple (Eph. 2: an Israelitic temple but the 22), an habitation of God through the Spirit. God of habitation Spirit. through 22), an o G 97 97
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ofthe the house house of ofisrael only? sheep of Israel only? sheep Surprise and amazement about the the fact fact that that the the GenGenabout amazement and Surprise tiles, too, are "fellow heirs, members of ofthe the same same body body and and tiles, too, are "fellow heirs, members can partakers of the promise in Christ Jesus" (Eph. 3: 6) can in Christ of the 3: 6) Jesus" (Eph. promise partakers immost the of one clearly be heard in Eph. 2: I 1-3: 2 I, one of the most im2 in be heard 21, 11-3: Eph. clearly
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dented and and unknown. unknown. Was Was it it not notJesus Jesus Himself Himselfwho who had had dented admonished the the disciples disciples to to address address themselves themselves to to the the lost lost admonished

t tis difficuit for for us us now to to realize realize how revolutionary revolutionary these these is difficult It things must have sounded to Israelitic non-Israelitic Israelitic and non-Israelitic to have must things ears. Paul Paul deduced deduced this this unprecedented unprecedented turn turn in history in history ears. from promises promises in in the the Old Testament (c, from e.g. Rom. 15: (cf., e.g. 15: the not lessen g-13, ro: 4-21), but that did not lessen the surprise and did that but 10: surprise 4-21), 9-13, joy, because because their fulfilment far far surpasses all ideas, extheir fulfilment ideas, exsurpasses all joy, the pectations and promises. It is the "justification of the godis of It the 'justification godpromises. pectations less", the justification justification by by faith, that opened to the the faith, that less", the opened the road to it in for it in vain nations (Rom. 3: 27-29). 27-29). Israel Israel looked for vain in in the the nations (Rom. 3 works of of the the law. lived from his his faith faith law. Abraham already works already lived thus became the the prototype prototype of of the the believers believers among the and thus among the 1 I), a Gentiles (Rom. 4: I father of many many nations nations (Rom. 4: Gentiles (Rom. 4: 1), a father (Rom. 4: r8) heir of of the the world world (Rom. (Rom. 4: 4: 13). 1 13). The Scriptures 8) and heir Scriptures foresaw the heathen heathen through through faith faith (Gal. that Godjustrfies foresaw that God justifies the (Gal. 3: 8) preaches before before the the gospel unto Abraham-In Abraham In gospel unto 3 8) and preaches is why thee shall all nations nations be be blessed. blessed. That is why everyone, thee shall all everyone, Jew or slave or or freeman, freeman, male or be a or female, or Greek, Greek, slave female, can be Jew faith in child of by faith in Christ 26-28). of God by child Christ Jesus 3 : 26-28). Jesus (Gal. (Gal. 3 We cannot cannot get get away away from the the conclusion that from now conclusion that on only he who belongs to Christ can be of the be of the seed seed of of only belongs to Christ Abraham, i.e. member of the people of God; "And if ye of the people of God; if ye Abraham, i.e. be Christ's, Christ's, then then are are ye ye Abraham's seed, heirs accordbe accordseed, and heirs the ing to the promise" (Gal. 3 : 29). to ing promise" (Gal. 3: 29). In a a theological sense Paul Paul did here what to to Jewish Jewish ears did here ears theological sense was incredible; line of incredible; the the line of descent descent runs runs from Abraham via via Christ Christ to to the world of of the the Gentiles Gentiles and Abraham himself the world himself has become the has the prototype prototype of of the the Gentile Gentile Christian! Christian! This This aller was an Umwertung alter Werte (revaluation of all values), Werte of all a Umwertung (revaluation values), a Israel setting aside of Israel according to the flesh, a relocation aside of to the a relocation setting flesh, according of of God's of the the centre centre of God's acts acts from Israel world ofthe Israel to the world to the of the that which used Gentiles; that used to be ex-centric turns out to to be ex-centric be turns out to be Gentiles; central in central in God's for salvation. God's design for salvation. design Paul now knows himself herald of himself to to be the the herald of this this new in Christ. reality in Christ. In Eph. 3: 1-13, he refers to the preachhe refers to the reality Eph. 3 1-13, preachto him entrusted ing entrusted to by the grace of God; the mystery the of the of ing by God; grace mystery of Christ that used Christ that used to to be be unknown has has been been made known to to him by by a revelation revelation and he, he, in in his turn, is his turn, is allowed allowed to to make
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to the people known to this mystery a mesas the the gospel, as a people this mystery as gospel, as sage of the the mystery of sage of joy. joy. This preaching preaching of mystery ("economy ("economy of the mystery") does not only the of across the the boundaries boundaries of mystery") does only pass pass across Israel and the the world of Israel of the the Gentiles the Gentiles but but even even across across the the world of boundaries of the of men; the principalities men; the principalities and in heavenly powers are informed the cominformed by powers in heavenly places places are by the munity of munity (=the (=the oecumenical community, community, consisting consisting of of the manifold Jews of God (Eph. manifold wisdom of Jews and non-Jews) non-Jews) ofthe (Eph. s: 3: 10). 10). The exalted exalted words that that Paul Paul uses talks about uses when he talks about that fell the grace that fell to his share, of preaching to the to his share, of preaching to the Gentiles Gentiles grace inscrutable riches the inscrutable riches of of Christ, Christ, show clearly strange, clearly how strange, how surprising and how full of mystery of full of mystery the the preaching surprising preaching of to the Gentiles Gentiles is the gospel is (cf. 26-27). also Col. Col. 1: i gospel to (cf. also 26-27). The the abnormal nature strangeness, the to the nature of Paul's calling of Paul's strangeness, the calling to apostleship correspond to the strangeness, the abnormal the the apostleship correspond to strangeness, nature his preaching nature of his preaching as as preaching the Gentiles. Gentiles. In preaching among among the his letter letter to his to the the Ephesians, Paul rises to an almost ecstatic ecstatic Paul rises almost to Ephesians, culmination in the the affirmation affirmation that that from now on a man, culmination in man, whether Jew or Gentile, Gentile, can "be filled the fullness fullness filled with all all the Jew or of God" only only as as a a fellow-saint, fellow-saint, in in community all others others community with all 1 is There (Eph. 3: 18). is one community, one body, (Eph. 3: 8). body, one community, one Spirit, Lord, faith, one baptism, one one God and Lord, faith, Spirit, baptism, Father of of all all (Eph. (Eph. 4: 4: 3-6). 3-6). And it it is is only only from this this unity unity that that the the variety variety of of gifts gifts and services services can can be be made to to serve serve the the "fulness "fulness of of Christ" Christ" (Eph. (Eph. 4: 4: 7-16). 7-16). this letter letter to to the the Ephesians Ephesians we are are confronted confronted with with an In this exalted and profound profound credo credo concerning Christ as the as the exalted Christ concerning of the new turning point in history, the break-through of the in the turning point history, break-through world. As the the riches riches and wisdom of of God He is is at at one and world. the same time time the the mystery mystery and the the power power of of the the new the creation. It is is the the community communiry of of the the world world of of nations nations which creation. It as the the manifold manifold wisdom of of God to to the the makes Him known as heavenly powers. heavenly powers. Paul writes writes to to the the Romans that that as as Jesus Jesus Christ's Christ's minisminisPaul ter to to the the Gentiles Gentiles he has has to to bring bring an offering offering from the the ter Gentiles that that is is acceptable acceptable in in the the eyes eyes of of God (Rom, (Rom. 15: I 5: Gentiles
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I 6). This consists in effecting obedience to the the faith faith (Rom. obedience to 1 (Rom. 6). This consists in effecting 16: 26) among among all all nations, nations, thus thus making making Paul's Paul's apostleship, 16: 26) apostleship, even more than than that that of of the the twelve twelve apostles, even more sign of the apostles, a sign fulfilment of the times, of God's eschatological acting. of God's the eschatological acting. times, of fulfilment Paul's apostleship, C. This This shows the ex-centricity ex-centricity of of Paul's C. shows the apostleship, in Jesus but also the ex-centricity ex-centricity of of God's God's acting also the but Christ; Jesus Christ; acting in as a centre. its significance the former former centre, centre, Israel, Israel, has has lost lost its centre. the significance as take its its place, or rather the community The Gentiles Gentiles now take community place, or rather consisting of of Jews Paul's well-known well-known Gentiles does. does. Paul's consisting Jews and Gentiles explanation in Rom. g-u, in stresses the he stresses the in which in 9-11, explanation to the strangeness, the ex-centricity preaching to the Genof his his preaching ex-centricity of strangeness, the tiles, which which is is at the same time time a sign warning of at the of tiles, sign and a warning the hard it was even for to underfor him to it was underthe end, shows how hard end, shows stand this ex-centricity ex-centricity of God's acting. of God's stand this acting. Eph. looks upon upon the the community community formed from the the 2-3 looks Eph. 2-3 world of nations nations as as the the fruit revelation of the of the the revelation of the fruit of world of mystery that that Gentiles will also be fellow-heirs also be the fellow-heirs of the Gentiles will mystery 1 affirms promise in in Christ Christ Jesus, while Rom. 9-1 g-1 I that these these affirms that Jesus, while promise riches arise from Israel's Israel's fall riches of of the the Gentiles Gentiles arise fall and failure failure (Rom. II: 11-12). I 1-12). (Rom. n One should not conclude that the the fact the Gentiles should not conclude from the fact that Gentiles has been been accepted accepted that that Israel been rejected. rejected. Paul Paul have been Israel has himself with with the the remnant according to the the election himself election (Rom. according to (Rom. 1 I 1 : I -6) is I the proof proofthat not rejected people. that God has has not 1-6) is the rejected His people. That which is happening in in the the world world of the Gentiles is is happening of the Gentiles is directed towards the salvation just as towards the directed salvation ofisrael of Israel itself; as Israel Israel itself; just has has not not received received its its place place in in the the history of salvation salvation because because history of itself but of itself but because because of of the the Gentiles, the community so the Gentiles, so community of the formed out the Gentiles has not not received received its place in out of Gentiles has its place in the the salvation because history of of salvation because of of itself, but because because of Israel of Israel itself, but history 37 it to in order order to to arouse arouse it to jealousy. jealousy. 37 There is is an an interdependinterdependence ence between the the salvation that of salvation of of the the Gentiles Gentiles and that of Israel; they they cannot cannot and may may not be detached from each not be detached from each Israel; 33 Just as other. fall of other. 38 the fall of Israel road to Israel opened the road to the the Just as the opened the "fullness of "fullness of the the Gentiles", this fullness so this fullness of of the the Gentiles Gentiles Gentiles", so will, in in its its turn, turn, lead lead to to the the fullness, the acceptance, the will, fullness, the acceptance, the salvation of Israel salvation Israel (Rom. II : 12, I 2, 25, This is is a a divine divine (Rom. n 25, 26). 26). This
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mystery which cannot cannot be be fathomed or or gauged; one can can mystery gauged; one it in only stammer about about it in amazement (Rom. I: 34-36). 34-36). n: only (Rom. I It is is clear clear from Rom. g-I It I that that to the reconciliareconciliaPaul the to Paul 9-1 1 tion of tion of the the world world (Rom. (Rom. I I: I 5), of the preaching preaching n: of which the 15), of of the the gospel gospel among among the the Gentiles Gentiles is the sign prelude is the sign and prelude (Rom. 10 ro: 16-18), r6-I8), is is at at the the same time time a penultimate penultimate reality. realiv. (Rom. to the the Gentiles, Gentiles, of of which which Paul Paul is the characThe mission mission to is the characteristic and principal teristic principal representative, representative, cannot be apprecicannot be appreciated except except as as the the great happening "between the the times"; times"; great happening the coming of of Jesus Jesus Christ Christ in in the His return return at the coming the flesh flesh and His at the end. God has has already already revealed revealed His plans and the end. His last last plans carried out in All that that is for the carried them out in Christ. Christ. All is left left now is is for the revelation the mystery mystery to to be completed revelation of the finished. completed and finished. The closed closed world world of of nations nations that that God has has allowed to allowed to in their ways is is now confronted with the the great walk in their own ways confronted with great
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all people salvation calls upon upon all people everywhere to salvation which calls everywhere to repent (Acts r6, 17: 14: 16, 17: 30). (Acts 14: 30). repent If we compare this section, If has been been said said so far in in this so far section, compare what has it appears it appears that according to to Eph. Eph. 2-4, well as that according as well as to to Rom. 2-4, as gI r, the preaching of the gospel is a the preaching the Gentiles a of the Gentiles is 9-11, gospel among among the strange, unexpected, surprising occurrence. In Eph. 2-4, strange, unexpected, surprising occurrence. Eph. 2-4, the is on the the execution plan of of salvasalvathe emphasis execution of of a divine divine plan emphasis is tion for the world; world; in in Rom. g-u, temporary is on the the temporary it is tion for the 9-11, it nature of the coming coming of of the the Gentiles its end that will will find find its nature of the Gentiles that in the whole whole of of Israel. to shall have to Israel. We shall in the the salvation salvation of of the accept these two ideas ideas without without wanting wanting to to make them into into these two accept one whole that fits. In In Paul's Paul's own person person the the centripetal that fits. one centripetal are brought and centrifugal centrifugal aspects the preaching toof the brought topreaching are aspects of gether. It It is is he, he, as as the the apostle apostle of the the Gentiles, Gentiles, who passes passes gether. in the all boundaries to to be be Christ's minister everywhere Christ's minister all boundaries everywhere in world, who calls upon the the Gentiles to bring bring offerings Gentiles to calls upon offerings that world, it is as the is he, 1 find favour in in God's God's eyes eyes (Rom. (Rom. 15: find favour he, as 15: I6), 6), it son of Israel, Israel, who even even when he is is preaching son of among the preaching among Gentiles is Israel, taking the nations home is still still gathering Gentiles taking the gathering Israel, 1 I: 1 and arousing the jealousy jealousy of his flesh of his flesh and blood (Rom. (Rom. I arousing the r, i, 13, 14). 13, 14). beD. When Christ Christ is is the the centre the preaching of the centre of D. preaching and be:

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the community lief in in Him is is of importance, the of decisive decisive importance, community which is becomes itself itself a a "preacher around Him becomes is gathered which "preacher gathered around of the joyful joyful message". message". Even though though the the apostles, of the apostles, and parparlief

ticularly Paul, are the first to spread the gospel, they are first to are are the spread the gospel, they ticularly Paul, not the only ones ones to to do so. so. Even the the term "apostle" is the only not "apostle" is and is is not not restricted restricted to to Paul Paul and the cf. flexible the twelve twelve ( flexible and (cf. in Thessalonica e.g. Rom. 16: I6: 7). 7). The community community in beThessalonica bee.g. an example to all all believers believers in in Macedonia and came an example to Achaia 1 Thess. I: 7, 8). During his his imprisonment Paul's Achaia ( imprisonment Paul's (i Thess. i 7, 8). During It is task is is taken over by by others others (Phil. I4) i is part of a taken over task (Phil, I: 14). It part of a Christian's armour to to be be "shod with with the the equipment the of the Christian's armour equipment of 39 6: is). gospel ofpeace" I5). 39 (Eph. 6: gospel of peace" (Eph. also takes takes over The community community of Christ also over Israel's Israel's task of Christ task the Gentiles in that that the mission from Israel Israel to to the becomes in Gentiles now becomes the mission the mission mission from the the Gentiles to Jews the Gentiles (Christians) Jews and (Christians) to Gentiles (heathen). progress of the gospel world of the in the the world Gentiles gospel in (heathen) The progress of Paul's time was was made possible possible not not only his apostleof Paul's time only by by his apostleship but also by this this activity activity of the community. of the is rerealso by It is community. It ship but in the markable that little is is said said in the New Testament about that so so little about the the task task of preaching the Apparthe obligation, of preaching the gospel. obligation, the gospel. Apparently it so obvious obvious that that the to be be it was so the glad ently glad tidings tidings were to it was passed on, was hardly hardly necessary to remind remind anyone that it on, that passed necessary to anyone it. It of It does does appear, though, that that some were were particularly particularly of it. appear, though, charged with with the the preaching preaching among is the Gentiles. Gentiles. One is charged among the involuntarily reminded reminded of the evangelists 4: I I) of the involuntarily evangelists (Eph. (Eph. 4: n) the prophets and the prophets (I Cor. 12: I 2 : 28). rarely finds finds an (i Cor. 28). One rarely admonition admonition to preach the the gospel gospel in to preach in Paul's Paul's epistles. epistles. What he does does ask ask for is intercession intercession in that the of the for is in order order that the word of the Lord may may speed 2 Thess. : 1). Thess. 3 speed on ( (2 3:1). In the the haste haste which becomes becomes apparent these words, words, apparent from these Paul professes professes his his belief belief and expresses the hope that Jesus expresses the hope that Jesus Christ will Christ will come soon. preaching is soon. His His preaching is characterized characterized by by 40 This the the glow tenseness of of expectation. expectation. 40 This also also deterdeterglow and tenseness mines the the aim of his his preaching. preaching. When in his letters he in his letters he stresses stresses time and again again that that one should should live live as as a a follower follower of God (Eph. Christ (Eph. ofGod ofChrist 2.: 3-u), Phil. 2: of 5: I), i), of 2, Phil. (Eph. s: (Eph. s: 5: 2, 3-11), of himself as an apostle himselfas apostle (i (I Cor. Cor. 4: Phil. 3: n: I, 16, II: i, Phil. 4: 16, 3: I7, 17,
:
: .

1 02 I02

I Thess. Thess. i I: 6, 6, 2: 2: 14), does so the Second I so because because of of the 14)3 he does the coming coming of the Kingdom Coming of the Christ, the Coining of Christ, Kingdom (Eph. 5, (Eph. 5: 5: 5, i Thess. 5: 23, 2 Cor. I I: 2). The contents his I contents and aim of of his 5: 23, 2 Cor. 11:2). preaching can be be summarized as Jesus Christ as follows: Christ is is follows Jesus preaching Lord, Lord of the community community and therefore the world, of the therefore of of the Lord, world, the the Lord who has has come and will be will come, come, who must be known, expected and honoured honoured among among all all nations. nations. That known, expected is why is why he, he, Paul, Paul, wants wants to to preach preach the the gospel each and in each gospel in every province province of the Roman Empire, particularly in of the in every Empire, and particularly every large town, and as as far far as ends of the earth" as "the "the ends of the earth" every large town, (Spain), in that the the name of be menin order order that of Christ Christ shall shall be (Spain), f- 15: I tioned everywhere (Rom. 15: I5: 22-24, everywhere (Rom. 22-24, cf. 5 19-20). 19-20).
:

The eschatological connection of mission of the the Pauline Pauline mission eschatological connection must be taken taken into into account. account. The activity the apostles is of the activity of apostles is a fragment of the history of the end. Rapidly the fashion of of the the of of the fashion end. fragment history Rapidly this world world passes passes away, the time writes the this time St. St. Paul Paul writes the at the away, and at letter letter to to the the Romans, Romans, the the daybreak is already of the the new era era is already daybreak of nearer than when he he came unto unto belief. generation to to nearer belief. The generation he and his his readers readers belong belong is which the which he is the the one during which the during aeons has happened in Christ aeons coincide. coincide. For what has Christ and what happened in goes with the the Church, is the the breakthrough breakthrough of the future. future. of the Church, is goes on with is why why one one must speed speed up up: salvation preached That is salvation must be preached to all nations, carried carried forward forward to to the the earth, before to all nations, the ends of the ends of earth, before the comes. Here is is the the reason the bold bold plan the end comes. reason for of a for the plan of mission to Spain, is for for ancient the utmost utmost mission to ancient ideas ideas even the Spain, which is part of of the the earth. earth. The event event to to which the mission belongs belongs is is the mission part therefore not a transitory transitory period period but it to serve it is is to serve immeditherefore not it binds ately the realization realization of of God's God's world-purpose; world-purpose; it binds one ately the calls for to full for eternity. decision for for a decision to full commitment and calls eternity. this calling calling is is obeyed, obeyed, there there is is anticipated Where this anticipated and 41 realized a a fragment fragment of world. 41 God's eternal eternal world. realized of God's
:

103 103

CHAPTER CHAPTER 7 7

TOWARDS A THEOLOGY OF MISSION?

WE Iregarding mission, and thereby take account of the


TF F

1 i. Mission I. Mission and World Histotf History

WE ARE TO DO JUSTICE JUSTICE TO THE BIBLICAL DATA

jLregarding mission, and thereby take account of the

opinions of many directions and convictions, opinions of theological directions many theological convictions, it is is healthy it to remember the wise word ofO. to the wise of O. Michel: Michel: healthy
All genuine All is in in battle battle against genuine theology theology is against theologizing, theologizing, abstracting, the attempt to replace theorizing, and against against the abstracting, theorizing, attempt to replace the genuine the Biblical and historical historical motive a philosophical motive by genuine Biblical by a philosophical transformation. Genuine theology transformation. theology is is acquainted with ininacquainted with soluble tensions tensions and self-defining soluble thought-forms of the holy of the self-defining thought-forms holy part of Scriptures, cannot become a part of any Scriptures, which cannot any human of any scheme nor of any theological theological system. present we are are in in system. At present love love with with simplifications, simplifications, while while the the Bible Bible glorifies humble glorifies humble simplicity; at at present present we wish wish easy easy solutions, solutions, while while the the simplicity; Bible Bible strengthens strengthens us us with with solutions solutions for for travelling; travelling; at at present present we wish again again and again again to to hear hear ourselves, ourselves, while while the the Bible Bible would invite invite us us to to the the hearing hearing of of the the naked naked word. word. 2 z

Now if if we attempt attempt to to set set forth forth the the present present state state of of disdiscussion of mission mission in in world world history, we we cussion regarding regarding the the place place of
history,

must take of the the "insoluble "insoluble tensions" tensions" to to take special special account account of which the the foregoing foregoing quotation quotation refers. refers. A. the first first place, place, the the Holy Holy Scriptures Scriptures make clear clear to to A. In the
is

us us that that the the proclamation proclamation of of the the gospel gospel among among the the nations nations is possible possible only only (i) By By the the voluntary voluntary sacrifice sacrifice of of Jesus Jesus Christ Christ on on the the (i)

cross, which which is is both both a a sign sign of of God's God's pity pity and and of of Israel's obstinacy; (ii) By By the the resurrection resurrection of ofChrist Christ from from the the dead, dead, through through (ii) which of the the world; world; which He He has has received received the the dominion dominion of
cross,

Israel's obstinacy;

104 104

the gift (iii) the Holy enables (iii) Through Through the gift of the Holy Spirit, Spirit, which enables the apostles to witness. the community to witness. apostles and the community that by One might this means a a new period in world world might say say that by this period in history creation has has arisen arisen around around history has dawned and a new creation Christ. ChrististheendoftheOld Christ is the end of the Old Testament Christ. Testament and the FirstFirstand the born of the new creation, the end of of a a world, the beginning creation, the world, the beginning 3 Mission, seen under of a new one, of history". 3 one, "the hinge Mission, seen under hinge ofhistory". this aspect the new world, this is not not only a consequence of world, is aspect of the only a consequence of Christ's dominion of the Christ's the world, it is is also also the the actualizaactualizaworld, but it tion of it. it. The proclamation tion form of of the the gospel is the the of the proclamation of gospel is thejform Kingdom Acts 1 i : 6-8 6-8 must surely be viewed in viewed in Kingdom of God. Acts surely be this light: this of the the Kingdom establishment of for light: the expected expected establishment Kingdom for Israel will will take Israel place at point of take place at a point of time time determined determined by by the manifestation God, manifestation of the Kingdom of the is an affair affair God, but the Kingdom is of the witness witness of men by the power In of the the Holy by the Holy Spirit. power of Spirit. In the Holy it is is Christ the Christ Himself who witnesses, at but at Holy Spirit Spirit it witnesses, but the same time it it is is the the the disciples witness. Strange Strange disciples who witness. are being being said to us things said to us about this unity-in-tension about this of things are unity-in-tension of divine and human witness, divine witness, over and over the over in the over again again in New Testament. has seemed [Compare, example, Acts Acts 15: for example, it has 28 "For it 15 28: [Compare, for to and 16: "It "It good to the Holy Spirit to us," with 8: to Rom. 8: 16: us," good Holy Spirit is the himselfbearing witness with our spirit." In the is the Spirit himself witness the with bearing Spirit spirit." first first passage passage the the Holy Holy Spirit Spirit leads leads and men follow; in the the follow; in second the witness witness of of the the Holy Holy Spirit is an accompaniment second the is Spirit accompaniment of human witness witness!] of !] of In the the light light of of this this new beginning beginning the the proclamation proclamation of In the gospel gospel among among the the nations nations must be be understood understood as as the the the actualization of of the the eschatological eschatological prospects. prospects. The new actualization world already already is, is, but but it it is is so so only only for for him who sees sees the the world of the actuality of Christ's in the proclamation of the in the Christ's dominion of actuality proclamation in the world. gospel in the world. gospel in one sense sense it it is is too too strongly strongly one might might say say (though (though in Here one on world is not put): the proclamation is not dependent history, the history, dependent proclamation put) but rather rather world world history history is is dependent dependent on proclamation, proclamation, but in so so far far as as this this is is the the manifestation manifestation of of Christ's Christ's because and in because dominion over over the the world. world. But But it it is is important important not not to to accenaccendominion
: :
:

105 105

at the tuate reality of the expense the of the Christ's dominion of Christ's dominion at the reality tuate the expense of tentativeness and hiddenness hiddenness of this dominion. of this tentativeness [In thinking, the the Catholic and High High Church thinking, [In Roman Catholic are underdominion of Christ Christ and the the Kingdom Kingdom of God are dominion of that the Church takes stood realized in in the the Church, Church, so takes so that as realized stood as over the place of of the the Kingdom the almost wholly. both the the place over wholly. So both Kingdom almost hiddenness and the the tentativeness tentativeness of Christ's dominion are of Christ's are hiddenness and robbed of their reality reality and and one one loses that the fact fact that loses sight of their robbed sight of the Cor. 7: "the this world world is is passing passing away" I). of this form of "the form away" (I (i Cor. 7: 3 31). at the the basis basis of the the "social lies at "social one-sidedness lies The same one-sidedness in general idea and and of of its its offshoots, gospel" of the the offshoots, and in general of gospel" idea idealistic, narrowing of the Kingdom Kingdom of of social-ethical narrowing idealistic, social-ethical other progression God. "The New Testament progression in in Testament knows no other God. nearer. Therefore history that the the end end is is coming coming nearer. all Therefore all than that history than the Kingdom of the of God ideas of of a gradual actualization actualization of Kingdom of a gradual ideas in this world, or of a Christianization the world, world, have have of the this world, or of Christianization of in 4] been banished banished to to the the area of illusions." illusions." 4 area of been ] B. the publications publications of of the the last last few decades (at least on few decades In the B. In (at least of the the European continent), the the proclamation proclamation of the gospel the gospel European continent), as a sign as a of the the end than as is a sign of is seen seen much more as sign of sign of in this fulfilment. We have have been been greatly greatly influenced this regard regard influenced in fulfilment. by the the observations observations of of Oscar Oscar Cullmann. Cullmann. "The missionary missionary by of the the Gospel, proclamation of of the the Church, preaching of Church, her preaching Gospel, proclamation time between between resurrection resurrection and the the Second gives the time to the gives to Coming Christ its of Christ its heilsgeschichtlich in connecconnecComing of heilsgeschichtlich meaning meaning in 5 tion with with Christ's present dominion." The evidence tion Christ's present evidence for dominion." 5 for this thesis lies in this thesis lies in Mark 13: 10 and Matt. Matt. 24: in which 13:10 24: 14, 14, in mission is is named among among divine divine signs with woes such mission such signs along along with is not as wars, famine, famine, etc. etc. "It not true as wars, "It is that the true that of the the the coming coming of Kingdom depends upon the the result preaching; rather result of of this this preaching; rather Kingdom depends upon 6 upon the fact of the preaching." preaching." 6 the fact of the upon this view, By this view, mission mission too, too, like like all all "signs", not a allows not By "signs", allows upon this single nor any any single single liinitation calculation nor this or or limitation upon single calculation any other generation. generation. According According to to this this early Christian any other early Christian idea, the the Church must must proclaim proclaim the the gospel to "the whole "the whole idea, gospel to 2 world in in every every generation" .'7 generation". [The regarding calculation is obviously calculation .is directed [The remark regarding obviously directed 106 1 06

against of the the Kingdom of God, against the apocalyptic apocalyptic narrowing God, narrowing of Kingdom of if one could force as if force the the end closer as closer either either by calculation by calculation or by does not of the the not speak great activity. by great activity. Matt. 24: 24: I4 14 does speak of "must" of proclamation of the the future future actuality prockmation but simply simply of actuality of proclamation. of Future is is different different from from imperative. proclamation. Future imperative. Further, : 8: 8: "you shall be be my is this is Further, Acts Ii: "you shall my disciples" disciples"-this future, is only a instrufuture, not imperative. imperative. Man is only a producing producing instruthe commandment ment and the commandment emerges in the the second second emerges only only in place. 3: 10, too ("must", followed by 10, too place. Mark I 13: ("must", followed by a passive), passive), is an indication of a heilsgeschichtlich is indication of rather than than heilsgeschichtlich necessity necessity rather of a commandment laid of laid upon This does not mean does not upon man. This that the the command is that is denied, it certainly but it renders imimdenied, but certainly renders possible every convulsion and over-exertion of over-exertion of possible every human convulsion 8 human activity.s] activity. ] Since about 1930 Since of mission character of mission 1930 the eschatological eschatological character has been receiving receiving more and more emphasis. even emphasis. Some even explain theological impasse of the the I.M.C. conference LM.C. conference explain the theological impasse of at Willingen in r at 952 by by this this tension the character tension between the character Willingen in 1952 of of mission mission as as expectation and fulfilment, of Kingdom fulfilment, of Kingdom and expectation 9 Church.9 The resistance resistance against this, especially Anglothe Angloagainst this, especially from the 10 and to a lesser degree from the Eastern side, 10 Saxon side, the Eastern to a lesser degree 11 11 is Orthodox side, is not not yet yet free free from misunderstandings. misunderstandings. side, Church and mission mission are are still still often with each often contrasted each contrasted with other dynamic, introverted extraverted, other as as static static and dynamic, introverted and extraverted, the eschatological eschatological character character of of mission mission is is still and the still often often confused with with apocalyptic apocalyptic agitation agitation and overhastiness. overhastiness. confused blame for for this this should should certainly certainly not not be be placed placed on those those The blame during the the past past few few decennia decennia have have pleaded pleaded for for this this who during Hoekeneschatological foundation-Hartenstein, Freytag, foundation Hartenstein, Freytag, eschatological dijk, Manson, Manson, Warren and others. others. dijk, the during the past few years years the the uncertainty uncertainty Nevertheless, Nevertheless, during past few as to to whether whether missionary missionary work is is justified justified has has been ininas creasing. It is widely recognized It is more and more widely recognized creasing. (i) from its beginning the the Church of of Christ Christ as as a (i) That from its beginning of an eschatological eschatological nature. nature. Since Since whole has has been been of whole the resurrection resurrection of of Christ Christ and the the descent descent of of the the the I07 107

and the world are Holy the Church and are both in in Holy Spirit, Spirit, the the the same same eschatological circumstances in all their in all their eschatological circumstances the end of actions actions and responsibilities-the of the the ages has responsibilities ages has 10: u); come (1 n); (i Cor. 10: of its existence (ii) That during the whole ofits existence the the Church during the (ii) of is the the seiVant servant of the world, of Christ sent forth Christ is forth into into world, sent the exists for the world. for the world. The community the world, community exists world, it is because it is the community Christ. community of Jesus Jesus Christ.

Its Its existence in itself, is not existence is not purpose wonderful itself, however wonderful purpose in as such, also in in all all that it may and glorious that it it comprises such, also glorious it may be as comprises for its for its individual individual members. The illuminating of the the illuminating power power of drives and pushes [the congregation] Holy Spirit draws, drives draws, Holy Spirit pushes [the congregation] away as such, also from its existence existence as from all all that that its its such, away away from its away also members receive, also receive, experience go through; experience and go through; away away also has been promised to them personally. from all all that that has promised to personally. And in this it only in following this guidance and impact, it is and becomes becomes only guidance following impact, is 12 the true true congregation of Jesus Christ. 12 The real the real congregacongregation of Jesus Christ. congregation of ofJesus Christ is is the the congregation tion in and with with is, in Jesus Christ congregation which is, its foundation, sent into into the its the world world by as such such it it is is foundation, sent by God. Just Just as there for of value, for the there the world. world. Not because authority and because of and value, authority is immanent in in its its nature as creature, power, which is nature as as a a power, creature, as nation nation among others, but but because because of of a given of among others, given power power of attorney, given to to her her in in and with its its special foundation as as attorney, given special foundation 13 this this people people and therefore therefore as as a genuine power. genuine power. 13

Now the the question question forcibly forcibly arises is specific or arises what is specific or in unique in Inissionary as iiussere Mission, as "foreign work as dussere as unique missionary Mission, "foreign mission Norman Goodall Inission(s)". Goodall has has formulated formulated this this question question (s) as as follows: follows: What is is the the theological theological significance significance of of "foreign" "foreign" mission mission within of the the Church? The more more this this within the the total total responsibility responsibility of total total responsibility responsibility is is emphasized emphasized the the less less easy easy it it is is to to retain retain for of call call and and for the the foreign foreign obligation obligation a a unique unique element element of separation. Have the the ends ends of of the the earth earth a a theological theological signifisignifiseparation. cance cance comparable comparable with with the the end end of of time? time? In In the the vocational vocational of countless countless missionaries missionaries (of (of varying varying races races and and experience of experience from from younger younger and older older Churches) Churches) there there appears appears to to be be a a this unique unique element element in in the the call call of of convincing testimony testimony to to this convincing foreign service. service. This This being being so, so, can can it it be be articulated articulated theotheoforeign xo8 108
5>
.

logically in a a manner which will illumine afresh will illumine afresh its Its signifilogically in signifi14 cance for the the whole whole Church ?14 cance for Church?
In my opinion those who have advocated the eschatoadvocated the eschatoopinion those logical foundation of missionary work with of missionary so much force with so force logical foundation the conshould given lasting credit for for having should be given conlasting credit having drawn the clusions from the clusions the academic academic theological theological discussion discussion in in favour favour of missionary that were were to to be be more generally recogof missionary work that generally recoglater on. nized nized later on. Does this this mean that they have understood that they have understood the essence and the the essence the calling calling of of the the Church of Christ in the of Christ in the world better better and sooner sooner than than others others have? have? What is is the the connection between this this new vision connection between vision of of the the Church as as it it appears, for instance, instance, in the above above words in the of words of appears, for Karl Earth, Barth, and in in missionary missionary work? And in in what way way has an answer answer been been looked looked for to the for and found to the question as question as the nature nature and the the intrinsic intrinsic right to the to of missionary in right of missionary work in the whole whole of the work of the community the of the of the of Christ Christ during community of during the past the past few few years? years?
2. 2. Current Current Questions Questions In our our attempt to understand understand the the basis basis and motive motive of of attempt to

mission from from the the Bible, thus far mission far discovered discovered Bible, what we have thus be summarized in in a by Walter Walter Freytag: Freytag: can be a statement statement by can
Without mission, mission, history history is but human history is nothing nothing but history in the progress consists consists at best in its at best the intensifying of its whose progress intensifying of catastrophe. But if if we know of of the the coming Kingdom, we coming Kingdom, catastrophe. cannot rejoice rejoice in the promise promise without without proclaiming proclaiming in the cannot
15 is near. near. 15 Lord is
it.

it. The

But the the word "mission", be this quotation, in this But "mission", even in quotation, must be shall detached from an all too narrow conception of it. all too it. We shall detached conception double danger Bishop Neill Neill have to to be be aware aware of of a double have danger which Bishop has pointed pointed out: the word mission mission can be made so so broad out: the has "If everything that it it becomes becomes almost almost meaningless: meaningless: "If is that everything is 16 16 On the other hand, dare mission, nothing is mission." we the other is mission." hand, mission, nothing as "a theonot seek a "theology missionary societies" theosocieties" as of missionary seek a not "theology of logical justification of have done in the past in the of we have what past and logical justification 17 in the of are trying trying to to do in the present." present." 17 of what we are
109 109

may formulate formulate the the questions, questions, put put in in the the previous previous We may 18 Is paragraph, in in this this way: way :18 Is there there a a relation relation between the the paragraph, eschatological and and geographical geographical character character of of the the mismiseschatological sionary's task? task? (Consider, (Consider, for for instance, instance, the the meanings meanings of of the the sionary's In expression "the ends of the earth".) the light of these the of the these of ends "the light earth".) expression Biblical considerations considerations are are "foreign "foreign missions" missions" a a theological theological Biblical If the necessity or or a a historical historical contingency? contingency? If the former former is is true, true, necessity does it it include include the the obligation obligation to to preach preach the the gospel gospel in in does

foreign lands lands? ? foreign It is is these these questions questions in in particular particular which have have been the the It occasion for for writing writing the the preceding preceding chapters, chapters, and we shall shall occasion
deal with with the the topics topics in in this this order: order: deal connection between between the the eschatological eschatological and the the A. The connection A. geographical character character of of the the task task of of the the Church; Church; geographical B. B. C. C.
as a character of of foreign foreign missions missions as a theological theological The character

necessity necessity

and as as a a historical historical contingency; contingency; and

of the peculiar significance significance of the preaching preaching of the the The peculiar

gospel in foreign foreign lands. lands. gospel in


connection between the A. The question of the the connection the eschatoeschatoA. question of of the of the logical the geographical the task task of character of the geographical character logical and the Church has has often often been been answered. answered. Wilhelm Andersen Church represents general general opinion misopinion when he remarks: "The misrepresents
the sense in the sense sionary enterprise is is an eschatological eschatological entity, entity, in sionary enterprise as in in that as much as that of realized of future realized future eschatology of eschatology as eschatology . . . . The geographical geographical and temporal eschatology. temporal components belong belong to to the the very essence of of missionary very essence missionary ponents 19 service." service." 19 as many Andersen this, as many have done before bases this, before him, Andersen bases him, on the the earth" "ends of of the earth" and "end of of days". I the expressions days". I expressions "ends think that the the expression "the last it must be be recognized last think it recognized that expression "the of often in in the the Bible occurs much much more often Bible than than "the of days" "the days" occurs last" "the uttermost last" or or "the uttermost parts of the the earth". earth". parts of Furthermore, in Chapter noticed in that the the eschatoeschatoFurthermore, we noticed Chapter 2 that character of of the the Old Testament expressions logical logical character expressions "the end of of days", "in corning is not or "in as was not so so strict strict as days", or coming days", days", is once refer to to a a decisive once thought; decisive moment in in the the thought; they they do refer future, also be used used with with another another meaning. future, but they they can also meaning.
.
.

IIO no

55 the New Testament, can mean the In the "the last last days,, the days Testament, "the days can days which have broken broken forth forth with with Christ b. I the Christ (He i : I) and (Heb. i) and the Holy Spirit (Acts 2: 2: 17), but also the time of the Last but also the time of Last the Holy Spirit (Acts 17), Judgment and the the Second Coming Coming (e.g. 12: Judgment John I I: 24, 24, I2: (e.g. John
:

Pet. I: 48, Ii Pet. 5). The accent accent in in the the New Testament, as we 483 1:5). Testament, as have seen, lies at at least as much on Him who has least as has come as as seen, lies

New Him

upon that that which was expected. expected. The expression "ends of of upon expression "ends the the earth" earth" occurs occurs in in the the New Testament twice, in Testament only in twice, only i Acts Acts I: 8, in Matt. Matt. 12 I2: 42 42 (Luke has a a parallel 1 1 in II: 8, and in (Luke has parallel in 3 I) ; but but in in the the synoptic synoptic passage passage the not the word eschata eschata is is not 31); connection between between "the used. The connection used. "the end end of "the of days" and "the days" and ends of of the the earth" is no no doubt inspired mostly by Matt. earth" is Matt. inspired mostly by 24: 14 though here the reference is to here the reference is to 14 and Mark 13: 10, though 24: 13: 10, "the whole whole world". world". But But this this expression expression refers refers to to the the whole whole non-Israelitic non-Israelitic world, world, like the expression nations". It like the "all nations". It expression "all to me that occurs to that we are to see see in the expression "the ends occurs are to in the "the ends expression of the earth", of the earth", which occurs occurs in with the the call to in connection call to connection with mission only only in in Acts Acts I: 8, a synonym synonym of"the mission i of "the whole whole world" world" 8, a
: :

and "all nations". "all nations". Therefore our thought as hear the the expression Therefore first thought our first as we hear expression be that that it it is is an indication indication of the intensive must be of the intensive and extenextensive universality of of salvation. sive universality salvation. This This universality includes universality includes geographical is not the latter latter is not emcomprehensiveness, but the geographical comprehensiveness, emphasis in in the the New Testament phasized. The emphasis is always Testament is always phasized. on the the "going", but this this indicates the boundboundindicates a a crossing of the crossing of "going", but ary between between Israel Israel and the the Gentiles rather than than geographigeographiGentiles rather ary cal. boundaries, though though the the first not exclude first naturally does not exclude cal boundaries, naturally does the are concerned concerned here here with with emphases, the second. second. We are emphases, but is the these may become very very important, important, as the case the as is case with the these may is expression "uttermost parts of think this this is the earth". earth". I I think of the "uttermost parts expression in why has received received so so much emphasis-because latter has the latter emphasis because in why the of "far-away missionary circles the the phrase phrase echoes the i.dea idea of echoes the "far-away missionary circles Missions places", particularly particularly the the lands the "Orient". of the lands of "Orient". Missions places", far countries, were missions if matter of it was a matter of far if it were only countries, only missions "overseas", particularly in Asia and Africa. Africa. in Asia "overseas", particularly be consistent with this this line the line of of thinking, consistent with to be Now to thinking, the countries of of Europe Europe and America should be considered by considered by countries
III in

the younger younger Churches Churches In in Asia Asia and Africa Africa as as the the "utter"utterthe most parts parts of of the the earth". earth". I I think, think, therefore, therefore, it it is is best best to to most confine the the term term "ends "ends of of the the earth" earth" to to its its Biblical Biblical value value confine (and not not to to conceive conceive of of it it too too strictly strictly in in geographical geographical (and the whole world to terms) : the world, indeed the world to the the very very indeed the world, terms)
:

farthest corners. corners. farthest

For Jesus Jesus' For


5

disciples,

disciples, Europe Europe belonged belonged to to

the "uttermost "uttermost parts parts of ofthe earth", and at at that that time time it it did, did, the earth", the too! And this this "uttermost" "uttermost" reached reached no farther farther than the the too! western coasts coasts of of the the Mediterranean Mediterranean Sea. Sea. western Therefore, it it seems seems to to me illegitimate illegitimate theologically theologically to to Therefore, found mission mission as as "foreign "foreign mission" mission" on a a correlation correlation bebefound tween the the "end "end of of days" days" and the the "ends of of the the earth", earth", ununtween less the the latter latter is is purged purged of ofits non-Biblical "Western" "Western" signisigniits non-Biblical ficance. It It is is a a boundary boundary notion notion which indicates indicates that that ficance. Christ's dominion dominion knows no geographical boundaries Christ's geographical boundaries is from either. In In other other words, words, the the missionary missionary commission commission is either. the very very beginning beginning an ecumenical ecumenical commission, a commisthe commission, a sion which concerns concerns the the whole whole inhabited world. Thus the the inhabited world. sion which criterion is simply: simply: that that one one must have have heard heard of in of Christ Christ in criterion is in Him. Thus He must be order be able able to to believe believe in be to be order to the messengers of preached everywhere, to that that end the messengers of everywhere, and to preached 1 10: II-15). the gospel gospel must be be sent sent (Rom. (Rom. 10: the 1-15). We may may therefore therefore summarize summarize by remarking: ( 1) that that by remarking: (i) the has a geographical the Biblical Biblical eschatology certainly has eschatology certainly geographical component, the extent to the extent that that the the whole world belongs to belongs to component, to Christ must thus thus be preached to the the whole world; Christ and He must world; preached to (2) of mission valid use mission makes valid of these that the the theology use of these theology of (2) that eschatological factors on(y it has has only when it eschatological and geographical geographical factors itselffrom schemes such completely detached itself such as as East-West, East-West, completely detached etc. The only white-coloured, distinction which is is relevant relevant white-coloured, etc. only distinction of the the earth" "to uttermost parts earth" is "to the the uttermost is whether one has has parts of or not. heard of Christ Christ or If not, there is not. If is a concern heard of concern for for not, then there far off or near. off or mission, the Bible, near. In the "far off" off" mission, whether far Bible, "far are much more heilsgeschichtlich and "near" are than geographheilsgeschichtlich than geographical distinctions! distinctions (Eph. ical confined by the historical 2: 13), historical (Eph. 2: 13), confined by the 20 place of Israel Israel and Jerusalem i: 8).zo Jerusalem (Acts place of (Acts x: 8). B. The next B. next question is how how are are we really to think think of of question is really to
less
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mission: as a theological theological necessity necessity or historical conmission: as a a historical or as as a contingency? tingency? To begin begin with with the the latter latter alternative: the missionary missionary alternative: the work of of the the Western Churches Churches during the last three cenlast three cenduring the be considered turies obviously cannot cannot be turies obviously from the considered apart the apart from historical constellation. constellation. So much has has been been written written about historical about this that need not not say say a word about here. But But it this that we need it here. it is about it is not historical contingency. not right to speak speak of of historical is anyright to contingency. History anyHistory is but contingent. whole idea its thing but of history idea of takes its thing contingent. "The whole history takes rise from Christian the gospel prorise Christian theology, theology, from the its progospel and its Jesus clamation, from God's God's revelation revelation in in Israel Israel and in in Jesus clamation, 21 For Christ. Revelation has has made existence historical." 21 Christ. Revelation For in existence historical." in the historical activity of mission by by Western Western Christendom the historical activity of mission Christendom the the God of history history has has had a a hand, hand, and the the whole signifisignifiso-called Vasco da Gama period cance the so-called cance of of the a period (from (from a heilsgeschichtlich point point of view) could could have lain the fact of view) in the lain in fact heilsgeschichtlich that the of Christ Christ was declared the many that the name of declared among among the many had not known Him theretofore. nations which nations theretofore. One must this: the not underrate underrate the the significance of this: the "oecumene" of not of significance of the twentieth century is inconceivable without the is without the missions the twentieth century inconceivable missions of the the eighteenth eighteenth and nineteenth nineteenth centuries. For this centuries. For of this be both both ashamed and surprised that only reason can be that reason one can surprised only of the the Christian in the the a very very small proportion of Christian Church in a small proportion It is has shouldered the burden burden of of missions. missions. It my conis my conshouldered the West has that the the Church has has been been manifested viction that manifested more clearly viction clearly in the the much-defamed much-defamed groups groups of mission" than "friends of of mission" of "friends than in at best in the the "offiCial Church", which at a benebest accepted a benein "official Church", accepted least on the the volently neutral neutral attitude toward mission mission (at attitude toward (at least volently so it much better in European continent-but it really so better in but was continent really European the Anglo-Saxon lands?). the Anglo-Saxon lands?). also been the The "colonial period" in in world world history history has has also the "colonial period" of the period of the proclamation of the gospel, and although of the although gospel, proclamation period "colonial infecinfecthe "colonial this proclamation has has suffered suffered under the this proclamation here there and has even degenerated here and there under it, tion", has even and it, tion", degenerated to be the gospel is longer to thought nevertheless, is no the thought of longer nevertheless, gospel colonized: the apart which were were once colonized: the name the lands lands which from the apart from the of Christ Christ has has been been named, named, His His Church established, of established, and the H II3 113

the lands lands which were Kingdom of at hand in in the is at of God is Kingdom have in the formerly "far off". That this could happened the this could "far off". happened in formerly midst of the aloofness aloofness of of the the greater portion of ChristenChristenmidst of the greater portion the dom is is one more indication that the the proclamation indication that one more proclamation of the divine act, gospel the nations nations is is not not a human but a divine act, gospel among among the the exalted exalted Christ His Spirit. a "the Christ and His a work work of of the Spirit. Therefore "the West" has has no no reason reason to to boast boast about about what has has arisen arisen in in "the West" the ways East", but but "East "East and West" West" shall ways shall both "sing East", "sing of the of the the Lord, great is is the the glory the Lord" (Ps. 38: 5). of the for great of 138: Lord, for (Ps. I 5). glory of the greatest it seems seems to to me of possible Furthermore, of the Furthermore, it greatest possible that significance, from the the heilsgeschichtlich heilsgeschichtlich point point of view, view, that significance, from the Church Church across across the the world world is to is now learning the learning anew to of the the world, understand that that Jesus Christ is the hope hope of is the understand world, and Jesus Christ the Alpha the Omega. therefore the meaning meaning of history, the of history, Omega. Alpha and the therefore the The proclamation proclamation of the gospel gospel must therefore therefore make proproof the gress even if the pattern of present-day mission work be gress even if the pattern of present-day mission It is gradually becoming clear that completely forgotten. that is gradually becoming clear completely forgotten. It the pattern which has has been been followed followed up to now (one-way the pattern up to (one-way traffic in missions, spiritual and financial dependence financial of traffic in missions, spiritual dependence of the younger younger Churches, and the like) is old, obsolete, and the is the like) old, obsolete, Churches, thus about about to to disappear disappear (cf. thus (cf. Whitby-Willingen-Ghana). Whitby-Willingen-Ghana) of history, The. sooner ready to to follow the God of the The are ready sooner we are follow the history, the more clearly clearly will will He show us us the the image of future missionof future missionimage ary activity of of His His whole people over the whole whole earth. It whole people over the earth. It ary activity appears to that expressions are used such as me that are to such as when used appears expressions "partnership obedience" and "mission unity", these these in obedience" in unity", "mission in "partnership in coming relationships are still only very vaguely indicated. are still indicated. coming relationships only very vaguely Did not not Paul Paul see see more more when he (Eph. the 18, 19) 3: 18, 19) saw the (Eph. 3: of the unity of the in the joyful expectation of the fullness the Church in of the fullness unity joyful expectation of God, can be be achieved achieved only all the the with all God, which can only together together with saints? The progress saints? progress of of the the proclamation proclamation of over the gospel of the over gospel the whole whole world by by the the whole whole Church has this deep impulse: has this deep impulse the of Christ Christ is is so so great, great, so so long, so high, the love love of so wide, so so so wide, long, high, so and it reaches deep, it reaches so far above all knowledge, that it can so far all that it deep, knowledge, be conceived conceived only only "together with all the saints". all the allsaints". The all"together with love embracing love of Christ demands a "comprehensive of Christ embracing "comprehensive approach". approach".
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In summary formulate the the answer to the the answer to summary we would formulate question posed, as as follows: Missions in in the the last last follows: Missions question we have posed, three centuries have been three centuries been a theological necessity, because a theological necessity, because the the proclamation proclamation of of the the gospel gospel in world is in the the world is always so. always so. Therefore it it was not a historical historical contingency rather a not a but rather contingency but heilsgeschichtlich progression progression of the word and work of of the of God heilsgeschichtlich earth. The theological on earth. theological necessity necessity of of the the proclamation proclamation remains the same, same, but but the the heilsgeschichtlich heilsgeschichtlich hour hour has has become another hour. hour. And if if we are are not not to too greatly greatly another to weaken all all too the eschatological the eschatological character the time time of the expectation character of of the of the expectation of the the fullness, fullness, we must also also dare dare to to say say that that the the salvation salvation of of the the world is is nearer to us us now than in the generations nearer to in the generations before us us! which were before C. third question is that that concerning C. The third the specific question is concerning the specific of the of the preaching of the gospel in foreign lands. significance significance preaching of the gospel in foreign lands. begin once once more with a word from Walter Freytag: We begin Walter Freytag:
!

Because Christian Christian proclamation proclamation witnesses witnesses not not only to the the Because only to but also the Kingdom which Kingdom has come, to the also to come, but Kingdom which has Kingdom which is coming, is foreign mission mission has has abiding the coining, foreign abiding right right amongst amongst the of our own task of of proclamation proclamation in the space and range task in the of our range space the whole, the Church. The Kingdom Church. of God concerns concerns the whole, and the Kingdom of view of of the the end end embraces the whole world. world. The congregation embraces the view congregation which waits waits for for the the Lord Lord cannot cannot keep its nature if it it lets lets which nature if keep its of one people and does itself be inclosed within the the space of itself be inclosed within does space people in work and prayer prayer in proclamation not participate participate in in the the proclamation not 22 2 among all all nations. nations.2 among Alongside this this passage passage we may may cite the cite a statement from the Alongside Evanston committee committee for for the the main theme of the the second second Evanston the W.C.C.: Assembly of W.G.C.: of the Assembly How necessary necessary it it is, is, then, then, that that the the Church's Church's obedience to obedience to the gospel gospel should the part determination on the also involve involve a determination should also the part to other of the Church Church in every country to take take this this gospel other in every of the country to gospel to cross within within lands. are frontiers which the the gospel frontiers which There are lands. There gospel must cross each land, areas areas oflife which must must be brought into subjection of life which each land, brought into subjection it is is of of special to the the mind of of Christ. But it Christ. But to significance when special significance
is when a geographical frontiers, it is the gospel for it crosses geographical the frontiers, for gospel crosses land another and another land Church takes takes the the gospel to another people another to people gospel

II5 1*5

that that

the new age fact that that the l.t bears bears its w!tness to to the the fact age has it its witness 23 dawned for all the the world. world. 23 for all

place we refer refer to to a statement by by Max third place In the the third Warren, sees the significance of foreign missions, parthe sees who missions, foreign Warren, parsignificance ticularly in the healing of the gospel in the work the in gospel healing ticularly a world world deeply riven by by the the divisions race, of of class class and race, of divisions of a deeply riven nation and ideology: No Church can afford to be be without without afford to nation and ideology: the inspiration of foreigner's obedience the missionary to the obedience to of a a foreigner's the inspiration missionary imperative, just as no Church can itself be fully obedient to itself be to as no fully obedient imperative, just that imperative without without being being committed to to a foreign that imperative foreign
24 mission. 24 mission.

A. A. van Ruler typifies typifies the special place of mission in special place this way: it has the intentional and positive going of people people this way: it has the intentional positive going Mission to people and of continent to continent .... Mission must of continent to continent. to people be seen as the proclamation of the Kingdom of God as as the seen as the proclamation of the Kingdom in each new Kingdom of of Christ to each new people people and in Christ to Kingdom time. Thus time time becomes historically historically understood understood from its its time. 25 eschaton: the the Kingdom Kingdom of eschaton: of God. 25 Karl Barth describes mission mission as as follows: follows Earth describes
.
.

is, "Mission", understood now in in the the narrower-which narrower which is, "Mission", understood however, the the real, real, original original-sense word, means the word, sense of of the however, "sending", a sending sending out out into the nations nations for purpose of of into the for the the purpose "sending", a testifying to the gospel, that represents the root of existence that the to the root of existence testifying gospel, represents the same time time also also the the root root of the and at at the of the the whole task task of of the people of of Christ. In the the "Mission" the Church breaks breaks out, Christ. In "Mission" the out, people sets out sets its road road (poreuthentes-Matt. 28: 19), out on its Matt. 28: takes (poreuthentes 19), and takes the the step which is necessary to it in the very is which to it in the of its its step necessary very depths depths of its its own self self and also also beyond its own beyond its environment (which the Christian point of raises Christian point of view view raises (which from the so many so many problems) problems) out that humanity which is out into into that is enenhumanity which trapped in in so so many many false, wilful and powerless powerless beliefs, beliefs, and false, wilful trapped bound to to so so many many false false gods because they gods (false, (false, because they simply simply reflect reflect mankind's mankind's own glory glory and misery) both older older and of both misery) of newer invention invention and authority-that world of of men who are are authority that world still strangers to still the word of of God concerning His bond bond of of strangers to the concerning His mercy them, the Jesus also includes includes them, the word which which in in Jesus mercy which also Christ Christ was sent sent to to them too. too. Therefore this word must must first Therefore this first being, the the step step beyond beyond being,

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man as as a message new to to him. which a message him. The call call which constitutes the community to is precisely the community is precisely the command to this carry this message to the world of men, to the nations, to to the world of to the to carry message men, nations, the In that the heathen. heathen. In that it it obeys this command, the community command, the obeys this community 26 is undertaking is undertaking "mission to the the heathen". heathen". 26 "mission to
constitutes the
let me quote Finally quote the the statement statement of of Paul Paul S. S. Minear: Minear: Finally let

be be carried carried to to

The unity unity of of the the Church Church can in the the can be be seen as embodied seen as embodied in activity of glorifYing with one voice (Rom. one voice and activity of glorifying God with (Rom. 15: 6) and 15: 6) the mission the method by be described the mission of of the the Church can can be described as as the method by which men, men, through through enabling enabling others God for His which others to to glorify for His glorify mercy participate in in the the multiplication of (Rom. 15: mercy (Rom. 15: g), 9), participate multiplication of 27 thanksgiving to to the the glory glory of of God (2 Cor. 4: thanksgiving (2 Cor. 4: 15)Y is).

We have intentionally intentionally chosen and formulachosen definitions definitions and formulations the special tions of of the special nature nature of of mission mission which have been been given in in the the given by side. side. by the linking linking of Common to all is is the to all of mission mission and eschatology. eschatology. It is Here we could of a communis opinio. could speak of communis is remarkopinio. It speak that only Freytag Barth exhibit this eschatoable and Barth this able that exhibit eschatoonly Freytag logical feature in dark "kulturcritisch" (culture-critical) "kulturcritisch" in feature logical (culture-critical) the white colours, while the the others others strike strike only white keys. keys. This This colours, while only the is undoubtedly connected connected with with the the fact fact that that for for Freytag is undoubtedly Freytag the element of (and to a lesser degree also Barth) Barth) the a lesser of expectaexpectadegree also (and to the others others give give more weight weight to tion is while the to the the is dominant, tion dominant, while element of ofjulfilment. The distinction emerges most clearly distinction most element emerges clearly fulfilment. of Freytag between the the formulation formulation of Freytag and the the Evanston between to me weakest statement; the eschatological eschatological accent weakest accent seems to statement; the the fact of the in Minear's statement. But we must take take note note of fact in Minear's statement. feature that only only Minear Minear calls attention in in his his article to a feature article to calls attention that as regards the which has has thus thus far been greatly far been neglected, as regards the greatly neglected, 28 mission. 28 foundation and motivation motivation of of mission. foundation us at at the To answer answer the the question the question which concerns us moment, however, it is important that everyone should is it everyone moment, however, important lie in in going recognize the the characteristic of mission mission to to lie going out out characteristic of recognize van to other nations (Freytag, (Freytag, Evanston report, Warren, to other nations report, Warren,
tinental tinental European, British, European, British,
last few last few decades, decades, and we have have placed placed conconwitnesses side and American witnesses side

We

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Ruler), to to other other men men who do not not know God (Earth, (Barth, Ruler), "nations" in Minear). If Ifwe are to to understand understand the the idea idea of of"nations" in we are Minear). the purely purely Biblical Biblical sense, sense, that that is, is, in in contrast contrast with with Israel, Israel, the exclusively in in the the meaning meaning of of "men who do not not know exclusively God", then then we are are no no farther farther along along toward an answer to to God", the special special question question with with which we are are now dealing. dealing. The the word "nations" "nations" really really has, has, however, however, a a secondary secondary meaning, meaning, word of"inhabitants of other other countries". countries". The accent accent falls falls on the the of "inhabitants of geographical area area as as a a typifying typifying and even even a a constitutive constitutive geographical element of of mission. mission. Furthermore, Furthermore, Freytag, Freytag, Earth, Barth, and van element Ruler obviously obviously mean to to make a a distinction distinction between the the Ruler proclamation of of the the gospel gospel to to the the de-Christianized de-Christianized enenproclamation 29 vironment and and to to those those in in the the non-Christianized non-Christianized world. world. 29 vironment It seems to me that that Freytag Freytag has has made a decisive decisive observaobservaIt seems to tion: "the "the congregation congregation which which waits waits for for its its Lord cannot cannot tion: enclosed within keep its its nature nature ... if it it lets lets itself itself be be enclosed within the the ... if keep space of of one one people people ... if if it it does does not not participate participate in in the the space proclamation among among all all nations." the Christ's dominion over over the nations" Christ's proclamation all boundaries, across all world presses presses to proclamation across boundaries, bebea proclamation world to a
those who confess confess Christ Christ cause there there are are no no boundaries boundaries for for those cause as the the Lord of the world world and as Hope of the world. the Hope of the world. Is Is as the as of the of emphases there not something of an ideological ideological shifting there not shifting of emphases something of are brought the whenever the ethnic-geographical factors brought to factors are to the whenever the ethnic-geographical in place forefront, the of the or sometimes substituted in sometimes even substituted forefront, or place of Biblical message of the intensive intensive and extensive extensive universality Biblical message of the universality the of salvation? salvation ? Unconsciously then, the Unconsciously and unintentionally, unintentionally, then, old like East-West, old contrasts contrasts like East-West, white-coloured, white-coloured, primitiveprimitiverole than they developed, take on a greater to take etc., begin greater role begin to they developed, etc., have in in the the Biblical Biblical witness. factor makes witness. The geographical geographical factor sense only as a sign the recognition as the sense of the the Christ as only as Jesus Christ sign of recognition ofJesus Saviour Saviour of world. the world. of the The Evanston statement statement says that when the the Church says that brings the joyous message the joyous to another another land, she bears bears witwitland, she brings message to ness ness to to the the fact fact that the new age that the has dawned for for the the whole whole age has world. world. In the midst of the boundaries boundaries between groups, groups, nations, the various over against various powers, to races, and over nations, and races, against the powers, to witness witness to to God, has put the feet feet of of God, who has everything under the put everything II8 118

guaranteed to the the apostolic IO). That That is is guaranteed to apostolic Church (Phil. 3: 10). (Phil. 3: the knowledge why knowledge of Christ as as Saviour the world is the of Christ Saviour of the of the world is why the condition condition of of the the missionary missionary activity activity which recognizes recognizes the the whole world as whole as "my parish". The reality of Jesus Christ as as "my parish". Jesus Christ reality of Hope of of the the world world is matter of of Saviour and Hope is not a matter not only only a it is is also faith, also a a matter matter of of seeing builds His His that Christ Christ builds faith, it seeing that community as as a community among nations. Therefore a community all nations. Therefore community among all the the Church which is faithful to is faithful to her her Lord (in serwitness, ser(in witness, vice, and thanksgiving) thanksgiving) will will search the horizons to consearch the horizons to convice, tinue of the the Kingdom Kingdom of the tinue to to discover discover new signs signs of of God in in the of this this world. world. midst of Whoever has has seen seen Christ Christ cannot cannot do other see the the other than than see world, and whoever sees sees the the world also the map also sees sees the the of the world, map of is equally world. valid for both older younger world. This is for both older and younger equally valid Churches. witness of Churches. The Church is is a witness of Christ Christ in in the the world, world, or else else she is not not an obedient Church of Christ. is the she is or obedient of Christ. She is the of the the salt light of the world, the salt of the earth (Matt. 5: 14, of the earth (Matt. 5: 14, 13). world, light 13). however, have have to to detach We shall, in so far as as so far detach ourselves, shall, however, ourselves, in we are with the the foundation motivation of are concerned of concerned with foundation and motivation mission, from the typical eighteenthand nineteenththe nineteenthmission, typical eighteenthcentury associations which expressions expressions like nations" "all nations" like "all century associations of the the earth" earth" called then and the "ends forth. Only and the "ends of called forth. Only then thus component a legitimate component a thus is is the the geographical geographical component legitimate component for mission. mission. for

Christ i: 22), Christ (Eph. (Eph. I: not only to have have a a share share in in 22), means not only to into the being drawn into the struggle struggle for the world, but also in the the for the also in being world, but triumph Christ. The knowledge knowledge of of the the power of His His triumph of Christ. power of as well well as the fellowship is resurrection, as the in His His suffering, resurrection, as fellowship in suffering, is

3 Mission Church and Mission 3. Church


there has Particularly in the last last ten ten years been much has been in the years there Particularly missionary circles mission". discussion of "Church and mission". circles of in missionary discussion in it has been since it This discussion need not not detain detain us us here here since This discussion need 30 But discuss the shall have to to discuss described elsewhere. 30 But we shall described elsewhere. the question of the extent to the Biblical investigation to Biblical which of the extent investigation question the contrast gives us the occasion and the right to contrast Church and to the occasion us right gives mission. Thus far far in the discussion led in the discussion we have been more led mission.

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light of of the the gospel. gospel. But But a a remarkable remarkable development development has has light taken place place in in Biblical Biblical theology theology in in the the last last few few decades decades taken which has has led led to to the the rediscovery rediscovery of of the the Church Church as as a a comcomwhich and community of the Kingdom, as a witnessing serving coma as of the serving witnessing Kingdom, munity the mismunity in and for the world. Outside the existing misOutside the world. for in and existing munity that Church is the sionary movement, the conviction that the Church is a a conviction the movement, sionary is the or it is is accepted by the missionary Church Church is no or it Church by accepted missionary great majority. majority. The centuries-old centuries-old ecclesiology ecclesiology which has has great remained so so static static is is now gradually gradually being being replaced replaced by by a a remained more dynamic dynamic one one which which is is both both eschatological eschatological and mismismore

by the the historical historical growth growth of of the the state state of of affairs affairs than than by by the the by

sionary. sionary. Is there, there, in in the the light light of of the the present present state state of of theology theology of of Is the Old Old and and New Testament, Testament, any any occasion occasion to to speak speak of of a a the it maintain separate "theology of mission" ? can maintain this, it can ? One of mission" this, "theology separate seems to to me, me, only on!J! if if one one misunderstands misunderstands the the Church as as well well seems in as mission. mission. It It appears appears to to me that that the the studies mentioned in studies mentioned as

service have election for Chapter Ii regarding regarding election election as for service have as election Chapter opened the way to to a a new insight insight into the being into the the way being and calling calling opened has been chosen out out of of of the Church. The Church Church which which has of the Church. the she performs for the the this end-that is chosen end that she the world for this world is chosen for performs for the Kingdom world of giving to the of world the witness to the service service of Kingdom of giving witness in Jesus If God which which has is coining Christ. If has come and is coming in Jesus Christ. a speaking theology is really God, then really theo-logia-a speaking about God, theology is theo-logia the God who "is of the "is not she not she cannot cannot do otherwise otherwise than speak speak of 31 of good". a statue fountain of statue but but an overflowing good". 31 The overflowing fountain the sending is involved the world in in the triune triune God who is involved with with the sending the prophets, of of the of Jesus of the Holy Christ, and of Jesus Christ, Holy Spirit, Spirit, prophets, of 32 I think think that also I also sends the apostles the Church. 32 that it it sends the apostles and the would be a "back-translation" into old "back-translation" into old and theologically theologically abandoned categories, if one were vindicate the were to to vindicate the "theo "theo categories, if

logy of mission" as as a separate of theology. field of logy ofinission" theology. "Segregaseparate field "Segregain a world tion" tion" is is always affair in world which has has always a precarious precarious affair the saving been brought of God "under one brought by by the saving activity activity of Head". Head". It is is no coincidence It that in the last last thirty coincidence that in the there has has thirty years years there a recognition been a of the that the the unity the ecumenical ecumenical and and recognition that unity of
120 J20

the missionary missionary movements is unity theologically theologically justified justified a unity is a and commanded. "To fill the world with the fill the world with the message of message of is a task Christ, is task beyond beyond the the power power of individual Churches. of individual Churches. Christ, And victory defeat of the individual in this of the this individual Churches Churches in victory and defeat 33 service is is the the victory victory of of us us all the defeat service all and the defeat of of us us all." all." 38 There is is a remarkable remarkable coincidence between theological theological coincidence between historical occurrences. They work work on development occurrences. They development and historical each other other and they they strengthen strengthen each each other. other. The unity unity between between Church and mission, unity, that that the unity, mission, the is, mission as as a service of the a service the Church of the Church and the is, between mission as sent into the the world, world, does that there there is Church as sent into is does not not mean that no longer longer room for for a basic basic reflection reflection regarding regarding the the condiconditions of the the service to tions and manner manner and extent extent of the Church to service of of the the world. world. But every every separate mission" will will of mission" separate "theology "theology of make acute the separation acute the the old old danger of things of the danger of things separation of be which God has has joined joined together together in in His His Word. This This can be 34 34 nothing but but a a source source of of difficulties difficulties and problems. nothing problems. When we see see the the unity unity of of "Church and mission" mission" in in Biblical light, then I I think think the the misunderstanding misunderstanding that that Biblical light, then there there are are two two stages, the stage of mission, after first the mission, and after stages, first stage of that the that of the the Church, will disappear. the stage I remember a Church, will stage of disappear. I slogan the circles: "Mission "Mission out, student circles: out, the slogan from Dutch student in". One must must allow world-church in". world-church allow students students such such shouts, shouts, but at the same time time we must must do our to liberate at the but liberate our utmost utmost to them from this ideological distortion distortion of of "mission" as well this ideological "mission" as well as of of the the "world-church". as "world-church". than the the Church sent There is no other other Church than sent into into the the There is no there is is no other other mission than that that of the the world, mission than world, and there I think, consequence for theology, I think, Church of Christ. The consequence for theology, of Christ. is service is theological reflection reflection of is that that a theological of missionary is missionary service possible and extremely necessary, but but not not a "theology "theology of extremely necessary, possible missions". missions". return to to an expression used by by Bishop Bishop We must must now return expression used this chapter, Stephen Neill, quoted quoted earlier earlier in in this chapter, which Stephen Neill, of a the discussion has almost a slogan slogan in in the discussion of almost become a has missions"-"If everything is mission, nothing, "theology "If everythingis of missions" mission, nothing, "theology of is . is mission'' mission".
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should not not pass pass too too lightly lightly over over the the phrase phrase "if "if everyeveryWe should thing is is mission". mission". The conviction conviction is is indeed indeed gaining gaining ground ground thing that everything everything that that the the community community of of Christ Christ does does on that earth should should be be considered considered in in the the light light of of its its "mission". "mission". earth This conviction conviction is is far far from from being being expressed expressed in in the the practical practical This attitude attitude characterized by by "nothing "nothing characterized "everything is is mission". mission". "everything tion of of missionary missionary tion and acts acts of of the the Church. Church. Many Many Churches Churches are are and is mission mission" rather rather than by by is
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one-sidedness with with which which the the eschatological eschatological funcfuncThe one-sidedness as "foreign "foreign mission(s)" mission(s)" has has been work as emphasized in in the the missionary missionary thinking thinking of of the the past past few emphasized decennia can, can, however, however, help help the the Church in in finding finding itself itself decennia

again as as Church-in-the-world Church-in-the-world and Church-for-the-world, Church-for-the-world, again its fresh fresh encounter encounter with with the the world world which the the Church its has been been called called upon upon to to face face everywhere. everywhere. has If one wants wants to to maintain maintain a a specifically specifically theological theological meanIf one its signifiing of of the the term term mission mission as as "foreign "foreign mission(s)", mission(s) ", its signifiing it keeps cance is, is, in in my my opinion, opinion, that that it keeps calling the Church cance calling the sent forth as a community to its essential nature as forth essential nature to think over its think over community sent is not into the world. Seen Seen in that light missionary work is in that not the world. into light missionary its activities. just one one of of its its activities, but the the criterion/or all its activities. criterion for all activities, but just Missionary reflects in in a a unique way, particularly in Missionary work reflects particularly in unique way, in space its boundaries in very of boundaries its passing space and spirit, spirit, the very passing of It returns as a Church. It returns (as it were) essence of the the Church as essence of (as it were) its origin, its justito justiis confronted confronted with its basis basis and its to its with its origin, and is fication by being being confronted its missionary with its fication by confronted with missionary calling. calling. It by going that the the Church is is It is is exactly outside itself itself that exactly by going outside in in itself to itself. itself and comes comes to itself.
This This complete of the the life life of the Church in in its reflection of of the its complete reflection it from becoming missionary will keep missionary work will keep it becoming introspective introspective and introverted, smallintroverted, from becoming becoming narrow-minded and smallfor it it brings it minded, it into contact with the complete into contact life with the minded, for brings complete life 35 of of the the world. world. 35

"Whether Paul, or Apollos, or Cephas, the world, or the or Paul, or world, or Apollos, or Cephas, or or things life, or things all are are to come; life, or death, death, or come; all things present, present, or things to are Christ's; yours; Christ is Cor. is God's" God's" (1 yours; and ye Christ's; and Christ ye are (i Cor.
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3: 22, 23). These These words words express express the the privilege privilege and the and the 22, 23). 3: right, the calling the joy joy of the Church as as Christ's of the Christ's right, the calling and the It is servant. It servant. is at at one one and the the same time time the the secret its secret of of its sent forth forth into being sent the world world and and ofits being independent into the of its being being independent of "old and new" situations of "old situations in missionary work. in missionary work. The days days when missionary missionary work was the the Cinderella Cinderella of of the Church seem to the to be be past. past. When, When, in rgso, the Reformed the Reformed in 1950, the Netherlands Netherlands took took over work of of the the Church of of the the work over the various missionary various missionary societies that had lived societies that lived and worked independent of the the official official Church since r8oo, the then since 1800, the then independent managing director director of of missions, missions, Dr. Dr. K.J. Brouwer, used used the the K. J. Brouwer, managing following figure of of speech. speech. Once missionary missionary work, work, though following figure though the the legitimate the Church, Church, was by child of of the was abandoned by legitimate child the Church. the Church. Now the the one-time foundling is again adopted one-time foundling is again adopted as as its its legitimate legitimate and beloved beloved child. child. the He who studies the history history of the missionary missionary work of studies the of the of the few centuries cannot escape the impression that practipast few centuries that cannot escape the impression past practically everywhere everywhere in in Europe cally missionary work Europe and America missionary has been treated treated more as as a a foundling foundling than as has as a legitimate legitimate It is not superfluous superfluous to to ask whether in being child. It child. is not in again ask whether again being has accepted by the official Church its strangeness has been its the official strangeness accepted by overcome. overcome. it not not be be that that this this strangeness strangeness is Could it in mismisis inherent inherent in sionary work, just because it, and it in particular, repreit in because it, sionary work, just particular, repreas the sents in its real and essential sents the the Church in its real essential shape shape as Christ's which has has been sent sent forth forth into into the the world? Christ's Church which to the is in in this this world world as a sign sign of the Church is as a of and a summons to it that world to to come, a phenomenon which is so impossible that it is a so world come, impossible phenomenon It has is in danger of losing its own nature. It has been its nature. is always in of always losing danger shall be said Jesus Christ Christ that that He is is "a sign of Jesus said of sign which shall spoken against" (Luke 34). The Church of Christ, 2: Christ, 34). spoken against" (Luke shares His body and His servant, which is His is simultaneously His which servant, shares body simultaneously with Him that it is is spoken against. that it with spoken against. not come from outside This contradiction does not outside only This contradiction does only but for the also from from inside. inside. It has been been the the great great temptation the It has also temptation for it If world. Church throughout throughout all to conform to this world. If it to this all ages to ages for does, it becomes just another society, a "club for religious another it becomes religious does, society, just
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folk-lore" folk-lore"

(Hoekendijk). During During the the past past few few centuries centuries (Hoekendijk) again fulfilled fulfilled in in the the "old "old missionary work work has has again again and again missionary Christian countries" countries" the the task task of of rebelling rebelling in in a a positive positive Christian
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sense against against all all institutional, institutional, denominational denominational and relirelisense gious rigidity rigidity and and against against the the desire desire to to conform conform to to the the gious powers of of this this world. world. It It will will only only be be able able to to go go on doing doing so so powers from the in future future if if it it manages manages to to withdraw itself itselffrom the suction suction in power of of this this conformity. conformity. The conservatism conservatism and rigidity rigidity power of many many missionary missionary corporations corporations that that were were once once alive alive and of mobile, the the smell smell of of colonialism colonialism which makes the the atmomobile, sphere of of many many old old mission mission posts posts unbearable, unbearable, are are so so many many sphere proofs of how great the suction power of conformity is. of conformity is. great the suction power proofs of
must accept accept the the facts facts as as they they are, give up up every We must are, and give every
in the are in missions are danger in the same in danger The missions are to way as the Churches. are always tempted to identify We the Churches. as always tempted identify way our empirical, empirical, human and therefore therefore imperfect imperfect realizations, realizations, our in this this case case the the empirical empirical Church, Church, as as it it is, the empirical empirical in is, and the missions, as as they they are, are, with with the the Church we believe, believe, and with missions, the Mission, which which is is commanded to to us. us. What was in in the Mission, former times times a historic historic expression expression of of true true obedience, beformer obedience, beitself from the comes then then independent independent and looses looses itself the nature of of comes of that obedience and hampers hampers the the new expression that obedience obedience expression of 36 is required required from us us today. today. ss which is which

defensive attitude. attitude. defensive

Man who is is "no longer Christian" and man who is is "not "not longer a Christian" to yet a Christian", both belong to the world that needs the the that the a needs both Christian", belong yet gospel and for it That is Churches it is is intended. intended. is why whom for Churches why gospel the world other better everywhere world can understand each other better in the everywhere in and better, why they should understand each other better should understand each other better better, why they and better in the the service service of witnessing. better in witnessing. the apostleship of Paul, is unIn situation the this situation In this Paul, which is apostleship of usual as compared with the regular in a sense sense irregular as with the usual and in irregular compared regular the twelve, apostleship of the twelve, who represent eschatological represent eschatological apostleship of outlook (c Israel, us a new outlook 6, 3). Israel, can give give us (cf. Chapter 3). The Chapter 6, the great significance of the gospel, which was to renew life to life great significance gospel, and the became clear to him just because he was the the world, to clear because the world, just apostle the Gentiles. It was mainly of the Gentiles. It Paul's epistles to the the mainly Paul's apostle of epistles to Gentile that revealed real Christian communities that Gentile Christian revealed the the real
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nature nature of both the the community and the world. of Christ the world. Christ and community of Humanly speaking the the Christian Christian Church Church would would without without Humanly speaking Paul have remained remained a Jewish jewish sect. sect. Is Is it it too too far-fetched to far-fetched to assume that that it it is is also because Paul's Paul's apostleship apostleship had had also because brought the the whole world world within within their their horizon horizon that that the the brought authors authors of the the four (which were all written later four Gospels all were written later Gospels (which Paul's epistles!) than Paul's epistles!) had them culminate the descripculminate in in the description of a task task that that encompasses encompasses the the whole whole world? tion world ? Have also come to they not also to a a better better understanding understanding of ofthe the import they not import of of Jesus' through the expansion of the expansion of the the Jesus' words and work through Church over all of over all of the the world world that that lay their horizon, horizon, within their lay within the oecumene? the oecumene? are questions These are to which the beyond the answers lie far far beyond answers lie questions to the scope this study. There is however, that that is no doubt, scope of this doubt, however, study. There Paul's reflection Paul's reflection of of the the gospel gospel is the fruit fruit of of his his missionary is the missionary activities ( activities r Cor. Cor. 15: ro). The "irregular" has done (i 15: 10). "irregular" apostle apostle has more work than than all the other other apostles, all the he even though apostles, even though he does does not not give himself credit but ascribes ascribes it to "the it but it to credit for for it "the give himself grace of God that that was was bestowed bestowed upon me". The exexgrace of upon me". characteristic of has a centricity that that is is characteristic of Paul's Paul's apostleship a centricity apostleship has deep meaning also the missionary missionary task task of the present. also for for the of the deep meaning present. Just to Paul the the light arose over as to of the over the the mystery the salvasalvaJust as light arose mystery of tion tion of of all all humanity humanity (Eph. 3 : 4-6) which had not been been not (Eph. 3 4-6) to previous so the Church of today known to previous generations, of so the today generations, the "divine will not be be able to understand understand the will not able to "divine economy" economy" (Eph. g) in in any other way, way, nor preach preach the the mystery 3: 9) any other mystery (Eph. 3: 3: g) in any other way than by its continued "pre(Eph. in its than continued other by (Eph. 3 9) any way "preof the 6: paration of the gospel of peace" (Eph. 6: 15). Missionary of gospel peace" (Eph. 15). Missionary paration like a a pair pair of sandals that that have have been given to the the work is is like of sandals given to that it the road and keep Church in it shall set out out on the in order order that shall set keep 6 on going going to the mystery mystery of the gospel of the on to make known the (Eph. 6: gospel (Eph. rg). Only thus will this mystery be revealed more and revealed thus will this be mystery 19). Only Gentiles more to the Church itself. the Gentiles itself. Serving to the among the Serving among lives enabled Paul Paul to to serve serve the the Church; the Church lives mainly the enabled mainly Church;
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on his his missionary missionary epistles! epistles will only the missionary missionary service service of the the Church will Perhaps only Perhaps the be given a or less "irregular" place in future, less a more or be future, and "irregular" place given
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many may may continue continue to to regard regard the the emphasis emphasis on the the fact fact many sentforth forth into into the the world as as something something sent ex-centric, even even as as something something incidental. incidental. Let Let missionary missionary ex-centric, work remain remain aware aware of of its its charismatic charismatic nature nature in in an activity activity work and mobility mobility that that are are as as great great as as possible possible in in order order that that and of missionary missionary work, work, too, too, it it can can be be said said that that "I "I laboured laboured of more abundantly abundantly than than they they all: all: yet yet not not I, I, but but the the grace grace more of God which which was was with with me" (i (r Cor. Cor. 15: ro). of 15: 10). Let us us not not forget forget that that the the great great prime prime mover of of the the Let preaching of of the the gospel gospel does does not not come from outside outside (the (the preaching "need of of the the world") world") and not not from from within within either either (the (the "need "religious impulse") impulse") but but from from above, above, as as a a divine divine coercion coercion "religious -"woe is unto unto me, me, if if! preach not not the the gospel!" gospel!" (I g: Cor. 9 I preach "woe is (i Cor. I6), as a a matter matter of of life life and death, death, not not for for the the world, world, but 1 6), as for the the Church Church itself itself-"And this I for the the gospel's gospel's sake, sake, I do for "And this for Cor. 9: that I I might might be be partaker partaker thereof thereof with with you" you" (i (I Cor. 9: 23). 23). that that the the Church Church was was that
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Epilogue: The The Miracle Miracle of of the the Community Community Epilogue: of our Let us now in conclusion summarize the the results results of in conclusion Let us faithful to to the character investigation. In In order order to to remain faithful the character investigation. of this this survey summary of Biblical data regarding of the the Biblical data regarding of as a summary survey as the foundation foundation and the the motivation motivation of mission, mission, however, however, the not formulate formulate a a number of keep to the of theses, to the but keep we will will not theses, but word of itself. the Bible Bible itsel of the of the In a a somewhat more detailed detailed exegesis the well-known exegesis of passage r o, we will, the purpose i Pet. Pet. 2: illustrate the 2 : gwill, then, then, illustrate 9-10, purpose passage I the argument in the that a of the argument in the previous previous paragraph, viz. that paragraph, viz. "theology of mission" other than a "theology of mission" cannot be other "theology of "theology of the the people as the of God called the Church" as called out out of the world, of the world, people of to the in the the world, sent to the world. placed world. This is This passage world, and sent placed in passage is are a chosen race, as follows: as follows "But you race, a royal you are royal priesthood, priesthood, a holy for God's God's own possession, that you nation, a people holy nation, you people for possession, that may the wonderful declare the wonderful deeds deeds of of him who called called you you may declare into his out out of of darkness darkness into his marvellous marvellous light. light. Once you you were no people are God's God's people; once you you are people but now you you had people; once 37 not received received mercy received mercy." mercy but now you you have received mercy." 37 A. The first is characterized A. first letter letter of Peter Peter is eschatcharacterized by by an eschat126
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ological trait, trait, and by by a a word usage which is is closely conological usage which closely connected with that that of the Old Testament. Testament. "There book of the "There is is no no book in the the New Testament where where the the eschatology more is more eschatology is the document closely with the the teaching teaching of of the as a a document as closely integrated integrated with 38 whole." 38 whole." Verses Verses g-Io the climax the periclimax and the the closing of the 9-10 form the closing of pericope 2 2 : i-i I- I o.Jesus o. Jesus Christ Christ is the corner-stone is called called the the corner-stone by cope by the use use of an image image borrowed borrowed from 28: 16. builds from !sa. Isa. 28 16. Whoever builds his faith on Him will his faith will not not be be put to shame, But not not 6. But 2 : 6. shame, 2 put to everyone believes that, that, besides besides being being the the corner-stone, everyone believes corner-stone, the stone that will Jesus Christ is is also also the stone that will make men stumble stumble Jesus Christ and the rock rock that that will will make them fall, is a a 2 8. 8. There There is fall, 2: disobedience to the word on the to the the part of many. are many. We are part of referring here here to to the the people people of of Israel Israel which Jesus Christ referring Jesus Christ has rejected, as well well as as to to the the Gentiles rejected has rejected, as Gentiles who have have rejected the gospel. the letter is in the the first place directed the is in first place to the directed to gospel. The letter Gentile Christians "in the Gentile the dispersion", Christians "in i. Verses i: I. Verses g-10 9-10 dispersion", I: proceed from the the great contrast between those who reject reject between those proceed great contrast the the gospel and the Church which has accepted it. the has accepted it. The gospel description of the Church bears the hymn. bears the character of a hymn. character of description of the of praise, In this this hymn hymn of praise, man comes to to his his destiny, destiny, and with with him the the whole creation creation ( cf. I I : 25-26, I, Rom. n 25-26, 14: n, 14: I (cf. does 15: 7-I3). This description ofthe Church, however, does of the Church, however, 15: 7-13). description not not bear bear an impersonal, impersonal, contemplative contemplative character. character. The not spoken spoken of but is is Church is is not as an objective of as entity, but objective entity, in Jesus addressed as as the the community community which believes Jesus addressed believes in Christ. Christ. may one, one, really really speak in any Can one, the Church in one, may any speak about the to than in a praising and glorifying address to the the other way other than a address in way glorifying praising are you? Church herself? herself? But But you you-who you? who are if he In four four expressions expressions it stated who one is he believes believes is if it is is stated the all in Christ. These expressions are all from the are borrowed in Christ. These expressions are designations words, they they are other words, Old Testament. Testament. In other designations it this means it which were were given to Israel old. But this Israel from of of old. which given to Christ of is clearly indicated that the community of Jesus Christ is that the indicated Jesus community clearly participates in in and may may bear bear the the names of Israel. Israel. Those participates are the true true Israel, who believe believe in Jesus Christ Israel-are Christ from Israel in Jesus Israel,
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and those those who who come come to to Him Him from from the the Gentiles Gentiles are are incorincorand porated into into porated
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Israel.

Israel.
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of Israel, Israel, but but that that it it is is being being fulfilled fulfilled in in the the fact fact that that the the of Church is is taking taking the the place place of of Israel Israel and and receives receives the the Church honour of of Israel. Israel. Only Only in in Christ Christ does does Israel Israel come come to to her her honour the in right; to put it even more strongly-only in the community more it even to community only strongly right; put of Christ Christ do do God's God's intentions intentions for for Israel Israel become quite quite clear. clear. of gain a a full full understanding understanding of of the the significance significance and To gain range of of the the four four designations designations of of the the community, community, we must range of the the fact fact that that they they are are most most emphatically emphatically take account account of take
is

The names names of of Israel, Israel, borrowed borrowed from from Exod. Exod. 19: I 9 : 5-6, 5-6, The Isa. 43 43: 20, 20, 61 61: 6, 6, make make it it clear clear once once and and for for all all that that God's God's Isa. plan for for the the world world is is not not frustrated frustrated by by the the disobedience disobedience plan

tions here here stated^ stated, may may proclaim proclaim the the great acts of of Him who tions great acts In Christian Christian usage usage the the designations designations which has called called you. you. In has the Church herself, herself, occur here have have often often been been applied applied to to the occur here if she a valid valid right right to to these these designations as if she had a as designations apart apart from the purpose purpose for here been given. for which they from the given. they have here In other words: words: only understands as a community In other community which understands only as of the lovely the received the it has has received for which it the purpose lovely names of purpose for The these names. Israel "(in it really Israel may "(in really appropriate appropriate these may it order) the hinge is the verse g, that" in in verse hinge on which the door 9, is order) that" lie piled turns treasures which lie to the the treasures entrance to that gives turns that piled gives entrance is talk talk up of verse verse g there is the progress names. "In the in these these names. 9 there progress of up in all of proclamation. In this way it becomes clear that all the clear the that of proclamation. In this way it the designations stated, as well as those implied in the hierahieradesignations stated, as well as those implied in to the the inner teuma are limited inner limited not not only teuma (priesthood), only to (priesthood), are Christian fellowship, as often happens in the common as in the often happens Christian fellowship, Christian also that that the 'general of the Christian usage usage of "general priesthood', priesthood', but also they are to be considered as a service of witness (in of as a service witness the (in the they are to be considered 39 3 sense of Isa. 6r: 6-c verse g) for mankind." 9 6 verse for 61 cf. sense of Isa. 9) Only the "ser"serto the this directedness directedness to Only when we remember this vice of witness for mankind" is it possible for us to underit to undervice of witness for mankind" is possible for us 128 ~~8
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and intentionally intentionally in in a afinal .final context: context: the the Greek hopos hopos (which (which and is stronger stronger than than the the usual usual pos) pos) must not not be neglected neglected or or weakened in in any any respect. respect. Perhaps Perhaps it it can best best be rendered rendered weakened by the the translation: translation: in in order order that that you you thus, thus, with with the the qualificaqualificaby

stand what is is characteristic characteristic of of the the community of Christ. Christ. community of What does does this this mean except except that that the Jesus the Church of of Jesus Christ has the the right, right, solely as a to eall a missionary eall solely as Church, to missionary Church, herself "Church" at at all? all? She is is assaulting the of salvation of assaulting the salvation God when she usurps usurps these these titles titles "for her own use use". "for her B. look more closely B. Let us us look closely at in the at the the designations the designations in light of the the service of witness witness for have service of for mankind which which we have light of had in in view. view. "Tou are a chosen chosen race" "You are a race." This been borborThis expression has been expression has rowed from Isa. Isa. 43 43: 20, 20, and is used to to typify typify Christians in is used Christians in the the New Testament only only here here-that to say, the word that is is to say, the "race". The word (Greek: "race". genos) here here means means "nation'', "nation", (Greek: genos] with with the accent origin. This This origin out accent on origin. the world lies in in the world out origin lies which of which election has taken place. The miracle and the election has taken place. miracle the of riddle riddle of of election, election, which Israel Israel has has been neither nor neither able able nor to understand, willing understand, still still exists. exists. Whoever is is offended offended by willing to by the the election election of Israel as as one particular nation of Israel of all all out of particular nation out others will others will also also be offended offended by by the Jesus Christ. the Church of ofJesus Christ. not undo the the fact fact of election. Must not this God does does not of election. not this that God has has always Israelite designation designation be be a sign that Israelite a sign always remained the God of of Israel? Israel ? remained the the community race, there In the of Christ as a chosen Christ as there now chosen race, community of the intention of God's plan for Israel as an elecemerges the intention of God's for Israel as elecemerges plan tion for service to to the the world world: you you are race, called are a a chosen called tion for service chosen race, out of of the world, in to proclaim proclaim the in order acts of of out the world, the great order to great acts in the the world. world. God in "You royal priesthood" priesthood." The expression a royal has been "Tou are are a expression has borrowed from from Exod. 19: 6, and says positively borrowed says positively what 19: 6, Christ "chosen race" race" has has said negatively: the said negatively: the Church of Christ 40 is chosen chosen for a royal royal priesthood. priesthood. 40 for a is it is is more priesthood receives receives the the major The priesthood major emphasis; emphasis; it cerby "royal". Old Testament usage, closely defined In defined usage, cerby "royal". closely the tainly in the usage of Exod. I 9: 6, the meaning of priestof in the meaning 19: 6, priestusage tainly service of not in in the the first first place place to to indicate the service hood is indicate the is not hood direcsacrifice, but the the mediating mediating of instruction and direcof divine divine instruction sacrifice, but the tives for living living to to the the whole whole people. people. In this this way the priest tives for way priest in a a certain sense over over against against the the people, people, because he stood certain sense stood in
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i I

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the people. stood people. The of the behalf of face" on behalf stood "before "before God's God's face" the comword "priesthood" however applied to the here to is however applied here "priesthood" is of the "service munity of Christ as a whole. whole. In view view of wit"service of witas a of Christ munity it to ness world", one one must must here here take take it to mean that that the the for the the world", ness for before God serving. Church of as a a whole whole stands By stands before Christ as of Christ serving. By to God, God, she to do priestly priestly serving she is is enabled to in dedication dedication to serving in is service service in the world: her her serving to the the service to the world: service in serving God is world, because because God is is not not now to His to be detached from His world, is not not just just "simply-God", world! world! He is "God-in-Himself", "simply-God", "God-in-Himself", the whole the God of of the but is is the the God of of His people and the His people but The deus otiosus of the Gentiles and the god the of the earth. the god of earth. deus otiosus of the Gentiles for philosophers are alone, in themselves, for themselves; but themselves; philosophers are alone, in themselves, the andJacob, the living 22: the God of of Abraham and living God (Matt. (Matt. 22 Jacob, the the of Therefore is never without men. Therefore the priestly serving 32), priestly serving of 32), is never without the it is witness Him is also service to His world; it is witness to the gospel to to His world; is also service gospel that "God so so loved the world, world, that that he gave his only bethat loved the gave his only beto in gotten Son". By belonging to God in this kind of priestly this kind priestly gotten Son". By belonging the predicate predicate service, the new people people of receives the of God also also receives service, the "royal". This means means first that this this people people has has God as as of all all that first of "royal". This in king, but also that they share in His royal glory. is His Man that share is but also royal glory. they king, in in royal man, because he is God's man, in His image, in His he His is God's because man, royal man, image, likeness. likeness. in royal is service service in The priestly priestly serving serving of of God is freedom; royal freedom; kingship interpenetrate reciprocally, here priesthood priesthood and kingship here interpenetrate reciprocally, as in in Jesus as Jesus Christ royal freedom freedom of of the the Himself. This Christ Himsel This royal priestly service exists for the sake ofwitness in the world; for the sake of the service exists in witness world; priestly yes, the the life of the the community priesthood is life of as a royal is yes, community as royal priesthood in itself. proclamation of the maralready a witness a witness in itself. The the of already proclamation of God occurs vellous deeds of occurs not not only by word and deed; vellous deeds it deed; it only by already takes place in the existence of the community. takes in the existence the of already place community. "Tou are "rou are a a holy holy nation." nation." The expression here is is a used here expression used unusual wholly unusual combination of nation (in the sense of combination of of nation the sense wholly (in to the belonging to the world of nations or Gentiles-Greek world of nations or Gentiles Greek belonging ethnos, Hebrew gdy) gay) and holy. the Old Testament In the the Testament the ethnos, holy. In combination was was always of "holy" with "the people of "the of with always "holy" people of Israel". Both Hebrew and Greek Israel". Greek have a special word for for special people (Israel) (Israel) and people people (nation, the people (nation, Gentiles). Gentiles). Here the
:

130 130

Israel (holy) predicate is combined the word combined with with the for word for predicate of Israel (holy) is "Gentiles". This must be understood understood first as an first of all as of all indian indication that the community of the the Gentiles Gentiles has has taken taken over over community of the place this antithetic antithetic tendency, as we have have Israel; this place of Israel; tendency, as is not alien already alien to to the the first first letter of Peter Peter and letter of and seen, is already seen, to the the pericope particularly 2 r-ro. i-io* But But it it further further suggests particularly to pericope 2: suggests the positive intention that that the the Gentiles, in themthempositive intention Gentiles, unholy unholy in selves, sanctified by to Christ. Christ. By this selves, have been sanctified by coming coming to By this means they themselves from the the others, they have separated others, separated themselves the disobedient, a positive stand in in a to relation to disobedient, and now stand positive relation God. Although the cultic cultic character character that that is at bottom bottom pecuis at Although the peculiar to to the Hebrew and the liar the Greek words words (qadMs (qadhos and hagios hagios respectively) respectively) may may have been weakened and spiritualized, spiritualized, nevertheless it it is is not not lacking nevertheless here altogether. comlacking here altogether. The comthe world of munity of nations nations is is also also a cultus cultus communmunity from the ity, for service service to to God. One might that the the ity, separated separated for say that might say expression is here a further nation" is here a further definition the definition of of the expression "holy "holy nation" word "priesthood". is not not only but "priesthood The community community is only priest, priest, but a temple also a of God in also the spirit cf. also I Pet. 2: 5, in the temple of 5, (cf. also i Pet. 2 spirit ( 2: 22). Eph. Eph. 2: 22). A "holy Gentile people" people" is is really really a contradiction, but contradiction, but "holy Gentile this human impossibility this impossibility has has been been made a divine divine reality reality in Christ. Christ. in "You are "1"ou are a a people people for for God's God's possession" possession." In contrast contrast to to the the is "a which previous expression, holy nation", this is this word holy nation", previous expression, used is is a a technical technical term term in in the the New Testament Testament for for now used laos, Hebrew 'am). use of of both both words words for for Israel (Greek (Greek laos, Israel am). The use the same same community community again again underlines underlines the the fact fact that that the the the in dividing wall wall which which separates separates has has been been broken broken down in dividing Christ Christ (cf. (cf. Eph. Eph. 2: 14). 14). But the the addition addition of of "for "for God's God's possession" possession" says says somesomeBut God's be of can of Christ can only be God's thing else: the community Christ the else only community thing His people because Himself has her His possession. her has made He Himself because possession. people Greek word word and and the the context context (eis (eis peripoiesiri) peripoiesin) suggest suggest an The Greek active intervention intervention of of God Himself: Himself: the the dynamic dynamic of of love love active is able able which acquires acquires and and keeps keeps His His possession: possession: "No one is which of my my hand; hand; no one one is is able able to to snatch snatch to snatch snatch them out out of to
:

33

131 13*

anything out out of of anything 29) 29)(Gen. 2: 2: 19): 19): (Gen.

my Father's Father's hand hand" (John (John my


5

'

10: 10:

28, 28,

might give give names to to every every living living being being One man might God gives gives names to to His His community, community, now God and this this name-giving name-giving is is a a seal seal on ownership. ownership. We may may and see, then, then, in in the the names names here here received received nothing nothing less less than see, a sealing, sealing, a a confirmation confirmation of of the the Church of of Christ. Christ. So a was she she in in God's God's thoughts thoughts in in time time of of old, old, so so is is she she now was in and and for for the the world, world, so so shall shall she she be in in the the completion completion of of in the ages. ages. the That you you may mqy declare declare the the wonderful wonderful deeds deeds of of him him who who C. " " That C. called you." calledjou" We have have already already referred referred to to the the particularly particularly heavy heavy emreceives the "(in order) to" (Greek hopos) receives in the the phasis in to" (Greek hopos) phasis the "(in order) the as context. Only as the chosen race, as the royal priesthood, chosen context. Only as the race, royal priesthood, as the the holy holy nation, nation, as as God's God's own people people is is the the Church of of as the Christ called and able to proclaim the wonderful deeds of to wonderful of deeds able Christ called proclaim a chosen race in God. What is more, she can be a chosen race only in and she can be is more, God. only does she she appear through this this proclamation, proclamation, and only thus does only thus appear through to be so. so. to so often often in in the It is is really incomprehensible that that so the history It history really incomprehensible obvious statement of the Christian this clear clear and obvious statement Christian Church this of the has not been been understood understood in in its its unity-duality, unity-duality, but but has has been has not the the split apart, or even that the proclamation of the wonderful or that even proclamation split apart, to a hymn deeds has been confined confined merely of of God has deeds of merely to hymn of walls. the praise behind thick church walls. No doubt the "churchly" thick behind "churchly" praise hymn praise is is also asked and intended. intended. The praise also asked of of praise praise of hymn of God in the sense of creation creation and thankfulness thankfulness is is closely in the sense of closely 41 41 connected the true true praise is not with praise. not only connected with praise is praise. But the only an it is is witness witness in in and for internal for the Christian affair; the world. world. internal Christian affair; it the In the of the community of Christ, God (finally) of the praise Christ, community praise (finally) receives the answer His world the answer which He has has awaited receives from His awaited as from the as the human echo to His divine the the beginning, to divine beginning, of the approval (the "very good" of Gen. I: 31) of the work of of of His His 1:31) approval (the "very good" 42 hands. hands. 42 But we must not too long not remain too with the the raising of long with raising of in the sense. songs of praise in the narrower sense. The real praise of real is songs praise praise is
132 132

the declaration declaration of ofthe the wonderful wonderful deeds deeds of ofGod God in in the the world. world. the These deeds deeds (Greek (Greek arete] arete) are are the the only only deeds deeds spoken spoken of ofin in These the community community of of Christ; Christ; the the deeds deeds by by which which He He has has the plan for for the the world; world; the the deeds deeds which which carried through through His His plan carried are indicated indicated in in the the four four names names by by which which the the community community are of Christ Christ has has just just been been addressed. addressed. The The proclamation proclamation of ofthe the of gospel in in the the world world can, can, may, may, and must must never never be be anything anything gospel else than than the the speaking speaking of of the the deeds deeds of of God. God. As As soon soon as as the the else Church of of Christ Christ starts starts proclaiming proclaiming other other deeds deeds than than Church God's deeds, deeds, she she is is unfaithful unfaithful and can can no longer longer be a God's and a a service service to to the the world. world. Herein Herein there there also also lies lies blessing and blessing an adverse adverse judgment judgment against against all all motives motives for for mission mission which an have played played a a role role in in history, history, either either as as major major or or minor have for motive be careful enough of the motive for motives. We cannot cannot be careful enough of the motives. venture mission. Perhaps Perhaps one one may may on the the other other hand venture to to mission. that the motive of the proclamation of God's God's wonderful wonderful say say that the motive of the proclamation of deeds is is so so broad broad and powerful powerful that that it it overshadows all all deeds other motives. motives. other
for the Although it is obviously obviously not not necessary necessary for the writer writer of it is Although the first letter of Peter to specify in detail he means in detail what the first letter of Peter to specify in His by the transparent self-revelation of God in His deeds (this of (this by the transparent self-revelation is perhaps the best rendering of the word arete), neverthethe of is perhaps the best rendering arete), in the the next phrase, less indication in some further further indication less he he gives phrase, gives some It "who called you out of darkness". It has been a calling of darkness". out called you calling of into being, God by has come into the community which the being, the community has by which called same creative calling by which He once called the world same creative calling by cf. Ps. 33 : 9). into being ( Ps. into being (cf. 33 9). In arisen. The world must has arisen. creation has a new creation In Christ Christ a of hear from the community of Christ that that the new world of Christ of the from hear community God has The "chosen race, the royal priesthood, "chosen has begun. race, royal priesthood, begun. is the of God's own possession" the people the holy possession" is nation, the people of holy nation, itself of this new world. And the "loud world. of this the beginning itself the beginning the is a a continuation of the proclamation" the Church of the Church is proclamation" of Son calling of God. Just as God's sending of the Son continues God's as God. of sending Just calling comof the comin the sending and the the Spirit of the the sending in the sending of Spirit and sending of God of the so munity into the world (John 20: 2 1), so the calling of God 20: the world into calling 21), (John munity This the Church. continues of the Church. This proof the proclamation in the continues in proproclamation 133 133
:

clamation is of nothing else but making of course else but clamation is course nothing making known what this calling of of God has has amounted to. to. this calling "Out darkness into his marvellous marvellous light." darkness "Out of the darkness into his light." The darkness of the is the alienation from God. It It stands the undefined, is as the the alienation from God. stands here here as undefined, the unbound (the (the article article is lacking) over the one, the is lacking) over against one, against the only light has special special power with in connection connection with article has only (the article light (the power in the possessive possessive pronoun). pronoun). The surprising the astonishing surprising and astonishing aspect of this this calling calling to to the the light at the the evokes wonder at light evokes aspect of admirable offer. admirable offer. "Once you were were no people but but nowjou now you are are God's people." These no people God s people." "Onceyou and the the following following words words have been borrowed i : Hos. I borrowed from Hos. 6-rr, 2: 23. There the "lo-'ammi" has reference only to 6-1 1, 2: 23. the "ld- ammi" has reference only to Israel; here the the prophetic prophetic work is to the the is also also applied Israel; here applied to Gentiles: the Gentile Christians receive Israel's inheriGentiles: the Gentile Christians receive Israel's inheritance even the fact that they they may may view the the word of of the tance in the fact that the even in prophet as directed to them. In Christ the Scriptures Christ the are Scriptures are prophet as directed to them. Cor. to opened (cf. Luke 24: 25, 27, 32, 2 Cor. 3: q.-r6) to the 24: 25, 27, 32, 2 3: 14-16) opened (cf. Gentiles, just just as as they they are closed for because she Israel because she are closed for Israel Gentiles, rejects Christ. This surprising use of Scripture also belongs use Christ. This of also belongs surprising Scripture rejects to the the marvellous marvellous light to which God calls to calls His His community. community. light to to speak Therefore the Therefore the Old Testament, it appears Testament, though though it speak appears to is chiefly of Israel, is of such outstanding significance of of for the the such Israel, chiefly outstanding significance for community of Christ. of Christ. community By application of of the the word from Hosea, the application Hosea, "not-myBy the "not-myit is further clear that God's disappointpeople", it is further made that clear God's people", disappointhas really really been been His Israel has His disappointment ment over over Israel over disappointment over all nations, nations, and the the judgment judgment which Israel has sustained all Israel has sustained by her has been been the the judgment judgment of all. her apostasy of all. apostasy has by darkness out out of of which God has the comThe darkness has called called the munity by Christ is thus the darkness of being Christ is thus the darkness of munity by being "not-my"not~mycf. people"; cf. Eph. 2: 12, "separated Christ, is, from that is, 2: 12, "separated Christ, that people"; Eph. alienated from the and strangers alienated the commonwealth of of Israel, Israel, strangers to of promise, to the the covenants covenants of promise, having having no hope without hope and without in the God in the world". world". The light light is with God, the is fellowship with God, the fellowship fact of having having "been brought brought nigh nigh in in the the blood blood of fact of of Christ" Christ" (Eph. now" accentuates accentuates all all the the 13). The "formerly, (Eph. 2: 13). "formerly, but now" more the the great great contrast contrast between between formerly and the meaning the formerly meaning 134 134
}

(which changes everything) everything) of hour the eschatological of the (which changes eschatological hour "now". "now". In God's nearness nearness the the life begins to life offellowship of fellowship begins to flourish flourish too, so so that that the the community community of of Christ Christ drawn from from all all too, nations nations can rightly rightly be be called called a a "people" All "people" (or (or nation). nation). All in the the world nothing other national community other national world can can be be nothing community in a but a reflex of this fellowship. In the light of this a reflex of but this fellowship. the light of this being being a "people of God", our belonging to any other nation beof God", "people belonging to any other nation becomes supremely supremely unimportant; unimportant; and a be a a man can can be a blessblessing within any other specific nation only when he remains remains ing within any other specific nation only faithful to to his his citizenship the people marfaithful in the of God. God's God's marcitizenship in people of vellous light vellous light also also conquers conquers the the "powers" of nationalism, "powers" of nationalism, like all other powers like all other powers which would overcome the c the light light ( (cf. John I: 5). John 1:5). "Once you had received mercy mercy but you have have received not received "Once you had not but now now you received are mercy." These words are also borrowed from the prophecy words also borrowed the mercy" prophecy of Hosea, Hosea, and they they repeat repeat what has has already been said in of said in already been regard to "not-my-people" and God's people. Further, to regard "not-my-people" people. Further, characterizes in this repetition repetition characterizes in another this another way the contents contents way the of the the proclamation proclamation of of God's God's marvellous marvellous deeds. of deeds. The pity, pity, the grace, of of God is to the the community community of what light the grace, is to of Christ Christ what light is for the earth. of alienation is for the earth. The darkness darkness of alienation from God has has lasted long (the (the perfect perfect participle participle has meaning a pluperfect lasted long has a pluperfect meaning and indicates the long long duration duration of a but now now indicates the a situation), situation), but God's pity becomes living living and powerful powerful in in Christ God's pity Christ over over the of God. (The of "accepthe newly newly accepted people of aorist of accepted people (The aorist "accepted" has an inchoative The long night passed ted" has inchoative sense.) is passed long night is sense.) and the has dawned. the day has day is day, the community As long as it it is of Christ Christ may community of long as day, the may and must proclaim proclaim the the deeds and therewith, her of God, must deeds of in her God, therewith, in turn, call out of darkness into light; out of alienation men out darkness into of call of out alienation turn, light; into true fellowship fellowship with with God and man; man; out twilight of a a twilight into true out of situation mercilessness into into the the joy joy of mercy. of mercy. of mercilessness situation of in darkness, So long long as as there there are this world world men in within this are in darkness, withof mission out God and without without mercy, mercy, so long will will the the task task of mission so long out of the the Christian But she she can complete endure. But of Christian, Church endure. complete she this only she remains powerfully conscious that she that this when she remains conscious powerfully only I35 135

herself shared shared in In the herself the same same darkness darkness and and alienation, and alienation, and that out of this out of this she that to others the she is is called called to to proclaim to others the proclaim marvellous deeds fellowship, and deeds of the the God of of light, and light, fellowship, is no other mercy. other "theology of mission", other no other mercy. There is mission", no "theology of this. oracle, oracle, than this.

136

NOTES
Introduction 1. The I. Assembly of of the the International International Missionary Missionary Council, The Ghana Assembly edited Council, edited Orchard, Edinburgh Edinburgh House Press, 958, p. p. 138. I g8. by R. K. Orchard, Press, London I by 1958, 2. A survey survey of, of, and an insight insight into, into, the the variety variety of 2. of motives for mismotives for mission is is given, sion given, for for Great Great Britain, Britain, by by J. by Jesus' Jesus' d. Berg, v. d. Constrained by J. v. Berg, Constrained Love, An Inquiry Inquiry into the Motives Motives of of the Missionary Awakening Awakening in into the the Missionary in Great Great Love, the Period Britain in the Britain in Period between between 1698 1698 and J. H. Kok, Kok, Kampen Kampen 1956. and r8r5, r&rj, J. 1956. For Germany Germany in in the the second second half half of the nineteenth A. of the nineteenth century: century: Seppo Seppo A, varhaisen liiketysteorian perusteet, Gustav Warneckin Teinonen, Gustav Warneckin varhaisen Teinonen, teologiset perusteet, Idketysteorian teologiset Helsinki Helsinki 1959. I959 This work, written written in in the the Finnish Finnish language, was accesThis work, acceslanguage, was sible in the the English English summary, the same sible to to me only only in summary, pp. 1238-58. By pp. 238-58. By the Helsinki 1959, summary in in writer there there is: is: Warneck writer Warneck Tutkielmia, with a summary Tutkielmia, Helsinki 1959, with German, pp. 47-56. 47-56. For For the the motives motives for the European European for missions missions on the German, pp. Job. Durr, Durr, Sendende Sendende und Kirche in continent, further: Joh. see further: und Werdende der Werdende Kirche in der continent, see Missionstheologie Gustav Basler Missions Missions Buchhandlung, Buchhandlung, Gustav Warnecks, Warnecks, Basler Missionstheologie Basel G. Hoekendijk, en Volk Volk in in de de Duitse Basel 1947; J. C. Hoekendijk, Kerk Kerk en Duitse Zendingsweten1947; J. Zjsndingswetenschap, Ned. Ned. Zendingsraad, schap, Zendingsraad, Amsterdam 1948. 1948. 3 See the little little work of H. Scharer, by the of H. See the influenced by the Scharer, strongly 3. strongly influenced Barth: Die Die Begrundung Begriindung der Mission in der katholischen katholischen und theology of of K. Barth: der Mission in der und theology evangelischen Missionswissenschcift, Theol. Heft 16, r6, Zollikon Zollikon Theol. Studien, Studien, Heft evangelischen Missionswissenschqft, der Missionsmotive, Verlag, Zurich I1944; 944 ;J oh. Durr, Durr, Die Die Reinigung Reinigung der Missionsmotive, EMM, E MM, Verlag, Zurich Joh. 1 951. 19514 4 On the the relation relation of of theology theology to to mission mission in see 0. in general, O. G. G. general, see 4. Study of Missions in Education, Egede Myklebust, in Theological The Study Myklebust, The of Missions Theological Education^ Egede I 1955, II I957 O. Kubler, Instittute, Oslo, I Further: 0. Mission und und Instittute, Oslo, Kiibler, Mission 1955, II 1957. Further: Theologie, Eine Untersuchung den Missionsgedanken Missionsgedanken in der systematischen in der liber den Theologie Eine systematischen Untersuchung uber Theologie seit Schleiermacher, Schleiermacher, T. C. Hinrichsche Hinrichsche Buchhandlung, Buchhandlung, LeipT. G. Theologie seit Leipder systematischen Nieden, Der Missionsgedanke Missionsgedanke in systematischen zig 1929; I929; E. E. zur zur Nieden, in der zig I am not Theologie seit Schleiermacher Schleiermacher, Bertelsmann, Bertelsmann, Giitersloh not Gutersloh I928. Theologie seit 1928. I acquainted with with similar summarizing works works for Great Britain Britain and similar summarizing for Great acquainted
Introduction
i 9

~orthAmerica. North America.

Chapter i r Chapter
r. For this this older E. Riehm, Der MisMisolder literature, see for for example i. For Riehm, Der literature, see example E. M. sionsgedanke im Alten Testament, I88o; Lohr, Der MissionsAlien Der Missionsim 1880; Lohr, AMZ, Testament, sionsgedanke

gedankeimAlten A. im Alten Testament, Testament, A, gedanke

B. Mohr, VerlagsbuchhandlungJ. C. K. VerlagsbuchhandlungJ. C. B. Mohr, Die Stellung Israeliten und und der Freiburg, Leipzig 1896; I896; A. A. Bertholet, Bertholet, Die der Israeliten der Stettung der Freiburg, Leipzig

137 137

Juden zu zu denFremden, den Fremden, Tubingen, Tubingen,J. J. C. C. B. B. Mohr, Mohr, 1896; t8g6; B. B. Kleinpaul, Kleinpaul, Juden Die Mission Mission in in der derBibel, Bibel, H. H. G. G. Wallmann, Wallmann, Leipzig Leipzig 1901 xgor; E. E. Sellin, Sellin, Der Der Die Missionsgedanke im Alten Testament, NAMZ, I925; W. W. Staerk, Staerk, Ursprung Ursprung Missionsgedanke im Alien Testament, NAMZ, 1925; und Grenzen Grenzen der der Missionskrqft Missionskraft der der alttestamentlichen alttestamentlichen Religion, Religion, Theol. Theol. und
;

Tijdschrift voor voor Zendingswetenschap, Zendingswetenschap, Oegstgeest Oegstgeest 1929. 1929. From From English English W. me: to known are language material the following older works are known to me: W. O. 0. works older the material following language Carver, The The Bible Bible as as a a Missionary Missionary Message, Message, Revell, Revell, New New York York 1921; I 92 I; Carver, H. A. A. Lapham, Lapham, The The Bible Bible as as a a Missionary Missionary Handbook, Handbook, Heffer, Heffer, Cambridge Cambridge H. 1925. 1925. 2. E.g. E.g.]. Pedersen, Israel, Israel, Oxford Oxford Univ. Univ. Press Press 1926 1926 (I, (I, II), II), 1940 1940 2. J. Pedersen, (III, IV), Copenhagen; L. Kohler, Theologie des des Alien Alten Testaments, Testaments, 1936 1936 (III, IV), Copenhagen; L. Kohler, Theologie Alien im Mensch Gott und (E.T. Old Testament Theology);]. Hempel, Gott und Mensch im Alten Old Testament Hempel, J. Theology) (E.T. Testament, 2, 2, Kohlhammer, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart Stuttgart 1936; 1936; O. 0. Procksch, Procksch, Theologie Theologie Testament, des Alien Alten Testaments, Testaments, Bertelsmann, Bertelsmann, Gutersloh Gutersloh 1950; 1950; Th. Th. C. C. Vriezen, Vriezen, des Hoofdlijnen der Theologie van het Oude Oude Testament, Testament, 2, 2, H. Veenman, Hoofdlijnen der Theologie van het 1955 (E.T. Old Testament Theology); E. Jacob, Thfologie TMologie Wageningen Testament Old E.Jacob, Theology); Wageningen 1955 (E.T. de VAncien l'Ancien Testament, Testament, Delachaux Delachaux & Niestle, Niestle, Neuchatel Neuchatel & Paris Paris 1956 1956 de Britain In Great others. and (E.T. The Theology of the Old Testament), others. In Britain Old the The Testament], of Theology (E.T. and North North America America introductions introductions from from the the point point of of view of of historical historical and criticism are are preponderant; preponderant; so, so, for for example, E. Fosdick, Fosdick, A Guide criticism example, H. E. to the the Bible, Bible, Harper Harper Bros., Bros., New York, London, York, and London, to the Understanding of the Understanding of 1938; R. H. Pfeiffer, Introduction to Testament, Harper Bros., to the Old the Old Introduction Bros., Testament, H. R. Harper Pfeiffer, 1938; on New York, the works of W. F. Albright. and London, Albright. But on London, 1941; 1941 the York, and Israel's Faith, the The Challenge Faith, 2nd D. Wright, G. D. note G. the other other hand, Challenge of of Israel's Wright, The hand, note to the continental continental European ed., Closer to Press 1946. of Chicago European Univ. of 1946. Closer Chicago Press ed., Univ. Biblical Doctrine his The Biblical development H. H. Rowley. stands H. See, e.g., e.g., his Rowley. See, development stands the of Lutterworth Press, Unity of of the 1953; The Unity 1950, 1953; Press, London 1950, Election, Lutterworth of Election, Faith of Bible, Israel, S.C.M. ofIsrael, 1953; The Faith Press, London 1953; Bible, Carey Kingsgate Press, Carey Kingsgate Press, 956. London r Press, London 1956. a critically seeks a p. rr4. "Historical research 3 research seeks guaranteed critically guaranteed cit., p. 114. "Historical 3 Op. Op. cit., maximum." to a a theological minimum; tends to the kerygmatic theological maximum." image tends minimum; the kerygmatic image 4 p. 126. cit., p. 126. Op. cit., 4. Op. for and also, Teinonen and A. Teinonen of S. S. A. 5 cited of the works works already also, for See the already cited 5. See T. Beck, example, Der Missionsgedanke W. Kunze, EMM, 1930. Beck, EMM, 1930. beij. T. Kunze, Der Missionsgedanke beiJ. example, W. Beck T. Beck ofJ. A. Bengel, 6. Biblicism of to the the Biblicism is also also to reference is 6. Here Here reference J. T. Bengel, J. J. A. von et De biblizistisch-eschatologische B. Evenhuis, R. B. et al. al. See See R. Theologie von Evenhuis, De biblizistisch-eschatologische Theologie ofthis this theology J. H. Veenman, A. Bengel, theology Veenman, Wageningen Critique of 1931. Critique Wageningen 1931. Bengel, H. J. A. Kaiser Verlag, Ch. Kaiser Testaments II, in Alien Testaments des Alten in G. G. von von Rad, II, Ch. Verlag, Rad, Theologie Theologie des TestaOld Testathe Old in preparation, Munich Munich rg6o, ofthe Theology of preparation, Theology (E.T. in 375 (E.T. 1960, p. p. 375 ment). ment}. 7 Kirche, EMM, Heidentum und EL Hartenstein, undKirche, EMM, 1936, 5. Hartenstein, Heidentum 1936, p. p. 5 7. K. accessible oflisting all accessible 8. the duty from the be excused excused from 8. II hope listing all duty of may be hope II may
Tijdsclirift
;
;

IV, 1925; I 925; J. J. Reinhard, Reinhard, Der Der Heihuniversalismus Heilsuniversalismus der der Bibel, Bibel, Blatter IV, Blatter NAMZ, 1926; Ig26;F. F. M. M.Th. Th. Bohl, Bohl, Oud-Israelen Oud-Israelen de de pending, :(,ending, Mededeelingen, Mededeelingen,

NAMZ,

rs8 138

commentaries. Surely of special significance for our purpose purpose is commentaries. for our is the the Surely of special significance explication of of Gen. Gen. i~i I-I i I in in G. Das erste Buck Mose, Mose, Kap. Kap. G. von Rad, erste Buck explication Rad, Das 1-12: 9, Alte Testament Deutsch", Teilband 2, Vandenhoeck Testament Deutsch", Teilband 2, 9, "Das Alte & Rupprecht, & (E.T. Genesis). Further mention mention must Rupprecht, Gottingen Gottingen I950 1950 (E.T. Genesis). Further be made ofW. des Alien Alten Testaments, be of W. Eichrodt, Eichrodt, Theologie Testaments, Abhandlungen Theologie des Abhandlungen zur Theologie Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments, No. 4, 2nd ed., zur des Alten Testaments, No. ed., 4, 2nd Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, Berlin Berlin I948 the Old Old Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1948 (E.T. (E.T. Theology Theology of of the Testament). F.]. le also F. de l'Homme Situation de VHomme d'apres Leenhardt, La Situation Testament}. See also J. Leenhardt, d'apres le Genese, in Das Menschenbild Menschenbild im im Lichte Lichte des des Evangeliums, Evangeliums, Festschrift Festschrift E. E. Genese, in Brunner, Zwingli Verlag, Zurich Zurich 1950, I950, pp. pp. I-3o; Zimmerli, Die Die Brunner, Zwingli Verlag, 1-30; W. Zimmerli, Urgeschichte, Erster Teil, Teil, Zwingli Zwingli Verlag, Verlag, Zurich I943; etc. Zurich 1943; etc. Urgeschichte, Erster g. Rad, Theologie Alten Testaments note 6 Besides G. von Rad, des Alten Testaments (see 6 9. Besides Theologie des (see note above), we may may mention mention Th. C. Vriezen, Onderzoek de Paradijsvoor~ G. Vriezen, naar de Onderzoek naar above), Paradijsvoor~

stelling hij Semietische Volken, I957, de oude oude Semietische Veenman, Wageningen sidling bij de Volken, H. Veenman, Wageningen 1957, p. 17, etc. Counter to to the the habit habit accepted accepted in the last half century of in the last half p. 17, etc. century of
separating Gen. I-I I as history" (German, i-ii as "primeval separating Gen. "primeval history" (German, Urgeschichte) Urgeschichte) from the the historical historical portions portions of of the the Old Testament, there has has arisen arisen a a Testament, there resistance under the the influence of the the "form criticism" type of resistance under influence of criticism' type of exegesis exegesis of the Old Testament Testament and of of heilsgeschichtliche heilsgeschichtliche exegesis. not of the exegesis. We must not forget that that these these early Genesis also with the the God who of Genesis also deal deal with forget early chapters chapters of rules, leads, turns history. history. At this this point point seeK. see K. Cramer, i-n Gen. 1-11 rules, leads, and turns Cramer, Gen. Urgeschichte?,]. Mohr, Tubingen Tiibingen 1959; I959; P. Die Anfdnge Anfiinge B. Mohr, C. B. P. Morant, Morant, Die Urgeschichte?, J. C. der Menschheit, Menschheit, Raber & Cy., Lucerne I96o der Cy., Lucerne 1960 (R.C.). (R.C.). IO. Because Because this this whole section section of of the Bible is is written written in in the light the Bible the light 10. of the fact fact of the alienation alienation between between God (the Yahweh) of the of the of Israel, Yahweh) (the God oflsrael, the world world of of nations, nations, one is to these these chapters and man, is forced in forced to man, the chapters in coming to an answer answer to to the the difficult between of the relation between difficult question the relation question of coming to religion and revelation. revelation. In the the extensive I believe believe not not extensive literature, literature, I religion enough has heretofore heretofore been been paid paid to to this problem. It It would this problem. attention has enough attention effort, it seems to to me, me, to to approach the issue issue (which is berepay our it seems our effort, be(which is repay approach the of the coming more and more acute because of the renaissance renaissance of of the the old old acute because coming religions) of of the the relation relation of of religion religion and revelation revelation from the the data data in in religions) Gen. 1-12. r-I2. Nowhere else the Old Testament is is the the bond with with God, in the else in Gen. God, the of man from from God, God, and God's God's constant constant covenantship the alienation alienation of covenantship deeply and minutely minutely professed professed than here. For the the with here. For with man more deeply theological anthropology anthropology in in my opinion opinion the best and most penepenethe best theological trating book is still E. Der Mensch Mensch im Widerspruch, is still E. Brunner, Brunner, Der Widerspruch, Zwingli Zwingli trating in Revolt). Revolt). Verlag, Ziirich 1937 I937 (E.T. (E.T. Man in Verlag, Zurich II. von Rad, Rad, Theologie des Alten Alten Testaments, p. 168. I68. See G. 11. See G. von Testaments, I, I, p. Theologie des I2. See Rowley, The Missionary Message Message of the Old Testament, The Missionary 12. See H. H. Rowley, Testament, of the Carey Kingsgate Kingsgate Press, Press, London, London, pp. 24-26; and his Biblica[ his The Biblical pp. 24-26; Carey Doctrine of Election, pp. pp. 65-67. Doctrine 65-67. of Election, I g. I have referred referred to to another history of of the the primeval I have another aspect primeval history aspect of 13. Church in The Missionary Gen. r, in Mission of of the the People People of Missionary Church i- 1 1, in The Gen. I-I The Mission God, in of God,
9

139 139

in East East and and West, by Ch. Ch. G. C. West West and D. Press, ed. by D. M. Paton, S.G.M. Press, West, ed. Paton, S.C.M. London 1959, pp. 91-93. 91-93. 1959, pp. Israel et Nations, La Perspective Perspective MisMis14. et les Martin-Achard, Israel les Nations, See R. Martin-Achard, 14. SeeR. sionnaire de de !'Ancien 42, Delachaux & sionnaire I'Ancien Testament, Cahiers Theologiques Testament, Cahiers Theologiques 42, translate "bless "bless Niestle, Neuchatel Neuchatel & Paris Paris 1959, Niestle, 33. Those who translate 1959, p. p. 33 themselves" in Gen. 3, instead blessed", also recognize also recognize of "will be blessed", themselves" in instead of"will Gen. 12: 12:3, the significance of of this this declaration. is certainly the great declaration. The minimum is certainly great significance stated in the the words words "something like the the note note of universalism is is already of universalism stated in "something like already struck in these words". words". G. C. F. F. North, North, The Testament Interpretation Interpretation of in these Old Testament struck The Old of History, Epworth 26. Press, London 1946, p. 26. History, Epworth Press, 1946, p. 15. Biblical Doctrine Doctrine of Election, 3rd ed., 1953. Rowley, The Biblical 3rd ed., 1953. 15. H. H. Rowley, of Election, 1 6. Rowley, op. cit. 16. p. 39. 39 Rowley, op. cit., p. is N. W. is opposed to the Israel is 17. Another who is the "fitness" "fitness" of Israel 17. Another opposed to und Gottesvolk im Alien Alten Testament, Aufsiitze, Porteous, Volk in Theologische Volk und Gottesvolk im Testament, in Porteous, Theologische Aufsatze, Festschrift K. K. Earth, Barth, Ch. Ch. Kaiser Kaiser Verlag, Verlag, Munich 1936, 146-163. 1936, pp. pp. 146-163. Festschrift en Mensen,J. Mensen, J. G. C. Niemeyer, Niemeyer, Groningen Of. also my Coden Goden en Gf. also 1950, pp. Groningen 1950, pp. I 1-18. 11-18. 1 8. Rowley, op. cit., p. 52. 18. cit., p. Rowley, op. 52. 19. Zwingli Verlag, Verlag, Zurich ZUrich 1953 1953. 19. Zwingli op. cit., cit., p. p. 32; a particularly particularly important which, Vriezen, op. 20. Vriezen, 20. 32; a important study, study, which, than the the work of of Rowley, Rowley, also also investigates usage in in the the more than investigates word usage Testament regarding regarding election. Old Testament election. 21. 2I. Ibid., Ibid., p. p. 34. 34 22. For this this Jewish Jewish distortion distortion of of the the doctrine of election doctrine of election see, 22. see, among among others, C. Boess, Boess, Altsynagogale Altsynagogale Palestinische Palestinische Theologie und Mission, Mission, Alg. Alg. others, G. Theologie und pp. 190 Miskotte, Het Het Wezen der Joodse Miss. Zeitung, 1885, Miss. Zeitung, Wezen derjoodse ff.; K. H. Miskotte, 1885, pp. 190 ff.; Religie, H. J. J. Paris, Paris, Amsterdam 1933 Religie, 1933. is from Th. C. Vriezen, op. cit., p. 50, who 23. observation is G. Vriezen, 23. This observation p. 50, op. cit., out that that in in Deutero-Isaiah Deutero-Isaiah bt'ihfr nominal form which also points points out also baMr is is a a nominal is therefore also is often used for often used for names of of an office office and therefore also has has more of of an active active than than a passive passive meaning. meaning. Compare the declaration also the declaration on Compare also p. 33: Christian dogmatics dogmatics can treat treat of those who are of those are p. 33 "Therefore Christian chosen (passive), (passive), whereas whereas this this is is unknown to to the the Old Testament." Testament." 24. On the the notions notions of of "people" relation to in relation "nation" in to the the 24. "people" and "nation" Old Testament, see G. Bertram in in the the entry in TWNT II, II, "ethnos" in Testament, see entry "ethnos" p. 362 362; L. L. Rost, Die Bezeichnungenfur Bezeichnungenfiir Land und Alten Testament, und Volk Volk im im Alien Rost, Die P. Testament, 0. Procksch, Festschrift 0. Procksch, A. Deichert Deichert & J. J. C. Leipzig 1934; G. Hinrichs, Festschrift Hinrichs, Leipzig 1934; W. Eichrodt, Gottes Volk Volk und und die die Volker, Eichrodt, Gottes a "yes" of a Volker, EMM, 1942, 1942, speaks speaks of "yes" of of God to to the the nationality nationality (Volkstum) Israel while while at of Israel at the the same time time (Volkstum) of God speaks a "no" to speaks a to the the nationality nationality of the heathen. of the heathen. This This otherwise otherwise have gained my absorbing instructive article article would have in worth, to my absorbing and instructive worth, to gained in of thinking, if Eichrodt way of thinking, if Eichrodt had confined confined himself himself to to the the heilsgeschichtway heilsgeschichtliche liche opposition between 'am giiy, Israel the heathen, heathen, instead 'am and gqy, Israel and the instead opposition between of of operating operating with with the the doubtful doubtful concept of "nationality", which comes comes concept of "nationality", which
in
}
:

140 140

out of rather than than Biblical Biblical thinking. thinking. G. out of Germanic rather v. d. d. Leeuw, G. v. Leeuw, der Religion, Phaenomenologie der Religion, r, r, J. J. C. C. B. B. Mohr, Tubingen I1933, 933, 2nd ed. ed. Mohr, Tubingen Phaenomenologie 1956, the Jewish Jewish people people as the first historical example of as the first historical 19563 even names the example of a nation, but but he he thoroughly thoroughly distorts distorts the the Biblical Biblical witness regard to a nation, in regard to witness in in my opinion, opinion, by by so my Goden the people people Israel, Israel, in the en See also Goden en so doing. also my doing. See Mensen (note (note 17 above), pp. pp. 7-10. 7-10. Mensen 17 above), proper statement of affairs affairs has has been been made with with particular The proper statement of particular
I believe, by K. Emmerich, Emmerich, Die Die Juden, Juden, Theologische clarity, believe, by Studien clarity, I Theologische Studien

und Kritiken Kritiken 7, p. 20: the children Israel are a people 20: "But the children of of Israel are a 7, 1939, 1939, p. people

only in so far far as as they they are are a a people people of that neither neither a a in so of God. This This means that only natural bond nor nor human will will and and realization realization has has linked these people people natural linked these but only only the the establishment establishment of together, of a fellowship. It means further further together, but fellowship. It that nation the the option option is not open, to become a nation that to to this this nation is not a nation to want to open, to like other nations, since since it did not not become a nation the the way like other nations, it did a nation other way other It means finally that this this nation nation lives-should to nations did. did. It nations it wish lives should it wish to finally that a nation nation like like others others-under the threat threat that become a under the that God will will cease to cease to it 'my people' and will will call my people'. people'. If should call it it 'not call call it If God should 'not my my people' recognize this this nation nation as as His His no no longer, non-people, a non-people, then it it becomes becomes a recognize longer, then the people people of they become a for only as as the for only of God did did they a people, or remain so." remain so." people, or the investigation investigation of the meaning God", 25. For For the of the of the of God", the "people 25. meaning of "people of see G. von Rad, Rad, Das Gottesvolk in Deuteronomium, Deuteronomium, Kohlhammer, Kohlhammer, Stuttsee Gottesvolk in Stuttgart 1929, his Deuteronomium-Studien, Deuteronomium-Studien, 2nd ed. Studies ed. 1948 gart 1929, and his 1948 (E.T. (E.T. Studies in Deuteronomy) Deuteronomy) ; L. Die Vorstuft von Kirche Kirche und und Synagogue Alten in L. Rost, im Alien Rost, Die Vorstufe von Synagogue im Testament, N. A. A. Dahl, Dahl, Das Volk Volk Testament, Kohlhammer, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart Stuttgart 1938; 1938; N. Gottes, Eine Untersuchung zum Kirchenbewusstseins Kirchenbewusstseins des des Urchristentums, Gottes, Fine Urchristentums, Untersuchung zum last book especially, Norske Videnskaps Videnskaps Akademi, Akademi, Oslo 1941. This last Norske especially, 1941. This excellently offers a a storehouse those who of data storehouse of data for for those documented, offers excellently documented, of"Church people" in wish to to understand understand the the problem problem of wish "Church and people" in a Biblical Biblical I doubt whether light. I whether H. H. Rowley, Rowley, op. pp. 86--87, is right right if if in in cit., pp. light. op. cit., 86-87, ^ connection with the the "remnant" he he voices voices the the thought thought of of "transition "transition connection with of a a nation nation to to that that of from the the conception of a Church". Church". Does the the Old conception of Testament really really know the the "conception nation"? ? The constitutive Testament of a nation" constitutive "conception of element Israel is not the the common descent of of Israel is not element of call of descent (although the call (although the Abraham, etc., is not wanting), wanting), but but the the act having been called called is not act of of having Abraham, etc., by Yahweh. See, others, J. J. D. W. Kritzinger, (qahal) See, among Qehal among others, Kritzinger, Qehal (qahal) by Jahwe, wot wat dit is en daaraan mag mag behoort behoort (with English), dit is en wie in English), wie daaraan Jahwe, (with a summary summary in it is in J. is totally totally unfruitful unfruitful in Kok, Kampen Kampen 1957. 1957. In my opinion J. H. Kok, opinion it referring to to Israel to fasten fasten the the word "people" to her Israel to her or "nation" "nation" on to referring "people" or apart from her her belonging belonging to to Yahweh. apart fT. 26. Vriezen, op. cit., pp. pp. 73 73 ff. 26. Vriezen, op. cit., 27. Y. Scott, Kingdom of Priests, Oudtestamentische B. Y. R. B. Oudtestamentische Studien Scott, A Kingdom of Priests, 27. R. VIII, E.J. Brill, Leiden Leiden 1950, pp. 213-219. 213-219. R. MartinMartin-Achard, Israel E. J. Brill, Achard, Israel VIII, 1950, pp. Scott's exegesis. et les Nations, Nations, pp. pp. 35-37, 35-37, concurs concurs with with Scott's et les exegesis. of particu28. this psychological psychological use the scheme of of the of this use of 28. An example particuexample of
e
;

141 141

is still found, in A. Amiet, is still for example, A. Amiet, found, for example, in Origines de la Mission Chrdtienne, Chretienne, in Le monde non Chretien, Paris 1950, la Mission in Le monde non Chretien, Paris 1950, Origines de p. 86o. further B. B. Sundkler, de la pensee missionI* etude de 860. See h !'etude missionSee further Contributions a Sundkler, Contributions p. lapensde naire dans le Nouveau Nouveau Testament, Paris 1936. Jesus et les Paiens, naire dans le etlesPaiens, Testament, Paris 1936. (Idem, (Idem, Jesus d'Histoire et et de Philosophic Philosophic Religieuses, Religieuses, 1936.) Revue d'Histoire 1936.) I under under "hagios". Ethos des Alten 29. des Alien 29. See TWNT I J. Hempel, "hagios". J. Hempel, Das Ethos Testaments, A. A. Lorentz, Lorentz, Leipzig Testaments, 1938. Leipzig 1938. L. Rost, Die Bezeichnungen Bezeichnungenjur Land und 30. und Volk, Bertram, Rost, Die Volk, p. 30. L. fur Land p. 147; 147; G. Bertram, TWNT II, II, p. p. 362. 362. 31. lsraels Stellung Stellung zu zu den den Fremdlingen Fremdlingen und Beisassen, und Beisassen, L. Schmidt, Schmidt, Israels 31. K. L. Judaica, p. 284; Stahlin, TWNT V under "xenos", I, 1945, "xenos", Judaica, Heft I, 1945, p. 284; G. Stahlin, p. 26; 26; G. G. Rosen/G. Bertram, Juden Juden und PhOnizier, rg2g. value of value und Phonizier, Still of 1929. Still p. Rosen/G. Bertram, is of A. A. Bertholet, Bertholet, Die Die Stellung Stellung der Israeliten und der Juden Juden is the older work of der Israeliten the older und der Fremden,J. C. B. B. Mohr, Mohr, Tiibingen zu den zu denFremden, 1896. J. G. Tubingen 18g6. 32. of the the mutual mutual differences the fundaclear description and the fundadifferences and 32. A clear description of the prophets prophets in his regard is given given by mental agreement agreement in in the in his mental by M. regard is Schmidt, Prophet und und Tempel, Eine Studie zum Problem Problem der Studie zum der Gottesniihe Gottesnahe im im Schmidt, Prophet Tempel, Eine Alten Testament, Zollikon Verlag, Verlag, Zurich Zurich 1948. Alien Testament, Zollikon 1948. 33 In a contribution which M. Buber has given to to a contribution which has given a collective collective 33. religions of of the the world, world, Godsdiensten Dutch work on religions der Wereld Godsdiensten der Wereld (edited (edited d. Leeuw, by G. v. v. d. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, srd ed. 1954) Leeuw, H. MeulenhofF, by 3rd ed. 1954) on the fact "The Faith Faith of of Israel", emphasizes the Exod. 3: fact that that Exod. Israel", he emphasizes 14 must 3 14 be understood understood not not in in an ontological historical sense. be in an historical It is is sense. It ontological but in not a question of the the being being of but a being not of God, a question of God's God's being God, but question of question of I am (shall present; I I am (shall (shall be) be) who I be) =1 =I am there, I shall shall present; there, and I (shall be) be there, there, as I shall be. as I shall be. be 34 M. Schmidt, p. 67. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 34. op. cit., 67. 35 the rest, rest, the the traditional traditional distinction between the the historical distinction between historical 35. For the and the the prophetic prophetic books books in in the the Old Testament is not without without objecis not objection. The historical historical books books have have to to do with with a prophetic view view of history; tion. a prophetic of history; the prophetic books books with with prophecy prophecy concerning the prophetic This is is emconcerning history. history. This phasized by by G. von Rad, Alten Testaments, note 6 des Alien I (see 6 Rad, Theologie phasized Testaments, I Theologie des (see note above), by K. Barth, Barth, Kirchliche Kirchliche Dogmatik, Dogmatik, IV, IV, 3, Halfte, pp. i Halfte, above), and by 3, I pp. Church Dogmatics). 58-59 (Zollikon (Zollikon Verlag, Verlag, Zurich; Ziirich; E.T. E.T. Church Dogmatics). 58-59 36. exception to to this this might might perhaps perhaps be be the the well-known well-known only exception 36. The only 1. The meaning 1 I. meaning of must not, be passage, Mai. Mal. i r: 1 of this this verse verse must passage, not, however, however, be given too too much weight. weight. The intent intent of is first of this this oft-disputed first given oft-disputed passage passage is and foremost to accentuate accentuate the the faithlessness faithlessness of Israel: compared foremost to of Israel; with compared with Israel, the the heathen heathen are upright worshippers worshippers of are upright of Yahweh. We must, Israel, must, cautious about any therefore, any declaration of the the positive positive meaning. meaning. declaration of therefore, be cautious I differ Here I differ from the the opinion opinion of of H. H. Rowley, Rowley, The Missionary MesMesThe Missionary the Old Testament: sage of Testament: "Perhaps the extreme of broadmindedness broadmindedness extreme of sage of the "Perhaps the in Malachi" found in the the Old Testament is is found in Malachi" (p. 72); "men who (p. 72) are are accepted by God because because they they have lived up to to the the light light they they lived up accepted by
: :

larism and umversalism universalism larism

142 142

74). But But an undervaluation undervaluation of this text, text, I I think, think, is is to to be seen had" (p. seen of this (p. 74). in in confining confining it it to to proselytes proselytes and to to Jews Cf. also also of the the Dispersion. Jews of Dispersion. Cf. R. MartinMartin-Achard, Israel et et les nations, p. p. 4I is not R. here les nations, not here Achard, Israel 41 : "Malachi is judgment on the the pagan he is is conconpronouncing any any absolute absolute judgment pronouncing cult; he pagan cult; demning the attitude attitude of the Levites." believe this of the I believe our reaction: Levites." I this can can be be our reaction : demning the
:

a risky light of Israel's risky prophetic prophetic exclamation which, however, however, in in the exclamation which, of Israel's the light attitude and of of the the promises promises of of salvation to the the nations, nations, is is not too attitude not too salvation to risky. But But it it is is plain plain that that no no theory theory of revelation or or of general of general of general risky. general revelation grace can can be be built built on this this passage. passage. grace eschatology in the Old Testament is is most 37 literature on eschatology in the 37. The literature extensive. We may may cite here, from from the the older extensive. cite here, older literature, Gressmann, literature, H. Gressmann, Der Ursprung der Israelitisch-jiidischenEschatologie, I 905; Der Messias,9 VanUrsprungderlsraelitisch-judischenEschatologie, igo^;DerMessias Diirr, Ursprung Ausbau derjildischen der jiidischen denhoeck, Gottingen 929; L. L. Diirr, und Ausbau Ursprung und denhoeck, Gottingen I 1929; Heilandserwartung, C. C. A. A. Schwetschke, Berlin I925. recent Schwetschke, Berlin Heilandserwartungy 1925. More recent Cerny, The Day Day of of Jahweh Jahweh and Relevant Problems, Problems, literature: literature: L. L. Cerny, and Some Some Relevant Filosoficke Fakulta Fakulta Univ. Univ. Karlovy, Karlovy, Prague Prague 1948; Filosoficke Rowley, The 1948; H. H. Rowley, Relevance Relevance of Apocalyptic, 4, 4, Lutterworth Press, London 1952; Lutterworth Press, of Apocalyptic^ 1952; M. und Tempel, Prophetund Zollikon Verlag, Zi.irich I948; Schmidt, etc. ConSchmidt, Prophet Tempel> Zollikon 1948; etc. Verlag, Zurich

sult also the the literature literature (just (just as as extensive) extensive) on Deutero-Isaiah the sult also Deutero-Isaiah and the Servant the Lord. Lord. We shall shall cite cite only: Eissfeldt, Der Der Gottesknecht of the Servant of Gottesknecht O. Eissfeldt, only: 0. bei bei Deutero Deutero Jesaja> Jesaja, etc., Halle (Saale) zu Studien zu etc., Halle Begrich, Studien (Saale) 1933; 1933; J. J. Begrich, Deuterojesaja, Beitrage Beitriige zur zur Wissenschqfi vom A. A. und N. T., 4 Heft und JV.jT., Deuterojesaja, Folge, Heft 4 Folge, Wissenschaft vom 1 la seconde v. d. d. Ploeg, Ploeg, Les Les chants chants du de Jahve* Jahve dans dans la seconds 25, 1938; du Serviteur Serviteur de 938 J. J. v. 25, partie du du livre d'lsaie, Librairie Librairie LecofFre, Lecoffre, Paris Paris 1936; R. North, North, lime d'Isaie, C. R. 1936; and C. partie The Suffiring Servant Servant in Deutero-lsaiah, Oxford Univ. Press, Press, 1948 The Suffering in Deutero-Isaiah, Oxford Univ. (this 1948 (this extensive bibliography) bibliography); H. H. Rowley, Servant of work gives The Servant of gives an extensive Rowley, The etc. the Lord, Lutterworth Lutterworth Press, Press, London 1952; I 952; etc. the Lord, 38. On the the Messianic Messianic expectation the Old Testament, in the Testament, a mono38. expectation in in 1941 of A. graph appeared in the the Netherlands Netherlands in A. H. the hand of graph appeared in 1941 from the Edelkoort: De Christusverwachting in het het Oude Edelkoort: Oude Testament, Veenman, Testament, H. Veenman, Christusverwachting in Wageningen. F. E. E. Konig, Konig, Messianische Messianische Weissagungen, Further, F. Weissagungen, Wageningen. Further, C. Verlag, Stuttgart I925; H. Gressmann, Der Messias, Messias, 1929; Belser Verlag, G. Belser Gressmann, Der Stuttgart 1925; 1929; H. W. Wolff, Wolff, Herrschaft Herrschaft Jahwes Jahwes und Messiasgestalt im Alten Testament, und Messiasgestalt im Alien H. Testament, Vischer, Das Christuszeugnis des Alien Alten Testaments, Testaments, ZAW, 1936; Christuszeugnis des 1936; W. Vischer, Witness of the I-III, Zollikon Verlag, Verlag, Zurich Ziirich 1934I934- (E.T. I, The Witness of the vol. I, I-III, Zollikon (E.T. vol. Old to Christ); Buber, Das Konigtum Konigtum Gottes, B. Schocken M. Buber, Testament to Old Testament Gottes, B. Christ] i Halfte, Kirchliche Dogmatik, Dogmatik, IV, Verlag, IV, 3, Halfte, p. Barth, Kirchliche 60; p. 6o; 3, I 1932; K. Barth, Verlag, 1932; Church DogHalfte) pp. pp. 788-792. Dogsee also pp. 61-65 61-65 and (2 see also pp. 788-792. (E.T. (E.T. Church (2 Halfte) matics.) matics.)
;
; ;

Chapter Chapter

2 2

r. e.g., E. E. Riehm, Riehm, Der Der Missionsgedanke Missionsgedanke im Alien Alten Testament, i. So, Testament, So, e.g., AMZ, 1880; r88o; M. Lohr, Der Missionsgedanke Missionsgedanke im Alten Alten Testament, r8g6; Testament, 1896; Lohr, Der AMZ,
1 43

A. Bertholet, Berthelet, Die Die Stellung Stellung der der Israeliten Israeliten und Juden zu zu den Fremden, den Fremden, A. der Juden und der J. C. B. Mohr, Mohr, Tubingen Tiibingen 1896. I896. Further, Further, F. Bohl, Oud-Israel G. B. F. M. Th. Th. Bohl, Oud-Israel J. en de Zending; Mededeelingen, Mededeelingen, Tijdschrift en de pending; voor Zendingswetenschap, Tijdschrift voor Zendingswetenschap, I929. Otherwise Otherwise the the distinction between universal universal and missionary is distinction between missionary is 1929. not always kept clear; clear; M. Lohr, Lohr, op. p. 2, it entirely. not cit., p. 2, neglects always kept entirely. op. cit., neglects it 2. Thus, Thus, e.g., E. Sellin, Der Missionsgedanke Missionsgedanke im im Alien Alten Testament, 2. Testament, Sellin, Der e.g., E. NAMZ, 1925. I925. So also also H. H. Rowley, Rowley, The Missionary Message Message of cif the the The Missionary Old Testament, I944, pp. pp. 9-27, although, in to Moses' Moses' monoin regard Testament, 1944, regard to 9-27, although, whether Moses Moses regarded theism, he he does say, "For other gods as "For whether does say, theism, gods as regarded other real or or not, not, he certainly certainly regarded regarded them as negligible," p. p. 2I, real as negligible," 21, and later: "it is improbable that Moses Moses attained monotheism," p. p. 27. 27. "it is later: attained full full monotheism," improbable that
3.

3 So also was the also Rowley, the first first missionary cit. : "The man who was Rowley, op. missionary op. cit.
:

to History," History," p. p. 27. 27. known to 4 Of. Faith cif Israel, 1956, I956, p. p. I85: Cf. H. H. Rowley, The Faith 4. Rowley, The 185: "With him of Israel, (Deutero-Isaiah) universalism was was the of monotheism and the corollary corollary of (Deutero-Isaiah) universalism the world-wide world-wide mission mission of of Israel the corollary election." the of her her election." Israel the corollary of 5 E. op. cit., p. 70; H. H. Rowley, Rowley, Missionary Missionary Message, Message, pp. E. Sellin, cit., p. Sellin, op. pp. 5. 70; H. E. Jacob, VAncwn Testament, 46-64; E. de l'Ancien I77-I79 Testament, I956, 46-64; Jacob, TMologie Theologie de 1956, pp. pp. 177-179 (see note 2, 2, Chapter Chapter i I above). (see note above). 6. So Th. 6. Th. G. C. Vriezen, Vriezen, Die Die Erwdhlung Erwiihlung Israels, Israels, 1953, I953, pp. PP- 62-72, 62-72, and also Rowley, The Biblical Doctrine Doctrine cif Election; Th. C. also H. H. Rowley, The Biblical G. Vriezen, Vriezen, of Election:, De pending in het Zending in het Oude 98-Iro. Oude Testament, Testament, De Heerbaan, Heerbaan, I954, 1954, pp. pp. 98-110. Further Further see: see:J. Blauw, Goden Goden en Mensen, 1950, pp. 46-57; 46-57; M. Schmidt, en Mensen, Schmidt, J. Blauw, 1950, pp. Prophet und und Tempel, pp. 172-19I; 22I-229 Prophet Tempel, 1948, 1948, pp. 172-191; 221-229. is too the Servant 7 There is too much literature literature on Deutero-Isaiah Servant Deutero-Isaiah and the 7. of the the Lord to to be be listed listed here. here. G. C. R. North, The Suffering Servant in in North, The Suffering Servant Deutero-Isaiah, I948, good bibliography. bibliography. Of more recent recent Deutero-Isaiah, 1948, gives gives a good literature we will literature will cite N. H. Snaith, Servant of cif the Lord in cite only: in The Servant the Lord Snaith, The only: N. Deutero-Isaiah in Studies Deutero-Jsaiah in Studies in in Old Prophecy (to Old Testament Testament Prophecy Robinson,) (to Th. H. Robinson,) Ed. Glark, Clark, Edinburgh Edinburgh 1950; Servant cif Lord, Ed. the Lord, The Servant 1950; H. H. Rowley, Rowley, The of the etc., Press, London 1952; I952; P. Boer, Second Second P. A. H. de Boer, etc., Lutterworth Press, s Message, Isaiah* Isaiah's Message, Oudtestamentische Oudtestamentische Studien XI, 1956; I956; R. MartinMartinStudien XI, Achard, Israel Israel et et les les nations, nations, Delachaux Delachaux & Niestle, NeucM.tel & Paris, Paris, Achard, Niestle*, Neuchatel 1959 19598. Vriezen, op. cit., p. p. 67. 67. 8. So Vriezen, op. cit., g. Chapter II, II, pp. pp. I3-30, 9. Op. cit., Chapter Op. cit., 13-30, and especially 23-29. especially 23-29. 10. IO. Op. Op. dt., cit., p. p. 30. 30. 1 1 I I. Besides Besides the the commentaries, introduction and theologies the of the commentaries, introduction theologies of see among Old Testament, among others, others, H. H. Rowley, Biblical Doctrine Doctrine Testament, see Rowley, The Biblical if Election, pp. pp. 67, Missionary Message Message cifthe p. 67. Old Testament, 86; The Missionary ofElection, 67, 86; Testament, p. of the Old 67. 12. Faith cif Israel, p. r86. 12. H. H. Rowley, The Faith Rowley, The of Israel, p. 186. 13. statement by by H. Schmidt, Schmidt, Die Die grossen grossen Propheten, Propheten, 2nd ed., 13. The statement ed., pp. 483-487 483-487 (Van Hoeck, Gottingen 1923) remains a remarkable a remarkable remains pp. (Van den Hoeck, Gottingen 1923) one; in in this this citation citation he elaborates elaborates the the opinion as stated as as early one; opinion he stated early as
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tgo6 (Absicht Entstehungszeit des des Bitches Buches Jona, Jona, Theol. Theol. Studien Studien und 1906 (Absicht und Entstehungszeit Jonah is polemic against is a a polemic false the false Jonah against the is a a figure for Jerusalem; Jerusalem; if godless pagan pagan prophets; Nineveh is if even a godless even a prophets; figure for is spared, city is more, then, then, Jerusalem? city spared, how much more, Jerusalem? 14. cit., pp. pp. 45-47. 45-47. The opinion of A. A. Feuillet Feuillet is is found in Revue found in 14. Op. Op. cit., opinion of Le sense sense du du livre Jonas, pp. 340-361. Biblique 54, livre de de Jonas, Paris, Rome 1957, Biblique 54, Paris, 1957, Le pp. 340-361. 15. every theology theology of of the the Old Testament gives a Testament gives a treatment treatment 15. Almost every of of the the characteristic characteristic contrast contrast in in the the Old Testament nature Testament between between nature and history, history, between between naturalism naturalism and Heilsgeschichte. Heilsgeschichte. 1 6. So the 16. the outlook outlook of of R. R. Bultmann regarding regarding the the Old Testament. Testament. It is It is the history of the failure failure of God's covenant Israel; the the failure failure the history of the of God's covenant with with Israel; was unavoidable, Israel is not a a real unavoidable, because because a a people people of of God like is not like Israel real quantity, nor can can it it be, be, but but only only an eschatological of one. The sense sense of quantity, nor eschatological one. the the Old Testament is is the the manifestation manifestation of of this this failure. failure. This This conception conception of of Bultmann is is closely with his on connected with his eschatological outlook on closely connected eschatological outlook the the New Testament. Testament. See R. Bultmann, Bultmann, Weissagung Erfiillung, und Erfullung, Weissagung und Kritiken, 1906, tgo6, pp. pp. 180-199): Kritiken, 180-199):
Zeitschrift fur fur Theologie Zeitschrift Theologie und Kirche, Kirche, 1950, ff. 1950, pp. pp. s6o 360 fF. 17. Vischer, Das Christuszeugnis des Alien Alten Testaments, II, 1941, 17. W. Vischer, Testaments, II, Christuszeugnis des 1941, p. 8; Barth, Kirchliche Kirchliche Dogmatik, Dogmatik, IV, 3, p. p. 792. 8; K. Barth, IV, 3, p. 792. 1 8. See G. von Rad, 18. des Alien Alten Testaments, pp. 414-415. Rad, Theologie Testaments) I, I, pp. Theologie des 414-415. For the the significance the chokma, chokma, see see Chapter significance of the 3. Chapter 4, 4, 3 E. Sellin, 19. Der Missionsgedanke Missionsgedanke im Alten Testament, pp. 68-72; Testament pp. im Alien Sellin, Der 19. E. 68-72; P. II (Komm. (Komm. z. z. A. A. T.), p. 169, r6g, A. Deicherischen VerlagsP. Vo!z,Jesaja Deicherischen VerlagsVolzyjesaja II T.), p. buchhandlung, Leipzig; Eichrodt, Gottes die Volker, Gottes Volk und die Volk und Volker, buchhandlung, Leipzig; W. Eichrodt, EMM, 1942, g; Th. Th. C. C. Vriezen, Vriezen, Die Die Erwdhlung Erwiihlung Israels, Israels, p. 1942, Chapter Chapter 3; p. 65; 65; H. H. Rowley, Rowley, The Missionary Missionary Message Message of 46-64; the Old Testament, Testament, pp. pp. 46-64; of the E. Jacob, E. Jacob, Thiologie de !'Ancien PAncien Testament, Testament, p. Theologie de p. 179. 179. 20. P. Second Isaiah's Isaiah's Message, Message, Oudtestamentische 20. P. A. A. H. de Boer, Oudtestamentische Boer, Second XI, 1956, p. 90; go; N. H. Snaith, Servant of Lord in Studien, the Lord in Studien, XI, Snaith, The Servant of the 1956, p. Deutero-Isaiah, in in Studies Studies in Old Testament Prophecy, p. MartinTestament Prophecy, in Old Deutero-Isaiah, 191; R. Martinp. 191; et les Israel et nations, pp. pp. 2 21-30. Achard, les nations, Achard, Israel 130. 2 r. Particularly Particularly Snaith, op. cit., p. 191: find .. this this prophet prophet 21. Snaith, op. cit., p. 191 "We find to be essentially nationalistic in in attitude. attitude. He is is actually to be actually responsible essentially nationalistic responsible exclusive attitude post-exilic days. for the narrow narrow and exclusive for the of post-exilic attitude of so-called days. The so-called Universalism of Deutero-Isaiah needs needs considerable It considerable qualification." Universalism of Deutero-Isaiah qualification." It exseems to to me that that Snaith, his reaction reaction against in his the missionary seems Snaith, in missionary exagainst the character a one-sided the universalistic egesis and against universalistic character one-sided emphasis emphasis on the egesis against a of Deutero-Isaiah, Deutero-Isaiah, goes however too too far. of far. For example, example, when he goes however in. fear, explains the waiting of the nations nations in 4, as waiting inftar, in !sa. Isa. 42: as a waiting the waiting of the 42 4, explains of the then he he concedes concedes that that he he is is going going against against the the ordinary the then meaning of ordinary meaning to the word he must must.appeal to the "Syriac root" of the to Hebrew word; word; he root" to the "Syriac .appeal eliminates support his thesis! thesis!-op. cit., pp. pp. 193-194. 6, he eliminates 193-194. In 42: 42: 6, op. cit., support his "light to the the nations" nations" as as a gloss, p. 194. to 6, he keeps "light to keeps "light 49: 6, 194. In 49: gloss, p. "light to will be a the nations" but but he he interprets as follows: the Servant will a it as follows: the the nations" interprets it
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light wanderer home, p. 198, the etc. In the to guide Israelite wanderer home, p. light to 198, etc. guide every every Israelite in 45 same way way the the strong strong item item of 45: Snaith's thesis, of evidence evidence against thesis, in against Snaith's is treated treated thus thus-"verse 22 refers refers to to all the scattered 22, is scattered Israelites Israelites all the "verse 22 122, I97 amongst the the heathen heathen everywhere/' everywhere," p. p. 197. amongst for revela22. thinks here, here, for example, of 2: 32, light for revelaof Luke 2 22. One thinks for example, 32, "a light tion the Gentiles," expression strongly of DeuteroDeuteroreminiscent of tion to to the Gentiles/' an expression strongly reminiscent Isaiah; likewise Phil. Phil. 2 2: IQ-II, IO-I I, etc. be said the that the it can be said that etc. Of course course it Isaiah; likewise has disdisNew Testament Testament interpretation of Old Testament passages passages has interpretation of torted their original original intention. intention. But But one might reply reply that passages that the the passages torted their one might the in the Testament regarding regarding the the Old Testament contain contain the in the New Testament oldest interpretations interpretations we have, have, and on that that account commend themoldest priori. selves a priori. selves a et de Philo23. B. Jesus et les Patens, Paiens, Revue d'Histoire Philod'Histoire et B. Sundkler, et Us Sundkler, Jesus 23. also M. Schmidt, sophie pp. 462499. 462-499. See Prophet See also Schmidt, Prophet sophic Religieuses, Religieuses, I936, 1936, pp. is that und passim. My objection objection to that he to Sundkler's idea is und Tempel, Sundkler's idea Tempel, 1948, 1948, passim. puts too stress, I believe, on the Temple the mount of of the the I believe, too much stress, on the Temple and the puts I believe Temple as as the the centre, centre, as as the the "navel the earth". it would of the earth". I believe it "navel of Temple have been been sufficient sufficient to to name Israel because, with with a few few excepIsrael here, have here, because, excepin the play the the proprotions, as Ezekiel, the Temple not play the role role in does not such as tions, such Ezekiel, the Temple does phets which which Sundkler ascribes to to it. quite right in it. But Sundkler is is quite But Sundkler Sundkler ascribes right in phets he says at the the end his article the problem Jesus of Jesus what he article about end of of his about the problem of says at and the the Gentiles this goes goes also, mutandis, for the problem for the mutatis mutandis, Gentiles (and also, mutatis problem (and this of mission in the the Old Testament) Testament)-"Only the centripetal interpretaof mission in centripetal interpreta"Only the tion furnishes furnishes us us with with the the possibility possibility of the problem problem of of tion of a a solution solution to to the cit. Gentiles." Op. Jesus and the the Gentiles." Op. cit., p. 499 Jesus 499. p. 24. Martin-Achard, op. p. 48. 48. 24. R. Martin-Achard, cit., p. op. cit., Ibid., pp. pp. 71-72. 7I-72. 25. 25. Ibid.,,
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Chapter 3 Chapter 3 See, for example, example, what a relatively slight a relatively Messianism See, for place Messianism slight place in the the theologies theologies of of the the Old Testament of Eichrodt, Kohler, receives in receives of Eichrodt, Kohler, Procksch, von Rad, Rad, and Vriezen. Vriezen. Procksch, 2. 2. One thinks thinks here here of of the the resistance resistance which arose the arose against against the Christocentric exegesis exegesis of of the the first Christocentric first chapters of Genesis, for example, Genesis, for chapters of example, by K. Barth, Kirchliche Dogmatik Dogmatik III; III and especially of the the often often sharp Barth, Kirchliche by especially of sharp criticism which has criticism has been been levelled the European European continent against levelled on the continent against the the work (which is indeed indeed quite controversial) of Vischer, Das of W. Vischer, (which is quite controversial) Christuszeugnis des Alien Alten Testaments, I935-I942- See See G. von Rad, Testaments) 19351942. Christuszeugnis des Rad, Das des Alien Christuszeugnis Alten Testaments, I 935; W. Testaments, Theologische Christuszeugnis des Theologische Blatter, Blatter, 1935; Zur Frage Frage der der theologischen theologischen Exegese Exegese des des Alien Alten Testaments, Eichrodt, Eichrodt, gur Testaments, Theologische Blatter, 1938; I938; A. A. H. Edelkoort, Edelkoort, De Christusverwachting Theologische Blatter, Christusverwachting in het Oude Testament, in het I94I; N. N. W. Porteous, Porteous, Towards a Theology Towards a the Testament, 1941; Theology of of the Old Testament, of Theology, Theology, 1948, I 948, etc. Scottish Journal etc. Testament, Scottish Journal of
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logie,

3 So, So, for for example, example, G. G. Holscher, Holscher, Die Die Ursprunge Urspriinge derjudischen der jiidischen EschatoEschato3. logie, 1925. I925. One One fact fact which which tells tells against against this this theory theory has has been been pointed pointed by the the majority majority of ofcritics critics: the the Messiah Messiah is is rarely rarely designated designated "King", "King", out by out mostly as as "Ruler'*. "Ruler". Is Is this this to to avoid avoid too too great great a a similarity similarity or or identificaidentificamostly the non-Israelite non-Israelite gods gods who were were tion with with Israel's Israel's kings kings or or with with the tion (Of. TWNT I, I, pp. pp. 563 563 ff.) ff.) called "kings"? "kings"? (Cf. called 4 This This is is pointed pointed out out by by Edelkoort, Edelkoort, op. op. cit., cit., p. p. 13, I3, where where there there is is a a 4. reference to to J. J. Brierre Brierre Marbonne, Marbonne, Les Les prophetes prophetes messianiques messianiques de de I'Ancien l'Ancien reference Testament dans dans la la litter litterature juive, Paul Paul Geuthner Geuthner Librairie Librairie Orientaliste, Orientaliste, Testament ature juive, Paris Paris 1933. I933 Of. TWNT I, I, p. p. 565. 565. 5 Gf. 5. 6. This This is is emphatically emphatically stated stated by by H. H. H. Rowley, Rowley, The The Unity Uni~ of of the the 6. Bible, Carey Carey Kingsgate Kingsgate Press, Press, London 1953. I953 In In the the recent recent little little book Bible, by G. G. von von Rad, Rad, Moses, Moses, World World Christian Christian Books, Books, no. no. 32, 32, Lutterworth Lutterworth by is visible visible this this synthesis synthesis after after the the analysis; analysis; Press, London 1960, Ig6o, there there is Press, of course, course, in in his his Theologie Theologie des des Alien Alten Testaments. Testaments. Highly Highly imporimporlikewise, of likewise, tant tant are are von Rad's Rad's expositions expositions in in Vol. Vol. II, II, pp. pp. 329-424 329-424 (1960. (Ig6o. E.T. in in preparation). preparation) 7 See See here here the the important important exposition exposition by by K. K. Barth, Barth, Kirchliche Kirchliche DogDog7. matik, IV, IV, 3, 3, i I Halfte, Halfte, pp. pp. 52-78. 52-78. matik, Of. H. Gressmann, Gressmann, Der Der Messias, Messias, pp. pp. 472 472 fF. ff. 8. 8. Cf. g. So G. von von Rad in I, p. p. 565, "basileus". So G. in TWNT I, 9. 565, "basileus". IO. the Messianic Messianic exegesis exegesis of has been abanabanof Gen. 3: 10. Though 15 has 3: I5 Though the it is doned in in many many circles, I think it is even quite contested, I circles, and even strongly contested, quite strongly struck is not out remark that that an early Messianic note is indeed struck note out ofline of line to Messianic not to remark early is underthis is here in proinise of of the the serpent in the the promise of the the destruction destruction of here (if this serpent (if : I 5 must be read stood In any as an anti-godly stood as case, Gen. 3 3:15 any case, anti-godly power). power). In future history as in the the future a proinise enacted in as a be enacted of something to be history of man. something to promise of the read as a confession of the Geschichtsmiichtiglceit Gen. must also be as a confession also Gen. 3 be read Geschichtsmdchtigkeit 3 Testathe New Testa(power the light of Israel. In the in history) of the the God ofisrael. light of the history) of (power in ment fulfilment, this passage certainly takes on Messianic significance. Messianic takes this significance. fulfilment, passage certainly be Israel must be in Israel I. The Messianic I of the the priesthood u. Messianic significance priesthood in significance of limits the impotence of the priestly sacrifice, the limits interpreted negatively; of the the sacrifice, priestly interpreted negatively; impotence itself. The the priesthood of are more Messianic Messianic than the of priestly service are priesthood itsel priestly service effect impotence of the priestly sacrifice really to effect forgiveness "keeps to of the sacrifice "keeps forgiveness really impotence priestly the the wound open". Cf. TWNT III, "archiereus," p. 278. p. 278. III, "archiereus," open". Cf. it is is my intention I2. 12. Against others, it cit., p. Edelkoort, op. 76, and others, p. 76, Against Edelkoort, op. cit., also G. von Cf. also to this passage. of this fast to the Messianic Messianic exegesis to hold hold fast to the passage. Cf. exegesis of Rad, Moses, p. 78. Rad, Moses, p. 78. Ig. So H. W. Wolff, Theologie, Vriezen, Theologie, Wolff, HerrschaftJahwehs, p. I74; 174; Vriezen, Herrschaft Jahwehs, p. 13. So p. ff.; I, pp. 563 ff.; Rad, TWNT I, pp. 563 Messias, p. Gressmann, Messias, p. 27I; 271 von Rad, 239; Gressmann, p. 239; and and others. others. "The Servant of the Lord I4. note: "The I, p. Rad, TWNT I, p. 566, 566, note: 14. Von Rad, is no There is songs Messiah." There the Messiah." not refer refer to to the in Deutero-Isaiah Deutero-Isaiah do not songs in
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need here here for for us us to indicated in in to discuss discuss the the point. is indicated literature is point. The literature note 37, in TWNT V, further in in the the summary I, and further 37, Chapter V, Chapter I, summary in PP pp. 653-654. 653-654. all likelihood 15. likelihood the of the the Servant Servant of the Lord was interpreted 15. In all interpreted Messianically in pre-Christian see among times. For For this, others, sianically even in this, see pre-Christian times. among others, J. de Dieu Dieu et et sa sa venue, Niestle, NeuJ. Hering, venue, Delachaux & Niestle, Hering, Le r~aume rqyaume de & Paris, chatel & C. W. North, Paris, 1937, Servant, p. North, The Suffering p. 7 7. 67; C. 1937, p. p. 67; Suffering Servant, See also also TWNT V, ff. V, pp. pp. 685 685 ff. 1 6. Zimmerli, r6. Zimmerli, TWNT V, V, p. 669. p. 66g. 17. Testathe significance of the the remnant-an remnant an important 17. On the important Old Testasignificance of ment item item into to enter of enter because because of into which we have not not been able to been able shortness of shortness Doctrine of space-H. in The Biblical Biblical Doctrine has written written in space H. H. Rowley Rowley has to his of his remark on ed. 1953, Election, srd of Election, 3rd ed. object to 1953, pp. PP- 6g-g4. 69-94. We object pp. all the elect were of of all Israel not all the elect Israel was elect, elect, and not pp. 86-87: 86-87: "Not all Israel, There was thus of a nation nation Israel. the transition the conception thus the transition from the conception of to that that of a Church, toto of people held tothe thought of a body Church, from the thought of body of people held gether by their their common descent to that that of held together of a people descent to gether by together by by people held a common faith." faith." For For it not seem right it does to call call Israel Israel a to me to does not right to "nation with a common descent". that prohibits is the It is the election election that descent". It any prohibits any emphasis the very this element; is "a people Israel is emphasis on this element; from the very beginning beginning Israel people a shifting of the the held together by a It seems a common faith". faith". It seems to to me a together by shifting of Biblical Biblical witness witness to to compare compare the the relationship relationship of the remnant of Israel Israel and the to to that that of nation and Church. Church. I I think think one have to to speak speak of of a of nation one might might have faithful faithful and unfaithful unfaithful people people of unfaithful people people and a of God, God, an unfaithful remnant made faithful. faithful. This This is is not not to to deny Israel has has not not known that Israel deny that the tension of "nation and Church", the tension of "nation Church", but but it is to to deny it is that the the Old deny that Testament recognizes recognizes any Church-people opposition as we underunderany Church-people opposition as stand stand it it (with (with the the background background of of the the history history of of our our national national Churches). Churches). See also also TWNT IV, IV, pp. pp. 148-173 I48-173 under under "eklegomai" "eklegomai" (Quell); (Quell); O. Christus und 0. Cullmann, Cullmann, Christus und die die %eit, Zeit, Zollikon Zollikon Verlag, Verlag, Zurich Zurich 1946, 1946, Christ and pp. 99 99 ff. ff. (E.T. (E.T. Christ and Time). Time). pp. 18. r8. J].Jeremias, VI, p. p. 537, 537, points points out out that that "many" "many" occurs occurs Jeremias, TWNT VI, five five times, times, so so that that this this word becomes a characteristic characteristic of of this this passage passage of Scripture. Scripture. rg. In the the light light of of the the Messianic Messianic appropriation appropriation of of the the Servant Servant of of 19. the the Lord songs, songs, I I am inclined inclined to to approve approve of ofR. Martin-Achard in in his his R. Martin-Achard exegesis of of Isa. Isa. 42 42: 4: 4: The nations nations shall shall look look upon upon the the work work that that God exegesis has has done to to Israel. Israel. So Israel Israel et et Us les nations, nations, p. p. 26. 26. Apart Apart from from that, that, Martin-Achard, like like many many recent recent exegetes exegetes (P.A.H. (P.A.H. de de Boer, Boer, N. N. H. H. Martin-Achard, Snaith, and others) others) ignores ignores the the Messianic Messianic character character of of the the songs. songs. Snaith, 20. 20. I I pass pass by by the the question question as as to to an individual individual or or collective collective conconthe Son of ception of ofthe of Man (in (in connection connection with with Dan. Dan. 7: 7: 27). 27). For For this this ception see Messianische Weissagungen, Weissagungen, 3rd srd ed., ed., 1925, 1925, p. p. 309; sag; see F. F. E. E. Konig, Konig, Messianische Edelkoort, Christusverwachting, Christusverwachting, pp. pp. 497 497 ff., ff., and the the commentaries. commentaries. Edelkoort,
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Personally, I believe that that we must take take account certain I believe here of a certain account here of a Personally, as we must in just as the figure in DeuteroDeuterofluidity, in the of the the Servant Servant in fluidity, just figure of Isaiah. the representative representative function the Servant Isaiah. Furthermore, function of of both both the Servant Furthermore, the of the of the the Son of of Man forms forms a between the individual of the Lord and of a link link between the individual and the the collective collective "poles". This conception renders superfluous the "poles". This conception renders superfluous the forced solution of of the the difficulties in Dan. 7 by Edelkoort Edelkoort forced solution difficulties in as presented 7 as presented by (op. cit., p. p. 500 sao-non-Messianic elaboration of Messianic non-Messianic elaboration of originally (op. cit.y originally Messianic Rad, Theologie des A.T. A.T. II, pp. 264-274. 264-274. material). G. von Rad, also G. material). See also II, pp. Theologie des Messias, pp. pp. 344 2 r. H. Gressmann, 21. ff. Gressmann, Der Messias, 344 ff. 22. There is is a a remarkable remarkable exegesis the hand of the Jewish Jewish 22. There of the from the exegesis from the matter matter of Isa. 53; exegete regarding the of the of sin the bearing in Isa. sin in exegete M. Buber regarding bearing of 53 this is found found in in Het Het Geloof van Israel Israel (The Faith of Israel) in this is of Israel) in the the Dutch Geloofvan (The Faith symposium edited edited by by G. v. d. Leeuw, De Godsdiensten Godsdiensten der der Wereld, d. Leeuw, G. v. 2nd Wereld, 2nd symposium p. 300. According to to Buber, Buber, this the ed., 1948, sin cannot refer to this sin cannot refer to the ed., 1948, p. 300. According transgressions Israel, for these are are borne borne by by God Himself. of Israel, for these Himself. Buber transgressions of refers the nations not do refers to to Hos. 14: nations do not 3, Jer. Jer. 33:.24. 14: 3, gods of the 33: 24. The gods the gods this; the gods bow under under the the load, load, but but they it. (So cannot carry this; they cannot carry it. (So Buber explains explains Isa. Isa. 46: 46: 2.) 2.) Now the the Servant the Lord will will do what what of the Servant of the do, namely, namely, bear bear the painful evil of the the gods the ills ills and the the painful evil of the gods cannot do, sins of the Isa. 53: sins the nations, nations, Isa. Isa. 53 53: 4. 4 "My people", then, in put in Isa. is put 8, is 53 8, people", then, in the mouth of of each of the the kings kings who, who, as Isa. 52: in the it appears each of as it appears from Isa. 52 13-15, is on his his feet. feet. Although Although this this exegesis to me forced forced and 13-15, is exegesis appears appears to untenable, it has this this much truth-that the bearing bearing of of sin it certainly sin truth that the untenable, certainly has of the the nations. nations. In this respect the the exegesis of this also includes includes those those of also this respect this exegesis of son of Israel is is an an unsuspected unsuspected witness witness for the Old Testament preachson of Israel for the preachthe world-redeeming world-redeeming power power of ing of of the of Messianic Messianic suffering (even ing suffering (even though Buber himself himself conceives conceives of of the the Servant the Lord not not as as of the Servant of though Buber but as or individually individually Israelite). Israelite). personally Messianic, as collectively Messianic, but personally collectively or 23. The contrast contrast existing existing here here with with the missionary the older older directly directly missionary 23. not so irreconcilable as glance. exegesis is at first first glance. so irreconcilable as it it perhaps seems at is not exegesis perhaps seems along, I believe, when we can come to to the the are much further I believe, further along, We are following communis in regard regard to to the the Old Testament: Testament communis opinio following opinio in (a) There is is no no explicit, explicit, but but only only at of indication of at best best an implicit implicit indication (a) There in of mission mission in in the the centrifugal centrifugal sense. idea of mission can in mission sense. The idea consequence only be derived derived (at the eschatological eschatological (at best) only be best) from the consequence passages and is is never never to to be be read read directly. and Messianic Messianic passages directly. (b) as an act of men men lies lies quite the Old Testament outside the Mission as act of quite outside (b) Mission of concern. circle of circle concern. Israel rise, (c) in the the liturgy liturgy of ofisrael Psalms) does as it it does Israel Israel (the rise, as Only in (the Psalms) (c) Only were, above above herself herself and call call the nations to to universal universal praise, the nations praise, were, in the the acts acts of God in in which still, still, however, however, finds finds its its inspiration which inspiration in and with with Israel. Israel. For this, this, see pp. 400-405, 400-405, under "eirene"; C. 24. see TWNT II, "eirene"; J. J. C, II, pp. 24. For Evangelism, IRM, 1950, 162~175. Hoekendijk, The The Call Call to to Evangelism, 1950, pp. pp. 162-175. Hoekendijk,
;
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Chapter 4 4 Chapter
I. the earlier earlier literature literature (before this subject I only I. Of the (before 1930) subject I 1930) on this only mention (in (in chronological chronological order): order) A. Bertholet, Berthelet, Die Die Stellung Stellung der der Israeliten Israeliten und Juden zu zu den den Fremden, Fremden, der Juden und der 1896. 1896. K. Axenfeld, Diejiidische Propaganda Propaganda als K. als Vorliiufirin und Wegbereiterin der Axenfeld, Diejudische Vorlduferin und Wegbereiterin der urchristlichen Mission. Festschrift Festschrift fur fur G. G. Warneck, urchristlichen Mission. Warneck, 1904. 1904. P. Wendland, Die hellenistisch-romische Kultur in Beziehungen zu zu ihren Beziehungen hellenistisch-romische Kultur in ihren P. Wendland, Die Judentum und 2. AufL Aufl. J. B. Mohr, Mohr, Ti.ibingen G. B. und Christentum, Christentum, 2. Tubingen 1912. J. C. 1912. Judentum A. Causse, propaganda juive juive et hellenisme, Revue d'Histoire et l' A. d'Histoire et et de de Vhellenisme, Causse, La propaganda Philosophie religieuses, religieuses, II, II, I923. Philosophic 1923. Die Religion Religion des des Judentums Judentums im im spiithellenistischen W. Bousset, Bousset, Die eitalter, spathettenistischen :{:,Citalter, 3 Aufl. J. J. G. C. B. B. Mohr, Mohr, Tubingen Tiibingen I926. 1926. 3. Aufl. A. Les disperses Etudes Strassbourg I929 d Israel. Etudes Paris 1929. A. Causse, Causse, Les 19, Paris Strassbourg 19, disperses d'Israel. G. Rosen, Das Das antike Judentum als als Missionsreligion Missionsreligion und und die die Entstehung Entstehung der antike Judentum der G. Rosen, jiidischen Diaspora. Diaspora. Neu bearbeitet bearbeitet und erweitert Fr. Rosen Rosen erweitert von Fr. judischen G. Bertram. Ti.ibingen 1929; und G. Bertram. Tubingen 1929; the literature from 1930 I 930 onwards: onwards: and of of the literature from F. M. Derwacter, Preparing the for Paul, Paul, The Proselyte Prose(yte Movement Movement in F. the Way in Derwacter, Preparing Way for later Judaism. later Judaism. The Macmillan Company, Company, New York 1930. 1930. A. Causse, Le judaisme avant Jesus Christ. 93 I. Christ. Paris Paris I Causse, Lejudaisme avantjtsus 1931. Paul Volz, Joh. Hempel Hempel (Herausgeber), und Fr. Stummer, Paul Werden und Stummer, Joh. Volz, Fr. (Herausgeber), Werden Wesen des A.T.: A. T.: Vortriige gehalten auf auf der der internationalen internationalen Tagung a.t. Wesen des Vortrdge gehalten Tagung a.t. licher Forscher zu zu Gottingen vom 410 4-10 Sept. 1935, Alfred Alfred Topelmans, licher Forscher Gottingen vom Sept. 1935, Topelmans, Berlin this work especially: A. Causse, Sagesse et et la In this Berlin 1936. la Causse, La Sagesse 1936. In especially: A. & Vlpoque propagandajuive l'epoque perse perse et hellenistique, pp. pp. 148-154 et hellenistique, juwe a propaganda 148-154. B. B. J. J. Bamberger, Prose(ytism in in the the Talmudic Period, Hebrew Union Talmudic Period^ Bamberger, Proselytism College Press, Cincinnati 1939 Press, Cincinnati College 1939. Charles, Religious Religious development development between R. between the R. H. Charles, and New Testaments. the Old Old and Testaments. Oxford Univ. Univ. Press, Press, revised revised ed. ed. 1945 1945. P. Dalbert, Die Die Theologie der hellenistisch-judischen hellenistisch-judischen Missionsliteratur Missionsliteratur unter unter P. Dalbert, Theologie der Ausschluss von von Philo Philo und Josephus, Theol. Herausgeber Ausschluss und JosephuS) Theol. Forschung, Forschung, Herausgeber H. W. Bartsch Bartsch IV Herb. Herb. Reich, Reich, Evang. Evang. Verlag Hamburg VolksVolksVerlag Hamburg dorf I954 1954. E. Stauffer The works works of of E. are of of importance importance to those who want want to to StaufFer are to those at the understand Judaism Judaism at the time time of the the beginning beginning of the Christian Christian understand of the of the Church in in the the light light of the Qumran Qumran literature. literature. Stauffer StaufFer gives a good gives a good and popular popular survey survey in: in: Jerusalem Jerusalem und Z,eitalter Jesu Jesu Christi, und Rom im %eitalter Christi Dalp Taschenbiicher Band 33I, Francke Verlag, Berne & & Munich Dalp Taschenbiicher 331, Francke Verlag, Berne I957, with with 32 32 pages pages of of notes. notes. 1957, 2. Derwacter, op. op. cit. cit., p. p. 119. I I g. 2. Derwacter, 3 Ibid., Ibid., p. p. 76. 76. 3. 4 Bamberger, Bamberger, op. op. cit. cit., pp. pp. 17-19. 4. 17-19.
:

150 150

7 G. Rosen, Rosen, etc., etc., op. op. cit., cit., p. p. 25. 25. 7. G. 8. A. 8. A. v. v. Harnack, Die Mission Mission und Ausbreitung des den und Ausbreitung des Christentums Christentums in in den Harnack, Die ersten drei Jahrhunderten. ersten drei Jahrhunderten. 4. 4 Aufl, Aufl. J. J. C. C. Hinrichs, Leipzig 1924, I924, p. p. 12. 12. Hinrichs, Leipzig g. refer to to the the important important work ofP. any of P. Dalbert. Dalbert. We cannot cannot go 9. We refer go any further into further into it. it. 10. Bamberger Bamberger in in particular particular resists resists the the accepted the idea that that the accepted idea Christian Christian Church dislodged Jewish missionary missionary effort. effort. dislodged and expelled expelled Jewish He supports his opinion by references references to to the Halaga and the the Haggada. the Halaga supports his opinion by Haggada. n. 1 I. Bamberger, pp. 267-273. 267-273. The words cited on page are on cited are cit., pp. Bamberger, op. op. cit., page 272. 272. P. Dalbert, op. cit., pp. 23-26. 23-26. 12. 12. P. Dalbert, op. cit., pp. 13. G. Bertram injuden inJuden und und Phonizier, PMnizier, p. p. g6. 13. G. 36. 14 Ibid., p. p. 49. 49 14. Ibid., I 5 Ibid., Ibid.' p. p. 141. 15. 141. 1 6. Ibid., Ibid., p. p. 36. 36. 16. 17. Ibid., pp. pp. 49-50. 49-50. 17. Ibid., 1 8. Jewish Sibylle III, 18. Jewish Sibylle III, 195. 195. 19. Satires I, I, 4, 4, 143 Bertram, op. p. 151. I5I. Horace, Satires cit., p. 19. Horace, 143. G. Bertram, op. cit., P. Dalbert, 20. P. Dalbert, op. passim, and particularly 20. cit., passim, op. cit., particularly pp. pp. 124-143. 124-143. 2 I. For For earlier earlier literature literature we refer refer to Baumgartner's survey, 21. to W. Baumgartner's survey, Die Israelitische Israelitische Weisheitsliteratur, Weisheitsliteratur, Theologische Theologische Rundschau 1933, 1933, pp. 259-300; Galling, Stand Stand und Aufgabe Atifgabe der der Kohelet Kohelet Forschung, Forschung, pp. 259-300; K. Galling, Theol. also the notes Theol. Rundschau 1934; I934; pp. pp. 355-373. notes in in R. R. H. 355-373. See also Pfeiffer, Introduction Introduction to Testament, Harper Harper Bros., the Old Testament, to the Bros., New York and Pfeiffer, in Jewish London, pp. 873-875; C. Rylarsdam, Revelation in Jewish London, 1941, Rylarsdam, Revelation 1941, pp. 873-875; C. 95 I; H. J. J. Kraus, Kraus, Die Verkiindigung der Weisheit, wisdom literature, literature, I Weisheit, Verkundigung der 1951; Bibl. Heft 2, I951; G. von Rad, des A.T. A. T. I, Bibl. Studien Heft 2, 1951; Rad, Theologie I, 1957, Theologie des 1957, pp. 439-451. 439-451. For general information: see the introductions the see the introductions to to the general information: pp. comments on Proverbs. Proverbs. 22. Von Rad, p. 442. 442. 22. Rad, op. cit., p. op. cit., Ibid., p. p. 444. 444 23. Ibid., 23. 24. This This was mainly mainly inspired inspired by by Ecclesiasticus Ecclesiasticus 17, in particular particular 1 7, and in 24. by 17 I7 (SeptuagintAlfr. Rahlfs ed. ed. Vol. Vol. II, p. 405: ordered v. 17 II, p. 405: "He ordered by 17 v. (Septuagint Alfir. Rahlfs that each each nation nation should but the inherits Israel"). Israel"). should have a leader leader but the Lord inherits that 25. Von Rad, op. cit., cit., p. p. 449. 449 Rad, op. 25. I would have to to the 26. I I thought thought at at first that I to restrict restrict myself myself to the first that 26. that the data be found found in the Bible Bible in the survey the I.M.G. I.M.C. asked in the asked me in the data to to be survey that to write. write. However, the "European "European Consultation" the first Consultation" on the first to However, during during the in Geneva (July draft held in u-14, I was asked to to draft of of my survey, 1-14, 1960), 1960), I survey, held (July 1 about the the period period between between Old Testament and New add something something about Testament particularly about This short the wisdom literature. literature. This short about the Testament and particularly that request. wa$ written written to to comply comply with with that I did not have have time, chapter was did not time, request. I chapter
151

6. op. cit., cit., p. p. 6. Derwacter, Derwacter, op.

5 Dalbert, 5. Dalbert,

22. op. cit., p. 22.

op. cit., p.

21. 21.

however, to to deal extensively with with either the diaspora mission or the or the either the deal extensively however, diaspora mission I chokma the Old Testament. Testament. In the brief In my brief mention I of the chokma of my opinion opinion the
this survey is sufficient sufficient for for the the purpose purpose for which this for which it is made of of it survey was However, in of the the relation relation between revelation and a study between revelation in a However, study of religion ("the ("the Word of the living the chokma chokma faiths of of men") of God and the men") the living faiths religion would have have to to be be dealt dealt with with in in great detail would great detail! 3 has been been incorporated in this this chapter not in in in Chapter 3, in Chapter 3, chapter and not 3 has incorporated in Bible spite the fact fact that that it, it, unlike unlike 1 the Bible data from the i and 2, deals with with data of the 2, deals spite of the following following reasons: reasons: itself, for the itself, for the It seems seems to to me that that in in the the present present state into the of the the investigation state of It investigation into chokma (c.q. my my limited limited knowledge knowledge of it cannot very of this this investigation) chokma (c.q. veryinvestigation) it be decided decided whether whether chapters Proverbs should well of Proverbs conshould be conwell be 1-9 of chapters 1-9 sidered be (late) post-exile. I I think think that that the chokma, the chokma, of the nature of to be the nature sidered to (late) post-exile. particularly when seen seen as the starting starting point point and stimulus stimulus for for apocalypas the apocalypparticularly missionary activity after the the exile, justifY 3's tics tics and missionary exile, partly 3*3 being partly justify being activity after I hope incorporated this chapter. chapter. I hope I be forgiven this irregularity irregularity I may in this forgiven this may be incorporated in (from the point of of view view of like the the present, a survey In a the point of composition). survey like present, composition). In (from in which considerations the history history of salvation play in which of the of salvation considerations of play an important important role, the the phenomenon phenomenon of of the the almost almost "a-historic" is a healthy chokma is "a-historic" chokma role, healthy the history history of counterbalance to a too rectilinear rectilinear idea of the idea of of salvation. a too salvation. counterbalance to 27. the document of the World Council of Churches on Council of of the See the 27. See Proselytism and and Religious Religious Liberty Liberty in proselytism: Christian in the the Christian Witness, Witness, Proselytism proselytism: S1tting of ofthl the World World Council Council of Churches, 1956. of Churches, Sitting 1956.

written. written.

Chapter Chapter
1. i
.

5 5

B. Sundkler in Jdsus B. Jesus et Paiens, Revue d'Histoire et les Us Patens, Sundkler in d'Histoire et et de de Philosophic Philosophic in 1937 also published Religieuses, pp. 462-499, 462-499, also in Arbeiten Arbeiten 16, 1936, Religieuses, 16, published in 1936, pp. 1937 in und aus dem neutestamentlichen und Mitteilungen Mitteilungen aus neutestamentlichen Seminar Seminar zu zu Uppsala, 1937, Uppsala, 1937, pp. 1-38. 1-38. pp. Because these older conceptions are to be Because these older conceptions are perhaps still thought thought to perhaps still tenable in certain quarters, may call to them here. tenable in certain call some attention attention to here. quarters, we may the nineteenth In the nineteenth century various scholars scholars (Strauss, Holzcentury various Weiss, Holz(Strauss, Weiss, mann, others) maintained maintained that that Jesus a mann, among among others) Jesus gradually gradually came from a particularistic point point of of view view to to a conviction universalism. This This conviction of of universalism. particularistic of the the nineteenth nineteenth century, was stigmatized evolutionary idea, idea, typical typical of evolutionary century, was stigmatized by Gustav Gustav Warneck as as a fantasy; fantasy; for this conviction for this conviction he he depended by depended upon the the systematic systematic work of of M. Kahler. Kahler. upon A. v. v. Harnack (1906) universalism" of of "intensive universalism" the "intensive emphasized the (1906) emphasized Jesus, though though Jesus Jesus kept kept mission mission beyond beyond His His horizon. horizon. Against Against this this Jesus, view F. F. Spitta by suggesting Jesus Himself Himself (rgo8) protested, protested, by that Jesus Spitta (1908) suggesting that worked and preached preached beyond beyond the the borders of Israel. Israel. Following borders of Following him the the Roman Catholic scholar M. Meinertz Meinertz ( rgo8) also Catholic scholar the also opposed (1908) opposed the

survey and discussion discussion of of the the older given by A survey is given older conceptions by conceptions is

152 152

universalism". Meinertz later (1926) clarified universalism". later (1926) his position clarified his position ing clearly that that Jesus jesus willed willed the the mission mission to the Gentiles. to the Gentiles. ing clearly different angle, different angle,

"intensive universalism" of Harnack, proposing in its its stead "intensive universalism" of Harnack, stead "explicit proposing in "explicit by suggestsuggestby

A. Schweitzer attacked the problem from a A. Schweitzer (1930) the problem a completely (1930) attacked completely by emphasizing the eschatological jesus' character of ofJesus' by emphasizing the eschatological character universalism: "Jesus thought universalistically universalistically and acted particuuniversalism: acted particu"Jesus thought laristically." by contrast, contrast, suggests of the the B. Sundkler, that the the solution solution of Sundkler, by laristically." B. suggests that problem can only only be be found found (i) (1) by by dropping the false false alternative alternative bebeproblem dropping the particularism and universalism; universalism; (2) by turning attention tween particularism our attention turning our (2) by to the eschatological significance significance of Jerusalem and especially to the eschatological of Zion, Zion, Jerusalem especially Temple as the reintegration reintegration centre the world. as the of the centre of world. Temple The most important important studies this question have appeared studies on this question which have appeared since Sundkler's the following: A. Dahl, Das Volk since Sundkler's essay are the Volk Gottes, N. A. Dahl, Das Gottes, essay are following: N. Skrifter Utgitt ar det Norske Norske Videnskaps Videnskaps Akademi, pp. Skrifter Utgitt ar det Oslo 1941, Akademi, Oslo 1941, pp. 143-167; David, Throne of ed., 1942; Hebert, The Throne \ 2nd ed., 143-167; A. G. Hebert, of David 1942; H. Stoevesandt, Jesus und und die die Heidenmission, Heidenmission, 1943 only a a resume resume Stoevesandt, Jesus 1943 (of (of which only is accessible, is Literaturzeitung 1949, p. 242); in Theologische accessible, in Theologische Literaturzeitung 1949, p. 242); R. Liechtenhan, Die Die Urchristliche Mission, Zwingli Zwingli Verlag, Zurich 1946; Urchristliche Mission, Liechtenhan, Verlag, Zurich 1946; T. T. W. Manson, Jesus and and the the Non-Jews, Non-Jews, Athlone Press, Press, London 1955; Manson, Jesus 1955; and particularly particularly J. J. Jeremias, Jeremias, jfesu Jesu Verheissung fiir die die Volker, Volker, KohlVerheissung fur hammer Verlag, to the the Nations'). Verlag, Stuttgart (E.T. Jesus' Jesus' Promise Promise to Nations). 1956 (E.T. Stuttgart 1956 The last-named bibliography in in chronological last-named work gives order, gives a bibliography chronological order, is virtually virtually complete; complete; however, however, the the above-cited of which is above-cited works works of die Sundkler and Jeremias are missing, missing, as as is und die Christus und is 0. O. Cullman, Gullman, Christus Jeremias are Zeit, 1946 (E.T. Christ Christ and Time). %eit, Time). 1946 (E.T. Subsequent to the the work of ofJeremias there appeared: O. Cullmann, Gullmann, Subsequent to Jeremias there appeared: 0. Die Christologie Neuen Testaments, Mohr, Tiibingen Die B. Mohr, des Neuen C. B. Testaments, J. Tubingen 1957 1957 J. C. Christologie des (E.T. The the New Testament), opens new apThe Christology of the Testament), which opens ap(E.T. Christology of proaches to to this this problem; problem; and H. H. W. Bartsch, Bartsch, Die Die PassionsPassions- und und proaches Ostergeschichten bei Matthdus Matthiius in Basileia, I1959 959 ( W. Freytag Freytag zum 6o. 60. in Basileia, Osiergeschichten bei (W. Geburtstag), pp. 27-41. extensive work by Ridderbos, De by H. N. Ridderbos, Geburtstag], pp. 27-41. The extensive since Komst van van het Koninkrijk, J. ]. H. Kok, Kok, Kampen Kampen 1950, has since het Konirikrijk, Komst 1950, which has the appeared in the U.S.A. the title The Coming of the Kingdom the title in the U.S.A. under Kingdom Coming of appeared (Presbyterian Pub!. Cy., also Cy., Philadelphia Philadelphia 1961) 1961) also (Presbyterian and Reformed Publ. gives much material. material. gives in missionary I think the main we can now speak a consensus consensus in of a I in the think in missionary speak of I believe, the problem problem before before us, us, particularly, believe, thanks thanks circles regarding regarding the circles particularly, I to the the writings writings of Jeremias, which have attracted great attracted great of Sundkler Sundkler and Jeremias, to attention everywhere. attention everywhere. The observations this chapter chapter are by are inspired in this observations made in particular by inspired in particular the publications publications which which have appeared appeared since in 1936. Sundkler's essay since Sundkler's the 1936. essay in tit. 9 p. 2. This is is pointed pointed out by by Jeremias, p. 35 2. 35. Jeremias, op. op. cit., is found in Jere3 An excellent discussion of these two passages Jereexcellent discussion of these 3. passages is mias, pp. 16-22 pp. 9-16. g-r6. 16-22 and pp. mias, op. cit., pp. op. cit., the the

l53

4 Jeremias, Jeremias, op. op. cit., cit., pp. pp. 22-32. 22-32. 5 J. Hempel, Hempel,Der Dersynoptische synoptischeJesus Jesusund unddas dasAlte Alte Testament, Testament, ZAW ZAW 1938, 1938, no erected has pp. 1-33, particularly p. 29: ''Jesus has erected no 'national' 'national' "Jesus 29: pp. 1-33, particularly p. barriers; He He has has removed removedin in a alasting lastingmanner manner the thebasis basis of ofthe thenational national barriers; but make to exclusiveness of of Judaism, when it was able to make proselytes, but He He able it was when proselytes, exclusiveness Judaism, has not notshattered shattered the the historical historical continuity continuity of ofrevelation." revelation." has 6. Jeremias, Jeremias, op. op. tit., cit., pp. pp. 34-39. 34-39. Jeremias' Jeremias' interpretation interpretation of of Luke Luke 6. 4: 22 is noteworthy. He sees in this verse verse the the resistance resistance of of the the Jews Jews 4: 22 is noteworthy. He sees in this against Jesus' preaching of grace for the Gentiles. The The inhabitants inhabitants of of against Jesus' preaching of grace for the Gentiles. Nazareth would would have have resented resented it it because because Jesus Jesus had had eliminated eliminated the the Nazareth thought of of vengeance vengeance from from the the eschatological eschatological expectation expectation (cf. (cf. Luke Luke thought 4: r8 and Isa. 6r: 2). He points out the the analogy analogy in in Matt. Matt. 1r 11: 5 5 ff. ff. 4: 18 and Isa. 61 2). He points out from Isa. are (Luke 7: 22 ff.), where the prophetic promises are quoted from Isa. the where 22 quoted promises prophetic ff.), (Luke 7: 35: 4 4 ff., ff., 29: 29: 18 r8 ff., ff., 61 6r: 1-2, 1-2, without without a a mention mention of of the the vengeance vengeance of of 35: God which which is is explicitly explicitly stated stated in in the the Isaiah Isaiah passages. passages. God In spite spite of of the the arguments, arguments, I I cannot cannot agree agree in in this this respect respect with with the the In it Is not excellent. is so study of Jeremias, which in other respects is so excellent. Is it not other in which of respects Jeremias, study quite beyond beyond debate debate that that Nazareth Nazareth objected objected particularly particularly to to the the quite Messianic declarations declarations of ofJesus Jesus ("Is ("Is this this not not Joseph's Joseph's son?" Luke 4 4: 22) 22) Messianic and thus thus also also to to His His appropriation appropriation of of the the eschatological eschatological promises promises of of and salvation? I I do do not not deny deny that thatJesus, in His His proclamation proclamation of of salvation salvation salvation? Jesus, in for the the Gentiles, Gentiles, was was also also touching touching a very very raw nationalistic nationalistic nerve. nerve. for 7 Jeremias, op. cit., pp. 40-44. cit., pp. 40-44. 7. Jeremias, op. en Zelfverberging, 8. H. N. N. Ridderbos, Zelfopenbaring en Zelfverberging, J. J. H. Kok, Kok, 8. H. Ridderbos, Zelfopenbaring het van Kampen 1950, passim; Komst van het Koninkrijk, 1954, pp. Komst De 35~68 1954, Koninkrijk, pp. 35-68 Kampen 1950, passim; des Neuen Testaments, (see note I above); 0. Cullmann, Die Die Christologie Testaments, Christologie des (see note i above) O. Cullmann, is 1957, 138-rg8 (see note r where further bibliography i above) note J 957^ pp. bibliography is above) PP- 138-198 (see given. given. g. For the complex of of questions expectasurrounding (Messianic) (Messianic) expectaquestions surrounding 9. For the complex tion Erfilllung, G. Ki.immel, also: W. G. see also: Kiimmel, Verheissung tion and and fulfilment, undErfullung, Verheissung und fulfilment, see 1945, zur eschatologischen ed. 1953; 2nd ed. Verkundigung eschatologischen Verkilndigung Untersuchungen zur 1953; Untersuchungen 1945, 2nd Testaments :Jesu des Alten und Neuen Testaments zur Theologie Theologie des (Abhandlungen zur Jesu (Abhandlungen Eschatothe Eschatoand 6), Zwingli Verlag, ZUrich. (E.T. Promise and Fulfilment; the Promise Zurich. Fulfilment; (E.T. 6), Zwingli Verlag, logical Message of Jesus.) logical Message of Jesus.) 10. 6. this see see Chapter For this 10. For Chapter 6. of the the as the the Servant Servant of II. about Jesus as literature aboutJesus the ext~ive From the extensive literature 11. From can in these one here Lord a few recent works are cited here (and in these one can are cited works recent a few Lord only (and only E. LohLoholder works): find further literature, to further reference to find reference works) E. literature, particularly particularly older Biblicae Upsalienses meyer, Gottesknecht und Davidssohn, Symbolae Biblicae und Gottesknecht Davidssohn, Upsalienses Symbolae meyer, H. W. ed. 1953; W. Wolff, 2nd ed. E. E. Muukogaard, Wolff, Sweden, 1945, 1953; H. Hafulae, Sweden, 1945, 2nd Muukogaard, Hafulae, ed. 2nd ed. Jesaja 53 im Urchristentum, Evang. Verlagsanstalt, Berlin, 2nd im Berlin, Verlagsanstalt, Urchristentum, Evang. Jesaja 53 in Pro Pro Regno--Pro Knecht in 1950; der Knecht und der M. Buber, Sanctuario, Regno Pro Sanctuario, Buber, Jesus Jesus und 1950; M. Feestbundel G. F. F. Callenbach, d. Leeuw, v. d. G. v. FeestbundelG. Callenbach, Nijkerk 1950; J. Jeremias, Leeuw, G. Nijkerk rgso;J.Jeremias, T. W. The "Pais W. Manson in TWNT TWNT V, Theou" in "Pais Theou" 1 The Manson, V, 1952, 676-713; T. 1952, pp. pp. 676-713;
4.
5. J.
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Servant Messiah, Messiah, Cambridge Cambridge Univ. Univ. Press, Press, 1953; Die Servant O. Cullmann, Cullmann, Die 1953; 0. Christologie des Neuen Neuen Testaments, Testaments, 1957, 50-8! (see note I above). Christologie des above). 1957, pp. pp. 50-81 (see note 12. for example, Liechtenhan (Urchr. Mission, p. p. 40), 12. So, RidderSo, for example, Liechtenhan (Urchr. Mission, 40), Ridderbos het Koninkrijk, bos (Komst Koninkrijk, p. p. 328), Jeremias (TWNT V, van het (Komst van V, p. 328), Jeremias p. 713, 713, VI, pp. pp. 536-545). VI, 536-545). 13. Lohse, Mdrtyrer Miirtyrer und Vandenalso E. See also E. Lohse, und Gottesknecht, 13. See Gottesknecht, etc., etc., Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, Gottingen 1955; Jesu Verheissung Rupprecht, Gottingen J. Jeremias, Verheissung Jeremias, Jesu 1955; J. fur die die Volker, p. 45 45 (E.T. (E.T. Jesus' Jesus' Promise Promise to Nations). to the the Nations). Volker, p. fur 14. Ibid., pp. pp. 45-46. 14. Ibid., 45-46. 15. Ibid., pp. pp. 48-53. 48-53. 15. Ibid., too much emphasis the Temple the 16. 1 6. Doesn't Doesn't Sundkler Sundkler lay as the lay too emphasis on the Temple as "navel of the the earth"? this general may not not "navel of earth"? Though oriental image Though this general oriental image may been foreign foreign to to Israel, Israel, I I do do not not think think it impute to to the the have been it right to impute right to Temple significance. Outside Outside of Ezekiel, nowhere in so much significance. of Ezekiel, in the the Old Temple so Testament do we find the Temple the centre. Testament find the called the centre. Jerusalem Temple called Jerusalem and Zion, do. I think this this is is not not without without significance the I think in relation relation to to the Zion, we do. significance in dying out out of of the the Temple service in the first first century in Israel in the Israel in dying Temple service century A.D. I levelled of the the overemphasis overemphasis on the the Temple which I levelled in in The criticism criticism of Temple which en Mensen, Goden en 1 would now make stronger. my Coden Mensen, 1950, p. 1 uo, the 10, I 1950, p. stronger. In the same spirit, see Liechtenhan, Liechtenhan, op. cit., p. p. 37 spirit, see op. cit., 37. It occurs It occurs to to me that that Jeremias, Jeremias, op. p. 52, has taken taken over over and cit., p. 52, has op. cit., underlined Sundkler's Sundkler's centripetal centripetal idea, idea, but without his conception of of underlined his conception the central central and all-important the Temple. right the of the is right all-important significance Temple. He is significance of in naming naming the the Temple Temple as as one one of the eschatological images, p. p. 55 in of the eschatological images, 55. 17. After the the example of H. Stoevesandt, cit., p. Stoevesandt, op. 17. After p. 53 53, example ofH. op. cit., 1 8. Jeremias, his exegesis ofJohn 8 56 r8. p. 54 this respect respect his John 8: cit., p. 56 Jeremias, op. op. cit., exegesis of 54. In this is especially illuminating and, and, I I think, think, convincing: the gospel is gospel convincing: "When the especially illuminating to see ofJohn John has has Jesus Jesus say that Abraham rejoiced rejoiced that that he was was to of see Jesus' Jesus* say that day, this this echare the joy joy of of Abraham over fulfilover the the imminent fulfilincludes the echare includes day, of the the promise promise made to to him, him, that he would be be the the father a father of of a ment of that he the parables multitude of of nations nations (Gen. 4, Rom. 4: 4: 17)." multitude parables of 17: 4, (Gen. 17: 17)." For the Jesus see among others others H. N. N. Ridderbos, Ridderbos, De Komst Komst van van het Koninkrijk, het Koninkrijk see among Jesus Gleichnisse Jesu, pp. 124 ff.; J. J. Jeremias, Die Gleichnisse Jesu, 3rd ed., 1954 (E.T. The 3rd ed., 1954 (E.T. 124 ff.; Jeremias, Die pp. Parables of Jesus). Parables of Jesus). 19. Jesu Verheissung, pp. 54-56. Jeremias, Jesu Verheissung, pp. 54-56. 19. Jeremias, 20. Ibid., Ibid., pp. pp. 57-58. 57-58. 21. Ibid., Ibid., p. p. 59. 59 Kirchliche Dogmatik, Dogmatik, IV, 22. K. Barth, 22. TV, g, Earth, Kirchliche 3, p. 1047. p. 1047. 23. J. Jeremias, Jeremias, op. pp. 60-62; 6o-62; H. N. N. Ridderbos, Ridderbos, De Komst Komst van van cit., pp. op. cit., 23. J. het Koninkrijk, Koninkrijk, pp. pp. 161-166; V. Taylor, Taylor, Jesus Jesus and His Sacrifice, Sacrifice, Macand His het 161166; V. millan, London 1948, pp. 82-200. 82-200. millan, 1948, pp. In this this I I am thinking thinking of of the the school 24. so-called consistent of the the so-called consistent school of 24. In or radical eschatology, eschatology, which has has emerged Weiss published since Joh. Weiss or radical emerged sinceJoh. published his Die Die Predigt Predigt vom vom Reiche Reiche Gottes Gottes in in 1892 received the the has received his 1892 and which has
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greatest attention through through the the work work of A. Schweitzer, Die Geschichte of A. Geschichte greatest attention Schweitzer, Die der der Leben Leben Jesu Jesu Forschung, Forschung, I9o6, 4th ed. another title, ed. with another title, 1933 1906, 4th (E.T. 1933 (E.T. The of the the Historical Historical Jesus),, Jesus), and in modified form by by M. Dibelius, Dibelius, The Quest in modified Quest of and in in even tighter tighter form form by by R. R. Bultmann, Bultmann, C. Dodd, and others. others. G. H. Dodd, Criticism reaction to to this this point point of view may be found Criticism and reaction of view found (with a may be (with a the gospels) gospels) in in strong emphasis emphasis on the the heilsgeschichtliche of the character of strong heilsgeschichtliche character J. Jeremias, G. Kiimmel, Kiimmel, 0. T. W. ManE. Stauffer, O. Cullmann, Stauffer, W. G. J. Gullmann, T. Jeremias, E. son, others. See See among among others others F. F. Buri, Buri, Die Die Bedeutung Bedeutung der der neutestaneutestason, and others. mentlichen Eschatologie fur fiir die die neuere neuere protestantische protestantische Theologie, Feldegg A. A. mentlichen Eschatologie Theologie, Feldegg D. Wendland, Wendland, Die Die Eschatologie Eschatologie des des Reiches Reiches Gottes Zurich 1934; G., Zurich Gottes G., 1934; H. D. bei Jesus, Bertelsmann, 93 I; 0. und die die bei Jesus, Giitersloh r Christus und O. Cullmann, Gullmann, Christus Bertelsmann, Giitersloh 1931; Zeit, 1946, N. Ridderbos, Ridderbos, De Komst Komst van Koninkrijk, 1950, van het het Koninkrijk, etc. H. N. Zeit, 1946, etc. 1950, p. 62, 62, points points out out that that detracting the idea idea of vicarious suffering of vicarious detracting from the p. suffering is one one of the ultimate ultimate causes causes of the foreshortening the New TestaTestaof the of the is of the foreshortening of in the the so-called so-called consistent perspective in ment perspective consistent eschatology. eschatology. Jerusalem und und Rom im <;eitalter Jesu Christi, Dalp See E. Stauffer, Stauffer, Jerusalem See E. Christi, Dalp Jfyitalter Jesu Taschenbiicher 331, Francke Verlag, Verlag, Berne & Taschenbiicher & Munich 1960, 1960, p. p. 7; 331, Francke 7; also Chapter Chapter 7 7 in in the the same book, book, "Diejudische Naherwartung", pp. pp. also "Die jiidische Naherwartung", 74-87 I45-I47 74-87 and 145147, 25. There There is no theological theological distinction distinction between between the the designations is no 25. designations "Kingdom Heaven", "Kingdom of the the of God", of Heaven", God", "Kingdom "Kingdom of "Kingdom of "Kingdom of Father", Christ". We must view various earlier atof Christ". view various earlier atFather", "Kingdom "Kingdom of a failure, tempts to to discover discover a real real theological theological difference almost as a difference as failure, and almost tempts of these these attempts attempts have have now been been given See TWNT I, all of all "basiI, "basigiven up. up. See D. Wendland, Wendland, Die Die Eschatologie Eschatologie des Reiches Ieia", p. 582. Further H. D. des Reiches leia", p. 582. Further Gottes bei Jesus, Jesus, Bertelsmann, Giitersloh I 931; H. M. Matter, Matter, Meuwere Nieuwere Gottes bei Bertelsmann, Giitersloh 1931; Opvattingen het Koninkrijk Koninkrijk Gods Gods in Jezus' Prediking Prediking naar omtrent het in Jezus naar de de SynopOpvattingen omtrent Synoptici, Kok, Kampen Kampen I 942 ; and also the various of the the also the various theologies tici, J. J. H. Kok, theologies of 1942; Testament. New Testament. 26. example, Mark i I: I4, for example, 26. See, See, for 15. 14, 15. of R. Bultmann, 27. take our our stand views ofR. stand once more against the views against the Bultmann, 27. We take C. Dodd, and others, others, who will will not not recognize recognize a in C. H. Dodd, a new expectation expectation in historical perspective. perspective. Here we cannot cannot go the whole whole discussion historical into the discussion go into around the the consistent, radical, or For this, or "realized" "realized" eschatology. consistent, radical, this, eschatology. For G. Kiimmel, Kiimmel, Verheissung Erfiillung, 1945; see, for for example, example, W. G. und Erfiillung, see, Verheissung und 1945; O. Christus und die 0. Cullmann, die %eit Zeit, 1946; N. Ridderbos, Komst Cullmann, Christus Ridderbos, De Komst 1946; H. N. van het van het Koninkrijk^ Koninkrijk, 1950. 1950. It is It is impossible, impossible, I I believe, believe, to to obtain obtain a view of the purport purport a correct of the correct view and range call to range of the call to mission mission when we take take the the standpoint radical of the of radical standpoint of eschatology. I think this this is is an abridgment the heilsgeschichtlich heilsgeschichtlich I think of the eschatology. abridgment of perspective and, and, what is is worse, worse, in it. An attempt fact a denial in fact denial of of it. to perspective attempt to a science build science of of missions missions and of of religions religions from a kerygma kerygma understood understood build a "existentially" Holsten in Das Kerygma Kerygma und der in his his Das und der "existentially" was made by by W. Holsten Mensch, Ch. Kaiser Verlag, Munich 1958. Kaiser Verlag, Mensch, 1958.
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28. The problem problem of the Second Coming, the near 28. of the in the near Coming, expected expected in future, of disappointment disappointment over over its its delay, has influenced influenced and future, and of delay, has sometimes controlled controlled discussion concerning the sometimes discussion concerning for the synoptic gospels for synoptic gospels last several the the last decades. This This discussion, discussion, which also great several decades. also carries carries great for the importance for the theory theory of of mission, mission, does not yet yet seem to to have does not importance reached a a conclusion. reached conclusion. For a survey survey of literature in this regard of earlier earlier literature F. Busch, in this see F. Busch, Zum %um regard see Verstiindnis synoptischen Eschatologie, Eschatologie, Markus Markus 13 I3 neu neu untersucht, untersucht, BertelsBertelsVerstandnis der der synoptischen mann, Giitersloh For more recent recent studies the works works cited cited Giitersloh 1938. studies see see the mann, 1938. For in in note note 27 27 above. short survey survey of the various various newer newer theories is above. A short of the theories is given by Ridderbos, Ridderbos, op. op. cit., cit., pp. pp. 372-383. 372-383. given by for example, 29. Cullmann, op. p. 75 O. Cullmann, So, for 29. So, cit., p. example, 0. [that "Intensity [that 75. "Intensity op. cit., is, of of expectation for the the future future (Blauw)] position, howcentral position, is, expectation for (Blauw)] and central are not ever, not to to be be confused." (American edition, Westminster Press, confused." (American ever, are Press, edition, Westminster pp. 77-78: 77-78: "In the the light light of Primitive p. 86.) 1950, Likewise pp. this Primitive of this 1950, p. 86.) Likewise Christian outlook, outlook, the the entire complex of Christian the entire complex of questions concerning the questions concerning expectation of of the the imminent end and the has of the the Parousia Parousia has the delay expectation delay of its importance lost its lost Christianity." (American pp. in interim interim Christianity." edition, pp. importance in (American edition, 89-90.) 89-90.) Barth's Auslegung Auslegung von von go. This This conception becomes visible visible in in K. Earth's 30. conception becomes Matth. Matth. 28: r6-:zo, Basler Missionsbuchhandlung, Basel pp. 5-6. Easier Missionsbuchhandlung, 28: 1620, Basel 1945, 5-6. 1945, pp. But later Barth has has given given evidence evidence of I later Barth of a a much more subtle, and, I subtle, and, think, conception, viz. viz. in Kirchliche Dogmatik Dogmatik IV, in Kirchliche IV, g, think, more acceptable 3, acceptable conception, i Halfte, I pp. 341-342, he speaks forms, appearappearthree forms, Halfte, pp. 341-342, where he speaks about three ances, or stages of of the the one or stages of Christ's occurrence of Christ's Second Coming, one occurrence ances, Coming, which none the the less less form form a unity unity and which which must must be imagined imagined as a as a which sort his remarks sort ofperichoresis. of perichoresis. He concludes concludes his remarks carefully: "Plainly not carefully: "Plainly all locks are are to to be be opened opened with with this this key. key. But it be advisable all locks advisable it would be not to to disdain disdain this this one one alongside alongside others," p. 342. 342. not others," p. In the the matter matter of of the the connection connection between between resurrection Parousia, resurrection and Parousia, his the of H. W. Bartsch probably the the most most pronounced. pronounced. But see see his the view of is probably Bartsch is contribution Basileia (W. Freytag zum zum 6o. Evang. contribution in in Basileia 60. Geburtstag), Geburtstag), Evang. (W. Freytag softens pp. 27-41, where, I I think, Missionsverlag, Stuttgart think, he softens Stuttgart 1959, Missionsverlag, 1959, pp. 2741, where, his earlier himself when he ends: has Parousia has his earlier statements ends: "The Parousia statements himself happened and yet yet is awaited at the same time time with every already is awaited at the every already happened sees a of His His lordship." lordship." Op. p. 41. 41. J. J. Jeremias Jeremias also also sees a manifestation of manifestation cit., p. Op. cit., wishes very close connection between resurrection and Parousia and wishes Parousia close resurrection connection between very future. in this way way to to solve solve the the problem problem of of the the near future. for the in this the expectation expectation for in See his contribution Eine neue neue Schau Schau der der Zukunftsaussagen Jesu in TheoSee his contribution Eine Jesu %ukunftsaussagen pp. 217-222. 217-222. logische Blatter, Blatter, 1941, logische 1941, pp. will stand, is an element element of truth truth which will 31. think, there there is I think, stand, Here, I 31. Here, which the the defenders defenders of of radical radical eschatology brought out clearly, clearly, eschatology have brought their starting-point the assumption assumption that of God that the the Kingdom when their is the Kingdom of starting-point is not generally had come in in Jesus; Jesus; but but it it is this assumption assumption which is is not generally is this had
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recognized. Eschatology Eschatology is is destined destined to to remain eschatology all eschatology unto all recognized. generations. By this means violence violence is is done to the character the historical historical character done to generations. By this of the revelation of of God, God, and this this is interof idealistic interthe revelation is exchanged for an idealistic exchanged for already completed in in the the resurrection resurrection of lies, it to me, me, in it seems in seems to of Christ, Christ, lies, already completed their acceptance the character fulfilment of the gospels. gospels. From their of the of the character of of fulfilment acceptance of this point of departure, however, however, which which in this point is correct, in itself itself is of departure, correct, a mistaken conclusion has has been been drawn, I believe. believe. conclusion drawn, I has been been emphasized particularly by by 0. 32. This has O. Cullmann: "Un32. This emphasized particularly less the necessary necessary limitation, limitation, it Primitive it is that Primitive less we make the is false to assert assert that false to is true true only Christianity had an eschatological of orientation. That is only of Christianity eschatological orientation. Judaism. the contrary, contrary, even for Jesus, while He is is dwelling upon even for dwelling upon Judaism. On the Jesus, while earth, it is true true in the Jewish Jewish sense. sense. The norm is longer it no longer is no longer in the earth, longer is that to come; it is is He who has has already that which is is to come. Eschatology come; it already come. Eschatology is not not put put aside, but it dethroned, and this holds good both chronochronois it is is dethroned, this holds aside, but good both essentially. The stripping stripping away logically and essentially. of eschatology, eschatology, when logically away of understood in the sense just indicated, nevertheless linked linked with with a in the is nevertheless understood sense just indicated, is expectation for this stripping away heightened intensity of the future: of expectation for the future this heightened intensity stripping away coincides with with the the appearance appearance of is conditioned of Christ, this coincides conditioned by Christ, and is by this rather than than by by delay of the the Parousia." pp. 122positive fact fact rather Parousia." Op. 122tit,, pp. positive delay of Op. cit., 123. p. 139.) edition, p. 123. (American (American edition, 139.) 33 justice, I I think, think, is this prevailing prevailing or or new expectais done to to this 33. No justice, expectation the future future when so weight is tion for for the is given the heilsgeschichtso much weight to the given to heilsgeschichtliche that the the expectation expectation grows pale or is hollow. hollow. I I do not not liche fulfilment fulfilment that or is grows pale think think Cullmann, Cullmann, op. cit., entirely avoids this this danger. op. cit. entirely avoids says danger. When he says is no longer that which is is to to come; it is is He (see note 32): "the norm is come; it 32) "the (see note longer that has already already come," come," this this is who has is correct "and He correct only add, "and only when we add, shall come again!" who shall again!" in the maintenance and underlining underlining of future element The maintenance the of the the future element in preaching of the the Kingdom of heaven heaven and in the expectation of the in the the preaching Kingdom of expectation of is also Church is also argued argued for for by by H. N. N. Ridderbos, op. cit., pp. 51-6o, cit. Ridderbos, op. 51-60, pp. 361-443 361-443. this passage op. cit., p. 124. passage he cites Bengel's 34 cites Bengel's Ridderbos, op. cit., p. 34. Ridderbos, 124. In this Gnomon, parabola parabola de de seminaprima semina prima acfundamentalis. Gnomon, acfundamentalis. 35 Ibid., p. p. 125. 35. Ibid., 125. Markus, p. p. 73, 73, quoted quoted in Ridderbos, op. op. cit., 36. Schniewind, in Ridderbos, 126. Schniewind, Markus, 36. cit., p. p. 126. For other other explanations this parable, parable, see cit., pp. pp. 127-129. of this see op. explanations of op. cit., 127-129. Ibid., p. p. 132. 37 37. Ibid., 132. Ibid., pp. pp. 134-135. 38. Ibid., 38. 134-135. Ibid., p. p. 135. 39 39. Ibid., 135. 40. Ibid., p. p. 141. 40. Ibid., 141. 41. O. 0. Cullmann, Cullmann, op. op. cit., cit., pp. pp. g6-g7. 41. 96-97. evidence that that great must be attached 42. attached to to 42. Another evidence great significance significance must
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explanation of of the the fact that Jeremias, Jeremias, Bartsch, Bartsch, and pretation. The explanation fact that pretation. as others view view the the Second Coming Coming of of days) the end of others of Christ Christ (as days) as (as the

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this judgment this judgment as as a a characteristic characteristic and portion portion of the Messianic Messianic selfof the selfis is found found in in Matt. Matt. 3: I 2; for the Baptist, Baptist, the day of of for John the day 3: 12; John the the the Messiah is is the the day judgment. Thence comes of judgment. comes his his confusion, confusion, day of 1 It is Matt. is important here Matt. I1 I: 2-3. that Jesus Jesus eliminates also to to note note that eliminates 2-3. It important here also judgment from the the prophetic prophetic expectation preaching in in His His preaching in judgment expectation in cf. J. Nazareth; cf. J. Jeremias, Jesu Verheissungfilr die Volker, Nazareth; Jeremias, Jesu Volker, pp. Verheissung fur die pp. 35-39. 35-39. O. Cullmann, 43 Cullmann, op. op. cit., p. 122; I22; cf. cf. note note 32 above. 43. 0. cit.,p. 32 above. 44 On the the functioning of eschatology the resistance resistance against it 44. functioning of eschatology and the against it in in mission mission circles, circles, see see H. J. J. Margull, Margull, Theologie missionarischen Verder missionarischen Ver~ Theologie der kiindigung, Evangelisation Evangelisation als als Oekumenisches Oekumenisches Problem, Problem, Evang. kilndigung, VerlagsEvang. Verlagswerk, Stuttgart I959, pp. pp. 24-38. 24-38. werk, Stuttgart 1959, 45 On the the place place and function general: K. H. function of in general: of the the apostles 45. apostles in Rengstorf in in TWNT I, I, I933, of Rengstorf 1933, "apostolos", "apostolos", pp. survey of pp. 406-448. 406-448. A survey the literature the literature up up to to I930 may be be found found here, here, p. p. 406; literature from from 1930 may 406; literature 1 I930-50 may be found in in the the survey survey by by H. Mosbeck, Apostolos in in the the 930-50 ma Y be Mosbeck, Apostolos New Testament Testament (Studia Theologica I949-50, pp. 167-200). I67-200). For For the the (Studia Theologica 1949-50, pp. literature after literature after I950 see, among among others, Petrus, Junger ]Unger, O. Cullmann, others, 0. 1950 see, Cullmann, Petrus, Apostel, Martyrer, Miirtyrer, Zwingli Zwingli Verlag, Verlag, Zurich Zurich 1952 I952 (E. Peter: Disciple, Disciple, T. Peter: Apostel, (E. T. Apostle, Martyr) Martyr); E. E. Lohse, Lohse, Ursprung Priigung des des christlichen christlichen ApostoApostound Prdgung Apostle, Ursprung und lates, Zeitschrift, I953 In Holland, Holland, since A. van since 1950: lates, Theol. Zeitschrift, 1953. In 1950: A. A. Ruler, Bijzonder Bijzonder en en algemeen Nijkerk 1952; F. Callenbach, Ruler, Callenbach, Nijkerk ambt, G. F. algemeen ambt, 1952; H. N. Ridderbos, Ridderbos, De apostoliciteit apostoliciteit der der kerk Nieuwe Testament, kerk volgens het Nieuwe Testament, volgens het in: De Apostolische in: Apostolische Kerk, Kerk, J. Kok, Kampen Kampen I954, pp. 39-97 J. H. Kok, 39-97. 1954, pp. 46. op. cit., pp. 415-418, 415-418, and also p. 42 I: "The Greek Greek also p. cit., pp. 46. Rengstorf, Rengstorf, op. 421 furnishes therefore therefore only only the the form form of the New Testament concept; furnishes of the the concept; the content is is determined by the the *sdliah salzah of Judaism." H. Diirr Durr also content determined by of late late Judaism. also turns against against the the employment the concept mission, turns of apostolate for mission, of the concept of apostolate for employment of Kirche, Mission Mission und Reich Reich Gottes, pp. 133-145. Kirche, Gottes, EMM, September 133-145. September 1953, 1953, pp. for example, are also 47 example, Acts Acts 14: 4, where Paul and Barnabas Barnabas are also Cf., for 47. Cf., 14: 4, called apostles. called apostles. 48. O. 0. Cullmann, Petrus, p. p. 219. 219. Gullmann, Petrus, 48. 49 Apost. Kerk, Kerk, pp. pp. 54-55 Ridderbos, Apost. 49. Ridderbos, 54-55. It seems unjust 50. unjust to to me to to apply apply the idea of of the the the Old Testament idea 50. It to the the apostles: apostles: (I) because this remnant to is represented this remnant is represented (i) because rather by by Jesus remnant who is is a substitute the rather Himself the remnant substitute for for the Jesus Himself-the whole people; people; (2) because the the apostles certainly occupy unique whole occupy a unique (2) because apostles certainly position in in the the early early Christian witnesses and founders, but as witnesses Christian Church as founders, but position all the never, as far as as I see, a substituting substituting one; in all the I can see, as far because in never, one; (3) (3) because continuity with the the Old Testament, Testament, the the new thing thing about the apostles the apostles continuity with a new people is the fact that that they they are are just just as the beginning beginning of of a people as as as much the the fact is of they are the of the the old Therefore the miracle of miracle old people. the the continuation Therefore continuation of they are people. the understood if the fact Israel's election is not not if the election is the Church cannot be understood fact of Israel's understood. For For this, this, see see N. N. A. A. Dahl, Dahl, Das Volk passim. Volk Gottes, understood. Gottes, 1941, 1941, passim. 51. 0. Michel, Michel, Menschensohn Menschensohn und und Viilkerwelt, 266. Volkerwelt, EMZ, 1941, 1941, p. p. 266. 51. O.

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52. It might be be useful useful to to note note that in this this chapter the It might that wherever wherever in chapter the 52. ecclesia as as has been been used, used, this this refers refers exclusively the ecclesia to the word Church has exclusively to of the the Kingdom Kingdom as as it the Gospels the community community of the in the it occurs occurs in Gospels and not sense. to the Church in an institutional institutional or to the denominational sense. in an in a denominational or even even in the Church of the the greatest greatest and haughtiest haughtiest heresies heresies in the history history of of the in the One of is the identification identification of the institution the of the is the with this this community institution with of the community of Kingdom. healthy ecclesiology ecclesiology does does not these two but but lets lets not identify identify these Kingdom. A healthy the institutional Church Church be be supplied with norms time time again again time and time the institutional supplied with by the the N.T. N.T. community community of the Kingdom. Kingdom. If the expectation If the of the by expectation of and criterion for for the direction towards towards the the Kingdom Kingdom should the criterion the direction should become the the Church as an institution institution and denomination, might be there might the as an denomination, there quite of "true" the a smaller "false" churches, "true" and "false" smaller number of churches, and the quite a idea of might be be handled handled with with less assurance. idea of "sect" less assurance. "sect" might 53 cit., p. p. 141. Diirr, op. 53. H. Durr, op. ciL, 141. Chapter Chapter 6

in regard to Israel r. For the the whole whole of the revelation revelation of regard to Israel and 1. of God in of the the nations see see also: Barth, Kirchliche Kirchliche Dogmatik Dogmatik IV, the nations i Halfte, also: K. Earth, IV, 3, Halfte, 3, I 2 pp. 54-67, 2 Halfte, pp. 788-792. Halfte, 54-67, pp. pp. 788-792. 2. this section section in in general, general, see: 0. Michel, For this see: O. 2. For Michel, Gottesherrschaft Gottesherrschaft Mensckensohn und Volkerwelt, EMZ 1941, pp. 225-232; Menschensohn und Volkerwelt, 225-232; pp. 1941, Volkerwelt, pp. 257-267; 257-267; Gemeinde und Volkerwelt, Gemeinde und Volkerwelt, Volkerwelt, EMZ, EMZ, 1941, 1941, pp. Der in der pp. 289-295; Heilige Geist in der Volkerwelt, Geist EMZ, 1941, Volkerwelt, EMZ, Heilige 289-295; 1941, pp. 1941, pp. 321-328; 321-328; Die Die Furbitte Fiirbitte des des Erlosers, pp.353-36o; Erlosers, EMZ, 1941, 1941, pp. 1941, pp-353-s6o; W. Freytag, Freytag, Mission Mission im im Blick Blick aufs auft Ende, Ende, EMZ, 1942, pp. 321-328; 1942, pp. 321-328; Auslegung von von Matth. Matth. 28: 28: 16-20, I6-2o, 1945; Die K. Barth, Barth, Auslegung Liechtenhan, Die 1945; R. Liechtenhan, Urchristliche Mission, Urchristliche Mission, 1946; Rowley, The Relevance Relevance of Apocalyptic, of Apocalyptic, 1946; H. H. Rowley, Goden en 1947;]. en Mensen, Mensen, 1950; Die Endschau EndschauJesu Blauw, Coden Stahlin, Die 1947; J. Blauw, 1950; G. Stahlin, Jesu die Mission, und die Mission, EMZ, 1950, pp. 97-105, 97-105, 134-147; Michel, Der O. Michel, 1950, pp. 134-147; 0. Abschluss des Matthiiusevangeliums, Evangelische Evangelische Theologie Abschluss des Matthdusevangeliums, 10, 1950-51, Theologie ro, 1950-51, pp. 16-26; gegeben alle Eine Exegese Exegese von von E. Lohmeyer, ist gegeben alle Gewalt, 16-26; E. Gewalt, Eine pp. Lohmeyer, Mir ist Matth. Matth. 28: I6-2o, in in In In memoriam memoriam E. E. Lohmeyer Lohmeyer 1951, pp. 22-49; 22-49; J. J. 28: 16-20, 1951, pp. Marsh, Fullness of Minear, Christian Hope and and the P. S. S. Minear, Christian Hope the Marsh, The Fullness Time, 1952; of Time, 1952 P. Second Coming, 953; J. J. E. Fison, The The Christian Hope, the Presence and and the Second E. Fison, Christian Hope, the Presence the Coming, I 1953; Parousia, Longmans, Longmans, London 1954; Knak, Neutestamentliche Neutestamentliche MisMisS. Knak, Parousia, 1954; S. sionstexte neuerer Exegese, sianstexte nach nach neuerer Exegese, Theologia pp. 27-50; 27-50; V, 1954, Theologia Viatorum V, 1954, pp. K. G. Kuhn, Kuhn, Das Problem Problem der der Mission Mission in in der der Urchristenheit, Urchristenheit, EMZ, 1954, 1954, pp. 161-168; r6r-r68; T. T. W. Manson, Jesus and and the Nan-Jews, 1955; F. ViceVicethe Non-Jews, G.F. pp. Manson, Jesus 1955; G. dam, Missia Dei, Dei, 1958; Hermelink, H. J. Margull, Basileia Basileia 1959, dom, Missio 1958; J. J. Hermelink, J. Margull, 1959, pp. 27-59; Bosch, Die Die Heidenmission Heidenmission in Jesu in der der Zukuriftschau pp. 27-59; D. Bosch, %ukunftschau Jesu (Abhandlungen zur zur Theologie Theologie des des Alten Alten und Neuen Testaments Testaments 36), (Abhandlungen 36), 1959, pp. 184-192; Barth, Kirchliche Kirchliche Dogmatik, Dagmatik, IV, IV, 3, g, pp. *959> PP* 184-192; K. Barth, 337-353. pp. 337-353. O. Michel, Michel, Menschensohn Menschensahn und und Volkerwelt, p. 258. 258. 3 3. 0. Volkerwelt, p.
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4 I lack the the opportunity opportunity to to check whether the the exegesis exegesis procheck as as to to whether 4- I proO. Michel is posed by by 0. is supported supported by The connection other exegetes. connection posed by other exegetes. between Matt. 28: 16-20, Matt. 28: r6-2o, and Dan. Dan. 7: of course course recog7: 13-14, 13-14, was of recognized but without without its its consequences consequences being drawn. So, nized earlier, earlier, but drawn. for So, for being example, observation in Goppelt, Typos, pp. 112-113: rr2-II3: in L. L. Goppelt, example, an observation Typos> 1939, 1939, pp. "The expressions by which the the resurrected resurrected one speaks of his exousia one speaks of his exousia expressions by (authority), Matt. 28: 28: 18, depend upon Dan. 7: 18, depend (authority), Matt. upon Dan. 7: 14." 14." The exegesis exegesis proposed by by Michel is almost universally universally recognized correct. is now almost as correct. proposed recognized as In the the text text we quote quote Michel's Michel's exposition with the of the the connection connection with the exposition of extenso, but but without without the he adds. Old Testament in in extenso, the notes notes he adds. The original original in O. may be found in 0. Michel, Michel, EMZ, 1941, pp. 261-262. passage may 261-262. The passage 1941, pp. spacing own. is Michel's Michel's own. spacing is
E. Lohmeyer Lohmeyer points points this this out, out, op. op. cit., hoc. 5 5. E. cit., ad hoc. 6. 6. Michel, op. cit., cit., p. p. 262, note 16. 16. Michel, op. 262, note Matt. 24: 7 Gf. Cf. Matt. 24: 14, ro. Panta Panta ta is synonymous with ta ethne ethneis 7. 14, Mark 13: 13 10. synonymous with he he hole oikoumene, cf. cf. 0. Michel, TWNT V, V, pp. pp. 159-r6r hole oikoumene, O. Michel, "oikoumene"; 159-161 "oikoumene"; M. Paeslack, Die Oikumene im Neuen Neuen Testament, Viatorum Oikumene im Paeslack, Die Testament, Theologia Theologia Viatorum D. (Berlin) II, II, 1950, pp. 33-47; Bosch, op. cit., pp. r6r-r63. Bosch, (Berlin) cit., 1950, pp. 33-47; op. pp. 161-163. de Duitse J. G. C. Hoekendijk, Hoekendijk, Kerk Kerk en en Volk Duitse Zendingswetenschap, Zendingswetenschap, 1948, Volk in in de J. 1948, p. 229, recalls how G. Warneck, Warneck, M. Frick, Frick, and others heard others "(have) p. 229, recalls "(have) heard (in the panta ta ta ethne) ethne) an invitation invitation to to lose lose oneself in the the ethnic oneself in ethnic structure structure (in thepanta of the object of mission". How little little Matt. 28: 18-20 be employed of of mission". the object Matt. 28: can be 18-20 can employed to find find a a Biblical for "nation" mission" to Biblical foundation foundation for "nation" or or a "national "national mission" II "ethnos" in TWNT II appears "ethnos" (G. L. Schmidt), (G. Bertram and K. L. appears in Schmidt), pp. 362-370. pp. 362-370. R. K. Orchard, Out Every Nation Nation (I.M.C. Research Pamphlets, R. K. Orchard, Out qf of Every (I.M.G. Research Pamphlets, 7, S.C.M. Press, London 1959), the question to the the signifisignifino. 7, no. as to S.G.M. Press, 1959), poses poses the question as cance of the the nations nations in in the the Bible. Bible. "For this points at is one at this is of the the points cance of one of which missionary missionary action action is is held held up up or uncertainty for in uncertainty lack of of or is is in for lack which circles this this theological p. 50. 50. In In continental continental European clarification," p. European circles theological clarification," as 1929, question has been under under discussion discussion for a long time. As early for a early as long time. 1929, question has G. Bertram G. Rosen G. Bertram,Juden und Phiinizier,]. C. B. B. und and G. G. G. Bertram (in Phonizier, Bertram, J. G. Juden (in fact that Mohr, Tiibingen) emphasized emphasized the the fact the concept that the Mohr, Tubingen) concept "people" "people" (or "nation"-German the Old Testament does not have a a does not in the "nation" German Volk) Volk) in (or this way national but but a religious religious significance; way the in this the significance national significance significance; and in also characterized. characterized. of peoples/nations peoples/nations or or (!) (!) the the heathen/Gentiles heathen/Gentiles is is also of In the same direction find G. G. von Rad, Deuteroin DeuteroGottesvolk in In the direction we find Rad, Das Gottesvolk nomium, Kohlhammer, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1929, p. 19. The investigation of nomiuniy investigation p. 19. Stuttgart 1929, im Alien Volk im L. Rost, Die Die Bezeichnungen Bezeichnungen fur fur Land und Alten Testament, Die und Volk L. Rost, Testament, Die direction. in the Vorstufen von Synagoge Synagoge und Kirche, 1938, points in the same direction. undKirche, 1938, points Vorstufen von "Volksthe concept W. Eichrodt deals in a noteworthy noteworthy way way with the in a Eichrodt deals concept "Volksthis eminent Old tum" (nationality) in in Gottesvolk und die die Volker, Gottesvolk und tum" (nationality) Volker, where this Testament scholar operates operates in certainly a very uncritical way, way, and in certainly Testament scholar very uncritical national in any event in a non-Biblical way, with a dialectical national condialectical with in non-Biblical a in event way, any
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cept, I942. A good good insight insight into this problem problem of into this of Church and cept, EMM, 1942. nation (Volk) is given given by by N. N. A. A. Dahl, Dahl, Das Volk must Volk Gottes, nation Gottes, 194I. 1941. We must (Volk) is further point point out out the the significance significance of qiihal of the the Old Testament Testament word qdhal further (see the New Testament words words ethnos, ethnos, laos, "ekklesia") and the laos, (see TWNT "ekklesia")

TWNT

like. For several years years a Dutch-German study For several and the the like. study commission at work (on (on the the initiative initiative of the Deutsche has been at of the has been Deutsche Evangelische Evangelische Missionsrat) on the the problem problem of the of Church and nation nation (Volk). Missionsrat) (Volk). But the reports and discussion have never, never, alas, published. With the discussion have the alas, been published. reports permission of the writer writer I I quote quote here here the of the statements from the following following statements permission one the reports: reports: "Not what is is suitable suitable to to a nation of the nation (Volk), but what one of (Volk), but is suitable suitable to to revelation, revelation, dominates." dominates." "The Old Testament preaches is Testament preaches lastly a theocracy theocracy and not not an ethnocracy" ethnocracy" (A. Hulst, Kirche Kirche und und Volk Volk lastly a (A. Hulst,

im Alien Alten Testament, unpublished report). report). Further, J. C. C. Hoekendijk, im Testament, unpublished Further, J. Hoekendijk, op. cit., pp. 229-235 and passim; J. Blauw, Goden en Mensen, pp. en Goden Mensen, cit., Blauw, J. 518. pp. 229-235 passim; pp. 5-I8. op. It seems out of the question to me that can of the "clarification" can seems out that any other "clarification" It any other question to be given given from the the theological theological side side to to the the problem problem raised by Orchard. be raised by Orchard. Does it it not not solve solve itself when, in the message gospel, itself when, in listening to the the gospel, listening to message of the not allow himself to to be be disturbed disturbed by by the noises one does does not allow himself extraneous noises the extraneous which come from from the the outside? in the the German outside? The fierce fierce struggle struggle in theory of of mission mission around the the concept concept of of Volk as Volk (nation/people), theory (nation/people), as Hoekendijk has has sketched sketched it, it, could could be a beacon for for every Hoekendijk every church threatened by nationalistic nationalistic temptations. temptations. "Nationalism is always always threatened by "Nationalism is religious" (G. (G. v. v. d. d. Leeuw, Leeuw, Phaenomenologie, Phaenomenologie, p. p. 250, 250, quoted quoted by by religious" Hoekendijk, op. p. 275). 275). This naturally not not to deny that that the cit This is is naturally to deny the Hoekendijk, op. cit., p. diversity of nations also also has has significance significance for the Kingdom of nations for the of God. But diversity Kingdom of to employ historical, political, political, sociological, sociological, or or perhaps to even racist racist employ an historical, perhaps even concept is out out of the question; light of of "people" in the of the the light of the the concept of "people" (Volk) question; in (Volk) is Bible the the nations nations are are to to be be viewed viewed as will to to peace Bible as signs of God's God's will (i) of signs (I) peace (Gen. IO), (2) of of His dominion over Israel (Deut. where the over Israel the 8, where 10), (2) (Gen. 32: 8, (Deut. 32: thinks of with the politiof angels). LXX even even thinks God's activity as politithe nations nations as activity with angels). God's of leading them to cal powers has has the the purpose purpose (I) to seek I 7: cal powers seek God (Acts (i) ofleading (Acts 17: 26f.), (2) (2) ofleading to express variegated wisdom of in of leading them to the variegated of God in s6f.), express the accepting the the gospel gospel (Eph. (Eph. 3: 3: 10) I o) and to to lift voice in in the manylift their their voice the manyaccepting voiced chorus that that celebrates celebrates the the praise praise of g). But But we voiced of God (Rev. (Rev. 7: 7:9). must note note here here that that there there is never any any reference in the the Bible to a conis never reference in Bible to congregation nation (Volksgemeinde) to a congregation from a congregation gregation of a nation (Volksgemeinde) but only only to the nations. nations. This This has has been been rightly rightly pointed pointed out K. Hartenstein the out by Hartenstein and by K. in a courageous witness at the time time of overW. Freytag at the a demonic of a demonic overFreytag in courageous witness excitement of nationalism nationalism in in their their land. excitement of land. The concepts of "people" concepts of "people" (Volk) are like like so many other which we accept so many other concepts (Volk) and "nation" are concepts which accept as almost self-evident as self-evident (such (such as the like) they take as culture, take on on culture, art, art, and the like) : they no emphasis in the the Bible except in their significance Bible except in their favouremphasis in significance (whether (whether favourable or or unfavourable) unfavourable) for for the the salvation salvation which God brings brings about. about. They They belong to to the the area of the the "powers" Paul speaks. belong "powers" about which Paul speaks.
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Theological this topic topic is into discussion on this is coming Theological discussion coming more and more into prominence, since since the the passing passing of of the the first first half half of the century, of the in which which prominence, century, in the only interest in this concept, concept, so so important Paul's thinking, was the in this in Paul's only interest thinking, was important in from a history-of-religion history-of-religion point point of view. See, among others, of view. O. Dehn, See, among others, 0. Dehn, Engel und und Obrigkeit, Obrigkeit, in in Theologische Azifsiitze fur fur K. K. Earth Barth zwn zum 50. 50. Engel Theologische Aufsatze Gh. Kaiser Verlag, Geburtstag, Ch. Verlag, Munich 1936, pp. 90-ro6, which in which Geburtstag, 1936, pp. 90-106, in the "powers" are one-sidedly viewed as powers of G. Kittel, Kittel, the as powers of the the state; "powers" are one-sidedly viewed state; G. Christus und Christus und Imperator, Imperator, Kohlhammer, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart to Stuttgart 1939 1939 (opposed (opposed to Dehn's 0. Cullrcimn, Kiinigsherrschqft Christi und Kirche Kirche Dehn's conception); Christi und Cullmann, Konigsherrschaft conception) ; O. im Neuen Neuen Testament, Zollikon Verlag, Verlag, Zurich Zurich 1941; im und die Christus und die ^eit, Testament, Zollikon 1941 ; Christus

Zeit,

1946, pp. 169-186; r69-r86; TWNT II II "dynamis", pp. 286-328, 286-328, 1946, especially especially pp. "dynamis", pp. and the there cited (W. Grundmann); the literature literature there cited (W. idem, pp. Grundmann) idem, pp. 568-570 568-570 "exousia" (W. Foerster), Netherlands, H. H. Berkhof Berkhof has has "exousia" (W. etc. In the the Netherlands, Foerster), etc. given an excellent excellent introduction, introduction, though though it too concise, it is is perhaps concise, given perhaps too en de Christus de machten, G. F. F. Callen bach, Nijkerk Nijkerk 1953, be Christus en machten, G. Callenbach, 1953, which would be well worth translating translating into into English, English, given reality of of the problem. well the reality the problem. given the 8. For the 8. the concept concept "make disciples", disciples", cf. Rengstorf, TWNT cf. K. H. Rengstorf, IV, "manthano," pp. 417-464. 417-464. "manthano," etc., IV, etc., pp. g. Here, Here, it it seems seems to to me, me, we have have a strong weapon against the 9. strong weapon against the methods employed various fundamentalist fundamentalist (and missions in various employed in other!) missions (and other!) to to make being being a a Christian Christian dependent the keeping a series of a series of keeping of dependent on the which, apart apart from the the bond to commandments which, to Jesus Christ, must Jesus Christ, mean only only a new enslavement enslavement to to the the powers powers of this world for those of this those world for be made disciples disciples of of Jesus. Jesus. At the who would be I think think we the same time time I have here here a a contra-indication against those those who conceive the call have contra-indication against of the call conceive of to mission mission simply simply as a proclamation, proclamation, and who want even avoid as a to even to to avoid any appearance of activity of missions! in missions! of "conversion" "conversion" or or activity of conversion conversion in any appearance ro. This This reference reference to to the the Sermon on the the Mount is is due to Eich10. to G. G. Eichholz in in a a meditation meditation on Matt. Matt. 28 28: r8-2o, Herr, tue Lippen auf, auf, tue meine in Herr, meine Lippen holz 18-20, in pp. 282-294, 282-294, E. E. Miiller Muller Verlag, Verlag, Wuppertal Wuppertal Barmen 1957. 1957. pp. r I. So Michel, Michel, op. cit., p. p. 265. 11. 265. op. cit, 12. Ibid., p. p. 265. 12. Ibid., 265. 13. Here, I I think, think, lies lies the the most most pregnant pregnant justification justification for is for what is 13. Here, ordinarily called the "comprehensive the same at the called the approach". But at "comprehensive approach". ordinarily time the character the boundaries boundaries of this comprehensive of this time the character and the approach comprehensive approach are in the the personal personal form ("all have commanded you") that I /have are shown in you") : ("all that the approach must be be carried by and must lead distinct lead to to a a more distinct carried by the approach must discipleship of the the exalted Lord. Though Though personally personally I I shrink a bit bit shrink a exalted Lord. discipleship of from burdening Scriptural data such these too heavily with with our as these too heavily such as from burdening Scriptural data present-day phrasing phrasing of of questions is very of eisegesis eisegesis is very danger of questions (the (the danger present-day for the great!),.! still think that may find here a directive for the present that find directive think we still .1 may present great!), in the: relationships between between older younger Churches. the; Churches. Can one, older and younger one, in relationships to complicatedness of today's relationships, "teach them to observe alli observe of alii relationships, today's complicatedness that I have have commanded you" you" in in every every respect the experience; that I experiences; respect without the
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ofthe thewhole wholeChurch Churchin inthe thewhole wholeworld world? Evenif ifno no"abridged "abridgedgospel" gospel" ? Even of werepassed passedon onby bythe the"older" "older" Churches Churches to to the the "younger" "younger"ones, ones, neverneverwere as a a consequence consequence theless, the evangelical perspective is often abridged as theless, the evangelical perspective is often abridged of a a conception conception of of"what "what is is commanded" commanded" which which is is all all too too spiritualspiritualof ized. Here Here a a deficiency deficiency from from the the past past can can be be made made up up without without ized. the "older" "older" Churches Churches lapsing lapsing into into a a nineteenth-century nineteenth-century method method of of the pedagogy in in missions. missions. pedagogy 14. The expressed promise of ofChrist's Christ's presence presence till till the the consummaconsumma14. The expressed promise of the the world world seems seems to to be be more more an an argument argument against against than thanfor for the the tion of tion total or or partial partial equalization equalization of ofresurrection resurrection and and Parousia, Parousia, as as in in H. H. W. W. total Bartsch, Bartsch,

among others, others, in in Basileia Basileia 1959, 1959, pp. pp. 27-41, 27-41, though though he he willwillamong it is But that "mission belongs to the epiphany". But it is precisely ingly grants the to "mission that precisely epiphany". belongs ingly grants the characteristic characteristic of of the the New New Testament Testament message message that that in in spite spite of of the the the of thus eschatological character of Christ's resurrection (and thus of mission), resurrection Christ's of character mission), (and eschatological it is is not not anticipated anticipated at at the the consummation consummation or or the the Parousia. Parousia. In In the the it final conclusion conclusion of of Bartsch's, Bartsch's, "The "The Parousia Parousia has has already already happened happened final and yet yet is is awaited awaited at at the the same same time time with with every every manifestation manifestation of of His and not solved, but is certainly put off, solved, lordship" (p. 41), the problem is the off, put certainly problem lordship" (p. 41), the word word "Parousia" "Parousia" here here has has another another meaning meaning than "the "the because the because Second Coming Coming of of the the Lord" Lord" in in the the ordinary ordinary theological theological and (I (I think) think) Second Biblical significance. significance. Biblical 15. are reproducing reproducing here here systematically systematically what has has also also been are We 15. in the Report regarding the Biblical foundations of Mission, expressed expressed in the Report regarding the Biblical foundations of Mission, also W. De Heerbaan, pp. 197-221, 207-208. See also esp. pp. pp. 207-208. 197-221, esp. Heerbaan, 1951, 1951, pp. Freytag, Mission, EMZ, I940, Mission im der Mission, Geheimnis der Vom Geheimnis 97~9 8 Mission pp. 97-98; 1940, pp. Freytag, Vom Blick Schlier, Die Entscheidung Entscheidung Blick atifs 321-328; H. Schlier, EMZ, I942, pp. 321-328; Ende, EMZ, 1942, pp. aufs Ende, frir die 942, pp. 66-r 82, 208der Urchristenheit, in der 166-182, Heidenmission in die Heiden:mission Urchristenheit, EMZ, I pp. I 1942, fur 212; Truth of The Truth Press, London C. Warren, M. A. C. Vision, Canterbury Canterbury Press, 212 M.A. Warren, The of Vision, The Triumph of God, a symposium, 1948; Longmans, Warren (ed.), symposium, Longmans, (ed.), The Triumph of God, 1948; Warren London Mission und Eschatologie, K. Hartenstein, 1950, London I948; Eschatologie, EMZ, 1950, Hartenstein, Mission 1948; K. het Koninkrijk, van het 950, passim. pp. N. Ridderbos, H. N. passim. Koninkrijk, r 1950, Ridderbos, De Komst van 33-42; H. pp. 33-42; circles: mission circles: in international international mission For the development of the a survey For a development in survey of H.J. der missionarischen Verkiindigung, i959?PP- 24-78 24-78 H. J. Margull, Verkundigung, 195g,pp. Theologie dermissionarischen Margull, Theologie it not not I thought In this this context an excellent bibliography). In (with context I thought it (with an excellent bibliography). of Matt. Matt. 28: 28 the authenticity on the necessary discussion on the discussion deal with with the to deal authenticity of necessary to have written written and others others have r8-2o, Bousset and W. Bousset A. von von Harnack, since A. Harnack, W. 18-20, since the manifold me the manifold For me about the commentaries. commentaries. For See the this subject. about this subject. See seemed convincing. criticisms never seemed have never this authenticity of this criticisms of convincing. authenticity have mission" of "call to to mission" 16. the various various types ofthe discussion of extended discussion An extended 1 6. An types of"call the compass of is beyond which out concisely been pointed here been have here compass of which have beyond the concisely is pointed out discussion ofany this know of not know I do do not the rest, For the this survey. any comparative comparative discussion rest, I survey. For in mind ifone mind one kept a discussion, of now. Such Such a to now. classici up discussion, if these loci loci classici of these kept in up to of backthe varieties and thus the character of the gospels and thus the varieties of backof the character the particular gospels particular underofour our underthe clarification ground, to the clarificationof a little little to not a contribute not would contribute ground, would
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standing "Biblical foundations foundations and motives" motives" of of rrusswn. mission. standing of the "Biblical 1 7 If I the resurrection, the crowning ofChrist's Christ's emphasized the resurrection, the 7. If we have emphasized crowning of as a condition work as condition for for mission mission among the Gentiles, rather than than the the Gentiles, rather among the the Messiah by rejection as has has happened in most most publicarejection of the Israel, as by Israel, happened in publicato date, tions to tions the fact to express fact that, far as as far as we date, then we wish now to that, as express the can see, Christ by Israel is is not not as as much the the see, the rejection rejection of Jesus Jesus Christ by Israel for the the mission condition for mission to to the the Gentiles the resurrection. Gentiles as as the resurrection. By this By this is also rejection also opened to the the resurrection, via the the cross. cross. path is resurrection, via rejection the path opened to Furthermore, this rejection is partly revoked after the resurrection resurrection Furthermore, this rejection is partly revoked after the the outpouring of the and the Holy Spirit the Holy the Acts of the Acts of the Apostles). outpouring of Spirit (see (see the Apostles). I think we must make a distinction I distinction between conditions conditions for for the the to the Gentiles mission to Gentiles and the the path this condition condition has has path along along which this into being. come into Israel's rejection to this this path. I think think we being. Israel's rejection belongs belongs to path. I do an injustice to the the shadings of the the New Testament image injustice to shadings of image when we Israel's rejection the Messiah and view Israel's and His resurrection resurrection as as identical identical rejection of the similar conditions or similar the proclamation proclamation of conditions for for the of the the gospel the gospel among among the nations. nations. I should like I like to to resist resist with still still greater the conclusion, emphasis the conclusion, greater emphasis others by drawn among by H. Schlier, Die Entscheidung fur die die HeidenHeidenSchlier, Die among others Entscheidung fur in der der Urchristenheit, mission in that by mission p. r67, the rejection Urchristenheit, EMZ, 1942, 1942, p. 167, that by the rejection of the Israel herself people. Further the Messiah Israel is rejected as the the chosen chosen people. Further study rejected as herself is study of the the New Testament on this this subject subject has has made me realize that my realize that Schlier at approval at this this point point (in Mensen, 1950, p. en Mensen, Goden en approval of H. Schlier (in my Goden 1950, p. I 15) was too too rash rash and even even incorrect. incorrect. The problem of post-Christian 115) problem of post-Christian be dealt with in in any Israel however, too too comprehensive comprehensive to Israel is, to be dealt with satisis, however, any satisin this this survey. survey. I I think think it better to say that that after factory way in it would be better to say factory way after the resurrection resurrection and outpouring outpouring of the Holy Holy Spirit, the exclusive the of the exclusive Spirit, the of Israel Israel as as the the people people of of God were (temporarily?) (temporarily?) taken taken prerogatives of prerogatives away and withheld. withheld. But But this this is is no rejection; rejection; cf. cf. Rom. 911. 9-1 I. Another Another away is put put forward forward by by D. Bosch^ Bosch, op. op. cit., in his his (too) concluview is view cit., in (too) extreme conclup. 925 92, that that are are incompatible incompatible with with his his remarks on p. p. 91 91: "Is "Is the the sions, p. sions, Messiah now to to reject reject his his people people too? too? The Acts Acts of the Apostles Apostles ananof the Messiah swers *NoV 'No'." swers 18. Michaelis, Geist Geist Gottes Gottes und und Mission Mission nach nach dem dem Neuen Neuen Testament^ Testament, 1 8. W. Michaelis, EMM, 1932, 1932, pp. pp. 5-16. s-r6. 19. O. 0. Michel, Michel, DerHeilige Der Heilige Geist Geist in in der der Volkerwelt, I941, p. p. 327; 327; Volkerwelt, EMZ, 1941, 19. Barth, Kirchliche Kirchliche Dogmatik, Dogmatik, IV, IV, 3, 3, pp. pp. 405-424. 405-424. K. Barth, 20. H. Schlier, Schlier, op. op. cit., cit., pp. pp. 179-180. 179-rSo. 20. R. Liechtenhan, Liechtenhan, Die Die urchristliche urchristliche Mission, Mission, p. p. 50: so: 2 I. Otherwise: Otherwise: R. 21. exists no evidence evidence that that the the primitive primitive community community offered offered any any "There exists opposition on principle principle to to the the reception reception of of Gentiles Gentiles into into memberopposition It was only only the the concrete concrete mission mission which the the apostles apostles did did not not ship .... ... It ship. welcome." This This "concrete "concrete mission" mission" still still exists, exists, I I think, think, in in the the fact fact welcome." that the the resistance resistance had to to be overcome. overcome. that
:

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22. This has already been pointed pointed out, by 0. series has This series 22. O. out, particularly already been particularly by Cullmann in und die die ^eit, Zeit, part part I, I, pp. pp. 31-103, pp. 9 gxin Christus Christus und 1 Cullmann 3 1103, especially especially pp.
I03. 103.

23. Whether Whether we are are also also to to see see in 2 Cor. central in 2 Cor. g evidence of of the the central 9 an evidence 23. ofthe Jerusalem ('ebhyonm position of at Jerusalem as a designation the congregation ('ebhydnim as designation congregation at position of the to me too too uncertain, in the the present seems to of the congregation) uncertain, still, still, in present congregation) seems state of of the the discussion, discussion, for us to to be able to pass pass judgment judgment on it. it. for us able to state 24. the eschatological eschatological role role of Jerusalem see of Jerusalem see D. Bosch, Bosch, 24. On the

On

Die Die

Heidenmission in in der der %ukunftschau Zukunftschau Jesu, Jesu, 1959, pp. 88-g2, in which the the Heidenmission 88-92, in 1959, pp. most important literature is the publication publication of this is also also cited. cited. Since of this Since the most important literature
J. C. Jerusalem in New survey there has has appeared in the the Mew G. de Young's Young's Jerusalem appeared J. survey there Testament. significance of of the ci!)! in history of redemption and and in the city in the the history in Testament. The The significance of redemption eschatology Free University University of of Amsterdam), J. H. Kok, Kampen Kok, Kampen Amsterdam), J. (Diss. Free eschatology (Diss. 1960. 1960. To what extent Jerusalem will will continue to play the future a role in the extent Jerusalem continue to role in future play a is question which cannot be answered answered here. R. Martin-Achard, here. See R. cannot be is a question Martin-Achard, it seems that, Israel et et Us les Nations, Nations, p. p. 71: that, according to Israel "Nevertheless it 71 "Nevertheless according to the witness witness of of the the New Testament, is still play a a role role in in to play still to the Testament, Jerusalem Jerusalem is the future. to state in detail the future. We would have to state in detail and examine how the the assembling of around Christ is to harmonized with with the the of is mankind Christ to be harmonized assembling eschatological function the city city of David." The study Young, function of of the of David." study by by Young, eschatological this question. mentioned above, not give to this does not above, does give an answer to question. 25. R. Martin-Achard, cit., p. p. 71. Martin-Achard, op. op. cit.> 71. 25. R. 26. Ibid., Ibid., p. p. 71: 71: "The difference difference between the the centripetal 26. centripetal and centrifugal movements is only relative." relative." Another Another motive motive is is only is stated stated in in a centrifugal note: "If the the mission mission of the New Testament seems at of the at first first glance note: glance centrifugal, it is is to to enable to be be centripetal. into the it to enable it out into the centrifugal, it go out centripetal. We go world to to gather it together; together; we cast cast the net to to draw it it in; world the net to in; we sow to gather it reap." (J. (J. J. J. von Allmen, Allmen, by by letter.) reap." letter.) The question question of of centripetal be more to be seems to centripetal and centrifugal centrifugal seems important than than it it is is represented represented here; here; see the text. see the text. important 27. Note Note the the nuance nuance in in comparison comparison with Matt. 13: with Matt. the 27. 13: xg, 19, where the seed the word word of of the the Kingdom. Kingdom. Are the the children the Kingdom, is the children of of the seed is Kingdom, then, not the the "word become flesh," flesh," as the Kingdom? as it it were, of the then, not were, of Kingdom? 28. On this this point point see N. A. A. Dahl, Dahl, Das Volk see N. Volk Gottes, 28. Gottes, especially especially part part III, pp. 146-278. in III, pp. Further, G. von Rad, Rad, K. G. Kuhn, Kuhn, W. Gutbrod in 146-278. Further, TWNT III, pp. 356-394; 356-394; K. Emmerich, Die Juden, Zollikon Zollikon III, "Israel", "Israel", pp. Emmerich, Diejuden, Zurich 1939; Verlag, etc. etc etc. We have have represented represented here here the the opinion Verlag, Zfuich 1939; etc opinion of Dahl, Dahl, op. pp. 213, 240, 243, 243, 252, 253 cit., pp. op. cit., 213, 240, 252, 253. this section section see: 29. For this see: 29. Joh. Paulus im Lichte Lichte der der heutigen Heidenmission, Berlin, Berlin, 2nd 2nd Warneck, Paulus Joh. Warneck, heutigen Heidenmission, ed. 1914. ed. 1914. R. Allen, Allen, Missionary Missionary Methods: Methods: St. St. Paul's Paul's or 4th ed. or ours, ed. ours^ London 1912, 1912, 4th 1956. 1956:
-

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A. Oepke, Die Missionspredigt Missionspredigt des des Apostels Apostels Paulus, Paulus, Leipzig Leipzig 1920. Oepke, Die 1920. R. Liechtenhan, Der Apostel Apostel Paulus, Paulus, sein sein Werk seine Welt, Basel 1928. xg28. Werk und und seine Liechtenhan, Der Welt, Basel J. Richter, Briefe des des Apostels Apostels Paulus Paulus als missionarischt Senclschreiben, als missionarische Richter, Die Briefe J. Sendschreiben, Gutersloh 1929. Giitersloh 1929. Paulus. K. Pieper, Pieper, Paulus. J. Holzner, Paulus, Paulus, Herder & Co., Freiburg im Breisgau Breisgau I937 J. Holzner, Co., Freiburg 1937. R. Liechtenhan, Die urchristliche Mission, Zwingli Verlag, Zfuich urchristliche Mission, Zurich Liechtenhan, Die Zwingli Verlag, 1946. 1946. Die Rechtfertigung Rechifertigung als gestaltende Kraft Kraft der der Mission, Mission, G. F. F. Vicedom, Vicedom, Die als gestaltende Freimund Verlag, Verlag, Neuendettelsau Neuendettelsau 1952. 1952. D. v. Het missionair missionair karakter karakter van de christelijke christelijke gemeente gemeente valv. Swigchem, van de uolSwigchem, Het gens de de brieven brieven van van Paulus Paulus en Petrus, J. 955 en Petrus, gens Kok, Kampen J. H. Kok, Kampen r 1955. Liechtenhan, Die Die urchristliche urchristliche Mission, Mission, p. p. 78. 30. R. Liechtenhan, 30. 78. See also: Clarence Beginning of See also: Clarence Tucker Craig, The Beginning Craig, The Christianity, of Christianity, Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, Press, New York Nashville Nashville 1943, Abingdon-Cokesbury p. r64: 1943, p. 164: We should picture picture him (Paul) (Paul) as as one one missionary many, not not yet should yet missionary among among many, the pioneering pioneering leader. leader. the 3r. Grosheide, De openbaring het Nieuwe Nieuwe Testament, F, W. Grosheide, Gods in in het 31. F. Testament, openbaring Gods J. H. Kok, Kok, Kampen Kampen I953, p. 136. J. 136. 1953, p. 32. This This expression expression was coined coined by by N. A. European A. Dahl during the European 32. during the Consultation of God and the the Church's Missionary Consultation on The Word of Church's Missionary Obedience, Geneva, Geneva, July 1-14, 1960. rg6o. Obedience, July I 11-14, 33 463-465. Schneider, "ektrooma", "ektrooma", TWNT II, II, pp. 33. See Schneider, pp. 463-465. See R. Liechtenhan, Liechtenhan, Die Die urchristliche urchristliche Mission, Mission, pp. 34 SeeR. 34. pp, 59-67. 59-67. Ibid., pp. pp. 77-84. 77-84. 35 Ibid., 35. 36. This refers refers to to the the theological theological impossibility proselyte of linking impossibility of 36. This linking proselyte mission and Christian mission. This This does not deny practice mission does not Christian mission. that in in practice deny that the missionary missionary tradition tradition of proselytism made its its influence influence felt. of proselytism felt. The the world of the gospel, however, is of is completely that of of the different from that world completely different gospel, however, post-exile Judaism. Judaism. Please Please see see: E. E. Stauffer, Jesus, Gestalt und Geschichte, Gestalt und Stauffer, Jesus, Geschichte, post-exile Dalp Taschenbiicher 332, Francke Francke Verlag, Verlag, Berne & Taschenbucher 332, & Munich 1960. 1960. Dalp (E.T. Jesus and His Story.) Story.) and His (E.T. Jesus to Christian approach 37 For the the "conversation with Israel," "conversation with Israel," "the Christian approach to 37. For attend to the double line of Paul's the Jews," I think it it is important to to attend line of Paul's I think is important to the the Jews," thinking. One cannot cannot defend defend the the priority priority of "the the to the "the approach approach to thinking. Christians Jews" on the the basis basis of of Paul's Paul's declarations declarations on the the Gentile Gentile Christians Jews" as proselytes of of Israel, Israel, because because other other passages passages can be be placed as proselytes alongside placed alongside of the these which accentuate the quite special character the Church over character of accentuate the these which quite special against Israel. for the the same reasons reasons one cannot priority the priority defend the cannot defend But for Israel. But against of the the mission mission to to the the Gentiles presses the either. A theology Gentiles either. of theology which presses as did idea of of "Israel" too far far is liable to to fall the same error error as did the the into the is liable fall into "Israel" too idea the act old Israel the chosenness chosenness instead instead of the act of earlier: accentuating Israel earlier: old accentuating the correct divine choosing (election), for service. service. The correct election was for divine choosing (election), which election perhaps given given in problem of of a attitude is in Rom. 15: is perhaps attitude 15: 7-g. 7-9. The whole problem
:

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non-believing Israel Israel must not not take take our our attention attention here here any further. non-believing any further. It seems plain plain to to me, me, on the the basis basis of of Rom. 9-u, that Paul Paul saw his his It seems 9-11, that work among among the the Gentiles Gentiles as as the the best best and only way to to continue do continue to to do work only way with his his days for an Israel the most part part something Israel which was for for the days for something with callous. See D. v. v. Swigchem, Swigchem, Het Het missionair karakter van de christelijke missionair karakter van de callous. See D. christelijke gemeente volgens de brieven brieven van van Paulus Paulus en en Petrus.J. Petrus.]. H. Kok, Kok, Kampen Kampen 1955, volgens de 1955, gemeente pp. 203-204. 203-204. pp. to me that that this this interdependence has never been given given 38. It It seems seems to never been interdependence has 38. importance in the actual practice of missionary its due importance of Christian in the its actual practice Christian missionary work. We cannot discuss the the many many and various interpretations of the of the cannot discuss various interpretations work. "fullness of Israel"; I would refer refer to to the the commen'fullness of of Israel" Israel" and "all "all of Israel"; I quot commentationes tot sententiae! sententiae! taries: quot taries: commentationes tot 0. Weber, Kirchenmission? Eine Eine Mission Mission in gegliederter Vieljalt, 39 (X in gegliederter Weber, Kirchenmission? 39. Vielfalt, EMZ, 1960, pp. 129-140. 129-140. 1960, pp. the Naherwartung Naherwartung to E. Stauffer, 40. We refer refer for for the the question to E. of the Stauffer, question of 40. :Jerusalem und und Rom, Rom, passim; passim; Dalp Dalp Taschenbiicher Taschenbiicher 331, Francke Verlag, 331, Francke Verlag, Jerusalem Berne & Munich 1957. 1957. R. Liechtenhan, Die urchristliche Mission, pp. ' 41. 41. R. urchristliche Mission, Liechtenhan, Die pp. 75-76. 75-76.
*
*

Chapter 7 Chapter 7
this section in general the works For this section in works cited cited see, among others, the general see, among others, in in notes notes 2 2 and 15 6, and further, und of chapter Christus und O. Cullmann, further, 0. Gullmann, Christus chapter 6, 15 of die %eit, die Zeit, 1946; I946; P. P. Althaus, Althaus, Die Die letzten Dinge, 5th letzten Dinge, ed., 1949; 5th ed., 1949; G. RosenI. 1.
;

geschichte,

1 ; J. Munck, kranz, Weltmission und Weltende, I 95 95 I Paulus und und die HeilsWeltmission und die Heilskranz, Weltende, 1 J. Munck, Paulus geschichte, 1954; I954; K. Barth, Kirchliche Dogmatik, Dogmatik, IV, IV, 3, g, 1959, pp. 337Barth, Kirchliche 1959, pp. 337424 pp. 782-1034, 782-1034, and especially especially pp. 424 and pp. pp. 999-1007. 999-1007. 2. O. 2. 0. Michel, des Denkens Denkens :Jesu, Michel, Grundlagen Grundlagen des Jesu, EMM, 1953, pp. 35-36. 1953, pp. 35-36. 3 expression is is from Jean Jean Danielou, Danielou, Essai Essai sur sur le mystere de de le mystere 3. The expression l'histoire, I954, p. 193. I93 Vhistoire, 1954, p. If I I 4 Freytag, Vom Sinn Sinn der der Weltmission, p. 74. 74 If Weltmission, EMM. 1950, 4. W. Freytag, 1950, p. see it it correctly, correctly, this this thought thought stands those which see stands directly to those directly opposed opposed to have been expressed expressed by by A. A. A. A. van Ruler, lays a very great great ema very Ruler, who lays in his his publication publication on the the Christianization Christianization of the world. phasis in of the world. See, phasis See, among his Theologie des Apostolates, Apostolates, EMZ, 1954, in which, which, others, his among others, Theologie des 1954, in for for the the rest, rest, the the various various aspects which are there mitigate are offered offered there aspects which mitigate and define earlier define publications in in this this area. earlier publications area. O. Cullmann, Christus und die die %eit, Zeit, p. Ig8. 5 Gullmann, Christus 5. 0. p. 138. 6. 6. Ibid., Ibid., p. p. 141. also 0. Eschatology and Mission in See also O. Cullmann, and Mission in Gullmann, Eschatology 141. See the New Testament, the in: W. Davies Davies and D. D. Daube (ed.), Background The Background Testament, in: (ed.), The the Mew Testament and its of New Testament its Eschatology, Eschatology, Studies Studies in Honour of C. H. H. Dodd, Dodd, in Honour of the ofC. Cambridge Univ. Press, Press, I956, pp. 409-422. 409-422. Cambridge 1956, pp. 7 Ibid., p. p. 140, pp. 145-I46. 7. Ibid., 140, pp. 145-146. 8. See also also W. Freytag, cit., p. p. 74; D. Bosch, Bosch, op. 8. Freytag, op. op. cit., 74; D. cit., pp. op. cit., pp. 165-r6g, 165-169,

I68 168

H. J, J. Margull, Margull, Theologie der missionarischm missionarischen Verkiindigung, pp. Theologie der Verkundigung, 1959, 1959? pp. 24-38. 24-38. 10. Stephen is, if! under10. Neill's book, book, Creative Creative Tension, if I have under* Stephen Neill's Tension, 1959, 1959, is, it rightly, stood stood it rightly, an attempt attempt to to reconcile reconcile continental continental European European and Anglo-Saxon thought in in a a positive positive dialectic dialectic which which arouses a "creative "creative arouses a Anglo-Saxon thought York.) (Doubleday, New York.) tension". (Doubleday, tension". 1 r. 1 I See, for example, a prominent prominent spokesman from (Eastern) See, for example, how a spokesman from (Eastern) Orthodoxy rejects rejects missions missions on the the ground divisions of of the the divisions of the the Orthodoxy ground of Church which cripple witness and make it impossible (in Basileia it impossible cripple witness (in Basileia 1959: Metropolitan James of of Melita, The Orthodox Orthodox Concept 1959: The Metropolitan Melita, The James of Concept of Mission and and Missions, Missions, pp. pp. 76-80). reader, Mission a non-Orthodox reader, as a me, as 76-80). To me, argument gives gives the the impression impression that that here here history, this this argument history, particularly particularly history, though though not not undermining undermining the normativeness and Church history, the normativeness validity of of the the Biblical Biblical witness, witness, nevertheless nevertheless makes it it to a great to a validity great degree degree relative. Further, Further, this this article article is is an impressive of how relative. illustration of impressive illustration unity" are are intertwined. indissolubly "mission "mission and unity" intertwined. indissolubly 12. K. Barth, 12. Kirchliche Dogmatik, Dogmatik, IV, pp. 874-875. the folfolBarth, Kirchliche IV, 3, 3, pp. 874-875. In the lowing pages pages Barth points points out (pp. 875-878) the hiatus that characout (pp. hiatus that characlowing 875-878) the the patristic, patristic, scholastic, postterized the terized then the the Reformation Reformation and postscholastic, and then the Church. I think think Barth is the the first, Reformation doctrines doctrines of Reformation of the Barth is Church. I first, and up to the only, only, systematic systematic theologian theologian who sees existence and to now the sees the the existence up the task the Christian Christian to to lie lie in witness. Of particular importance the task of of the in witness. particular importance in this regard is Welt," pp. this regard is 72.2, die Welt," in fur die 72.2, "Die Gemeinde fiir pp. 872-910. 872-910. I believe, then, then, that that in this passage passage the of Bishop Bishop Stephen in this I believe, the remark of Stephen far as date, Creative Creative Tension, I know, Neill is is out 1I 1 : "As far as I out of date, 1I Neill know, no one Tension, p. p. I in terms has yet yet set to work to to think think out out the the theology the Church in terms has of the set to theology of of that one thing for for which which it it exists." exists." of that one thing 13. Barth, op. p. 878. 878. cit., p. 13. K. Barth, op. cit., 14. N. Goodall, Goodall, Missions Missions under the Cross, Press, under the Cross, Edinburgh Edinburgh House Press, 14. N. p. 22. Andersen, op. p. 58, London 1953, 22. W. Andersen, cit., p. affirmatively op. cit., 58, answers affirmatively 1953, p. the question put put by by Goodall: Goodall: "In our our judgment judgment an affirmative anaffirmative anthe question activities swer given to to this this question. of all all other other activities swer must be given question. The work of its relationship and responsibilities responsibilities of of the the Church must be judged judged by by its relationship end the end. in a a twofold twofold sense the endto the to the direction to sense direction end. This This work is is in to temporally to to the the time time of the end, end, and geographically to the the ends of of the geographically to temporally said constantly the earth." By this this statement statement he he repeats repeats what has has been said the earth." By constantly the time time of of Hartenstein Hartenstein and others, others, but he overlooks overlooks the the particuparticusince since the lar set problems at at which which Goodall Goodall was aiming. lar set of of problems aiming. The sentences here
.

171. objects to to calling calling mission mission a sign portent, "because it is or portent, is "because it 171. Bosch objects sign or unpredictable". It completely unpredictable". It seems seems to to me a a misunderstanding of completely misunderstanding of the the word "sign" to see see in in it it any any aspect therefore of "predicting". I I feel feel therefore "sign" to aspect of"predicting". that this basis basis for that Bosch's Bosch's objection is invalid, at least or at least this for his his objection. objection is invalid, or objection. So W. Andersen, Andersen, Towards a Theology Mission, I.M.C. Research g. Towards a I.M.C. Research 9. SoW. Theology of of Mission, S.G.M. Press, Pamphlet No. 2, Press, London 1955, pp. 36-4o. also: See also: 2, S.C.M. Pamphlet 1955, pp. 36-40. See

169 169

quoted at the the end of bears the the chapter of the the title, occur, further, chapter which bears further, at title, quoted occur, at Willingen Willingen and their their solution solution through "Problems left left unsolved unsolved at the "Problems through the
I think of approach that Willingen Willingen has possible". I think the the has made possible". line of new line approach that solution that is is presented presented here here is is far far too too easy easy and too too apodictic, solution that apodictic, and furthermore Andersen's Andersen's view view will will have to under the the criticism, fall under to fall furthermore criticism, in the the text, text, in in regard regard to to eschatology of a a offered as a a prerogative offered in eschatology as prerogative of theological foundation of "foreign missions". foundation of 'foreign missions". theological 15. Freytag, Vom Sinn Sinn der der Weltmission, p. 75 See Weltmission, EMM, 1950, 1950, p. 75. See 15. W. Freytag, Meaning and Purpose of of the Mission, IRM, April 950. also the Christian Christian Mission, and Purpose also his: his: Meaning April I 1950. pp. 189 the general general contents contents of this ff. Further, this section, for the see: section, see: Further, for 189 ff. pp. A. C. of Vision, G. Warren, The Truth Truth of M. A. Warren, The Vision, Canterbury Press, London Canterbury Press, Mission, S.C.M. Press, London 1951, 1948; The Christian Christian Mission, S.G.M. Press, ed. 1953; 3rd ed. 1951, 3rd 1948; The 1953; The Christian Imperative, S.C.M. Press, London 1955 Christian Imperative, S.G.M. Press, 1955. 16. Neill, Creative Doubleday, New York 1959, 1 6. Stephen C. Creative Tension, Tension, Doubleday, Stephen C. Neill, 1959, pp. 81 ff. 81 fF. pp. I 7 Ibid., Ibid., p. p. 82. 82. 17. I8. consultation of of the the Sub-committee on Theology Theology of 1 8. During a of During a consultation in London, Mission of of the the Study Department WCC/IMC Mission London, October Study Department WGG/IMG in 22-23, 22-23, 1957 195719. Andersen, Towards a Theology Theology of Mission, S.C.M. Towards a S.G.M. Press, 19. W. Andersen, Press, of Mission, London 1955, ed. 1956, p. 58. 58. 1955, 2nd ed. 1956, p. 20. I am not not mistaken, mistaken, the the data Biblical theology which have have If I of Biblical 20. If data of theology which been offered offered here here demonstrate been has been affirmed other demonstrate what has affirmed on other by such as Hans Durr, Diirr, Die Die Reinigung Reinigung der Missionsmotive, grounds der Missionsmotive, such men as grounds by EMZ, 1951, pp. 2-xo; Sendung, einige Fragen und und Erwdgungen, Erwiigungen, EMM, 2-10; Sendung, 1951, pp. einige Fragen 1 954, pp. 1 46~i 1954, pp. 146-152 C. Hoekendijk, Hoekendijk, Mission Missionheute, I954 heute, 1 J. G. 52 ;J. 954 Studentenbund Creative Tension, p. II r. ffu Mission; Stephen C. Neill, Neill, Creative fur Mission; in. Tension, p. Stephen G. 2 I. A. A. A. van Ruler, Ruler, Theologie van het het Apostolaat, Apostolaat, p. 46. 21. Theologie van p. 46. W, Freytag, p. 75. 75 22. W. Freytag, op. 22. cit., p. op. cit., 23. of the the Advisory Advisory Commission Commission on the the Main Theme of of "Report of 23. "Report the Second Assembly Assembly-Christ, the Hope the World," p. I8, the of the in Christ, the World," p. 18, in Hope of The Christian Christian Hope Hope and and the of the the Church, Harper Bros., Bros., New York York Task of the Task Church, Harper 1954 1954G. Warren, 24. M. A. C. Warren, The Christian Christian Imperative, Imperative, pp. pp. 126, I26, 127, 128. 24. 127, I28. het Apostolaat, Ruler, Theologie van het Apostolaat, 1954, pp. 14, I5. 25. 25. A. A. van Ruler, Theologie van 1954, pp. 14, 15. 26. K. Earth, 26. Barth, Kirchliche Kirchliche Dogmatik, Dogmatik, IV, 1002. IV, 3, 3, I959, 1959, p. p. 1002. P. S. S. Minear, 27. P. Minear, Gratitude and Mission Mission in Epistle to Romans, Gratitude and in the the Epistle to the the Romans, 27. in Basileia, Basileia, 1959, I 959, p. p. 4 7. 47. 28. Nevertheless 28. Nevertheless it it is not without without significance Minear, op. cit., is not that Minear, significance that op. cit., p. 42, that Freytag Freytag was critical critical of of locating the motive motive for for 42, announces that p. locating the mission in thankfulness. thankfulness. This is connected, I think, think, with mission in This is with Freytag's connected, I Frey tag's special emphasis emphasis on the the element element of of expectation in the the eschatological special expectation in eschatological mission. foundation of foundation of mission. 29. The sharpest sharpest distinction between proclamation distinction between of the the gospel 29. proclamation of gospel
*

170 170

in the immediate environment of in that in in distant of the the Church and that distant is made by lands is by van Ruler Ruler in in his his Theologie van het het Apostolaat, Apostolaat, e.g. p. 44: Theologie van e.g. p. 44 "The relation relation of of God to to paganism paganism is is an entirely from one from different one entirely different His relation relation to to an apostate apostate Christendom. Christendom. Therefore cannot, and Therefore one one cannot, one should not, not, reduce reduce to to a the two two forms of a common denominator denominator the forms of the the apostolate, apostolate, say in Europe Europe and in Asia... There in Asia. is more than a a There is more than say in practical, technical technical difference difference here. here. It It is is a a deeply practical, difference, deeply spiritual spiritual difference, difference of a difference of theological theological principle." principle." I I would like here only only like to to make here a a few few observations, observations, to to raise raise questions: questions: (a) To what extent extent can can one one still still speak, the vast of in the vast majority (a) speak, in majority of situations, apostate Christendom? not have have beChristendom ? Can one one not besituations, of an apostate come so so post-Christian post-Christian that that he is is for for all all practical practical purposes purposes pre-Christian (though (though certainly not yet yet anti-Christian)? pre-Christian certainly not anti-Christian) ? Can one make the the judgment judgment of of post-Christian post-Christian only it is is clear clear only when it that that there there has has already already been been a confrontation confrontation with with the gospel? the gospel? And how many many areas are there there not, not, where areas are has where the the Church has lived in such such an introverted to her lived in fashion that, introverted fashion her that, contrary contrary to deepest nature nature and calling, has not the truth truth she has not made known the deepest calling, she so that is still so that the the Gospel Gospel is still hidden? ( Cf. 2 Cor. 4: 2, Cor. 4: 2, 3) (Cf. 3.) (b) extent is the "corpus present as To what extent is the christianum" (still) (b) 'corpus christianum" (still) present as corpus, a body, body, and to to what extent a corpus, the is it it Christian? extent is Christian? On the answer to to this this question depends the the decision, as to I think, to decision, I think, as question depends whether one one does accept a a distinction principle as well as in does accept distinction in in principle as well as in practice between between "mission" "mission" and "foreign mission". practice "foreign mission". (c) What significance has history history had in Europe and America in Europe (c) significance has as Heilsgeschichte"? this as a "progressing ? To what extent does this extent does "progressing Heilsgeschichte" impose permanent permanent obligations the other in regard to the other continents? continents ? impose obligations in regard to Without falling falling into into the the error error of man's burden", of the the "white "white man's burden", can one speak speak of of a permanent permanent vocation vocation to to the the world to service service to other than arising arising from the the gospel makes servants other than for that makes servants for gospel that all of us Christ's sake all us over over the the whole whole world? Christ's sake world ? 30. H.J. Margull, Theologie Theologie der dermissionarischen missionarischen Verkiindigung, See, e.g. Verkundigung, 30. See, J. Margull, e.g. H. Evang. Verlag, Verlag, Stuttgart 959, which gives bibliography; excellent bibliography; Evang. Stuttgart I 1959, gives an excellent W. Andersen, Andersen, Towards a Theology Mission, S.C.M. Press, Towards a Press, London of Mission, Theology of Missio Dei, Dei, Ch. Kaiser Kaiser Verlag, 1955; G. F. F. Vicedom, Vicedom, Missio 1958. Verlag, Munich 1958. 1955; G. 31. the Dutch theologian Noordrnans . is from the O. Noordmans. expression is theologian 0. 31. The expression 32. The trinitarian trinitarian foundation is accepted of mission mission is foundation of accepted generally 32. generally well known, known, too, too, I assume. See See among Auslegung I assume. and well Barth, Auslegung others, Barth, among others, von Matth. 28: 28: i6~-so, r6-2o. von Matth. 33 Freytag, Vom Sinn Sinn der der Weltmission, p. 75. 75 Weltmission, EMM 1950, 1950, p. 33. W. Freytag, thinks here here of of the the tension tension between between "Inter-church 34 One thinks "Inter-church Aid" 34. and Mission, behind which there there is to is sometimes an attempt attempt even to Mission, behind is often see a theological problem; problem; and of of the the contrast often suggested contrast which is a theological see suggested between "missionary" the like. against like. Over against between "pastoral", and the "missionary" and "pastoral",
:
.

171 171

the inclination in the the past past to to undervalue undervalue the of the theological inclination in character of the theological character missionary problems (Edinburgh I9IO, Jerusalem it seems seems to to (Edinburgh 1910, Jerusalem I928), 1928), it missionary problems that the the inclination inclination is it, such is strong to overvalue me now that overvalue it, such as as framing strong to framing of administration administration as as theological theological questions. questions of questions. questions taken from a recent pamphlet written written by 35 These These words words are are taken recent pamphlet by me: 35. der pending,]. Zending, J. H. Kok, Kok, Kampen Kampen 1960, p. 48. De Weg Weg der 1960, p. 48. I took 36. took from from a a leaflet leaflet of Kaiser Verlag, Verlag, This quotation of the the Ch. Ch. Kaiser quotation I 36. This Munich, who will will publish publish before before long writings of of Professor selected writings Professor Munich, long selected Freytag. Freytag. For this this passage passage see, see, among 37 the following others, the following commen37. For among others, taries: H. L. P. Billerbeck, Billerbeck, Kommentar Kommentar zum zum Neuen Neuen TestaS track and P. L. Strack Testataries: ment aus Midrasch, Vol. Vol. IV, I926; C. ment und Midrasch, aus Talmud und G. H. Beck, Beck, Munich, Munich, IV, 19226; Windisch, Handbuch Handbuch zum zum Neuen Neuen Testament, Die 2nd ed. ed. 1956; Testament, Die 1956; H. Windisch, B. Mohr, Mohr, Tubingen Ti.ibingen 1930; I930; E. E. G. KatholischenBriif8,J. Katholischen C. B. G. Selwyn, e, J. C. Brief Selwyn, The First Epistle of cif St. St. Peter, Peter, Macmillan, Macmillan, London 1947, F. W. First Epistle ed. 1949; 1947, 2nd ed. 1949; F. Beare, First Epistle Epistle of cif St. St. Peter, Peter, Basil Basil Blackwell, 947, Oxford I Beare, The First Blackwell, Oxford 1947, revised revised ed. ed. 1958; A. Schlatter, Erliiuterungen zum zum Neuen Neuen Testament, Schlatter, Erlauterungen Testament, 1958; A. 9 Teil, Calwer Calwer Verlag, Verlag, Stuttgart Stuttgart I950; F. Hauck, Das Neue Neue TestaTestaHauck, Das 9 Teil, 1950; F. ment Deutsch, ment Deutsch, 4 4 Band, Band, Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, Gottingen 1956; Rupprecht, Gottingen 1956; I "hagios" Procksch), "arete" Bi.ichsel), "basileia" TWNT I "arete" (F. "basileia" "hagios" (0. (O. Procksch), (F. Buchsel), L. Schmidt), (F. Buchsel); Bi.ichsel); III (K. L. "hiereus" (G. III "hiereus" (K. "genos" (F. Schmidt), "genos" Schrenk). (G. Schrenk). Further: W. Bieder, Further: Bieder, Grund Grund und und Kraft Kraft der der Mission Mission nach nach dem dem I Petrusbriif, I Petrusbrief, Zollikon Verlag, in Zollikon Verlag, Zurich Ziirich I950, pp. 3-I 7; E. Eschatology in E. G. Selwyn, 1950, pp. Selwyn, Eschatology 3-17; I Peter, 1 Peter, in: in: W. Davies, Davies, D. D. Daube (ed.), Background cif the New The Background of the (ed.), The Testament and its Testament Eschatologv, Studies Studies in in honour honour cifC. H. Dodd, Dodd, Cambridge its Eschatologv, Cambridge ofC. H. Univ. Univ. Press, Press, 1956, rgs6, pp. pp. 394-401. 394-401. 38. Eschatology in in i 1 Peter, Peter, p. p. 394 38. E. G. Selwyn, Selwyn, Eschatology 394. cit., pp. pp. 250-251. 250-251. 39 Schrenk, op. 39. G. Schrenk, op. cit., 40. Gf. Cf. what has has been been said said about about Exod. Exod. I9: I. in Chapter 40. 56 in 19: 5-6 Chapter i. Cf. Rom. 1:21. 41. r : 2 r. 41. Cf. S. Minear has 42. P. P. S. has called called attention attention to the proclamation proclamation among among to the 42. as doxology, the the Gentiles Gentiles as rightly so: Mission in the so: Gratitude Gratitude and and Mission in the doxology, and rightly in Basileia, to the Epistle to the Romans, Romans, in Basileia, 1959, 42-48. Epistle 1959, pp. pp. 42-48.

172 172

ABBREVIATIONS
AMZ EMM EMZ IRM NAMZ TWNT ZA W ZAW Allgemeine Missions Missions Zeitschrift Zeitschrift Allgemeine Magazin Magazin Missions Zeitschrift Zeitschrift Evangelische Evangelische Missions International Review Missions International Review of of Missions Neue A-M-Z M Z NeueA Theologisches Worterbuch zum Neuen Neuen TestaTestaTheologisches Worterbuch ment, begun under G. Kittel under G. Kittel ment, begun Zeitschrift fur die die alttestamentliche Zeitschrift fur alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Wissenschaft Evangelisches Missions Missions Evangelisches

I73 173

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
H. H. H. Rowley Rowley (ed.), (ed.), Eleven Eleven Years Bible Bibliography Bibliography Years of of Bible Falcon's 1946-1956, Falcon's Wing Press, Indian Hills, The Indian Hills, 1946-1956, Wing Press, Colorado, U.S.A., 1957 Colorado, U.S.A., 1957 G. H, H. Anderson, Anderson, Bibliography Bibliography of Missions in G. the Theoloi!J in of the Theology of of Missions the zoth the 2oth Century, Library, New Research Library, Century, Missionary Missionary Research York, York, 1958 1958 Raymond Book List, List, produced produced by P. Morris, Morris, A Theological Raymond P. Theological Book by The Theological Education Fund of the International Education of the International Theological Missionary Blackdistributed by Council, 1g6o, 1960, and distributed Missionary Council, by Blackwell's, Oxford, England, and Allenson's, Napierville, well's, Oxford, England, Allenson's, Napierville, Illinois, U.S.A. U.S.A. Illinois,

174 174

INDEX OF BIBLE REFERENCES REFERENCES


GENESIS GENESIS 18 I: 3I I32 I-I I 17, 19, 36, 139 I-12! 9 I39 2 I8 2: r6, 17 20 2: I9 I32 I8 3 s: IS 4S, 46, 147 Ig 4-6: 7-8: 8, 9 g: I6 s6 IO Ig, 20, 38, 40, 81, 162 IO: I-32 36 10-12: 9 I9 II I9, 20, s8, 40, go I2 ss,4o 12: I-3 20 12: 3 Ig, 20, 22 I4 46 r4: x8-24 22 I7: 4 155 49= 8 4S 49: IO 46
EXODUS DEUTERONOMY DEUTERONOMY

7= 6-8
32:8 2 SAMUEL 23: I-7
PSALMS

22 26, I62

46

3 3:2 3: I4 Ig: 5 I9: s-6 zg: 6

87 go I42 26 28, I28, 172 24, 129


NUMBERS

24: I7

46

22:27 70 22: 28; 24: r; 33:8 26 33! 9 I33 26 47=8 47:9 70 48: IO 26 SO! I 70 so:7 3S 66: 7 26 26 67 67: I-2, 7 24 68: so, 32 70 71: S 3S 72 47 72: g-II 70 78 35 85 : IQ-I3, I I-I3 53 86:9 26, 37, 70 2I, 26 87 26 93-IOO g6 24 g6: 3, IO 70 IOO 24 IIO 46 24,26 II7 138: 5 ll4 I 50 36

175 175

PROVERBS

I-9
8: rs, r6, 35
ISAIAH

6I, 62 6r

ss: 6r: 6r: 62:

s; s6: 7; 6o: g, s-2o r-2 6, 6-9 II; 66: r8, 19


JEREMIAH

70 154
128

70 70 35 46 149

2 2:2,2-4

2: 2-5 2:3
4:2 8: I I

g: r-6 6g 9= 4-6 r8:7; r9:23;2s:6,6-8 70 28: r6 127 29: r8 ff.; 35: 5 ff. 154 go, 31 40-55 32 42 42: I 31, 48 31, 48 42: I-7 42: 2, 4 39 40, 48, 145, I48, r6r 42:4 51 42: 4 6 42: 6 31, I45 128, 129 43= 20 45: 14, 20, 22, 24 70 45= 22, 23 39 49 32 49: I 48 49: 1-7 3 1 , 49 49= 6 31, 39, sr, 145 50 49= 7 49= 12 70 50 48 so: 4-9 49 51: 4 5 70 52: I3-I5 49, so, 149 48, 149 53 53= 4, 8 149 53; I-I2 49 53: I I 39, 71 54= 15 59

I45 70 40,46 70 46 8g 46

3: 17

I4: 8; 17: 13 23: 5-8; 3o: 9; 33 : 14-18


33= 24
EZEKIEL

I: 3

34= 21-30
37=9 37= 24-28
DANIEL

2:

gr; 4: 6;

s: 12

7: I-14 7-10

7:

13

7: 13-14
7= 14 7= 27

63 41, so 63 69 83, r6r r6r so, 148

HOSEA

1: 6-rr; 2:23 3=5 14:3


AMOS

3:2 g: 7

g:

I I

MICAH

4: I 4: 1-4; 5: 1-5 s:s


ZEPHANIAH

3= 9

70

176 176

HAGGAI

2:7 2: 7--9 ZECHARIAH .2: II 6: 9-15 8: 20, 21 8: 21 8: 23 9=9 14: 16 MALACHI


I:

70 46 70 46 40 70 50 6g 40 I42 62

II

ECCLESIASTICUS 6: 24-30; 51: 23-27


MATTHEW

I3! 38 85 13:47-50 74 68, 85 15: 2!-28 !5: 24 67 r6: 19, 20 78 16: 27 84 r8: 18; I9: 28 78 22: I-I4 85 22! 32 130 23! I5 57. 63, 68 69 .23: 37 85, 106, ro7, I6r .24: 14 68, 70 25! 31 70 25!34 28: !6-20 I57, r6o, r6r 28: 18 87, 88 28: I8-20 83, 85, 161, I63, 164 II6 28: 19
MARK

I!I-I7;2:2 3=9 g: I I 3! 12 s: 13, I4 s: I4, 15 6: 7, 32 8: 5-13 8: I I 8: I2 10: 5 IO: s-6 10: 6 u:5ff. II: 28-so 12: 15-21 12: 41 12:42 13 13: 19 I3! 24-30 13: 3I-33 13! 32 I3: 36-43

85 68, 79, 92 go 159 IIg 70 67 68 68, 70 67 86 68, 7I, 78, 85 67 I 54 6.2 6g 68, 6g III 74 I66 74 75 70 74

I: 14-15 4!21 4= 26-2g 10: 33 ro: 45 I I : I-IO II; 17 I2! I I2: IO 12: 35-37 I3! IO 14! 24 14! 58 16: I4-20

71, 156 70 75 67 6g, 7I 6g 70 67 70 6g ro6, 107, I u, I6I 6g, 71 70 88


LUKE

2! 32 2!34 4: 16-3o 4: Ig, 22 4! 25-27 7= 22 8: 16 g:5r; 10:25-37

146 123 68 I 54 6g 154 70 68

M M

I7J

II: 3I I I: 33 12: 30, 32 13: I-3 13: 6-9 13: 34 I5 17: II-Ig rg: 4I-44; 21: 20-24; 23: 28-31 24: 25, 27, 32 24:44-53 24:47
JOHN

III

70 67 69 68 92 75 68 g2 134 88 8g

10-II II: 2, 3, r8, 20, 21, 22, 26 gx II: r8 g5 g6 II: 22, 26 13: 1-5, 5 gs gi I3: 2-3, 5; I4; I I5g 14:4 IOI I4: r6 gr 15: I-22 go, 105 rs: 28 17: 26 I9, I62 101 I7: 30
ROMANS

I: 5 135 68 4 70 7= 37 8: ro, 37-40, 56 79 g2 8: 33-40 Io: I6 70 IO: 28, 2g I32 III I I: 24 I I: 51 70 12 76 12: 20 70 III 12:48 8g 14: r-6, 15-19, 25-28 8g, go 15: 26 16: 22 8g 17: 18 78 20: 21 78, 133 88 20: 21-23
ACTS

112 87, 8g, 105 I: 8 78, go, g4, 107, I II, II2 2:I-II,36 go 4: 27 67 5: 32 go 8: 4-25, 26-40 94 g: 15 g5 10: 1-48 gr
I: 6-8

gi I:r6;3:1 g8 3= 27-29 22, g8 4: I I g8 4: I3, 18 4: I6, 17 7g I 55 4= I7 8: r6 I05 go 8: 23 g-II IOO, IOI, I65, r68 g8 IO: 4-2I II2 ro: II-15 ro: r6-I8 IOI I I: I-6, I I-I2, 12, 25, 26 roo, I27 IOI I I: I, I3, I4, 15, 34-36 I5: 6, g II7 I5:g-I3 g8 I5: 7-9 167 I5: 19-20, 22-24 103 15:26 gg r6: 7 102 r6:26 roo
I CORINTHIANS

3: 22, 23 4: r6 7:31 g: r6, 23 IO: II ro: 32


178

122-123 102 ro6 126 108

gs

u: r; 12:2B 15:8 15: 10 2 CORINTHIANS I: 22 3: I4-16 g: 17 4= 2, 3 4= I5 5: 17 II: 2 GALATIANS 2: 1-2 2:g 3=8 g: 16 3= 26-28 3:28 3=29 4: 25, 26 6: 15 EPHESIANS I: IO, II I: 22 2: II-3: 2I 2: I2, I3 2: I3 2: 14 2: Ig, 2I, 22 2:20 2: 22 2-4 g: I-I3 g: 4-6, 9 g:6

102 g6 125, 126

go I34 8g 171 II7 64,93 !03

g: IO g: 18 g: 19 4: 7-16 4:II;5:1,2 5=5 6: 15 6: I9 PHIUPPIANS I: 2: g: 3:

99, t62 99, 114 II4 99 102 103 I02, 125 125

J4; 2: 3-II
IQ-II 10 17 COLOSSIANS

!02

146 II9 I02

91 95 22,98 22 98 79 22, 79, 98 9I 93 97 Il9 97 97, 134 II2 53, I37 97 79 13I IOI 98 125 9I, 97, 99

I: 26, 27 I THESSALONIANS 6 I: 7, 8 z: 14; 5= 23


I:

99 I03 102 !03 102 I PETER III I3I I26 79 I JOHN 87 REVELATION 162 gr

2 THESSALONIANS 3: I I: 5 2:5 2: 9-ro z; IO

2: 7

7=9 21: IO

179 179

INDEX OF AUTHORS
ALBRIGHT, W. F., F., I38 ALBRIGHT, 138 Allen, R., 166 r66 Allen, R.,

Buber, M., Buber, M., 142, 154 142, 143, 149, 154 143, I49, Biichsel, F., 172 Biichsel, F., 172 Bultmann, R., 145, I45, 156 Bultmann, R., 156 Buri, F., F., 156 Buri, 156 Busch, F., F., 157 Busch, 157
CARVER, O., I38 CARVER, W. O., 138 Causse, A., 150 Gausse, A., 150 Cerny, L., 143 Cerny, L., 143 Charles, R. H., H., 150 Charles, R. 150 Craig, G. T., T., 167 167 Craig, C. Cramer, K., 139 I39 Cramer, K., Cullmann, I48, 106, 148, O., ro6, Cullmann, 0., 154 rs8, i57> 158, 156, 157, I54 155 155. 156, 68 I63, r68 66, 1 163, r66,
5

von Allmen, Allmen, J. 166 J., 166 J. J.,

Althaus, P., P., Althaus,

I68 68

A., I 42 Amiet, A., Amiet, 142 Andersen, W., I7I W., IIO, no, I6g, Andersen, 169, 170, 170, 171 Axenfeld, K., ISO Axenfeld, K., 150
BAMBERGER, B. B. J., 56, ISO 56, 150 BAMBERGER,

J.,

Barth, 28, 38, 70, Iog, n6, Barth, K., K., 28, 109, 116, 38, 70, II7, 118, I42, 146, 117, II8, 142, I43, 143, 145, 145, 146, 1 60, I6s, 168, 147. 155, I57, 157, I6o, 147, I55. 165, I68, r6g, I70, 170, 171 171 169, Bartsch, H. W. W., 153, I57, 164 Bartsch, 164 153, 157, Baumgartner, W., W., 151 Baumgartner, 151 Beare, F. W., 172 F. W., Beare, 172 Begrich, J., 143 I43 Begrich,J., Bengel, J. A., I38, 158 Bengel,J.A., 138, I58 v. d. Berg, v. d. Berg, J., J., 137 137 Berkhof, H., I63 Berkhof, H., 163 Berthelet, A., 137, Bertholet, A., 150 137, 142, 142, I44, 144, I50 Bertram, G., 56, 59, 59, I4o, Bertram, G., 56, 142, 140, 142, 161 I51, 16I 151, Bieder, W., 172 Bieder, W., 172 Billerbeck, P., P., 172 Billerbeck, 172 Blauw, J., 7, qo, I4I, I44, Blauw, J., 26, 140, 7, 26, 141, 144, I55, I6o, r65, 172 60, I62, 162, 165, 172 155, Bi:ihl, F. F. M. Ph., Ph., 138, Bohl, 138, 144 144 P. A. H., de Boer, H., I44, Boer, P. 144, 145, 145, I48 148 Boess, Boess, C., G,, 140 140 1 60, 161, Bosch, D., r6I, 165, r6s, 1 r66, D., 160, Bosch, 66, 1 r68, r6g 68, 169 Bousset, W., W., 150, rso, 164 Bousset, 164 Brierre Marbonne, Brierre Marbonne, J., J., 147 147 Brouwer, K. K. J., Brouwer, J., 123 123 Brunner, E., 139 Brunner, E., 139
5

153,

159.

A., 14I, 162, DAHL, N. A., 141, 153, 153, 159, 159, 162,

r66, 66, 167 167 Dalbert, R. H., H., 58, Dalbert, R. 58, I50, 151 150, 151 Danielou, J., 168 r68 Danielou,J., Daube, 68, I172 72 168, Daube, D., D., I Davies, W., r68, 168, 172 Davies, W., 172 Dehn, G., Dehn, G., 163 163 F. M,, Derwacter, M., 55, Derwacter, F. 55, 150, 150, 151 151 Dibelius, M., M., 156 Dibelius, 156 Dodd, G. C. H., Dodd, H., 156 156 Diirr, H., 159, I6o, 170 Diirr, H., 170 159, 160, Diirr, J., 137 Durr,J., 137 Durr, L., I43 Diirr, L., 143
1

I43, 146, EDELKOORT, A. H., H., 143, 146, 147, 147, I48 148 Eichholz, G., G., 163 Eicnholz, 163 Eichrodt, W., W., 15, xgg, Eichrodt, 16, 39, 15, 16, 39, 139, 140, I6r 140, I45, 145, 146, 146, 161 Eissfeldt, Eissfeldt, 0., O*, 143 143

I8o 180

Emmerich, K., 141, r66 Emmerich, K.., 141 166 Evenhuis, B., 138 R. B., Evenhuis, R. 138
,

Kleinpaul, B., 138 138 Kleinpaul, B., Knak, S., 1 60 Eoiak, S., 160 Kohler,]., 138, KohlerJ,, 138, 146 146 Konig, F. F. E., E., 143, Konig, 143, 148 148 Kraus, H. J., 151 Kraus, H.]., 151 Kritzinger, W., 141 Kritzinger, J. J. D. W., 141 Kubler, Kubler, 0., O., 137 137 Kummel, Kiimmel, W. G., G., 154, 154, 156 156 Kuhn, r66 1 60, 1 66 Kuhn, K. G., G,, r6o,

FEUILLET, A., 34 34 FEUILLET, A., Fison, 1 60 Fison, J. E., 160 J. E.,

Foerster, W., 163 Foerster, W., 163 Fosdick, E., 138 Fosdick, H. E., 138 Freytag, w., 9, 9 107, I 15, Freytag, W., 107, 109, 109, 115, 117, 162, 164, 117, 162, 168, 170, 171, 164, 168, 170, 171, 172 172 Frick, H., 161 Frick, H., 161 GALLING, K., 151 GALLING, K., 151 Goodall, N., 108, ro8, 169 r6g Goodall, N., t6r Goppelt, L., L., 161 Goppelt, Gressmann, H., 143, Gressmann, H., 143, 147, 147, 149 149 Grosheide, F. W., r67 Grosheide, F. W., 167 Grundmann, W., 163 Grundmann, W., 163 Gutbrod, W., r66 66 Gutbrod, W., 1
HARNACK, A. VON, 151, 151, 152, 152, 153, 153,

W., 138 Kunze, Kunze, W., 138


LAPSHAM, H. A., A., 138 138 Leenhardt, F.]., F. J., 139 Leenhardt, 139 v. d. d. Leeuw, v. Leeuw, G., G., 141, 141, 142, 142, 149, 149,

162 162 Liechtenhan, R., 153, r6o, Liechtenhan, R., 153, 155, 155, 160, 1 68 r65, 167, r68 165, 167, Lohr, M., Lohr, M., 143, 143, 144 144 Lohmeyer, E., r6o, t6r 161 E., 154, Lohmeyer, 154, 160, Lohse, E., Lohse, E., 155, 155, 159 159
MANSON, T. W., 107, MANSON,T.W., 107, 153, 153, 154, 154, 156, 156,

164 164 Hartenstein, K., 17, Hartenstein, K., 17, 107, 107, 138, 138, r62, 164 162, 164 Hauck, F., F., 172 Hauck, 172 Hebert, A. G., Hebert, A. G., 153 153 Hempel, J., J., 138, Hempd, 138, 142, 142, 154 154 Hering, J., Hering, J., 148 148 Hermelink,J., r6o Hermelink, J., 160 G. 107, J. C., Hoekendijk, J. Hoekendijk, 107, 124, 124, 137, 137, 149, 161, 162, 162, 170 170 149, 161, Holscher, G., 147 Holscher, G., 147 Holsten, Holsten, W., W., 156 156 Holzmann, Holzmann, H. S., S., 152 152 Holzner, ]., 167 167 Holzner,J., Horace, 60 6o Horace, Hulst, A., 162 162 Hulst, A.,
5

JACOB, E., E., 39, 39, 138, JACOB, 138, 144, 144, 145 145 Jeremias, J., J., 70, 70, 148, 153, 154, 154, 148, 153, Jeremias, 155. 159 155, 156, 156, 157 157, 159
KAHLER, M.' I 52 KAHLERj M., 152 Kittel, G., 163 Kittel, G., 163

160 1 60 J., 159, Margull, 160, 164, Margull, H. J., 159, r6o, 164, 171 171 Marsh,]., r6o Marsh, J., 160 32, 33, 42, Martin-Achard, R., Martin-Achard, R., 32, 33, 42, 140, 140, 141, 141, 143 145, 146, 143, 144, 144, 145. 146, 1 66 148, 148, 166 Matter, H. M., M., 156 Matter, 156 Meinertz, M., 152, Meinertz, M., 152, 153 153 Michaelis, W., Michaelis, W., 165 165 Michel, 0., r6o, Michel, O., 8s, 83, 104, 104, 159 159, 160, 168 161, 161, 163, 165, r68 163, 165, Minear, P. P. S., 17, 160, r6o, I7o, S., I Minear, 117, 172 170, 172 Miskotte, K. H., H., 140 Miskotte, 140 Morant, P., P., 139 Morant, 139 Mosbeck, H., H., 159 Mosbeck, 159 Munck,J., r68 Munck, J., 168 Myklebust, 0. O. G., G., 137 137 Myklebust, NEILL, S.C., S. G., 109, 121, 169, NEILL, 109, I21, 170 169, 170 zur Nieden, Nieden, E., E., 137 137 Niles, T., 7 Niles, D. T., 7

181

Noordrnans, O., 0., J7I Noordmans, 171 North, C. R., 140, G. R., North, 148 140, 143, 144, 148 143, 144,
OEPKE, A., 167 OEPKE, A., 167

Orchard, R. K., r62 161, 162 K., 137, Orchard, 137, 161,
PAESLACK, r6r M., l6l PAESLACK, M.,

Paton, D. M., 140 D. M., Paton, 140 Pedersen, r 38 Pedersen, J., J., 138 Pfeiffer, H., 138, Pfeiffer, R. H., 138, 151 151 Pieper, r67 K., 167 Pieper, K., d. Ploeg, v. v. d. Ploeg, J., 143 J., 143 Porteous, W., 140, Porteous, N. W., 146 140, 146 Procksch, 0., 138, Procksch, O., 172 146, 172 138, 146, v. RAD, G., r6, 19, V. 20, 138, G., l6, 138, 139, 139, ig, 20, 141, 147, 141, 142, 146, 147> 142, 145> 145, 146, r66 151, 161, 166 151, 161, Rahlfs, A., A., 151 Rahlfs, 151 Reinhard, J., 138 Reinhard, J., 138 Rengstorf, K. H., r63 H., 159, 159, 163 Rengstorf, J., 167 Richter, 167 Richter,J., N., 153, Ridderbos, Ridderbos, H. N., 153, 154, 154, rs6, i57> 157> 158, rs8, 159 r64 4 156, i59> l6 Riehm, E., Riehm, E., 137, 137, 143 143 Rosen, Fr., Rosen, Fr., 150 150 Rosen, rso, 151, rsr, 161 r6r Rosen, G., G., 150, Rosenkranz, G., r68 Rosenkranz, G., 168 Rost, L., L., 140, r6r Rost, 142, 161 141, 142, 140, 141, Rowley, H. H., H., 22, 22, 39, 138, Rowley, 39, 138, 140, 144, 141, 142, 142, 143, 140, 141, 143, 144, 1 60 147, 147, 148, 148, 160 van Ruler, A., I116, r6, 118, I r8, Ruler, A. A., 168, 168, 170, 171 170, 171 Rylarsdam, C., G., 151 Rylarsdam, 151
SCHARER, H., H., 137 137 Schlatter, A., 172 Schlatter, A., 172

149 149,

Schniewind, Schniewindj J., J., 158 158 Schrenk, Schrenk, G., G., 172 172 Schweitzer, A., 153, Schweitzer, A., 156 153, rs6 B. Y., Scott, R. B. Y., 24, Scott, R. 141 24, 141 Sellin, E., E., 39, Sellin, 39, 138, 138, 144, 144, 145 145 Selwyn, E. E. G., G., 172 Selwyn, 172 Snaith, Snaith, N. H., H., 144, 145, 148 148 144, 145, Spitta, F., 152 Spitta, F., 152 Stahlin, G. 142, 160 Stahlin, G., 142, 160 Staerk, Staerk, W., W., 138 138 Stauffer, E., 150, rso, 156, r68 Stauffer, E., 167, 168 156, 167, H., 153, Stoevesandt, Stoevesandt, H., 155 153, rss Strack, L., 172 Strack, H. L., 172 Strauss, F., 152 Strauss, D. F., 152 Stummer, F., 150 Stummer, F., 150 Sundkler, 40, 70, Sundkler, B., B., 40, 146, 142, 146, 70, 142, 152, I52 153 I53> 155 155 v. Swigchem, 168 v. D., 167, 167, 168 Swigchem, D.,
5
5

TAYLOR, V., V., 155 155 S. A., Teinonen, Teinonen, S. A., 137, 138 137, 138

155, 155,

1 60, 167, 171 160, 167, 171 Vischer, W., W., 143, Vischer, 145, 146 143, 145, 146 Volz, Volz, P., P., 39, 39, 145, 150 145, 150

VICEDOM, G. F., F., VICEDOM,

Vriezen, 22, 23, G., 22, Vriezen, Th. C., 23, 39, 39, 138, 138, 140, 146 140, 141, 141, 144, 144, 145 145, 146
l6l WARNECK, G., G., 137, 137, 152, 152, 161

139, 139, 145, 145,


I 59 159,

Schlier, H., 164, Schlier, H., 164, 165 165 Schmidt, Schmidt, H., H., 144 144 Schmidt, r6r, 172 Schmidt, K. L., L., 142, 172 142, 161, Schmidt, M., 142, Schmidt, M., 142, 143, 143, 144, 144, 146 146 Schneider, Schneider, J., J., 167 167

Warneck, 166 Warneck, Job., Joh., 166 Warren, M.A. II6, II7, A. C., Warren, M. 16, 117, G., 107, 107, 1 164, 164, 170 170 r68 Weber, O., 168 Weber, 0., Weiss, Weiss, J., J., 152, 152, 155 155 Wendland, H. D., D., 150, Wendland, 150, 156 156 Wendland, P., Wendland, P., 150 150 Windisch, H., H., 1 72 Windisch, 172 Wolff, H. W., W., 143, Wolff, 147 143, 147 Wright, E., 138 Wright, G. E., 138
DE YOUNG, J. J. C., 1 66 C., 166
ZIMMERLI, W., 139, ZIMMERLI, 148 139, 148

w.,

182

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