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U. S. ARMY AIR FG-RCES
AIR MATERIEL COMMAND
CONTRACT W33-038 AC5238
HELICOPTER
BLADE
ANALYSIS
BY A. A. NIKOLSKY AND E. SECKEL
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
REPORT NO. 100
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PAGE I .
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

l w U S Government \s lrom .Iiti&atio
n
' 1\' ' Y ansue ltom the contractor'S )nlfln&lIl& on
patetll rtgblS whlcb may be
TKE ANAl..YSIS OF HELICOPTER BLADES
REPORT 110. 100
A. A. F. Contract W33-038 ac 5238
January 31, 1947
Prepared b;/'I
/.1. riJ. /V Jtc./..; (
A. A. lU.lco1s1cy
.- r . f)
h,,:, .... t:..-t:.-
E. Seckel
/.1 ,r.l IV; 1Lo!.J "7-
A. Ar Nilcoleky
Director of Project
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PRIHCETOI'I UNIVERSITY
ENGINEERING l !-BORATORY
.'
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This report haS been at the request
01' the A:1'rrI'! Ai'I' Forces Air coJlll!l&.Ild at
Field as one ph8se of its program to determine
a reliable and practical sot of de&1gn criteria for
hellCopters.
An attempt has been mooe to make the report as
sel.f'_contal.O
ed
85 possible for use in the structural.
analysiS of helicopter rotor blades in any steadY
ror'tlsrd flight condition. The material cen easily
be extended to accelerated fllgbt conditions .
The actual establishment of 6 set of design
criteria has not been undertaken. It 16. ho'Wever J
thought that the materiAl here presented may prove
to be of such general nature and completeness that, b1
it. 8pp"c8t,on> to de,ign problem', it may help to.
erd
t,b.e establis:runent of such design criteria .
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,
TABLE OF COi'fTEi'fTS
Summary, Description. and Discussion of
llatel.'ial
Part I - General Netar1al
General Assumptions
Nomenclature
Numerical Solution of Linear Differential
Equations by the Bethed of Approximation
to Func tions
'The Geonietry of Rotor Blade Rinses
Part II - Fully Juoticulated Blades
Applied Blade Loads I
o,namic
Gravity
Air Loads (in Z direction)
Fourier Coefficients of Flapping Hation
Air Loads (in Y direction)
Solution for InfloW Facto!', A,
(Equation of Torque)
Fourier Ooefficients of Hunti ng Motion
Calculation of Z Direction Bending
l>!oments and Blade Deflections
Solution by Collocation of the Equation
for Z Direction Bending !-laments and Blede
Derlee tiona
Taoo2ar Method of Finding Z Dll'ection
Bending Ilaments end Blade Deflections
Calculations of Y Direction Bending
Hornents and Blade Deflections
Solution by Collocation of the Equation
f or Y Direction Bend1ng HOllIents and Blade
Deflections
Tabular Method of Finding Y Direction
Bending Moments and Eaade Deflections
on the Blades
. PAGE
1
I - I
1- 5
I - 17
I-26
II- I
II-B
II-9
II .. 25
II-33

II-57
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II-80
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Sffec
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of
Calculations
Physical ConatantS A&suroe
d
solution tor )..
Fl&PPinS coef f icients
Z Direction 11.11' LoadS
Ad jUstment of Z Direction Air LoadS
Z Direction Bending t10me
nte
.nI1
Deflections by Collocation
Z Di:reetion eendinS Moments &DI1
oenect1on8 by TabUlar t-leth
od
DisCUss ion of' Y.. Direction Air ]..oad
3
,
Bend.
ing
and nefleet1Qn'
'.rt 111 _ cent.r-1l1ns.' B''';'' , FiB" in the
Plane of Rotsti
on
(See- SS'"
put IV _ S1Jlgl.6 Bladed Rotors
part V _ RigidlY Atta
cbed
Blades
pert V'l _ Design criteria oonsiderations
pp.GE
11_14'2
II_146
11-
146
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149
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List of
1) Coleman, Flengo.1d am Stemp1n
"Eval
ua
tlon of the Induced Velocity Fiela. of an
Idealiz .. "aUoopter Rotor". NACA "emor""""" RapOrt
L5012 1"01' the AAP, ATSe. March 19, 1945
2) Wheatley, John B.
"An AerOdm .. ic P-"""Y'i, of tha ;.utogiro Rotor Uth e
CO,,",e>1,oo betweeo Celculetad .... "ipe>1meotel Re'Ult,".
rlACA Technical Report 4B7. 19}4
3) Glauert, fl .
"On the Horizontal Plight of a Helioopter" . British
Repo:rt end NewOl'llllda 1157. l-1al'Ch, 1928.
4) Bailey, p. J., J:r.
"A Simplifiad ,,"neOreticel MethOd of netermim"" the
Charecteristi" of Lifti"" Rotor in Porvard Plight"
NACA TeChnIcsl Report 1.16. 1941.
5) G,
"COO"'ibution to the "orcdmomi" of Rotating_'1r.g
Aircraft - Fert II". IIACA TeChnical "'amera"."" 990.
Ootober, 1941.
6) Du.rancI, W, F.
"AerOdYnamiC 'l'beozoyll _ Vol. IV, P. 26!.
7) Wald, Q.
"The Effect Of Planrorm on Statio Thrust Pe",or""nca".
SIkorsky Ail'crat't, SEN 442. Nove.IDber, 1944.
8) 'Olkin, H
Il'
C
he:co"t3 fOX' HeliCOPter Performance Estimation".
NAcA Mern01'sndUl'll Report L501.3 rOI' the AAF, ATSC.
9) Seely and. Ensign
"AnalytiOal "achenics for Enginea .. " _ 3rd Edition.
10) COleman, Flengold and Stenrpin
of the Induced Velocity "iold or an
Idealized HeliooPtsr Rotor". "-'"A Ad.,",o. Res trio ted
Report LSEIO. June I 19
4
5.
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11) Stuart, Joseph, III
IIA Tabular Hethod of Propeller 'Blade Stress Analysis".
Journal of the Aeronautioal Soiences. April, 1943
(Vol. 10, no. 4)
12) OWen, J . B. B.
liThe Stressing of Gy1'oplane Blades in Steady Flig1:l.t
ll

Bri tlsh Reports and Memoranda 1815. April, 1938.
13) Frszer, Jon.' end Sksn
IIAPpr07.1roatlons to FUnotions a.nd to the Sol utions of
Different1al Equat1on,!lI. British Reports and MeI!lO-
r&nde 1799. Hsrch, 1937
l ~ ) Hufton. Nutt, BiS, and Beavan
IIGener .,l Investi gation into the Characteristics of
the O.}O Autogi ro
l1
British Reports and Memoranda
1859. !<larch, 1939.
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AneJ.ys1S of Helicopter Rotor
Su.mmaty:
Tho purPOl!6 of this report 15 to give all theFeory and
derivations necessary for the structural analyais of holicopter
rotor blades in steady forvard flight. These data can easily be
made applicable to accelerated flight .
Description and Dlacusa10n of f.1ater1al.
Four different types of blade attachment of the rotor hub
are considered:
a) articulated. blades equipped vlth
I116chanical damping devices.
b) Feathered bl6des, center-hinged
j
rigid
plane of rotation (see-sa.,. t ype
in tho
o) blede (for type of a ttachments see
discussion, Part IV.)
d) Feathered blades with completely rigid
attachment.
The deecrlption of the report. which 1s divided into
six parts, 1s as follows;
Part I
Th1s part containa material of g8neral nature applicable
to all types of rotors:
1) Description of the asswnptions used in this report
vh1ch are applicable to all four rotor types.
2)
3)
General symbols, reference axes and definition of
the initial position of the blades .
Discussion of methods for solving the linear
differential equations with variable cneCficients
by use of approximations to functions. Demonstrations
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of collocation. Least square, and me thods,
are gIven by 8 s i mple example .
4) Geometry of angular displacement of blades. change
of blade incidence due to blnde angular displacement
about the alpha and delta hinges. The most Seneral
cases 8re considered separately for articulated and
see-SBV types. Working are also presented for
the case Vhen \'(.3 .. 0 and the hinges are "mutually
perpendicular.
Part II
Thi s part covers the theory and derivations necessary for
the structural analysis of articulated blades equipped vlth
meChanical damping deVices:
1) DynamIc loads ac ting on a blade eleo&nt.
imposed on a mass particle of a blade element are first
derived. The load acting On a blade element Is ob-
tained by integrating over the total moss of the element.
The derived are applicable to any type of
attachment. The assumption is made that both hIngt!s
are in same plane, their interSection COinc1dIng
with the center of the rotor hub.
2) Gravity loads
,) Aerodynamic loads. This chapter is subdivided 1.nto
several sectionSl
a) Discu8sien of the effect of blade deformation
on ae r odynaci c loade.
b) Angle of attack of a blade element on an
infinItely stlrf the change of 1nc1dence
due to angular motion of a blade about 1 ts hJ.ngaS
and duo t o applicat10n of cyclic pitch control
(the variations of incidence due to small perIodic
oSOi llation of the blade in the plane or r otatiOn
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and due to second harmonic flapping are ne-
glectel1. )
The distribution of lnducei1 velocity 1s aaeumed
to be triangular along fore and aft of
the rotor .
c) The distribution of the Z component of air load
along 6. stifr blade is given in terms of the
"flapping" eoef:r1cientl5 and pare.meter:s A and 11.
The first two harmonics are
11) The "flapping" ooefflcients are determined, taking
into consideration the clamping of the
blade motion at the "flapping" hinge. Two sets of
expresshms are given: In the first set the effect
of change of incidence due to motion of the blade
1s combined the effect of change !iue to cyclic
pitCh control. The second set of expressions con-
siders these effects separately.
e) The distrIbution of Y components of air load along
6. stiff blnde. The load 115 given in terms of the
"flapping" coefficients, >. and \1. The fust tvo
harmonic/5 are considered. The exPression for the
profile drag coefficient is taken from ref. (4)
and is CD :t So+
o
the &n8le of attack of the element under consideration.
f) Aerodynamic torque equation. This equation is ob-
tained by integrating from tip t.o root the moment
about the alpha hinge of the Y components of air
forces acting on the blade. The mean value of
torque is by integrating the torque from
o to 21T.
g) Extension of ref. (4) to account reSr the variation
of pitch due to angular motion of the blade and due
to cyclic pitch control; and all!lo to acoount for
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the tTlangular diStribution of induced
vel.oc1ty thl'ough the l'otor. Cha1'ts are
given to help calculate quicklY the
floor coefficlent A.
h) lIRunt1nSU coefficients. The coeffic i ents
of Tepresentl
n
g the harmonic
motion of the blade in the pl ane of r otation
are called "hunting II coeffioients. These
coefficients are determined from the dynam1c
equation of.motion of the blade in the plane
of rotation.
fhe effect of mechanical dampinB is considered
in these equations. The damping moment
1s assumed to be proportional to the
veloC1.t'1 of the :pe'I'lod1C oscillation of the blade
in the plane of rotation.
4) Ca.loulation of bending moments and deflection curve
j.n Z d1rect:1on.
8) Loads on a blade e l ement
ID:;:ternal _ gravity, inertia
Internal _ Shears, moments , tonsion forces
complete expr essi ons for the Z loads
are also given in this chapter.
b) 'l'lte equations of equilibrium (Dlotion) 01' an
eleDl8nt of fle:xlbl.e nnd. stU! blades.
c) Derivation of the differential equation for
the deflection. Variable moment of ineTtia of
the blade is considered. As a first appro:xima-
tion the effoct of blade flexibility on air
looos is neglected.
d) Solution of the different181 equation for de-
flection by It
co
llocst1on
n
method. A polynomial
is chosen to satisfy the bourAery conditions of
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5)
the blade, including meob&n1.cal moment
at the ftfla:pp1ng" hinge. A five point solutton
1. put into conven.1ent tabUl&r form. Bxplana tlOll5
are given for the constant and h&rlllOniC parts.
First and second harmenioe are considered.
e) Step-by-steP tabular method ot finding the
bending IDOlIIents in the Z direction. The cooplete
physical picture 18 given in deriving -.nd ex-
plaining this method. Tho .olution 1s set 1.nta
tabular torm for t en points. are given tor
the constant &nd. harmonic parts. The f1rst and
second harmonics are considered. The etreet of
blade nexlbl11 ty on .ail' loads 18 neglected
at bending moments and deflection curve
1n the Y direction.
s) Loads on 8. blade element. The etfect ot
tl'ic1 ty of' the alpha binge 1s taken into consider-
ation in evaluating the 108d cOIlIPonents acUng on
blade eloment.
COIleta 8,xpreuions tor the externaJ. Y loads are
also given In chapter.
b) The eque.tlC1!l8 of equUibrium (motion) ot an element
are given tor flexible and st1.U' blades.
c) Solution of the differential equation tor de -
flection by "collocati on" method i. given. '!'he
assumed solution 18 ot the same torm as for
bending in the Z direction. The tables derIved for
the Z dlreoUon bending are applica.ble tor the Y
!lirect;i.on banting.
d) Step-by-step tabular method fOr finding the bending
moments 1n the Y direction. The theory and tablet!
are the same 8S tor the Z dirac tion bending.
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6) Torsion on the blades .
5) Tor si en due to dynamic forces on stiff blnde
Expr essions are derived for distributed and con-
c entrated 'Weights.
In der iving these expressions. assumed t ha t
the elastIc center and the center of gTBvlty of
any blade section lay on the zero 11ft chord lIne
of that aection. Periodic torsi On inoludes the
aeeond he.rmonic.
bl Torsion due to aerodynamic f orces.
0) Torsion due to Z and Y deflections. Expressions
are derived to account for the torsi onal de-
formations due to bending of the blede In t he Z
ond Y directions.
d l Total tor s i on I s calculated en the Burn of t orsions
f ound In sections 8; b, and c.
1) The etrect of blade f l exure on the distribution of l oad
e l ong the blade in the Z direction; the "flappi ng"
coefflclentz e.rr' corrected to account 1"or the deflection
of the blade .
8) Semple calculation.
A calculation of bending and de1"lectlon i n the Z
i5 given by both "collocation
lt
and IItabulat'1I
me thods.
Cal oulati ons of all the necessary parameters, such as
t he "flapping" coefficients, A., air and dynamic l oads ,
are also given. The eons tent and harmoniC part s of the
and deflections are calculated and plotted. The
compl ete procedure (in all detail) i s explained f or all
Cl' lculati cns.
Many practical points are outlined. For example: use of
faired curves for Eli adjustment of the air l oads t o
sat Isfy the actual boundary condit i ons of the ble.de,
vh1ch may not be sati s fied due t o appr oximations
- ---- --- _._--
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Part III
/>
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involvsd in deriving our expressions for the
"flepping" slov convergence ot
of the defl ectIon dIfferentIal
bY "collocation" method, In ca&e. "hen the slope of
the deflection curve 1. kno"n at O.
Discussion of Y direction air l oad., bending moments
end defloctions, is also given in this chapter.
blades rigid in the plane of r otation
(see-sa" type) are considered in this The blades are
assumed to have a " b " hinge and coning.
1) "Flapping - coeffIcIents are determIned in a manner
similar to the one used for the articulated blades by
the equation of motIon about the nappIng
hinge .
2) Solution f or)..; it is assumed fot' all practical
purposes that sufficient accuracy is obtained if
Is detormined by the use of the charts .1ven in
})
iI)
Part II for articulated blades.
"Hunting" coefficienta are ro1oUld In terijl9 ot "flapping"
coefficients, built- in conll',g and. G"
Calculation of the Z and Y direct10n bending moroents
and deflectIons for the usee-8av" tIP. blades, Only
the "te.buler" method 19 given, !Since the "collocation"
method becomes not l'recticsl becauae of the boundary
conditions, All tablos in Part II are
eppl1csble.
5) Tor3iop and the etrec t of flexibility. All exPreesionn
derived in Pe.rt II are applicable for the
type.
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Part IV
Single rotors are considered, \11th five types or
bl6de attachment to the hubs
1) Pully articulated vlth counterweight rigidly attached
to hub (fIg a- I p. tt -1 ). This oase 18 treated in
every det.11 as & special case of the fully articu-
lated multi-bladed rotors of Part II.
2) Fully artlcu1ated with counterweight r1g1dly attached
to the blade (r1g Ii' - I p. rsr-7 ). This case 1s alISO
treated as 8 special csse of the fully articulated,
multi-bladed, rotors of Part II, exeept that aome
or the equationt tbSreln must be to account
f or the inertia of the eountervelght. Those modlfj ..
cations are given in detail. The all' l o8d.a on the
oounterwei ght are neglected.
,) S1ngle hinge attaChloont wi th CO\lD.1:.erve lght attached
t o hub, (fig Dr-I P :rsr-7). Thill C88e 13 treated in
a manner si milar to that tor the see_sawn t ype blades
ot Part III. Dev1atiom, therefl' om ara noted and given
ln detail.
Single hinge attachment with counten eight rigidly
attached to the blade (flg rl-/ p. uz-7 ) . This case
ls tre ated the same as case 3, except that the
ticationa to accoWlt for the inertia of thO: counter-
VoIght are included.
S) RIgId blade attachment . This 18 In every detal1 aovered
by the analysis of Part V tor multi-bladed rigld .otors.
Part V
Rotors 'With the blades rIgidly attached t o the hub. " Built-
in" c oning and lag al'l81es are conSidered.. The solution for A.
of Part II is considered adequate. The equations and theory of
Part II are generally apPllcable, upon s ubs titution ot the
proper flapping and hunting coef f iCients, whicb are, of course,
knOY!\. at the outset. 'rn e meth-ad recom:llended for f1nd1ng
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bend1nS moments and deflections is the tabular method, and
its application to rigid blades is discussed in detal1.
If the theory and methods of this report be extended
to accelerated flight conditions, the gyroscopio forceS, on
blades rigidlY attaChed, must be considered. Therefore, eX-
pressions tor the accelerations on the bl$des are given, for
a maneuver involving angular velo
cit
l in roll.
Part VI. Design Criteria Considerations.
A discussion 1s given of same factors which will
influence the ostabllsbmont of a sot of design criteri a for
helicopter rotor blades.
The significance of tho material in this report toward
such a task is briefly evaluated.
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PRINCETON UNIVEFlSlTY
AERONAUTI CAL ENGINEERI NG LABORATORY
PART I
GENERAL MATERIAL APPLICABLE
'1'0 ALL TYPES OF BlADES
PAGE
REl'ORT
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Part I
1. General Assumptions
The assumptions used in thi. report, yhleh are
applicable to al l rotor types investigated, are 8S
.- - - . , -.. -
fol10Y151
A.1. 'l'he approx1.nlated di"tr:lbutlon or induced velocity
al ong 8 blado given by expression
(r- 'J
A.2.
(1-2)
Ref. I, 2
( 1 + xl' cos Qz )

The magni tude
or
Dean 1tl.duced
given by
T
Vi ". -
2"IJ'R
2
PVA
Ref .3
velocity V
1
1.
A.3. The radial component or the resultant a1r
volocity at 8 blade element may be neglected.
Ref. :z
A.. . It 115 assumed that in a steady f l ight , any
satisfactory design v111 avoid s tall ins of the
tips.
A.5. It yl11 be aeeum&d that compressibIl1ty shook
wave on the advancing blades 1s avoided. The
limiting speed given by Bailey 1&

(VA)",.,. 573 ii""+T
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A.6.
The calculation Of the tip 108a B, 18
baaed on the P!tandtl theory (ret'.'; and" )
mOdified to acoount for the induced losses due
to the necessaril y large deviation f r om a constant
induced velocity in 8 prac tical de:Jlgn. The
additional c orrection yas calculated on the basIs
ot several eXis ting deSigns by Quentin and
llresented in the Slkol':!Iky rof. 7
f2'T r;;::--
(I-4) B_1 - b - . 6 (xr)t ,,2c
T
vhere t h xl" vhere the taPer of the blade
OOgJ.n:s.
Thi s expreSsi on 18 Only valid for
(Xr)t ) .5
tor (Xr }t .51 . 6 18 rePlaced by .3 and
the f or t he tip 1088 t actor becomes
t or (%r )t .5
(I-i., B 1 -120; (i + .3)
A.7. The slope of the blade section 11ft coefficient
lis 8 :straIght line,
A.B.
Ref. .2.
All harmonics above the second one are neglected
(the street or higher harmonics on l ower ones is
taken into account).
Ref. 2:
"
.-
I
I
!
!

!
i
\
I
I
I
1
I '
I
I
i I

t
- -:-:.-.. -==-:-=----
A.9. The reversed flov region is treated in a manner
similar to ref..z ,i. e the trailing edge
of each blade element 1n that r egi on Is treated
as the leading edge and vice verss, the effect of
stall
A.lO. In calculating the inflov coefficient and
harmonic coefficients of the blade motion, the
blade Is infin1tely stiff.
A.U.
In calculating the
infl ow coefficient
and har-
monic
coefficients
of the b lade
motion, the blade
chord 1,
const&nt,
equal to the mean de-
tined .,
1
(Z-5)
C d[
ex
J
""r
0
r
Ref. 8
A.12. Por all calculations except vhen it is specified,
all rotor hinges i ntersect at the center of the
hub 0',
A.I3. The root chord Is assumed to be extended to the
center of the hub.
A.14. All angles except azimuth Qz ar e small, so that

sin Q = tan Q _ Q
cos 9 '" 1.0
A.15. The blade drag contributes a negligible amount
t o the thl' ua t of both tho blade e l ement and the
rotor.
A. 16 As far 8S rlov tba rotor 1s
the Dumb&r of blade" 18 1nt'1I\1te. Al!ong other
this ilnpl1es that the inertia the air
!5 negligible.
/
\
\
!
\
\
\
\

\
\ \ /
\ \
The Reversed Floy Region
In the region of reversed flow, the air loads are negative
relative to the regIon of straight flov. and the equations for
the alrloads are discontinuous at x. - - sin Q Unless
r z.
dlscontlnul ty can be elim1nated, the bending moments and
deflections of the blades must be found separately at each
azimuth angle. This eliminates the possibility of fInding
the harmonic parts of the deflections and bending moments.
which prevents solving the second approximation
for the effect of blade flexibility on the air loads, and
even prevents accounting for the inertia
deflections of the blade (the term
loads due to
,
In this case the step-by-step tabular solution for the bending
moments 1s recommended since it appears to be shorter than
the "collocation" method.
!>tathematical means of avoiding this impasse may
but it is felt thnt the problem is not of sufficient importance
to varrant investigations of these considering their
complexi ties.
In any case, it is veIl to bear in mind these further
limitations of the theory presented it is applied
to a blade in the reversed flo .... region, 1r< Qz <; 27r. Although

not strictly justifiable, it is thought that a good compromise
solution for the bending moments of a blade in reversed flo ....
might be obtained by considering that the air loads inboard
of xr C are zero at any azimuth angle. This assumption
at least vould permit an approximate calculation of the effect
of the inertia loads due to bending (see pp.m' to or-II ).
I
Ir
\ \
L
I \ -- --:-:----. :.;:..-:=---

1 /
j'
,
\
I
I
\
I !
I I
i I
I
I
I
I;
I
i
\
i
!
1
\
,
. '
I
lL
Ll_
2. Nomenclature.
Forward!
Nomenclature adopted 1n this report 18 besed on t he
so_called "
ra
t ional" system. 51nce many l'sterences
mentioned here use the "
0
18581081
11
aystem, that system
1s e1so possible. Bide by side he
"rational n.
--- -
_, I
,
- f
---;---. = "-=--.-- - ------=
I
,
I
I
I
!
J i I
)" . 1
'\1
I
,
i
I
l
/
,
I
I
I
I
,
I
I
I
,
,
,
I
i
I
I
!
I
I
I
t
I
i
Ll


b.
I
I
,
1. COOrdJn6te Axee
Z ' ,I/"f$ OF ,ornrtol\l

z.
x
O
I
eOTOA! 01.51(.

r
r

r
y
,
I
X.

r
o.
r ---
DU:ECrfcJlI/ OP }-Ocr;l:UV
The X
s
' Y
a
and Za axes f ixed to aircraft 8S shown above
X
a
8Xls 1s horizontal when the aircraft 1s on the ground . ,. ,
The X , Y and Z axes are also fixed to the aircraft but
have the or1gin passing the center
Z, axis coincides with the rotor shaft.
of the rotor hub.
- --
L --- -=_-__
-- . ':":=";" .-
-
I
.- I
I
I
I
II
I
I

I
I
I
I
1
1
\
. \ I,
\ I
I I
I I
l-j L._-
i
.. .. -----
dk---
x'
'-.-7- - '
z
y
, -
Iii. PH" -_
I(IAJC,C
z
FIG. r-.?

A
c . The X, Y and Z &J[ es are rotat1ng AXes wit h their origin, O,
at the dreg h1nBe. The X axis 1s coincident with the pitch
chBnging axis (feathering axis) of the blade ...,hen the blade 13
assumed t o be i nfinitely stiff. The Y axi s 1s perpendicular to
_______ _ --".c:
. -- ---_ ..
I

;-
"
i
.. (
, I
1
,
'I
1
I
I
i
\
I
I
l
\
\
I

I
Li
I -
X axis and coinci4ee vi th oxtended zero li:rt root chord
of the blade (extended to "O") vhen the blade is 1n its
initial Position. The Z axi& 1s perpendicular to both
the Y and X axea, aa shovn.
II. Initial position of X Y Z axes.
..

\
\ 6,
-
-
. .. -.. -:::.-:-......... - .
x ',x.
Z',Z
__ ___ , V'
y

,


V
<>
..
"
I
\
t
i
"
Q
-
\
\
\
,
"
1 G, I-S. 1NICEE - V/IlW of'"
./,ufr,At.
- -- --- ----''''''
I .'
j'
I
II
I
I
I
, .
I I
: II
' I
41
I
I I
I I
II
I I
I I
I
I !
I .
I !
I /;
11
II
I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I !
I I
I
I I
I
1
\
\ I '
\ !
I
I
L. L. -
The initial ot thO blade 1s defined
The X y plane 1s parallel to X'yl plane, the
es follovs:
projectIon c
, . .
X 8%15 on X y plane lIes along X
III. b,:1.MaI' Dimensions . l1R&tlonal"
Slstem
Distance f'rom the orig1n
(drag hinge) to a blade
element
ChordliliBO distance of B partiole
on B blsde from the pitch changing
axis (x ads)
Distance of B particle trom the X Y
plane
of 6 blede element from Z'
u1.e ..men the blade 16 in the
initial position.
Blede rsdiua __ Dlste.nce of the tip
of the blede from Zl axis
the blade i8 in the :1nitial
position.
Delta link length is equal to O'Or
(Pig 13 )
Alpha link length Is eq.usl to OrO
(F1g I-' )
Chord of 8 blade eloment
Menn chord
Extended root chord
Extendt:td tiP chord
Blade s tructural deflection plLreJ.lel
to X Y Z lLxea respectively
tv. tpguls'I' Dimensions.
Total displece
ment
about
the X of the X y plane from its
initial poS1tion--Total bllLde incidence
at thO dl:'sg binge
">-
..
x
y
,
r
R
".
o
"Classical"
System
r
r
R
o

I ./ .
, r
..
/
- -- -.- - .= ._ ... ,-""
I
I
I
II
II

I \
II
I
I
I .
I I ..,.
II
I t
I '
I \
I \ \.
I \ \
I I
l L
' I
L. ,
Total disPlacement about
the Y axis of Y X p lana
from its initial positi on __
FlapPing angle
Total angular displacement about the
Z axis of Z X plane from ita ini-
tial Pos l tion.
Angular about the Z axis
ot the Z X Plane from its initial
position due to the rotsT.lon ot
the dl'lve ahaft
Angular displacement about the Z axis
of the Z X plane from its initial
position due to the motion about
drag hinge
Absolute angle 0/ attack of a blade
element
Induced angle at attack of 8 blade
element
Total t)/iBt or the blMe--betveen
the extended root chord and the
tip
Blade incidence at the drag hinge
due to collective pitch control
MaxlVlW:1 (m.1n1mum) blade incidence
at the drag hinge due to ny-clle
p1 tch control
Control phase angle
blade incidence
An8:1e or incidence or a p.!!.l'tlcle on
a bl6de element
Angulal' displacement about the X'
ot the X'Y' plane tram its
1nitial
t-
"Rational"
Syetem
z
.,

.,
b
t
x.
x'
"elas slcal"
System

"'-r

I

,
I
I
I
I
i
, I
\ 1
f I
; ,
. I
: I
, : I

,
II ,
I
I
1,1
, .
' :1:----1-1--
I I
I
I
Angular diSPlacement about the
URation&l.1I
IIClas81cal. II
I
' , ,
System
System
Y &Xia of the X Y plane from
I its in1tial P081tlon--Pltch
G
y
'
"'-
I' Angular diSPlacement about
tho Z'
, ,
I
of Z X plane from
it.
I,
initial poaltlon-_Yav
z'
I
Angular dimensions of Delta
(FlapPing) axia and Alpha
I '
(Drag) AXiS r espectivel y 88
II
shown In FIg. (J-$)
Measured
In Z X plane
fl'om X
", 'S

II
Measured
In Z Y plane
!'loom Z
8
2
, <N.2

I i
HeasUl'ed
In X Y plane
!'rom Y
&,. <,
6}, "':l
I '
II
V.
Linear Velocities.
Resultant air velocity at Rotor
V
R
V
I" Absolute veloe1 ty of all'cr ai't
VA V
II
' I
Resultant velocity at 8 blade ,
element
V
,
COmponents of velocity ot a blade
.
,
due to motion of blade
x, y. z
- "Zl
I
Component of Va parallel to X y
axes r espectively
VRX'
VRy' V
Rz
'
I
COmPonents of VA parallel to
the
I
X'yIZI &xes
VAx ' YAy' VA:;' I
Components of V to
the
I
!
X-y Z
axes
Vx ' V
y
'
V
z
,
I
Induced
veloc1 ty a.t
a.ny point
of the
I
i
I
I Rotor
Vi v + VI I
I
I
,
Mean 1nduced
VBloc1t y of
Vi v ,
I
I
I
i
I I
I
l
,
,
\
i
,
,
.
I
\
"'-
"
I
,

"
,
' .. " I
'./
I ,
. \
I
, I
. I
I
I,
" ; ,
I I
: I
, !
I
I
: I
,
, ,
I
----
,
-.
I
--
' I _ _ __
- --. "::.
..:.:'- - ..

II
I
I
I:
I
!
!
i
I
I
I
t
1
I
\ i
\ \
j I
i I
L! !_
"".
111\.t10n8.1"


"elOC1tieS are
nB
ted
'bY dot-tiM eOl'respondUlS

(i.e. ;1' Q
x

un" . ,.ee10.,tion' e.' de', ... t
b! doU'tIle dotti-pg. the
pon
dinB
lineal' d111!6Da1.ona
(1..(1., oi, '1

AngUl'. ,ccol."ot,on' ,.0 '0"'-
net.
d
01 .ou
b1
' .0ttinS the cor
r
.'-
pend
inB
ur,gulBT
0.
o

'Fct'ce act1M on 'Rotor
Foree on a blade
Co11lPonentS of 'FR pe:ru1e1 to
y.1y'IZI -respecti"el.,-
Coll1PonentS of 1" -p,:ra.l1s1 to
r.. "! Z aXeS -re,P6ct1V011
thO

Total. t&otaS
nt
t t .. '
t.\ome
ntS
e."tIOU
t
r.. "'I " &xes 'l'e
s
-
'Peat-ival!
tolomElntB a'bout 1. "'! Z Il%os Te
s
-
pecti ..
Ho""nto ,bout oX" .,ro
ll
" to
the XI",!'ZI eXeS TeepectiVell
I'C16SS1.cal"

H
In.,.' ,t>\r.'
'L' ,I., Q.
,
/
_. -- -_._..--=.-=
I
I
I
I,
I
I
\


,
I
,
,
I

I
I
I ;
i !
!.I
i .
" , !
1,1
I ,
, ,
i I
, ,
. i
, ,
, ,
.,
.-.;-
I i
I !
i I
I
I
I
~
I
I
i !
! I
I I
i
I
I
,
I
I
. \ i
I \
I J
I
-,
I
I
L.
l>Ioments about axes Parallel to
the X Y Z axes l'espeOtively
XI. Series Expansions.
FlaPPlng Anglel
irRational -
Feathering Angle:
irRational n
SYstem
''xl' ",.1'""
Classical"
System
ItRstl onall Q
x
- Co c
1
cos Q d
l
sln Q _ c
2
co s 291'. _
a 28 a
Lag &le:
IIRstlonal "
/
!
I
I
,
I
,
I
I
. I
I, !
: I
I
, I
. I
, ,
----- --- -
- -- - - - - ' ~ - . : : +
II
I I
i I


I
!
Rotor 11tt
Rotor drsg
RotOl' lateral '
RY
' C1 '
tore
e
Rotor thl"U
st
2
0,

Mean 1ntlo"
factor
VAt' +
",-.- .
R 0,
a
MeSJl induced
lntlo'V tac-
tor
'till speed
rat10
soUdi ty ratiO
VPJ.'
"-'
R Os
a

0,


System
L2 _ -;;'2 * pV2
.' _.2
! =- 0,. 1T R "2 pV-
A. = Yo slnd:- :f-
.n.R
momon
t
"x' _ \ ,,' T R3 p,f
Rotor l'OlUns
._._-_. _.---
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
Ii
I
I
, ,
,
. ,
, -
II
I !
i j
r
I
I
I
I
1
,
I
I
-\
:.1-15--
"Rational"
Syatem
Rotor pitching
3 1 2
_ C v R - pYA
moment
m 2
Ratio of V COtl-
ponants to ro-
tational tip
epeed
Rat.io of d111 -
tance of an
element from
or1g1n,O, to
bl ade radiua
XIII.

Number of blades
Tip 10155 factor
Moment of inertia
about Delta hinge
Homent of inertia
about Alpha hinge
Moment of inertia
about Y ax!s
Moment of inertia
about Zullo
Blade sections
moments of iner tia
about their uea
p&r&11&1 to Y and
b
B
'F
'D
"
I,
z axes respectively 1'1
1
) 1:!l1
M -
"Classical n
SystelD
b
B
I
---
i
I
I
I
i
1
Ii
I
I
, I
I
\ 1
! I
I
I
i
!
i
I
I
, .
"Rational"
System
Hails constcut of
rotor blade
(Flapping hinge)
Hnss constant of
rotor blade
( drag hinge)
Slope ot' 11ft
curve per
radian
Hean profile
drag coef-
ficient
subscriPt 1n
connection
vi th a flex-
lble blade
Men per foot
lengt.loJ. or
blade
Weight per toot
length of the
blade
veight of
each blade
,.

m
= v
"Classical"
system
cpa }t4
"
n
6
-.. .. .. _-'-
!
,I
I ,
, I
, I
I
. ,
. I
, ,
- -_. .'j
----- '""--t
II
I I
1 i
I
I
II
I
i
\
i
I
I
, 1
\
I
I
I \
I I
! I
I
I
I
Cr.-")
-I - 17
Humerlcal 501u ;;: 100 of Linear Di fferential EquatiOns of
ill-Gh8T' Order
Since the calculation of blade deflections invol ve the
solution of linear. dlrrel'entie.l equetions of fourth ordet',
the outline of severel knovn methods for solving that type of
1s given 1n the follOWing.
Three methods below are considered:
Colloen. tion
Leas t square
Galerkln
The type of differentisl equation considered 1s of the
ot' in 8 more brief forla
(I -i. ... )
where
G(p)Z - f (x} 0
_d
P"'di;.
G(p) Gnpn + G pn-l +
n-1
and x 1s an independent variable.
The problem consists 'In finding the unique soluti on
1n one interval of tl X::;: b
The solution cen be assumed to be given b, a polynomlo1
csn be wri tten in a form
(t - 7)
, '
,
,!
,
I
I
I
,
i
I
I !
I I
!
i
; I
, ,
i '
, I
: I
,
_____ ._--- ---=- -4
\ \
\ \
\
n
\
i
\
\
\
\
\
\ \
\ \
I \
\ I
I .
I '
L, L-
:r -- -r8'.
wBere xo(x) and Xj(x} are runctions of x which are
chosen in such a way as to satisfy as many boundary conditions
for Z{x) and its derivatives as possible, inherently, 1.e.,
independently of the of the coefficients 8
j
.
Sometimes it is not possible to satisfy all the boundary
conditions without introducing difficulties in the subsequent
IntegI'stions. In such cases it is better not to satisfy a
boundary condition then to satisfy a false one.
The constants 8
j
must be such as to get the assumed
solution Z{x) to fit the actual one z as closely as
possible. The main difference betvsen methods of solving
the equation is the 'Way the constants a j are determined.
It is obvious that for a given differential equation
and boundary conditions there may be a number of polynomials
which can be chosen. Some of them may satisfy all the
conditions, others may satisfy them only partially, but may
be preferred because of their simplicity in integrating.
Once a polynomial is chosen, the problem is then reduced
to determination of constants
If the assumed solution happened to be the exact solution
of the given differential equation we would have
(I-B)
G(p) z(x) - f(x) _ 0
but since it is only an approximate solution we have
G(p) Z(x) - f(x) f 0 '" c (x)
where <= (x) is a function obtained when Z(x)
for z in the left hand side of the differential
The above equation can also be Written in the form
(1-8.)
_.-
is substituted
equation (I-(;, ).

',I '
J
\
,
\
\
\
\
\
r
,
\
! !
II
I
i
i
i
I
I
1
\
I
I
U
I
I
I
1-
, 1--19-
'Where Aj(X} .. G{:p) Xj{x) for .1" 0 ~ . 2 S
The three me thods nO\l can be au tl1ned
Collocation
The constants 8
j
are chosen so thet z(x) satisfies
the differential equation exactly at 5 selected points
~ . X
2
.Xs 1.e E:. (x) .. 0 at those sel ected pOintS.
fo:t' 1.,. I, 2, , 5 .
To 111ustrate the method, consider. for example, a simple
cantilever beam uniformly loaded and constant XI
vJ "'Ii'(\,.
I \
- --- -- .
I
11. r -4
e -1
The equ&tlon for the moment a t each point distant "1
r oot ",111 be
if ve let t '"' x
and
the equation becomes
4
1
'2l!! -
(C-IV)
(1- 100..)
from the
- - - - - - - ~
,
i
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I .I' I
) I
I
,
;
I
I
i'
I
i I
----=
-
I
!
:
n
i
\
I
I
1
\
. I,
I I
I I
I I
U L
I - 20
'With the boum.8l'y" condi tions
at :x" 0
o at :x - 1
(I-/2.O-)
The exact solution of the equation 1s
(Z-13)
Assume the solution to be given by 6 polynomial
2
( ~ ) sin; xl + 8
2
+ .+ ~
x
2
2 1
("'2"' - (4S-j)v + T1+5-3)2
(I - 14a.) Xo(X) = a
(L-' 4b) Xj(X) .. (;,. -
Retaining first three terms VB have 5 .. ' and
(I-ble) Z(x:)
2
( ~ ) Bin; xl
-.
1
+ '2
fol'X"O,
z(x) _ 0
I .'
i .'
.I
I
f I
, I
I
. f I '
! I
/ I l
- ____ _ . ____ . ___ =-_ II;
- . . . ~ .
II
i I
I
I
I
!;
I,
i
(
I
1
\
I I,
I I
I I
I '
I I
:....! L----
I - 21'''
[22 V] [ 22 5uJ
( I ~ / 4 d ) Z(x) - &1 x - :;r + if cos 1! x + 8
2
X - "5'i +:m= eoe ""2'" X
[
2 2 9 ]
+ 8
3
X -IJ1f+ W cos 1! n
for x _ 0 , Z(X) D 0
for x "" I, 2:(x) - 0
(I-IS)
(I-It:, ... )
(h)
for X-I,
SubstitutIng
ye haYe
z(x) '"" 0
Z(x) into the different!al equation,
8
1
{I - Sin;' xl + 8
2
(1 - sin xl + 8
3
(1 - sin 2f xl
- (1 - x)2 : (x)
Choalng three poInts vhere (xl '" 0 J 'We have at polnta
(chosen at random)
'1 - 0
(x _ 0)
(x _ 1/2)
(x - 2/')
I,
I
I
I
I I
I I
I I
: I
I i
I I!
I
I
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I !
I '
I l
I i
I !
I
i
1
(I-11)
I i
, I
'-I 1- - -
Solving, 'l(e h,ave
Therefore, the equation for deflection becomes:
z(xl . 9963
,2 2
( ~ - 1fx +
2
( ~ ) sin; xl - .0304
2
+ ( ~ ) sin ~ xl + .0341
calculating at several points and comparing vith the exact
solution, 'l(e heve,
x
Z collooation
z eXact
0
0
0
.25
. 02386
.0264
. 50
. 089
. 0887
.75
.1801
.1665
1.0
.2716
.25
If more terms are taken, the approximation yill be even
closer than above.
Least Ssue.:r
e
In this method each c onstant, ~ j ' 1s determined in such
a -way that thO mean squared. error E: , in the interval from
a to b in the differential equati on 18 minimum, or
_ . --_.----'-'
I
J :' t
) .
I
II
I !
I i
Ii
I /,
I
: I
I
I
: I
I I
I I
I ;
I !
\
L I
I
11
I ,
I \
I
I
.I I,
\ I
I I
I I
I !
U L
':.
( r- 18)
Us ing the same example 83 in eolloeatlon
(1-10 ... )
- - - ' - = ' - ~ - -
lIe bad.,
+ 8, (1 - s1n 2f x) - (1 - x)2
The least square equatione are
1 v 1 5'll'
o _ f E (1 - 151n '1 x) dX" .. f E (1 - a1n T x) \U
o 0
1
1 E (1 - ,in 2f xl OX ;
o
or. evaluating theee 1ntegrals
.226 8
1
+ .235 8
2
+ .291 &, - .21}3 0
. 235 8
1
+ 1.245 8
2
+ .802 8, - .2118 .. 0
.291 ~ + .802 8, + 1.358 a, - .26}1
Solving
8
1
... 95.
&2 .. -.O}}9,
8} .. _.00268
---- - -
--
,
i
I
I
I i
' "
I
I
- I
!
(
I
i
I
I
1
\
I
i
I l
Li __ _ _

.Q.alerkin S MethOd
1

I n G<Ue'kin ""'thod the cons","", OJ''''' .'''''mined in
sUch a as to Satisty the COnditi on
b
(Z-2i) J 6 Xj (x) >r 0
a
x 18 obtained from eqUation
8.l'bltrary lnUltiPl1el' can be used 1natead
a. ln the ",
ev
lou, tvo method e have
In any
of' Xj (x) ,
',ovlded tho numbe, of t"m. t aken 1. l"ge, 0'""8 tha .a ..

<:
(1
"J.
- sin ; x) + A2 (1 _ 81n x) +
(1
""
(1 _
x)2
,
a
3 sin _ x) _
,
2
x
2
2x
2
(I-=J
Xj (x)
"-
- -
- + - 1 Bin l:t.s
2

(. , - 3)"2"
-.u '"
2
""a"fo,e, the eO
Ua
tlon., Vh!ch detaUlne the coefflclant, Sj
a'a
(b)
(e)
Q
1 2

2
Bin; xl
1 2
2x (2
J
2
5v J
Sit + Sir sin '"7' .x
Ox - 0
! +

2
sin xJ dx .. 0
A.ain, the.
e
inta8"al. csn be avalustSd ,"d
I1nsa, '1mult
a
neou, eOuetlon. in "J. , '2 '
08n be BOl ved 1n a strslShtrorV8rd
-0 _ _
1'6,sul t in throee
and a, "'hl0h
I .'
F ,
I
I
II
I
I
I
!
i
I
j
!
I
1
\
r
I '
I
I
I
I
1_-
,
I
. .. ..
Trials of the methods hove shown that the f1rst,
collocation, the least computation to find the
coerfioients f or 8 gIven apprOXimation, and sInce neither
of the other methods appears to have any advantage In rate
of convergence, collooation Is the ODe chosen for the
soluti on of the differential equations for the harmOnic
parts of the blade deflectlona.

, '

--
\ /
j
,
t I
I
I
I
i
. -
--
\
I
,
-- !
I
I
I
,
i
I
J I
I I
i I
,: 1
i/
II
- - .. -
""-
r
I - 26
Geoll!Otry of the Rotor Blade Hinges.
On helicopters which have blades attached to the hub by
one or tvo hinges )generally called the wb". or flapping
hinge aw./or the Ib; II , or drag hinge) it 1s desirable to
interrelate the flapping angle, lag angl e, and incidence
(G
y
, Q%) analytically by meane of expressions involving
only variables 61ld constants which depend only cn the
geometry of the hinges. In this chapter. a method of
obtaining these exPressions 1s given, and graphs shoving the
relation between the variebl ee tor some typical con-
figurations 8:1'8 given.
There are at least three methods of obta1n1ng the desired
expre!lS10nS I
1. Descriptive geometry
2. Analytic gS?JOOtry
,. Spherical trigonometry
It 16 believed that the spberieal
is best suited to thia part1cular problem.
The analyaia 13 1n two parts: '!'be tirot deale with the
casa of only ooe (the 116" or flapping) h1nge. The second
deals 'With the more general case Yhere both "6" and 'Ix n
hinges are used. The reaulta of the first part could be
obtained as a particular solution to the second part.
Consideration of the C83e of only one hinge 63 a separate
problem 13, hovever. SimPler and clearer.
SpeCial notation for this chapter 18 the
6
'!'he angle betv8e<n ths nappinS, or "6" , binge
""" the X'Y' plane.
0.
The angle bet;,leen the drag, or 'n' hlll8&, in its
position, and the X'Y' plane.
-
., / '
j'
,
I
I
f
I
II
II
i
\
I
I
1
Q
x
in th1.s chapter means only the change i n blade
angle of attack due to flapping or lagging from
the initial posit:l.on.
, '
!. ! . B J are arcs constructed on t he surface
of the sphere t o f orm the SPherical triangles on
which the solution depends - (see fig. and
r,).
D, E, F are angles in the spherical triangles on
wb:1ch the s olut1.on depends. ( see tig. 1-5 and 1.,,6)
In the text. u!. B' is the SPherical triangle
sides are end c
51nBle h1.nged rotor.
Fig. I-5 shovs the X axis and "the S hinge starting at
a' , origin of X'Y'Z' axes and projecting out thru the surface
of a sphere whose center is at 0'. The initial positions of
the XIZ axes are coincident with the / x',y'Z' axes sbovn in
the igul"e. The angle 9" is the angle between the & hinge
and the X'Y' plane. 6, is the angle between the yl axi s
and the X'Y' projection of the h1.nge.
Construct great c1.rcle arcs ! and a' on the surface of
the sphere thru the X axis and the 5 hinge. It should not
require yroof that and that tho change in the angle
betveen the arc a and the meridian thru the X axis. 1s the
vartable. - Qx' Thus the angle in the lover left corner
of A (90 - ",.). (90 ",s). I 1s l!l8rked 90 - F - Q
x

From tJ. a
- - -
.------<-
-- . -
,
"
I I /'
I' ,
\
I
,
!
I
1 I
Ll 1-1. _ _ -- - ,c- _ _ ..
/
...
I I_a
I ,
I
I
II
Or
( '-<') 00'.! - 000 (90 - 6
3
) 00,"& '"0 6
3
000 96
From (90 - 9
y
) (90 _ 9
6
) :
00, (90 - 9'b - 6)) ,1. (90 _ ", ) '"0 (90 _ "y)
Cos a - Cos (90 - 9S) COs (90 _ QyJ
0>
(I-U)
sin
b
(63 + 9z ) Cos g6 Cos "y
Sin 8,
Cos 'k - Sin
sin Eily
)
'"0 0,
. .
sin (', + 9
z
) cos g- _
b y
tau Q
e
t an 9;y
Since _ 0
the above ls COl>z'aot.
Ii' 05" "" -0 :
When
9 '" 0 the minu:J ( _) Sign 1n
y
( r-:le)
sin 9 .. - tan 9.,. tan 9
6
'b ,
or, if Q,s .. 0 :
3111 6.3 cos
Slng _ _ _
zb co", Q
y
)
6
-1 (1
Prom A (90 - Q
y
> (90 _ "6)
,
, a
Sin g 2
-;:' 0
3
::'-" (90 - p - _"::n (90 - 6, - .'12
Sin (90 - "S) sln !
--

,
!
I
I
I
I
II
I
t
J
I ,/' <
/ ' "\1
I
,
I
II
/
, I

I
i
i
I I
I .
I I
1
\
i
Li
I T-" )
I I-'" )
II-")
. .
I r-' 4 )
(r->5 )
II-''')
r
cos "s cos (oS , + Q: )
oos (F + "xl ~ ern ~ b
~ { __ c_o_,2_
0
_
fi
_
C
.,. O., S:,....I_b.:. 3_+_ 0_'-'bc.)
/1 s1n<:! ~
From t:.!: J (90
sin Q
ain P .., sIn a
6
" 3)
6
:
coa P - h -
From (I-;1A )
aln
2
! '" 1 - oln
2
O} 008
2
Q&
From (r-:t.'):
NovI 9 - (p + 9 ) - p
x x
Substituting (.r-30), (I-H), (Z-32), (r-n) in (I-:J4.)
and reduciI1& we f1nd
If9
S
-0
sin 9
x
'" - tan 6, t an Q
y
- _._ . _ ..
-'
r
_=- -. . -. = 0.... - ~ J ' + I
---- --=-
I
I i
II
, I
I/;
II
1
I
[
,
I
i
I'
I
I
I
,
,
t
I
i
,
I
r
I
I
I I

( I -37 )
Double lI1..nged Blades.
The analysis for the case of both na " and "0" btnges
may proceed in 8 manner similar to that for the Singly hinged
blades .
Figure r -" sho\ls the
,
starting at O .
thru the surf ace
X axis , S hinge, and C hinge all
, , ,
or1gin of the X Y Z axes and pro j ecting out
,
of 8 sphere center 1s O. The
initial positions are shown as solld l ines,
The 'engle 96 i s the angle between the S hinge and the
X' Y' pl ane . Q
o
is the angl e between the a hinge and the
X'Y ' pl ane before any rotetlon has occurred about the &
hlJl(5e . the angles S} ,and a, are the angles
between the Y axis am the X Y projections of the
hinge, and t he initial position of the a hinge, respectively.
Tho necessary constructions are as follovs:

1. Construct great-circle-arc a on the sphere
thru the & hinge and in1tial position of the a hinge .
2. Cons truct b on the sphere thru
the Xl axis and the initial position of a hinge,
3
Construct the great-circle-arc c on the sphere thru
the 0 hinge and the final. or general, pOSition of the
X axis,
S\l lng small circles on the sphere of radii b and 0
about the X axis and Ii
hinge axi s respectively, and
b'
,
trom their intersection draw rodil ADd 0 to tho
X axi S 6.Dd
& hinge .

-
"--
"
--

- -:-;'- :.: .:-=..-.-
_ . . - .
- ---
I /
/
"
- .
I
,
I
I
I
I
1\
I
I
,
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
\
I
I
I
-I,
Ij
Jl
I
\
\
I
\
,
-I '"' 3"--
It may no'W be supposed that the 'Way In which the X axis
arrived at its general position from the one vas a8
folloys:
1. The blade Wld the Q hinge maintaining their
iui tlal angle to one another. rotated together about the
6. 80 that the aro 6 rotated to the position
!I and the arc t o some nov po.ition not shown.
2. FInally the blade rotated about the Cl - hlllge

sufficIently to move orc 2 to its PosItion
"hen the X &%1s vas at the general position shown.
It is DOV app.a.rent that the change in the angle between
the arc aDd the meridIan at the X Uls. i8 tJ::r.e change In
locldenc9. - Q.x
or,
D + E (90 p ) Q
x
+ F)J
a1.n Q.J: .. - cos E (Sill F sin D - cos F Cos D)
- sIn E (sin F Cos D + cos P lI1n D)
sin P _
sin Q
o.
,
.;
1 - sln
2
Cl.3 C08
2

0
+ C08 QCl cos 0.
2
008 p _
11 - B1n
2
a, 00s2

0
. - - - -.- .
- -_ .
-------=
I !
I ! \
j'
' ..
\
I
,
I
_o j.
I

II
Ii
i I
\
I
I
, I
I
I
1
I
I
, I

I
I - 32-
(90 - eo) (90 :
or
COS! _ 008 (0, - 6,> sin (90 - 'a) Bin (go - 06)
+ C08 (90 - get) cos (90 - Is)
(r-40) COS! _ cos (a, - S,) cos gn cal + sin 00. siD. 06
.rom (90 -
7
) (90 - :
,
008 COB (90 - -
3
> sin (90 - 07) sin (gO - OS)
+ COl (90 - Or) cos (90 -
(I-4- / ) cos S - no (6, + 'Zb' cos 0,. coa % + sin till' sin
e1n (90 - 0 _ 6 )
dnD J:
b
3
-----"---
Un (90 - "1;) .in !l
al.o
cos Os cos (.5, + cos 8& COl! (&, + 8 .. )
_in D - ----..:--.. - 7===r=--"-
Bin . .; 1 - 001
2
2.
, ,
Prom b l. I .! # .! :
(r-43) 001" _ cal A - COB 11 cos i '" co., - C08 12 C08 i
8in sin 2 I (1 - 009
2
b) (1 - 008
2
gJ
Subet1tut1ng ( lp 4'O) ( I . ,H) in ( I-42) and (1 - 4'), the
rolloving IxPre8alona are derlv&d:
1.- --
1-1 - -- __
I .'
- --
J
/
/
'."
I
I
,
I
I
.. _ -_ .. _._.. '"""'-
1-'
,
'I
:\
I'
Ii
'\
I '
,
L __ __ .--"
+.
l
' I
1,
"
' "
"
- -- -.. _- ---- -
(r-4-4 )
cos cos (6, +
.in D
/1 - [ain (0, + coa 8,. cos 8
0
+ sin 8,. sin 8& 12
C08
2
8
6
cos
2
(6, + Q& )
( I -.f' 5) cae D _/1_ b
+ c as Q
y
cas Q,; + II1n Q
y
sin Q&12 1 - (.in
. (cos 0:0 Bin (0., + Bin Q
y
- sin 8
e
cos 8
y
)

/1 - [a1n (6, + cae Q
y
cae + sin 8
y
s1n
( T .. )
C05 Qacos "\,+81n Qasin %-(S!D('e,+QJi )cos Q
y
C08 \.+Bin
cos B ... b
{l - [.1nO., ..... > 0080
y
0080,,+81nO
y
81n0
6
)2} [1 -[81,.,,00'.0)2]
i ,
, ,
-------

'"
'"
i
I
I
t
. ,
,
-
\ . ~
1 .
I I
L! l - ~ _ _ ___ -- --..
",-
-
0"

0
0
J'
;j

-
,
...
-
- ..
-
.i"


0"
..
;j
..
+
0'"

0
: ..

0
0
-R
o
+
~ "
;j

-

o

J'
;j

0""
!1

0"
!1

+
0'"
~
o
0"
~
o
-
.0
o
+
'" $


-
"
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
LI
I
I
'--_ .- --.. - ~ -
Finally, substituting (I-44), (.l- ... 5), (-4'), (I .O)
and (I- 39) in (I-JB ). ve obtain the t1nS.l espresslon t al'
Q
x
' and, 'Vl th some r earranging Slld the U:;'$ ot well\cnown
trigonometric identities, it reduces to:
( r- 48)
Un g. _ (I) (II) + (III)(IV)
x . (V)
'Where
(II) - sin 'h cos ~ COB
(III)
(IV) . ~ } 1 - (call Q. 00. Q ~ ain (b.,. + Q ) + lin" a1n '01
2
l J ~ JOb 1 .
(continued on next page)
- _. - -----. -- _ .
-=-= -.
\ J /
r
' f
,
i
-I
- I
./ _..,4.1
,
I
II
I
IlL -
, I

r - 36
Y[cos
1"/2
9,. COB

0
Sin (6
3
+ "zb)
+ sin 9
y
sin
%,J
Iv} , (1 _
sin:? -"3 cos
2
"Il) ! 1 _
- [cos ",. COs
"& sln (6
3
+ QZb)
+ 31.n 9
y
S!n
"oJ
2
)
I, II, In """ IV redUce to the f Ollo>1"",
rr Ve choo'e t"'! PO'itive root for IV, theu the ne tive
.ign in II " cO,"ect, &nd the tvo neg.tive. '" III are
reqUired in order that (IJ(II) + (III)(IV) 0 Thu" t he
Signs Shown circled on are Correct.
There .re imPort.nt 'PeCi.l c e. in the .rrangement of
the hinges. POl' it' go '= 900:
- .- .. --
-- - --
I
I i
.I ..... I
:.\
i I

- = -'>41
--==
i
i
n
I \
,
,
I .'
I
I I
i I
L\ L-_
'I
f .;. 31
(I) .. sin 9'b
(II) '" cos Q
o
COg
(6, + "lOb)
(L-49) (III) sin Q cos Din (&, + ) - sin Q
b
C06 .,
, b
(IV) .. [00g2 Q
b
- [cos "1 COG 96 sin (s,
+. )
'b
-11/2
+ sin "y e1n Q& ]
(v) - 1 - [COB "y cos "6 sin (6, + .'b)
+ sin Q
y
sin 9
0
]2
If, 1n addition, e
S
0 , it to:
(r-so)
Another frequently used conf1gurat1on has the drag hinge
initially in the yl Zl plane (a, a 0) and perpendicular to the
flapping hinge
Substitut1ng a
3
- 0
Wa get,
(./). ne%t page)
-- _- F -------
- --:-". :.=:--=---
I .
I .
l
.,
I
c- .
_______ r-
r---
!
"
"

_.
------
---.-----
=---,.-
"
II
Ii COS Q<o sU\ !db
'2e
08
'}
(l - 5') l' ) co' 0,' . , n 06
) ... sw. Q() COS Q , -
Q s11\
i,1
I
i
"--. ..
+ -- ._"_.- .-
COS b '"
l
Q, s1D- .-
) 1" 81.1\ Q& COS 2
'0.. co' l' ... " r: ,n 0&
co' ') co' .." j co' .. co' )
"J _
l l l)
cOS
cos "'0 \. sin Q
(1
11
)
cO'
) s1n 9'0

cos 9'0 s -'2 -+ 8 11\- "tI
c0
9
- "'0 cos '}
).
911\ Q
1
81n %
\
Q cos
l
b 0) '
"CO s in "} -\0" 'lo'P
t"J) ... 1. - cos '1
'(:letot' G I
'io't1.
e
l'C ' a.
s
sif\ ...
(1)\11)

,
Q costO ..

..- ".
-------- - ---
- -- -- ----- ---- ---
- \
...


I
"
i
l
I
, I
I i
\
\
i
L!
,
I
I - 39
There ere, of course , other hinge configurations in use. for
;;hl eh the general f ormula (1-48) becomes s i mplified. The Silnpl1-
f lcetions involved, usually be i mmedistely obvi ous.
Since , on most designs, the independent variables
c3' and (ga - 90) are not greatly'different from zero,
Taylor expansion, in oper ator form, as f0110;;5:
(I-52) - sin fix +
+ [g D. +. D. +.,
Yy zbZb
+ 1. [ 91' D'il + 9 'Og
+ flliD
g
+
(gn - 90) D.
+ b
3
DS J2 oin
2 y'1> zb
,

3
""
+ ! [QyDg + 9
z
Dg
+ 0, D.
+ (go. - 90) D. + '3", J3
sin fix
6 y b 'b
,
3
+ --- - .
In the above , D 1s the differenti al oper ator , and all t erms on
t he right side ere taken at fly - fiE - (ga - 90) - '3 c O.
Evaluating the terllls indicated above by differentiating (I-%8). ",8
.find the approJClma te f ormula for fi x'
",here
30 ,
fix -9
y
+ + 9
1
9
6
) + - gal + g..,g,) s in 0,
- Qzb (+0, +; QZb) cos o,J
Th1s approxima t i on formUla may be used f or preliminary
Qy' gZb' Q
o
' (go. - 90), and 53 are not greeter then r oughly
In the for mula, ell engles are , of course , in r edlens.

cos .s :;
(hinges nJUt\lelly
t en g
perpendicular, (formulas (I-51) ) has been computed and plotted
as 4 function of S3' Qs ' Q
y
and Oz, The se graphS are i ncl uded
b
as figS. I -7, I -S.
- f
L __ - __
I .'
/
.
-.
I
--j- .
i
I
I
I
I,
\
!
i
i
I
I
I .
1 I
1 I
. I
I
I
L!
I
'--- - - - . = ~ - ....
~
~ ~
1 - 40.
.,
-<
~ .
.

~ ", '
~
~
,
~
--
~ I
. ~
vi
,
<
i;:
.
~
'"
~
til
._------==
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t
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.-
,


_ .. _--


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.(;'
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.,
/0-\ '-
Y
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u
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/,
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t",
(
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Cl 1/ /'
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- _. I .
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
AERON.AUnCAl ENGIN.'EERlNG LA80RATORY
PART II
FULLY ARTICULATED BIJI..DES
PAGE
kEl'OfIl
,
,
I
I
II
1
I
, I
"
, I
I I
: I
, ,
,
I
, ,
,
"
, ,
, _-=. -, -.1....; ,
I
\
I
i
I
1
I
I
I
\ I
I 1
I I
i I
U L_
II - I
1. G(tneral:
Feathered hinged blades possess three degrees of
freedom of motionJ they oan move f reely (or restrained
by drullPEln) about the napping pi n, drag pin and
f eathering axis of the blade.
2. AEPlied loads acting on each blade element in a
steady forvard flightl
The 10$ds lcposed on each blade el ement
a . Dynami c l oads
b. Gr avity loadS
c . Aerodynamic l oads
a. Dynamc
The dynamic loads ac ting on eaoh blade element
are due to absolute accelerations t o whioh eaCh
!ll8 S S particle of a blade element 1s subjected
while moving i n the apace.
This acceleration can be r esolved along XYZ
axes , the def inition of vh1ch wes given in Part
I of this report. Reproducing Fig. !p2 of Pal't
I, 'We have
2
I
Y
z

z
<'
t
- ./
0
1
N,A./,SL I
.. r;
i'f"'J'fL
y
. :...... y
of fl e 4flDF. /fJ.EM6UT
ROar
:!JeeT'OM
A
-',
I
I
I
,
I
II
I
I
I
n---
I
I i
I:
I !
i '.
!
I
I
r
i
!I
I
I
I
i
i
I
I
I
!
I \
I I
! I
r I
L! L.
II - 2
By def'nlt10n fro. Part I, X axl. oolnolda. Vlth
the faatharlng axl. Of the blade, y axl, OOlnolde,
Vlth tha lnttlal PO"t'on of tha rOot Ohord extend ..
to the Origln (drag Pln) "0", Z "-"1. 1. to YX.
In order to "mollfy the problem of oaloUlntlng
tha aooelerat10n, and alr lOad. (11ftload,), lt vl11
be a" umed that the drag hlnga end fl
a
p
P
lng hlnge
OOlnolde Vlth the or"'n 0 ' , The a"umo
tl
on ,.
ea'ily jU' tinable " noe both dYna.'0 and aerodyna.'0
load. ara maoh 'meller near the roo, than tho.
a
near
tha tip, Therefora, Flg, U< 'h0Ys the "
mpl
1fled
rO'or dlagre. Vhloh " u'ed for the derlvatlon of the
loads Il!enttOlled above;
z'
z
y
<K:"--_ _ _ _ _ ___ y '
/
x'
;:Z:W_
y
""'- -
!
, r
" .
-' ..... 1
III
II I
I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I :
I I
I I
I \
: 1
I
I
Ll
,
I
I
-Ir:- ... 3
The Coordinates of a particle on a blade
elemont referred to XYZ axes 8l'e:
(0) ecosQ
x.
The of 8. particle On 8. blade
element ref erred to x' y 'z' axes aret
(zr - 2. .... )
- X81nQy + 6s1nQ%eCOSQy
x' eCOSQXeSlnQz
Ibj
,
(c) y .. Xe1nQzCOSQy + cosQ
z
- eSl nQXe 81nQ:rslnQz
To obtsin the components, along XYZ axes, of
absol ute velocities and aCcelerations relative t o
I I I
X Y Z axes. acti ng on 8. parti ole, t ho L rst and
, , ,
derivatives of z , x I Y I in r eapec t to
t ime, are first taken and later r esolved along
xrz axes. Classicsl methods also be Used, such
as the one described on page 390 of ref. ,
ZXY components of absolute velocities (relative
t o X' Y'Z') axes of a particler
(zr.-S<E.) j = xQ .... + y(Q sing + Q )
oJ z y x
(bJ x - -zQ,. _ y9zcoa"y
(c) y XQ"COSQy - Z(Qx + OZB1nO
y
)
/
._.- - --- . - -.- --
,
I
I
I I
L_. __
,
n
I
I
I
.'
I,
.
,
I
,

\
' .
\
1
1
,
+-
I
I \'
I I
I I \
II _. 5
AcceleI'lltlons:
As 11'1 the case of the velocitIes , all
terms containing Y and % 81'8
considerably smalleI' than those containing
x, except near the root, and tbeI'efare may
be neglected eXcept when calculating the
moments about the x axis.
It can be assumed that
s in 9 = 9 and cos 9 = 1.0
It vill be of Interest and. importance to
compare the magnitude of all component terms
with the square of the angulaI' velOCity,
g2 - by de1'1nl tlon, 9
z
::> liz + "z
Z a b
neglecting hlgheI' va can vrits
an eXPreSSion for 9
z
85 Ollows:
b

"a
9 - 9
z
)
za ,
On most normal deSigns , tl 1s no gresteI'
than 1.5
G
and therefore
In other vards the variation of g; 1s no
greater then 5 per cent , and therefore, tOI'
all practical purposes, may be neglected.
Hehce, ve may assume
--- . - .----..
I /
/" ,
/'
I
I
I
I
II
i I
,
,
,
,
i
,
,
,
,
i
,
,
i
,
,
,
1 t
i t
, ,
i !
! \
H ,
,
,
,
,
:
,
,
,
,
,
, /
,
,
:
,
,
i 1 1\
I I !
, 2
(0,) ....
funct10ns ot (Qt ) 2 lllld
a
v1th maximum values ot lllld
.
Xc
, 2
(0,'_
( ' ) 2 <
max -
2

a
2
Vh!eh 1s eV1dently negl1g1ble in With
' 2
.,
a
Q.z: Q
y
13 ot the same order ot .l!Il!gn1 tude as
0, 2 .". Ox 2 and thererore 1a ""01.101b1. ,
Q
x
9
z
and Qy Qz both al'e qU1te about
20"/0 ot Q% 2 and Probabl y- Cannot be neglected in

ceses vhere cal ClIlat1.onlJ involve ?>t.x , t orsional
JIIOments .
---- - -
II
-
,
-
I
I
I
I ,
, ,
I i I
J' I
' \
I
II
! I
I
I \
\
1
I
J
J
! \
I
I
. -
-,
\
I
.
-II- '" 7
Is of the lame order a.
,

'.
2
t. 2 and
'b
18 2.5 % at
on the balia ot the abOve. the exPre:saionl tor
Moelerations given in ( b) 8ld
(e) 0&11 be reduced to:
(,r-',,"
'j X(QyQ
z
2

+ g'r)
(hJ
"
, 2
x - -xQ.

ee)
"i .. x(-2Q Q
T T
0.

+ 'g.)
The dynamiC loads:
The dynamic loads acting on a blade element
due to acceleration. on each particle of
th1s element are obtained by integrating over it.
volu'lll&.
Therefore. it the ma at each particle 1a called
Am, YO have
(-7 .. )
(F.)= -
-I. il>D
(J (Fx)m ..
-I. 'iNA
..
(e) ('r)m -
... r. ytsm
where 'z. 'i. 'yare C'om;ponent aCCelel'Btlona of
particle and (F .>m' (I
3I
),:II! (Fy)m are tbe cotllPobent
inertia t01'C9S or 8 blade element l!lA811 "mdx".
.. -- - -
--.- .
,.
--
.J
.
I
I
I
,
I
1\
I
\
I
I
I
j
I
I
I
t
I
I
I
I I
I! 1
II- - -8
For all purPOS6$ except the oalcUlation8 in-
volving torll1onal moment ooab1n1ng (tr),
(C) (11.-7";;, (b) , (t:',
"e haTe
(F.)III .. 2
+
Ox

(h)
(F ) _
"" II,
2
Ox
%m

(c)
(F,lm -
ox(
2Q.,Oy Qz - Q.z) Ox

b.
x,y,z cOmPonents of gravity loads acting on 6
blade element of 'Weight 'Ware:
(b) (F
x
),," -"Bin Q
y
(Fyly - 0
TheBe are, in general, small and may be neglected.
- __ ._._' ..--e.=
I
,
I ! t
j'

I
,
I
I
I
II
II
I
j
I
, I
i 1
! 1
,
I
I '
I
I
I
.c. Aerod:ynamic loads acting on a blade
in steady flight.
I n cal culating the aerodynamic 10eds imposed
on 8 blade i n rorverd fli ght , it 1s common
practice to neglect the efrect of f l exibility
of the blade. However , if the evaluation of
that e ffect 1S deslrad, the following procedure
involving successive approximations 1s suggested:
1 . Calculate the coefficients of the
harmoniC motion of t he blade, assuming
that the bl ade 1s infinite ly stiff.
2. Calculate the tote1 deflection of the
blade in the zx and ZY planes, using
the dynamic and alrload distr i bution
on the basiS of the aBsumption in (1).
, . Ca).cul
e
t
8
the struct.ur el t..,lat of the
blade, using the dynamiC and e lrloed
distribution on the besis of t he
assumpti on in (1).
4. Calculate the s tructural t wist of the
blade due to bending in the ZX and zy
planes.
5. Correct t he a irload distribution for the
flexural deflection found in (2) and
the tvi Bt found in (3) and (4).
6 . Repeat the procedure if necessary.
The angle of attack of a blade element on an
infinitelI stiff blade:
The angl e of attack of a bl ade element is:
.. --_ ... -
I
I
I
~
I
I
i
I
I
I
I,
1 I
I
lJ 1__ _ ___ _
g
~
g
'0
the <'lllgl e Of' .1nc.1dellCC at
the m11:t.1Jnur:, contpol P1t;Ch
------
-
.
-'f
,
I
- I
I
I
!
!
t
I:
! I
I
,
I
I
1
/
I
'.
"
"
,

\
,
I
I
J\ I-_ _ _ __ . __
A sufficientl.,. accurate value of "eo", the con-
stant part of Qz ' (the lag angle of the blade in
b
upover on" flight) clln be obtained from
",,'
(n-J!)
ain eo ir eo -
b(e
l
cos Y"+ e
2
{Fxo)m
M
Z
l is the total rotor torque
b the number of blades
...,. ,
" :'
(e
1
008("+ e
2
cos 0 3) 1s the distance from
)"dnge to the axis of rotsti<D.
-when Q
y
'" O.
(Fxo)m 1s the tota l inertia torce acting along
X axis at ''.1';'' hinge
For r e:fsrence, "ee page ::zr and Fig. (1:.- 5 ) belo-w
vh1ch is part of Flg. (I - 3):
Z' /11U$
y'II:1.,s
...... < .. E
HoJ/ii
y IU'S
8JII "t eo
x f'/9' a-3
x
,./l ;j
. _ .. ...,
;
I /
/
'I
I
I
I
_. ,
I
,
I
I
,
,
I
I,
I
I
i
i
i
l
1
1
I
I
1
1 I
I I
q L-
11 1.2
anA
sinoe bl

'0
_ 8-1. cos
.,
- "
,i'
o -

a
'a
'2
co'
2. , - '2
.10
0,
a

l 'Ir -10) 'bec
o
[l\e5
tho
eCl.uat1
0n
0.
I. tho i
O
of .e.er." rlo fO"ovtnS rof.
tho ...,0 of atta.l< Or< .an ". ... ed .,
Gen.
ra
'. re
iO
," ror the .ie"ibUtion of ai' ro,
c
.'

. ' "" fUnd_.
ta
' the ".ibU
tiO
of
; ... -9
rr
'if
t
anA .... forc, ' .,ons the .,... i"
6,Do '\
_",,:;.pu
'2
------ -
.-------- ."
.... '. ,".", .. =-
-- .
. ,

"
--'
1

j
"
.'
I
I
i
I
I
I
,
I
I
!
I I
i i
' \
I
I
, ,
iI
11
. '
I
I
, I
,
i I
LJ L_. ___ __
H "- 1}.
where 01 and CD are the lection lift and the profile
o
drag coetficientl.
It we let and (Fy)a be the airforce.
aoting along Z and Y axel reBpeotively, the diltribution
ot thele forool along the blade can be by:
(b'
(b)
D
.. OOB
<Ix
.. S l i n
d%
z L
S1noe all anglel exoe;t Qz are small, we take

lin g .. tan Q g
001 Q .. 1.0
AlIO, the Z COlW' onent of the drag f orces, except near
tbe atall, 1, 'tery lmall in col!IP8l'1son w1th the
pOn6nt due to tho therefore, the equations
I j
)' 1
./
_ _ ____
\
I
,
i
I
,
II
I
I
I
i
Ii
I
I
I
!
I
I
j
\
I '
\
i I
L! ' I-I _
-
I-J' .. 14
""2 (1-l1b) be -"""11'1 .. """ be._
d(P,),
-.....
' ..
(b)
Ro.
Ul
, ... "'00"7 C."" . .....

V01.01, C."".",." dUO ,. '.'1 r 'ho bl'd ,
rh, '.C1'7 "" ,. '.'1 ... , , b'ad , .... ,
duo ' . the ' ott r tho bl .... ar.

j - .. %Q
7
(0)
.f_
0
(e)
t - -%0
"
V.l oe! t c
onente dUe to '.'1._ r
"'U .. 0 t"e :zootOl'
z'
X'_.___ ----1'<::::--;: '"
"''''
The Pig. (1r' -.5 ) allows
Yel001t,r VA !nto Ita X' &ll4
-- -
I
J
( .I
j'
1
I
_ f
II

- = - -
I
I
I
i
I
I
I I
1
I '
I
i I
" L
L., _
- - - =:...- :.::-_-
II - 15-
0,0'
y'
FIt;. If-"
x'
P1 'h01l" the ftloo1ty COlIIPonenta duo to
VA acting at a blade element on X' yl
plane.
z'
z
F I G. II -7
li'1g. (1T- 7 ) ahovII the velOO1tr cOllU'on&nt. Qct1.ng
at a bl*<1e elelD$nt in the ZX plane due to the rot01'
TelocH!, VA'
I !
/
"
f
,
I
I
I
I
[
i
-: 1
! I
/":'-4
1\
I
I
I
I
I
I
I ,
Ii
: I
: I
I I
I
: !
I!
I ,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
,
I
,
I
I
I
I
I
,
I
,
I
I
I
,
I
,
I
: i
i I
i i
J \
1. t
: 1
I '
! \
[ .
I
I
I I
Ll L_
-': :'=-
(e)
H-16
The total ".loe! t1 along zn due to
rotor velocity VA
(h)
(e)
PoU01t'1n.g the uSual ."WIGlt1011 that the etrect at
the nlOCH,.. 0OGlPooe:nt on the 11ft and 4l.oag 11
negligible &lld II1nce Un Q'T ",. an1 cos g,. _ 1.0,
the above equation.
Veloclt cOQPonenta due to induced veloclt Vi:
In accordance vlth ret. 10 it la autfiCiently
accurate to *SlJume the distribution ot induo&
velocity in forward motion &long the tore and aft
418ll1eter to bo trlA.'lgUl&o aa ah01fll on Pig (11-8 ),
.
.
.-
-------
I !
I .
')1
v
,
I
. I
,
!
.
/
1\
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
1
,
. \ I,
I I
I I
! I
I
U L
H -- 17
z'
Vi /v/RN IMOLleEI) W;J.o(.lry
0-8
At any or the blade the can
be approximated by equation.
V 1 '" """V'1 +-"V1 CO!'. "2

'l'hel'e!Ol'e, remembering cos Q
y
- I, and neglecting
the radial component, the velocity components due to
(h) V 1% - neglected
The total velocity at a blade element
are.
v, _
..... ..
I i
/ .
"
\
I
,
I
1
,
I
i
;
I
I
I
i
II
I I
i I
[
i
I
i
I
1
,
I
iL
u
II ,- ' 18
{1-25bJ
(6)
(e)
Ie)
From nomanelature we have
Vltr.' + v:;.
.
'.
Substi tut1ng into equations (1l-2S"1l-) to ( t; ) the
exPressions ot their com,ponent terms_ and, USing the
parwaeteu given by equetions UJ..2(.o) to ( c: J we heve
Vz =- -XQ + An "r. + AlR
Qz; %1' 00'
. -
y

z.
-
"z

Q,. cos
".

(61
v
neglected

( C)
V
-x
r
R
. -
IJ. RQr.
s1.n Qz;
Y
'.


!
-----=-=
-
f '
,
I
I
I
I
I :
, :
' \I
"
, ,
II
, ,
; i
, I
; I i
, ,1' I !
= "--'= '
II
i I
i
I
I
I

I
I
i
i
i
!
,
1
\
\ I
I I
' I L
-, -
- _ ... --
-
from Part I
I)
(oj
and therefore
.,

+ 4B.2 2Q!, + 4b
2
eln 2Q!,

+
subetltutlng tily and Q
y
into equations and
( .... 211:), and dividing by R Q 'Ve have

'.
1
- +
2
+(
'.
+!\J."o sln;Q
2 2 Z;s
-- _ .-- _. --.
+
------ --- -- ---
! '
I
i
\
I
I
I
I
I
"
I I
iI
. !
i '
I
, j
, I


1\ !
III
Iii
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
II
I J
II
I!
I!
:1
I!;
1\
1\
I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I ;
I I
I I
I i
I I
I I
I 1
I ,
I '
I \
I -
("'-'0)
II - 20
!he of air load alOng a St1tf D1842
HZ" component ot the &lrload!
Condderlng the eQ,uatl0Il:! and (r-/9G.)
YO have
vhere
.1 peOi"
2
C 1:! a chord
_ .;1' 1s the section 11ft ooefficient
V Vy 18 the air veloeity at a blade element
Substitut ing i nto eque. t10n the values of
91' troJ:l. va have
(P)
(e)
+
-' ,'n. +. x +. 1
T2 Za t r 1
.' .
xx+
8
oJ'f'1
o 0
,
+ "'1 co:! Q
z.
-- - -- ----- ---
+
----------- ---- - - " -- -
- - -. : .,::..: ' ,:=-,-.--
.! '
j
I
I
I
I
I
II
I
,
I
!
i
i
I
-" 1 I
\ ' --,
, -
"
i I
.. :- ,
- , -
- I
: I
; I
. ,
==-=", '---4-
II
I !
i
I
I
I
II
I
I
I
I
\
I
I
1
\
I >
\
I
I I
I !
, I I
1-1 L _ _
>
;
-'3)
U
z
--
(E -
(]t-'S)
(Jr-Ua.)
(6)
(e)
>
." '-
R
-U
Y
sign minus 15 used tor all values ot Qz from T to
2v.
Subat! tutlng from (8-':'9..) and ( b ) th& ezpl'esalolUJ
tor u and U into (g-J/) and neglecting atter
y -, -
that substitution all harmonic terms above tbe second,
ve have the d--1strlbutlo11 of the Z COlDPonent ot the air
10&4:
vhere
1
+0 C
- '.
+A
28
COS 2Qz + B
28
sin 2Q
zs
1 2'
- - ps Q R-'
2 zs
,
. (.
Xo
b
2
+-
2
+ + +
!12 !J.Qt
) + (-
2 2
-- --- .-
s

2
) +
-- ._. - - -. - ---
-.
I
! .
,
I
I
,
I
II
I j
I i
,
i
l
I
I
t
\
\.
I
I
I
U 10---
(If-Hd.)
2

.Ot
A
2a
- -0 1!:.
(-, -

(11-3(;)
2
-- )
""r
+ 2b
2
%:r
%0
2
2
2
( I
24 X
2
"k
-a +
b
l
+ 0/
1
+ 2")
"" -
o 2
r
2 r
(e)
The aboTe equa tion give' the of the alrload
along the blade i.n. liZ" d.ir8ctlon to:r an,. 8Zimut.lJ angle Q
".
and is 8xPres aed. in or flapPing coett!clent e, blade
incidence. cyclic control, angular velocity ot the
&lld and A
l
-
'Dle u.nderllned terml!l, being small. can be neSlected
Total llvn. se thl-ust prOduced by the r otor in ..rarv8l'd
{U'!!!t.
Total thru.t T", b(Polda
lI'here (Pol"a 1& the average Produced by one blade.
Therefore
'1' .. b(F')a
YbI!lre (p%'a is obtalned by integrating e(pz)a trom the
root to the Up or tl:Ie blade and. trolll 0 to :?V.
CP ) =...L r
2r
dQ f d(P ... 'a IU
.t a 21f Jo za 0 d r
xr
- -------
---
- - - :..:..-=---

.,
I
,
I
I
--
I :
/'
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
!
,
d
I
I
I
i
,
,
I
I
I
I
I
i

"., i
II
- !
, ,
, I
, I ' . ,
; i I
'--.-41
I
I
I
I
I

i
!
, 1
! \
i1
I

The second term the eflect ot reversed floy.
The blades are in the region of the reversed tloy from
Q -1rtoQ -2vandfrottlx-Ot.O:Z: __ lJ,RslnQ.

IntegratIng and neglectIng the terms of the Order above
the thrust t or uniformly tap4red blades 1s:
where
+;1 (! B) + 1. 112.B) + Q ( .!a4 +.1 p.2 B2) +
%0' 2 tlj. 4
+ '1"
2
J2)L ,[;-,.("', J!,':) +
2 8] 3 4
,
+ x
o
4
( +! B)
4 4
+'1" 12 ) J 1
2 , 8
y'
{
/i cnJIII. Bl.,IIO
L
l<;, =-===-=:3!3I+-f - - x
FIC;. E-:J
Co Is the J'oot chord extended to "011,
1 is the extended chord
--.. -.-
c,
I
I
I , ."
I
!
i
I
\
1
\
I '
I
I
,
I
1
-. J:-I- - '24"
C,
t 1 - __ taper rat10
Co
C z c
1
( 1 - equation of t he chord
Por convenience of calculation, the a.ctual chord c may
be exPrel!sed by the coan cbord e in the expre66i on or
thruSt, and the equation becomes
(3-38)
,
+ x
o
( ! ' + 1 B)
3 2
I I
Ll L_ . __ ___ - __
"
' I .'
.I' "
/
,/
"
II
\ 1
i I
I
II
I
!
Ij
I
I
L\
I
L_
- _._- ---
-- -
Flapp1ng coeffic1ents of
From p.I-IS ve have
0". aD - - h. .in; - a
2
00s2G. -
k Za &a
expressions for flapping coefficients in
terms of ot!ler parameters are f ound. from equat10ns
derived the dJDAmic equat10n of the motion of
the blade in flapping.
Z
z'
'y'
0 :0
Fl($.. B. -/0
Taking the moment of all t oroe. acting on the
blade about the .,. &:I:1., 1f8 have:
where
''',-l. 1.
the
"""'" n t
due to all' load.
''',-lm 1.
the moment due to dynam10 load.
''',-l. 11
"'e
moment due to night
(M.,)d 1s the mODlent due to meohe.nica.1 d&IIIP1ns
e.evio8s. 7Qi.1 lIIolD&nt yill to
be to angular ?OlooitJ of
the flapping 6,..
-.
",
I ;
) / ,
"I
t
I
II
I I
i I
, .
!
.

I
\
!
1
,
I
I
\
\
I
,
I
I

I
I
I
/
II - - 26
(11-40)
This in moat ot the
represents a good approximation. It oan
easily be seen that other assumption
except completely disregarding that, term
does not give any practical solution.
{My)oo' is the moment due to the eccentrioity ot
the flapping pin with respect to the origin
"0".
Moment due to &1.r loads
From ( JC_ / D
tollo"Ving the derivations ot ret ..t
+ (My>. - pe.
g2 (
z. (
> and
,
+ '+'1 cos Ii +
'.
0' -' 0 + Tl cos z
Xo
2T
+ tXr ui - "y"x l x,,2<1x,.1
T
aecond integral is the reversed tlov term and enters
only from Ii, _ 11" &nd g _ 21r.
. '.
B 1s the tip l oss factor.
Substituting and u,. irl.to the sbove equation, intograt1n&
oomb1.n1.ng &nd drOpping all terma ot order above 114, ve bave
"-" - - - -' - -
- -------'==.
"
I
' .
j
,
.
' \
I
,
I
!
I
\
t
\
\
I I
,
, !
I I
L! L __ . __ .-.--
-II - ' 27
- A B' + . 080 A +
.. 1; a B- - .! l1b_'R' + ! IlAB2 .. 1; J\.. +
4 1 6 z- 2 8 .
122 It-- B4
+-1.1.
8
1" -'i'2' 1.1 ---":'B 1J.) +
8 6 8
1 ,1 2 2 I 1 4 B-
- - pa_R + - Po bIB .. '+' (- 1J. .. T -
6 z- 8 1 96
"",,2 1
--) +-
8
+ 2Q
z
( .. l 1.1
2
B2 + .. ! 1.1
2
QtB' +
a (4 0 32 0 6
+ ! b_R
4
+ ! 1141 B3 ... 05' p,' A.. .. +
2 Z- , ,
- - -------
'.
",
I /
j " "
')
'1
/'
____ ----'===.:.=---:041
1
i
II
, ,
I
1
I
I
/,
\
\
i
I
\
I I',
! '
,
1
\
1
I 1
where 0) the actual ohord or the blade, 1e replaced,
tor Oonyen1ence of caloulationa, by the mean chord
D'
Moment due to d.}Il&lIl1c loads (Hz}m:
From equa tlon.;
(z:- #3)
vhe!'e "m" 1e the unit .... ot the blade.
- L 1.' 3 ,- Since Iy - -l" - 0 IDXr R .... 1'
&od IlrUbat1tutlng ;y and "Q,.
'.
. _T_, {.
T In za 0
+ 32
C08
2Q
z
+ ,b
2
sin 2Qz I

Moment due to 'Weight at the blade (M ) :
:, 1 g
(.1l- 4S')
':Ihere " ... 11 1s the unit 'Weight of the blade and 15
ullually qUi te emaIl.
f,loment due to mechanical damping (M,.)d,:
(lZ-4(.J eM,J d - -x,..o,. ,. - ( a
1
Sin a
Za
- 01 COs O::a
_ _ _ 0 _ __ _
+ 2 .25tn 2Q
z
- 2 b
2
C08 2 8
z
)

where x,. 15 a conllta.nt dependIng uPon the adjustment
at the da1qpl!ll'.
-- .-. . _. " -
'------
I'
I ,
j"
"I
I'
I
I
-I
!
II
11
I .
I I
I l
I
I I
L! 1---1 -
In the first case the effect of change ot pitcb
due to the cycl1c pitch control applied by- the pilot
will be combined \11th tbe change ot pitch due to the
rlBl-ping which is obtained beO&UISCI of the hinge
arrangement.
The effect 'Will be BSSUlZIed to be known
and can be called the effeotive ,pitoh controL
In the second case it will be 8ssumed. that only
the effect of aotual pitch control 1s 1c:novn.
In Yrlt1Dg. dovn these in a
manner to the procedure used in ret. 2. the ex-
preseiona tor .0' &2' and b
2
Yill be carried to the
order or and 8
1
and hI "111 be oarried to the
order of Po'.
Neglecting 'My)g and lubetltuting
(.lr-4:l), (Jr-44). (r-4) into (..1"--',), and equating
ooefficients of identical funotions,
we obtain the ftve equations boloy:
Let D
y
"pIp
Ox
--
K1
R
r
it
(.4 + .,,2) 0
;\83
--
2
(r-48 __ )
- ----==-.-
'0
+
+1;
(13
5
+ .2 .,,3) +
't" 1lB'
l
2
5 t
6
3
(oj
"1 -
1
i
82 2
+
,; . - -- .- - ._ -,- --
.......... _-
_ .. _._._--- - -
,-
I

--
. / /
.I'
'1
I
'1
,
/

./
I
I
I
~
I ,
I i
I l
I
i
1
I I
(II- 48,)
(a)
1
b -,, __ ---,<-_
1 B4 2 B2 2
- + j.I. - + rr-
4 8 y
h 4
- 4 ....
1
B
+ ,+, ' B3 1
2 3
B
2
1 .3 1\ 3
- b " -- + - b,B + - A,B +
0
43
6
B2 1 3 1 3
11 - - -a, B +-j.l. Q B-I-
IJ. 3 6 t
To a r i ~ 3 t approximation (IJ-48a), ( b ); and ( c )
may be wrl twn:
(II-49a)
(b)
-._--
I / '-
, '
/
Li L_. _ __ ,.. __ ._
--- -
- - - = = - ~ -
' \
I
,
I
'"\
.1
I .
I
I
I
Ii
I
I
i
i
i
i
\
1
Subst1tuting ( b ), and ( e ) in (II-4ea)
and ( e . ), and solVing ror 8
2
and b
2
l
i
(II-50s)
(b)
(0)
(d)
(e)
.2
F
8
2
- -
6
s1
1 J ,
+'f'2
J
+ 8
rry
---- - -.- -_., . ..
I
2 1 1 ,
- a + - B2 - - .... B _
3
0
3 2
- - ----
II
Ii
i I
I

\
,
i
I
I
!
1
I'
II 32
"here, as previoua17 defined,
(7-32",,)
0'
'0
Q
xo
+ 0 T'l
(t.)
(e)
,
(bl
"',
't'l - 'f" 1 &1
(el
",'
2 '+'2 - 'T" 1 b
1
.
In order to find the values ot the tlapPing
ooefficients with control and flapPing terms separated,
, ,
we aubatitute the above tor Qx' and
o
I n equUlon8 (.r--f"4L). ( b ) nd ( c ), Illld ob-
tain the follOWing first approximation valuos tor .0'
a
p
bl,
'0 -
.4
2
7',
r;
-
"
"[',
"1 -
f
2.
[
A+!B (
Ox + 0 "Til +
>;
't{ B2
1 +--(1 3 0
2 .2 ]
+ lilt B + - '+'2
2.
", .
4
3B
.. -
o
"
--IJ.& +
3' 0
Al +'t'l
Tho firs t approximation vuuo. ghen by (.r-5"/)
lllaY be uaed t o aolve tor iii' ,*,' and..,,' , vhlch
x
o
' l' 2
may then be ua8d 1n equations (.zz:-5'O) in the lUlual
.. - . - - . . ;' .........
---
,
1
I /
j'

I
'I
\
)

I
\
I
I
I.
\
i
i
I
i
\
I
1
i
\
I I
I i
Li
.. - . ~ - . ~
II - 33 .
Y Components of Air Load
. It vall .hown on P.:r-/4, equat10n(.u/'1h), that t..h6 8il'
load acting on each blade element in the WyK direction is:
Combining v1th (J-I' .. )tmd ( ~ ) and r eplacing J[ by
From refs..If and 5
60 , 6
1
, and 6
2
depend on the character1et1c3 of the chollen
airfoil and can be deterl1l1Il8d frOID the oharts given in f1gure3
I and 2 of re. 11
The angle ot attack, Qr' is given by equation (It-IS)
and tha velocity components by equat1ona(1l-.t9...)am (h)
Letting
(b)
II
il
(
i
\
I I
I I
I 1

. '
I ,
LI L-_
sin g
z.
the
nfJv,ec
ted
and C
z
., 2-
n 2
of ""she. oTdO. _n ""e second .Te
a gZ R' the
z.
,
I
\
\
-\
--
--
,,' \). ().. 1 ,,), .'0 ")
_ " _ + "'. + 1." 7. -, \
2 \.I. \l '
+!,lX - Qx
( t A
T 0
.'
.10
,
---
I ; '
F '
--:;--'.
' \
I
I
I
'I
!
II
II
I
(n-55h)
/
I I
i I
LI 1 _ _ __ _ ___ _ _
H - ,.;. 35
+ ~ 't"
2 1
,

o Xo
5 ,-i bi "'- il,
- -4 6
1
'*'2 - - + - +-
2 2 2
--.--'.-
I
,
I
I _
/
' ,
, -
t
I
I
I
- I
1
t
/ 4
I
II
! I
I
!
I
I.
I
i
\
i
!
f
1
\
I I,
I
I
I
'. -:,:'1 ~ ('''J. - "'i) + . ~ + o{ }
'L "
1
' '.. , b't's", )., ..
+:..2 ...!.....! +...l.-.! _ BJ: +5. + 2'0 e' + L Q 11 +...i-!
---r 2 2 2 2 2 ~ Q - ~ t 2
.' i A ' B. - - - (2'0, + 't',)
'L '. -
(coDtlm&ec1 OD Dest page.)
----1-

-"- - -
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
II
II
f I
I
I
I
Ir
I
I
I
!
i
i
I
I
I
1
I
r '
\
, '
.,
\
I
,
\
\
,
II - 37
+ ~ cos 20. + B2 ain 2101&
"" ."" .
Ao .l !\, + .2 [2 } (6 + ... ; + "1)11
." 2 l
,2 2
+ .. ("'- + "1) +., "1 + ( ~ o ) + + + ~
(oontlnuod on next page.)
. ' _ .- - _. _. - - '
.-
.
I /
j'
,
I
"t
I
I
!
,
II - 38
"'1 + ~ J
,2 2 f
2 2
--'
+ """ { 2S
0
+ "1 2 ~ O + 52 [2 it ("'; - 'lJ
(continued on next page,)
- -- -----
~ - - ---.- .
I
I I
L! L _ _______ _ _
- - - ~ - ... --.. - .
I / ' I :
.I . -', I
'\
I
,
I
-,
I
n/ __ Iii :
- - - - - = ~ = - =
II
II
I
Ir
(
i
: \
1
I
I
I
I
I I
Li L _ __ . _______ _
II - 39
2 ,
AI ,,2 , 2
--+-'f"2 +20
2 2 Xo .
(oont1nued on next page.)
- ------- I /
/

i
I
I
i I
I
I
~
i
\
1
I
I
i l
ul L-_
I
,
;
\
\
II - ~ o
, ' '
_ (0, - ~ 2 ' ( ~ ' "" + A,l - ~ ' 2
'0
I
I:
, . -
I
I
I
Ir
!
i
!
I
I
1
\
,
,
, I

!
\
\
,
\
r
,
I
f
l . - --- -- --
!
!,orgue Moment in the rf. PInna About the Drag P1n Due to
Ael'Odmam1C Loads
The moment due to al t' loads about the of r otation is
given by:
d(Fy)"n
_ dx +
dx r
r
B
I R
o
o
\ _ 2 {" "n z.
""
\
\
means that the expression enters
" here
,

into the moment only 1n the 1nterval 11" to 211'
these exPressi ons, 'Which &rO harmoniC functions or

,and
'.
comb1ning into a s ingle harmonic function of Qz ' continuoUS

frOID 0 to 27r by the method of ref. 2.
ve rind;

I
I
I
I
/;
I
i
I
I
! I
II
1
\
/

II - 42
YheI'e, neglecting tel'Dl3 of Ol'der 1J.5 or
,[,
6
' 2
+ /\. -;- C.,- ... :J
- 3a,. ".]
(COht.t.lluad on nut page.)
- -
- . - .. - - - .
.. - .. _-
I
U L_
-
I /
F
,-
/
I !
II
j
I
i
\
1

I I
i I
LJ L
(._56e
)
-----
,
!
I
I
I
77
1
/ . I
' \ I
I
, '
I
'1
III
i
i
I
I
1
\
I
I
I
n ... 44
"2[2' ' 2J
(I-!8 dJ G
2
' - B - (2'1. - "'2) + ).
4 "
,
b '"
+ ..l + .1:. )
2 2
,
+ Q:x )
o
+ .,
- .
o
,
_ 8
1
'f'l _
2
Since the sum of t he constant pll.rt of' the e.erodyn3.mic
torque aDd the engine 'torque should be zero, 'We lJr1te
(ll-Sf)
h given by (c-:>8<4)
- - l = - - ~ - - -
-- --------'-'==
I .'
I -
. .'
i
--., I
\ I
J
I
. J.
, ,
J I
, I
I
II
I ,
I
I
I
I
II
I I
I,
I,
II
II
I i
I !
I '
In
II
I )
I ,
I I
i I
I
I
I
I
I :
I I
I i
I i
I I
I I
it
I .
I
I
I
"
. "
Following the l ead of ' Bailey ~ r4f. 4 YO
substitute in the expans10n f or Go the exPressions for
tM napping coeftlc1ents givon by equations (If-50)
The result 1s an equation 1n Il. A A1' lilt

"x . '+'1' "'2'
o
-v: 2CQ. b
(Jp , _, 'Do' l' 6
2
, of "hieh tbe u n k n o ~ n s
ea
a:re A

x '
o
Substitut i ng into this equation the value of
Q
x
froe equati on (.rr - 18 ) , "We obtain an equation of the
o
type belO\l :
+ A t24 (-;) l ' 1

[ t 4
+ "'1
,C


(-2) (t,
(2))

(2))
+
+ t ,
+ 9
t
(t:;+t
3
aa
a
a


. .,
(52 ) J
+ '4
a
+ "'2
(t
5
+ t5 (- ))
a
201' I
+ - ("7+
t
7
ea
6
(2 )

(continued on next page . )
---_._--'=
,I "
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
;
I
I
I

I
I
I
!
I
,
I
I
I
i I
I
, '
[
I
I
I
I
1
I
U
I
I
L
II "" -46
+\[t
l1
+
,
t":)J
t 11
[
[ &1)
,

,
[t
13
+
' 62
+ "t
t
25
+ G
t
[t
12
+ t12 + '1', t , } (.)]


,
"
, 6.
+ '1'2 (t
14
+ t{4
(3.)J + (t
, 5
+ '>5 (-;;)]

,
[
, , s , , 6
2
+ '1', '1', [t
1
6 + t
16
(3.) J
+ '1'2
( t
17
+
"'-7 (- )]

+ ;t 1 (t, 8 + (6:)]1
+ .. ; t
2
6
,
+ "'-9
8
(.3..)]

(_
6
0
) .Cg
+ t22 + - 0
. .'"
,
The coefficients tn and to are functions ot I
Dy> and B. Ae shovn by Bailey, variations oC ,
B from average representative values do not affect
coefficients very much. The coefficients t n and
therefore been computed 6S fu.nctlons of \l. for )<p - 15
B", . 97, D
1
OO Por the actual computat ion, a mOre
complete exPression than (II-58 ... ) f or Go lISS 1n
which all terms 1n of or l over order vere
lntere possible the numerical York presented by Bailey in
4 lI65 used. For the sake of brevity. ve give only
the results of these computations in figures iZ-1I 10 ..
.. - , ---._- -.. _-' - '- . ' -"------
-, .'
j' I
"
'\
I
I
, ,
I !
,
I
I
!;
I
I
i
[
I
1
II - 47
A1S found by SOlving equ&t1on (4'-,"O). Snd e ~ by
equation (lr - 38) 0
'---T----- --
- - -------........
- -, ... =---- ------==
I
J
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
! ,
-, \ I '
I
.,
I ,
"
. ! I
I I I
_ '_II !.I
- ' ~ - - - -
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
i
~
I
I
I
,
l
I '
I
I
I
!
'-- ' ,_ -
II - 48
,
.I
,
,
I
I
I
I

i
I
I
I
I
!
,
I
I i
i
I , \
i f
I
I
;
,
I
I
I
!
[ ~
,. --- -------------
,
I
I
,
,
,
"
I
I
1
,
~ --
-------- .... ---"'---
1-
"
-- --... --------
_______ _ . ____ .h ____ ._. __ _
H
H
-4
'---'
--__---------:1
------------------.. _--------_. __ ._---_.
7
1
1
1
I
!
I
I
i
!,
I
II
I i
I I
I i
I !
1 I
I
I
l
i
I i
"
i 1
I
I I
.1 I
I
U L
II-SO
, .
.
. . . ..
~ - -- - -- .
- "-- - . ----.- - --. .
i
I

I
I
I
1
I
. , I
~ , I
, I
I
I I
,
. I
,
"
. ,
"
' ..L_j
I
I
I
/j
I
I I
I
I
I
i
I I
I I
.! ! '
I I
i I
i I
,
I
~ . J i.. .
II - 51
, .
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I[
"
I
I


: i
q
, ,
, I
I i

I
, ,
--'-- -t
: I
I
II
I I
i !
. .
I
!
,
I
I
i
J
II
I
I
I
!
,
,
\
I !
t 1
. ,
, ~ .
I
I
I
II - 52
r
I
I .
.I
I'
I
[
I
i
I
I
I !
i
I
I
"
, ,
I ,
I
,
, .
,

. ,
" .
.1.. " 1
II
I I
i i
..
I
I
I
I i
I I
I
I
i
:I
II,
I I
I I
I I
: I
!
I I
I
I .
I I
I
I I
: I
I
I
I :
I
I I
,
.
,
, .
!
i
I
,; ;
~ , '.
n - 53

/
-.-- ---- -
- -
I'
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
,
1
I
I
I
,
I
i
!
i
,
,
,
I
, I
,
. ,
. ,
"
- J _ ~
I
!
I
i
I;
i
i
j
l
I i
!
,
. , 1
i
, I
I
II - 54
- .. .. .:.
I'
i
1
I
I
,
I
I
i
,
I
[
i
I
[
I
1/
. i
"
, :
, ,
i
, \
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
!
i
I
I
I I
II
i
,
I
' I
;
0 ,
--,
I
,
i
I
I
i
I
II
I i
,
-' --
II -- 55
-----
/
,
,
- - ' - c '
---_.
, !
"
, '
, ,
I
I
0
0,
-
,
III
I I
..
I '
I
I
I !
I i
II
I
I ),
II
I \
I \
I \
t
\
j
,
l
\ I
. ,
i I
I
I
,
,
I i
I
I
I
II - 56
II
I
I
/
~ - - ---- -
,
I i
I !
I 1
i i
j
I
I

I
,
I
!
1
I
..
I
11 - 57
guatiO
n
of lli!tio
n
0' a stUf "ade in thO y:{ (IllO

(Fy)",
(F" l.
0,
ol!lIG. /,oJ
-
<,
?
<,
Yo
(F. )",

-
-
X
(F"l.
v
1/](1$ of l!orl1
T1O
/J
It "as sho'tln in the analysis fOt' the fla.P:pinB
coaffici.nts on p . '"' that thO efrect of the eccentri-
city of the fleppins pin . ould be small. I t i' therefore
e"ume
d
again that t hO flapping pin and the ,,,,is ,of ro-
tation ooino
ida
The eceentrioitY of the dreg pin, he'eV
er
,
meY b e oon' iderablY larger, and .ill b' oonsider,d.
I n Pi . " , /" , abOve, thO actual blade position i'
,<,to
hed
in ",id "n'" . h". dO".' l ines ,he' the
idaal"ed p ositiOn for . hioh aceel"e"O<'s .. , nd'l hoVe
bOon derived on pp . ,_, too- ', In the , <etch, x, i s the
spon.
i se
c oordinete of 0 blade particle .ith th' blade in
its "u
e
posi tion, . hi,e X is the , pen'i,e ooordin,te of
the ,am
e
porticle .ith thO bl,de in the idea",ed p"iti
on
.
From the sketch
SinCe Y1 i3 verY nearlY
:l
or
sin"f
2
-
equal to
and is 8. fairlY
'b
1s small for the i mportant
\
I
i
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
I
I
, ,
"
i
!
I
I
!;
I
I
I
;
,
!
II-5
8
(18:1'g
e
) values of x, "( 2 is e. verY small &ngle .
Nov ve vrite the expr ess10ns for thB !!Ioment
s
acout
drag p1n:
A more r1goroUS expres
s10n
be
bUt 'We neglect the rad1al COp],ponent, (F:x) a ' and e1nce y 2
is very small, except near the root 'Where the forces are
sme.ll, coe '( 2 Of 1. FUrther, since Y 2 ill small, x "" xl to
a ve ry close approximatiOn, and since r l is small,
assume
(given "0'1 e Q.uation
( 'l ost )
(s-.to)
(1-1..)
,
2.) nyne.miC Momontl
R
Mo K + r Xl (F
,
)
'm "l 1
m
From the sket ch,
I
I
I
,
I
I
i
II
I
.,
.
I
I !
I .
i
(.zr-
8 c
)
(,,-Bb)
,
1
I
i
~
I
II - 59
r
,
";t (F) - (F) - sin G
z
ym xmx "b
Nov, from p.J(-8 equa tions (;r -8b) a nd ( .a- Bc.):
(F) _ mx . (2Q 9 Q - g' ) dx
"Y m -:r y za Z
Substituti ng the above f or (FY:l.)m and a gain aaswnl ng xl ,. x,
.. -
0",
I "",2 (20,
r,
f
r ,
2

"a
\lhere "m" 1s noV the "11ne density" of the blade .
.JI
,J mx2 dx may be taken as I
Z
' the moment of ' ,art'a
1
r R
of the blade about the dr ag pin, and mx d.X is the
~ ,
"mass moment" of the bl ade , and i8 des1gnated by the
specisl symbol l-lm
'. '
I '
I i
i
,
i
I
!
!
!
!
I
I
II
I
!
. ,

(0 )
AlsO,
aince
.,
" .
+
'.
'b
'Qr,
'" 'g
'.
+
b
- 0 by definition,
therefore
Therefore
3.) Dt.UlIPiIl& t-lom
entt
,
2
.,
a
The of damping moment proportional to
ongular vel o
clty
l' at be,t .n .pproxlm.tlon, but tho
of analysis any other assumption are
tl.'emend
OU5

summlng <he three moment' about the drag pln, and equ.tlng
to zero;
. )
'.
. 2
.,

l
"
i
I
!
,
!
I
iJ
I
I
t-
fu
De
tiO
n
of
Since IOI z
"
'0'
f
f e.re ve-rl s]ll.a1..1. J
" 0
Q r ... 311'\ Q
,in in'O' 'O" " "
"
'1n
tO
(11" ".,)
tT'1Bonontet:r1.C
coeffiCientS
fUnction-, that
I
I
!
I
I
,
I I
I
. ,
------ .--- ---
._- -- .-.- .- .- --.... - - . . - ~ . - ._ - -'=--_._--_. __ . __ .. _---- ---- - ----- - - -- .. -
------ - _ .. --._ .
.. -----------
(I-7Jet)
G1RCC
Za
1S. H
1
R1!C
Z
I
z
i I
z
( - 280b1 - 82
b
l. + 8
1
b
2
) + g2 ~ + ~ ~ I
Z
(26
0
8
1
- 6
1
6
2
- b
1
b
2
) + g2 61
'1 c ~ ~ ~
K 2
I
Z
2
+ ( ~ )
g
'.
H
H
(JI-7I t j
rn
'"
H
1
RCC K
G
1
R"l':C
z
I z ~ I z ( 20111- 6
1
9,2 - b
1
b
2
) + . 2 zs ~ - -;L f If; ( - 2s
0
b
1
- 6
2
b
1
+ s lb2
+ l
.2 9
z
Qz
'.
r - s s
1 K
r 2 + ( ~ ) 2
, .
'.
---- ---_ .. _-_.- --
---_ ._----------- -- ------------ - ------_.
--,-- -

.-- _._._------_.-_ .. '-'--- . __ .-._-_ .... -.----
(--71<)

- 2. 2)
G:tt
CC
Z
6l
Kl (I (lJa 6
2
_ 8
1
+ b
1
+--p
+
+ (, 0 '.
i 2 2Q
Qz za

I
Z
1
z
( -lJb
2
8
0
+ 2s
1
b
1
)
[
K, 2] 2 4 I 2 + (2D")
, 2 ,

",
G_mm
( 2 2 "..- ' .) K, ( .'--'. )
( 1
Z
( 46
0
6
2
- 8
1
+ b
1
) + Q.t ) - ( 1
z
( .4b
2
s
o
+ 2S
1
b
1
' + e 2 ,
za za za
(1I-7I)
'2 "-------------,-----"
4l Ir;
2
+ 2 J
(1I-)/.)
G lice
o "
sin eo "" 'z
r,f! 0
m '

H
'"
'"
..-.-'- -- -- -- - - -- - _. _._- - -------------- -_ .. __ ._--_._---_._---
I!
I f
i I
, ,
,
I
I
I
!
,
. ,
,
.,
II - 65
C&lcul.6ti
on
of Betll11ng Moments and nenect1
0n
curve
]he Z
z'
z
The reference for calculatiOn of the deflectiOns
is the position of the infinitelY stiff blade,
is defined by 'liz and, from the !ig. u ll, Qy' When the
blade bends, the line connecting the blade element the
0' , makes an angle Q with the plane
or igin,
degree
'r
deflectiOn of the blade el ement i8
of approximation since
, 1s 8mall

.y
+!
Yr
X
( oJ
.. "1
+ d,
1111
z , to a C1088
comPared to x 1
,.hich
I
I I
II
I
!
"
i
!
I
I
Ii
'I I .
Ii
: I,
I
I
I
I
I I
I
I
I
I
I I
: I
I I
I '
I I
I !
I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 1
I
I
I I
I !
,

I
. ,
I
I
!
I
I
I
I
I
I
,
II - 66
Forces on the Blade Element
1) External Forces - (ret er t o fig.l1-.2.1 )
0) (F
Z
)
r 0
1S the aerodynsmic force acting perpendicular
to the bl ade element.
(Jr-74)
b)
c)
(X-7, J
d)
(a-7_ )
(F
Z
)
r g
where C
1
Section 11ft coefficient
r
1s t he force ac ting parall el to the
Z' axIs. It 1s usually small and will be
l'lee1ected.
.1s the inert!..:! force due to acceleretlon
a long the line
O'x
r
(ref. PJ18 equ.,U-bb.J
the lne!'tla force due to accelel' etlon
perpendicular to the line Olx.
t
.
(F
Z
) .. - llIXr
r
+ 9 )
Y
r
P,JI'-8 , equation D-!:I a..J
,
.
I
i

.' -, ,
I !
I !
! !
I
I
i
I
j
I
!
I
,
!
I
\
I
(0 -19)
II-68
.y )
r
sin ~ - dF
x
~ 0
r
(. -
Substituting into(a-
7
81(.r_19) fro;n (J1_74) 'lie fl nd the
equations of matron of the t l e ~ 1 b l e blade:
(ll - 80)
( a-BI)
- ""'r
dx
r
sin ( ~ _ g )
Y
r
Since
q ,Q and Q
y
are sme.J,l angles Ye take
Yr
00' (. -
g ) "" 1
Yr
s1n ( ~ _ Q ) _ ( ~ _ Q )
Y
t
Y
f
Y )
r
Neglecting the gravity f orces and tlaing the above assumptions,
( JI - BO ) reduces t o
d.. ... + ciS
f
+ P do .. 0
"r
./
I
,
I
,

I
I
I
,
d
I
i
I
!

I
I
..
I '
I
!
I
!
I
I,
}-
. ,
II ,- 69
and ( d-BI ) reduces to:.
(21:-8')
For a stiff blade, .Jr-8Z )} by droPPing subscript
"1''' and setting '" gy , dO :: 0 becolilez
dx+dS O
Subtrectine (zr-.94) from (a:-e.t) :
(Z-85)
pci'
(0
If
e
1
) dx - ;;.x
- mx
(9
y
"
"
- Qy)
Int egrating (JI-B3 )
R
/Z - 8") Fx + Q2 f mx
(- f ze x
dx
+ dS
f
dx ..
Os
'2
(.
0 , -

-
dS
+
,
- xi'
'\'
x
Oy)
""
dn
=
0
",here
1s t he "08133 mcblent" ot' the blade outboard of
s tation x
Di viding
( b
thru (;ll - 8$ ) by
:.nd (r- S").
(IZ -87)
- mx
HOllever,
"2 dz
o =_
' n
dx } end substitutlrs fr om

ax = 0
_00
"'y
if
2
EI d Z
",,2
!
I
i
I
I
,
Ii
I
I
!
. '
I
!
I
I
i
I
II
l
..
and
II - 70
where I is the strUcturel OQlilen
t
of inertia of the ble.c.e element
about the y a:tis.

E
- d z
" --.
OX
The term represents the distrioutiOn of loed on
the stiff blade. It 1s in parts - the
thrust load and the inertia. l oad. The aerodynamiC l oad
1.s given on p . JI-:LI , equat1.ons It- 3-1 ... to e e.nd the
1.ner
tia
load, b1 process simil ar to the.t used in
equation 11- 44 (p_ iI-lB ), i5
(a
o
+ 382 cos 2Q
z
+ :;"0
2
sin 2Q
z
)

substituting the appropriate e::r;:pr essions into
x
d5
ax
and substituting xr R
d{F zl
R m
- dx
(u- 9.)
_ (B
1
cC )
. '.
(continued on next pege )
"
I
I i
I i
I
\
I
I
!
I;
\
I
I
I
!
;
I
I
i I
. , ,
! I
I
I
i
i
I
Let
1n
II - 71
'IIhe1'e '-0 1 Al Bl A
Z
end B2 are given by
a a a 6 8
(:1-34:< to G
and substitute ~ R and zrR for x and t
rdB
) and replace of bY 1. t:. equal of 11- '0
+ ( -
',/e are onlY interes t ed in the "steedY state" soluti on
to the foregoing equation. Since the forcing run
ct1
en
Qz J the wpartlCul
sr

15 8 harmoniC runc tl0
n
of
dB
ax;
lnteg1'sl" '>1111 also be
a harmoni C runctiOn of Q J and
'.
,,111 'be \lrltt
en
+ 'r dD 2Q
5 '.
+ 111. ... sin 2 Q )
- 5 ze
---- -
---.- : . .
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
,
!
I
I
i
I !
i
I
"
'.
. ... . ~
II - 72
5ubSt1tll tir.('. t..':.e for
and
dS
Oxl'
given
into (ll. - 9-5)
, va
by eQuet!..:ms (ll. - 94) and (rr: - 9';;)
fi ve differ ent1al equations in
z , z..,
l'1 ' 2
of' 1dentical
obtai n
and
z , z ....
1'3 -4
z , by eQueting coeffic '.ents
trigonometric
",
runctions.
Each of t hese eQu&t: :ns can be solved apprOXi mately
by anr oce or the r.:c thods described in I-'ert I, pp . r ,l 1-;;'5.
Expcl'ie)1ce has showr. that tlle easiest of these is the
collocati on method . The applicatlon of thi s method t o
paT'ticul ar "quations is i llustrated on the foll o\l}ng pages
and i s se t up in tables \lhich can be \l orked out by non-techni cal
comPu teT's .
The f i ve
a ssurnin!! a s (I first ar pro:o:imatlon
( b
+ mR 9
2
'a
. ""
'2
O'a
equations
that
are tiS
'2
.,

'.
'2
+
"1 'C.
o
R
_. -- ---- -----
I
I
i
I
i
I
I
,
d
I
1
\
I
, ,
! !
!
I !
I
I
,
I
I
r
I;
I
I
,
,
I
I
, ,
!
I
I
i
, __ , I.
cI
e
1I - 73
d'r
Bl cC
+ nil
'2 a?-
m.'
2
. ' .
Qz:X
r
-
,
- +
. ,
z. r3 R
I
I
!
d'z
.3,

d
2
,
(1 d
2
(E1)
I
) EI J' 1j.
+ 2 d(EI)
r,
x) " I
iV' dJ."
R3 ax
r

R3 ..x;
R
-..x; I
r
r
I
I
I
d,
'2
r,
4
'2
+mR
z.
x ax:-
z
,
d r r

r ,
I
A2 cC I
- :; m:tr
Q2 a R
. '.
+
'. 2
R
I
d4z d'z
Q2 l\ d
2
.z
) XI + 2 dgIl. --d? +
(1 d
2
(EP _ za:x) r5
R3 r r
R3 o.x; R -OX;
+ mIl
4 "'"
:; InX
r
Q2 'b R
' . 2
II - 74
It be convenient to wr1te these equations in the
'my:
The equation for
(u-?G.;
a g2
o z.
!let r ,\
("'"""2"'""" +'Y
2
+\i}
cO
za
I 1 =,- Qt
cO
z
G
2
'"' - r u.s
o
cO
%. a 2 r
"3 -.r * (3'1'2
- ---_ .. -.----
,
!
I
I
I i
I
.. I
"
, .
i i
. I
i I
,
I
. ,
,
; I
, I
o i ,
..... - T
I
i i
Ii
I i
i !
i
i
t
I
Ir
I
I
I
1
i
i
,
I
!
I
. \
I
,
I
i
,
t
, t
'--I
,
I
I
t
I
I
I
I
I
t .
II - 75
,
cC
G
4
- 3
ma
2
R + (8
1
-
3mb2 R Q;
cC.
,

G
S - +rIJ.
(b
, +
+T
a
cC,
lis
a
-
2 rr- 8
2
12
13
'" I4 .. IS
0
'I '2
- 1, .. J
4
.. 15 a 0
The end condit1ons are that the deflection, zr ' be
1
zero at 0 ; that the moment end Bhear be tero at the
Up,
at eo 1 ;
and tha t the moment 00 that clLUsed by tho mechanical duper
at the root,
d
2
Z
r
( 1)
.x;
xr - 0
R
(EI)"" 0
(>l )
, D
+ 28
2
sin 29% - 2b
2
coo 29
z
)
a
(l'cfer p. 1I .t8
_. -_ ._ - -- -=--- -
,
..
. I
( ,
t
I ,
, I
; I
,
,
, I
, I
, t
' t
i..L-+

I
I
I

!
i
!
I
I
\
j
l
i
!
. \
i
I
I
,
I
I ;
I I
I
I
I
.
\
!
,
_.
,.
I

(
_ ) sin Q
'r "
"a
r. (sr) COS 20, <r (sr) ,'n 20,
"t 6 5 B.
vo,cn ,at1.f,e, ,11 the above end condition'.
punct1.on8 of
.,nO. coru11
tn vh'ch ve take five valu.' of 'n' for a '<1v
e
potnt'
solut1
0n
bY the collocation method.
substitutins n - 0, 1. 2 , ,.
sud tak1PS successive derivatives,
into { jC- f OO
(1f. _100"')
-
, - S1
r,
+ T
2
, .; (,} - "r .jo
T3 is "r ,fu
1
1
)
/ .
/
j
. I i
"
: i
! !
; I
I
i i
I i
! !
1 !
,
I
/;
, I
1
, i
I I .
I I
I I
I I
i I
I
,-_j L.
(tr.-/ooc)
(11-IOOd'
rr - 77
dZ'l) ( X, _ 1)2 }
-az; - Sil 2 {(xl' - 1) B - Xr ]
+ TO Xl' ( 1 - ~ + j X;)
1
+ Til x; ( ~ - j xl' + ~ X;)
+ T21 x; <j - ~ xl' + ~ x;>
4 (1 2 1 2)
+ T'l xl' 'If' -"5 xl' + 0' ~
5 (1 1 1 2)
+ T4 "1' "5 - J xr + 1 ~
1
+ TO (-2 + 2:J:
r
)
1
+ T1 (1 - 4." + ,.;)
1
+ x2
,
(continued on next peg4.)
,
/
--- - - -.. -.-----
~ - -
I
I
I
II
I
\
i
! !
I I
i i
! I
, , '
, ,
" ..L - i
! !
I '
I '
I \
I !
I '
I
I
I
I
!;
\
I
I
i
I
,
I
I
l
,

\
. \ I
I I
I I
I I
, ,
I
I ,
I I
(rr -/o/iI.,.)
+ '1'1 (-It + 6x
r
)
i
II - 78
+ T2 (2 - 12x
r
+ 12X;)
1
At the root, X
r
" 0 , from ( 11- fOOr.. ):
And from the end conditions given by equations ( u ~ ' 8 ):
(continUed on ne::rt page.)
- - - . - - ~ -
I '
I '
/
I
,
I
I
I
I
I
,I
I
\
I
!
,
i
!
I
I
I
I
I
, 'II
, I
Ii
I
: I
, I
, I
,
"
, J I
, --'= . .I!...
- - r'
rr-..:-- "-='"
: !
! !
I i
I !
I !
! :
I
I
I;
I
[
I
I
!
1
,
,
t
i
\
'I
!
i
i
, I
I I
~ J L .
(II - IOI b)
(e)
(dl
(el
II .. 79'
,
",
0,
8
2
(60 - 2) + TO '"
a
=
""
2
(EI)x" _ 0
,
'1,
8
3
(60 - 2) + TO -
a
"3 -
3
(El)o
,
2b
2
0,
84(60-
2
) + TO
a
- L4
--

(RI)o
,
26
2
g K.l
8
5
(60 - 2) + TO - +
sa
-"s
5
(El)o
(b) t (c)
(oIJ ,
s ubstitut1ng equetions (Jt -'''oa.).
Ie) , uto til - 9')
ve got an equation in ~
8
1
and T Assuming that the equation 18 satisfied at
n,
five values of x
r
' yields five equatlona vhich can be
s olved tor So , and T This .. ork 115 d1scuned in l I l ~ e
n,
detail in the next section.
! :
,
.I
-- ---- ----- ---~ =
I
[
I
, I
l, !
) i
i I
i '
, ,
, I
I
I
II
I
1

i
,
I
I
. \
I
i
I
,
i
I

(rr.
i
I
i
I
I
!
I
;

-
II - 80
solut10
n
of the D1frerent1" uot10ns f or the Deflection
and Bendi Moment Curves in the Z D1rectlon.
Substituting the assumed sol.ution rOl" z and i t '
derivatives ( given by ]I-loa'" to ()
'We obtain an of the i'ollo\l:!.ng
r ,
), lnto

+ T1i tAif'll(X-r) + ............ .
. . . . . . . . . .
+
+ TZi
+ T'i /l
1
f'21 (Xr )
+
. . . . . . . . . .
E
i
f
20
{x,,) }
E
1
f
z5
(X
r
)
. .. . Eif',O(X
r
)} ..
+ '1'4
1
tA
1
f'Z6( X
r
) + .
. . . . . . . .
, (x
r
-l)2
f,{X
r
) " {16 (x
r
- 1) + ,B {x
r
- 1)0 + 101 e
(x 112
fo{X
r
) I B (x
r
_ 1)3 + 12 (xr
- 1)1. r
(x" - 1)2
f',(X
r
) .. l4 (x
r
- 1)2 + 21 e - 2
(x _ 1)2
_ 1) e r
_. ,- -- -- ---
---
!
-' -
---=-"
I
I
I
I
I
,
,
; I
, I
j i
I
I
I
'., i
I
, ,
I I
;
, I
i
, I
J
l I
.+
: i
I i
I
I
I
I
!
I
I
I
I,
I
I
,
I
,
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
,
,
I
,
\
\
,
I
I '
. ,
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
,
I
I
, I
i
'-'
L _
. -=- -"";- - _.
II - 81
fS(X
r
)
. -
(x" 1)2
Ie - - ,; - . J
r 6 (xl')
2
'7 (x,,)
..
fa(X
r
)
2
"-2x"+x,,
'9(x,,)
2 ( 1 2)
":xr
() 2 (1 1 1 2)
flO xl' "" - '2' - '3 xl' + 12' xr
'11(x,,) - 4 +
f
12
(X
r
)
'1}(x,,) - xr ( 1 - 2x" + ,;)
',4 (x,,) - .; h +
'lS(x,,)
3 (1 1 1 2)
--X;
',6 (x,,)
2

f
11
(X
r
}
- Xr
(2 - 6:1:1' + 4x;)
'lS(x,, ) - ,;
(l-2>:r+'; )
() 4 (1 1 1 2)
"9 x" - x" > - I! x" + "5 xr
I
I
I
I
Ii
I
, j
"
, I
I ,
, I
I I
,
,
,
: I
__ -= ___ II,

I
!
I
I
~
I
\
I
I
I


!
i
I
I
I
1
.l
i
I
\
I
I
I

I
' I
,
!
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
L
II - 82
()
4 (1 1 1 2)
' 20 x,. - - x,. ll' -!1) x,. + ;U x,.
f
22
(' r) < .; ( 3 - ax,. + s,;)
'23(' r) X; (1 - 2x,. + .;)
()
5 (1 2 1 2)
'24 ' r xr ,,-,'r + 0 x,.
'25('r) - - .; (Ju - is 'r + * .;)
4 2
f
2
8(x,.) - 'r (1 - 2x
r
+ 'r )
()
6 (1 1 1 2)
f29 xl' .. ~ '5' - '3 xr + 7 ~
and Ai I 8
1
c
1
.. J
1
are
given on :page :0-71
On account of the complexities of the equations f o ~
the flapPIng ooefflcients. i t vas necessary. in their
solution. to asks certai n approximations . The result of
these approxiostions 1s that the coefficients Qr ~ ~
s1rloads, Fl tllr u J.i' p. ]/-71 J do not qu1te sa tisfy
the condi tioDe that the moment . due to all forces acting
- --- -. .. ---
I
/
I
I
I
( i
I
I
\
I
i
I
. ,
"
-. _ --=_. ,.L...+
i
!
I
!
I
iJ
I
I
I
t
i
1 \
. j
I I
. 1
I
,

!
I
I
1
I .
I 1
I 1


!
c __
II - 8,
be zero at the root (equation JT-" ). The bending
moments as found b) the collocation method appear to
be Q.uite sensitive to such discrepancies, and the loads
COJ:lputed by (;-''') shouJ.d be modified so as to satisfy
equation (.zt-19) An arbitrary method of modification 1s
presented in the Sample Calculations, pp . ./I-IS! to 1L-155
The modified distribut10n of all' load 18 thcn enteI'M in
Table JI - J in p1800 of the first five l'avs of column ( 8 ).
Substitution of five values of xl' in equation
gives fi ve equations with siX unknowns, which can be
solved \11th the help of equations (11_ -101)
The solution has been arre.nged i n tabular fOl'llI on the
following pages.
Vhen the constants S, and Tn
1
are known, it i&
only necessary to llIubstitute them into equations
obtain z and its derivatives 8S tunctions of
r ,
Xr '
functions into equation (JI -,')
and then to Bubst! tute those
to obtain a s a function of xr and angle.
The tables are arranged for a five point solution,
vh1ch has been found adequate in most caseS. It
hovever, be found that the epprOJ;:llIate soluUon, using
five pOints, has not converged sufficienUy tovard the
true solution. I n that cese, a lerger number of "n"ls
!DUst be used, and equation (lr-/o.il) mu st be assumed to be
satisfied by more values of Xl' in order to obtain enoUgh
equations to solve for the increaaad number of coeffi ciln ta,
Tn Tables $-1 aIt x-S can be extended accordingly.
1
In the case of the first harmonio, (i ... 2, ,) the solution
by collocation, using five points. has beeD found not to
converge sufficiently. The failure to converge i3 due tp
the fact that in the choico of an approximate solution
'018 impose the end condition of (1 definite ololle at the root.
,
/
,
I
I
II
' ., i
, '

"
; I


I
1
; ,
. ,
-
- -"- ' -'- " . . ...t._,-
I
i
!
I
I

I
1
,
I
\
I
I
i
,
I
I
'_I

2)
I
I
I
I
I
I
L
_.
II _ 8*-
(Zl' )
1 1
ne81eCt FJ.
on the 1'
i
811/;
SIde, l;!nd
the neo'tt SPPl'OX.1.
m
B.t.tO
ll
!
! !
i :
I :
I I
i
I
I
I
i
i
/;
!
[
i
I
,
I
!
I
,
,
I
I
I :
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
! ..
on' ,0 on dee ire' eee",ee1 i' obtained
.,ne totsl mo".ot ond M<leet
ion
' ere. "",0
0
. . .
, '
""e velU
e
' 0' -e ' are t1l'Wu.11 ... en""'"' i ri 2}'
(r
or
i' 2, } ) e_ared to Pi + Gi 'r + "i 'r + Ii 'r + 1 i 'r
tn
at
,"0 epproximatioO' ere .urfieient (.e_ .... le
'r
i
-paSe )I - I"" ) .
T'i' mo
tnod
i' not ,0 ,eti.raetor1 ,or tne .eeo" hOrmoniO
port., i'" 5 " ,ioee in ' ceO- Ei 'r i .. , be of ebO
ut
2 + 1 + , so
tM ,e"" .. "",nude e' Vi + Gi Xr + "i Xr i > '
_t tn
e
eonv_r.eoee 0' ,uee_ssive approx,""ti
oo
' i' .uit
e
, .. 11, _refore. ,olve .. uation(lt-') for i'" 5
a' it ,to
oO
" .00 the .ir,ieult1 ,i
tn
eonve r.enee 0' -
.olu
tion
i' not encountered ce
c

e
tbO blade
.lope at thO r"" i' here deter-" by tne !ner"e ,oed"

.'
-

I
I
Ii
"
,'j
. I
I
I
i i
I
I
I
\
!
i
,
I;
\
\
[
I
,
l
\
1
j
,

I
,
\
.
. i
\ I

\
I
,
'-, \..-
t'
-

~
'':-- ..
j
j
."
II - 86
.
2- } 2' :t 2-
. . . .
J ]- 1- } J
. . . .
J 2- 1 :t :}
. . . .
J 2' 2- :} :}
1
J ] l' 2" 1-
~ .!'" o!' ..... )
, -
-- ---- --=---
I
,
I
!
I
I
I
II
i
I
I

,
,I
i
I
I
II
I
!
I
1
i
I
I
I

"
,
,
,
,
,
,
,

,
"
"
"
"
"
"
U
"
"
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n
"
" ,.
"
"
"
"
"
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_Sl . )6SG\(l
H.)Q9(92


2.000000
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II - 87
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- .O(ll}6' . GO},n
_ . . _--"-
I
I
I
I
I
d
i
I
I
I
II
,
I
!
. I .
- _ . , ..... . +
1 \
I !
j I
I
I
\
I!
II
I i
II
II
I !
I \
II
I \
I \
I i
I i
I :
I \
I i
I i
I I
I 1
I .
I \
I \
I . \
I
I
I
,
1

I

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1-
!I- as
TABI.E It - 3 - FOR THR SOLUTIOil OF THE PIVE LInEAR SIMULTANEOOS
EQUATIONS ill FIVE UloomWNS
1

, , ,

,
6
O!>out1"",

.,
"I "I "1 "1
"

f2.
,.,
, , ,
f..2..
,
f-'..
, ,
."
-'-
,
"
,
X
, ,
....:...
,
-"-
,
,
,
.5O
,
" -;-
X
,
,

X
t-"-

"
"
X :x
,
,

,
t-2'-
,
,
t-2'-
,
"

X
,
,
."
X



X X
,
,
>-
X
l2'....
,
"
X X :x
,

J.2O...
,


"

X
,
,

><
"

X
'><

,
,
X
><
!-'!-
."

X-
I"
><
,


X X X
=
'"
x. ;X
><
, ,
-- - ---=-
\
\
I
,
I
\
I
1
\

d
1
\
\
i
I, !
, I
, \
I
I
'1
., .... -;.
1
I
I
I
I
I
l
i
\
I
I
I
\
,
i
I
I
!-
II - 89
Expla.n
at
ion of TABLE ll'-J page Jr-8e
t
The operations $re as
E _ Enter the appropriate value s fr om TABLE .JI.- I
D Divide the value i n the same column, previouS ro
v
,
by the first (from the leCt) vslue 1n thst r ov vhich is
not ;zero. The fir s t values in ro'll'S marked liD" are
1 , and are already entered.
5 _ the value in col umn, previous from
t. ... e vslue in the S8.!IIlI column. roV denoted by the
nUIllber 0110\ling the "st.. The first values l.n
rO\lS marke:i "5" 8.re zerO, a.nd. are already so entered.
To ill us trate. the vel.ue 1n 1'0\1 13. 4 . "auld be
taken from Table x-I. column 6 for '$.. " - 250. The
value i n column rov vould be t he value in
column . , rov 13 divided by the value in column 1.
1"0'11' 1'. The value 1n column 7. 1'0'11' 26 is the value
1n column 7. r ov 25 divided by the value in col umn }.
1"0 .... 25
It may be observed that 'oIhen the v8.1ue S in TABLE 1: - : are
mul. tip11ed br the liT " at tb.e heed of t heir
"1
respect1ve the sum of the terms so obtained
in 8.ny 1' 0'01. plus the cons tant oC col umn 8. equals zero.
Thus 1"0'01 30 provides the solut10n for Si' aDd T. .
1
T} etc. may be found by succeSSively vriting the
1
correspond1ng to r o'll'S 28. 26. etc. The
nucerical vork 1n the tabl e may be checked by
substituting the solutions obtained for T into n
1
the equa tions r epresented by roVS 1. 7. 13 , etc.
i s found by the us e of equations (11-
101
)
Table Jf- S mus t be t or each of the five of
n i" .
.- . ---- -- -- -
,
,
I
,
!
I
I
I
i
d
I
I
\
,
,
,
,
;
,
,
!
I
!
I
I
i
I
1
!
I
I
!;
\
I
I
,
I
I
I
!
I
1
!
l
i
I
.
I
I
I
I
'j
I
i
I
,
, I
~ . - I
r
i
I
I
I
i
I
I
1-
l
II ~ $)0
Ste b -Step Tabular f.fethod. or F1.nQl
.!.n the Z Directi o..a.
1'he method t o be pre,ented here Va, n" t oPPlie. to
the Bend! f.lOll!ents
proPeller blade. by Mr. Stuart in rere"nce "
later re"ned by him ' 0 that it Could be aPPlied
blada, . An attampt " made to pre'ent a 'imple PhY"eal
Juatlfication ot the method, and table, are glven t or tha
detailed vork involved. The method i , extendad '0 th.t
the lnerti. lOad, due t o PeriOdic bend."" of tho bleae
can be accounted for.
ana vas
t o l'otor
1'ha d'rterential eQuation, for the con'tant and
harmohic Part, or the defleCtion ana bending mOment
(eQuati on, ' " ""), "'1 , (e) ("" (e! ) are
linear, and, therefore, their comPlete ,olu"on" by tho
PrinC'Ple Of ,u
per
pO"tl on, "y be taken to be the -urn ot
all the 'eparate 'olution, to the variou, Part, ot the
vhol
e
f orc."" func"o., ( . e. , z 10"" ana moment., .tc.).
Purther""re, on account Of t he linearity, the 'eparate
'Olutlo., can be vorked Out a, the number Of ""'t, ot the
fo
r
c
l"" funCtion tlme, the eolution Per unit torcing
funetlon; ( . e., 1 the t orCl"" tunctlon . , A ""'te, ana
the 'Olutloo for. unit fore."" function " ., then tho
'Olutio
n
tor the actual torelng tunctlon i, A tlmo, ').
-----
./
l
,
I
I
I
I
I !
!
I
I

I
I
I
I
!
I.
I
I I
11
I ;
\
\
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
!
'--
II - 9J.
Heterri..Jlg to the IIIketcb 1t 1111 6SSUll8d that the
blade a series of straight segments, each of longth Ax ,
the nUlllbered points denotIng the ends of the segments, and the
letters denoting their mid-points, It is aBsWlled that the
bonding moment is Constant between lettered pOints, and
that tho runn.1rl8 loads due to aerodynamic thl'uat Wld centri-
fugal torce are constant between numbered points. If the
bending moment be known at "In (.II6Y), and tho 31ol)e be
known at "a" (S8Y) , then the change in slope tram "8"
to "b" is known to be t:.x( M ) The slope at "b" i8,
lII'l
therefore, known and the change in deflection between stations
"2
n
a.od "1- can bo found, from which oan be evaltBted
in terllls of tho aerodJ]lam1c shears, am 1nertia
f orces. This process can be continued out to the til) of
tbe blade,
Considering nov in detail one segment of the blade
between stations 1 and 2, and neglecting for the moment
the Z dll'ection llnears due to the inertia loads, ve have

b
F I G. zz-.t4
,
. -. -.. _--- .
., i
"
.' ,
, I
. I
.. !
..
, i I
!
I
II
I ;
!
I
I
!
I

I
I
I
\
I
,
,
\
\
. ,
I

- -- -_. -
(11- 10";')
(c.-fOB)
i
1-
II - 92
vhere and (F',), at the lett are the total
ttl III
centr1.fugal. force and aerodynamic 3hear st IItatlon 1 an1
s and (ex) III a.re the constant (over Ute segment) l'Ullll1ng
aerodynamic shear apd centrifugal force.
By inspection
vhore (P
x
)
"b
and (. z)
.,
1,
the
- (! )
x m
{(Pa l -
."
the total centrifugal force at
total aerodynamiC shear l osd
at
'b'
'b'
We nov consider the effect of the lnerUa shear loacm.
The total bendIng moment and deflection are harmonic
functions of angle, and are vr1tten
1 + Z2 COB + z, 3in Qz %4 cos 2Q + %5 sin 2e
a 11 a a
and
The principle of superposition ua t o the
various bsrmonic :parts aeparately anO. then add them t ogether.
The harmonic :parts of the acceleration of a blade element
are given by
- - --
. -
I ....
./
"(
1
,
I
,
. ,
' I
, I
, i
.4-
I
I i
I i
i i
. ,
I
!
I
I
I
~
I
11 .. 93
'2
Qr. !.:1. ~

vhe,e m ,. the .... lCO' ,"1 of the bl ..
"olatins a.'" the .el!"".t or bl"
e
be ...
1 en. 2 , os in "gure ",:Z4 , we "".a
)l\8 i dX .. + ID1'
/) S I-J.
2
I
-_.-".
i
i
I
,
!
!
I
I
I
i
,
,
I
I :
i
i
,
"
'.
, .... -:
I
I
n
I
!
,
,
\
I
j
!
,
,
\
, ,
'-
,
."bere x
II - gil.
1s measured from station
I 61_2
1 as indicated
since blade va! assumed straight betveen 1 and '2.
Similerly, the change 1n shear at "2" 15
+, 0:;:-
,
mz""
SubstltutinG (1!pf/3) for z. integrating from "111 to "2"
for the total changes betveen "I" and "2- due to ilie
the segment.
ve
have
inertia loads
on
pg2
Ox
, AlI
l
_
2
)
,
(It-II')
03
1
_
2
.. J
m (zl +
x
<U
'.
0
-or
and
,
pQ2
6X
,

(Ax_Xl)
,
(,!-Ilo)
" "'-2 . '.
b
m(zl +
x
""
Evaluating these integrals, re constant at
its value at "b"
("-Ill)
llSl_2 co
?g2 tsx (zl

'a
+ --r-)
,
pg'2 t..'2;s.
'1
AZ' _2
(It-,,")
A H
l
_
2
..
'a
(T

Figure belaY sho"'S these inertia loads end moments
on each segment and their reaot ion at the root:
-- - --- --
_._--- --
, I
!
"
..
- _._ ".-
I
I
I
I
I
I
!;
\
!
[
I
I
!
!
l
i
I
. ,
I
,
,
i
I
I
I
I
I
j
I
II - 95
FIG. II-2.'
The increments in and moment shovn actlne at
each stat1on, and defined bJ equations t:T"")Sn<! (!;" . II E-L
ere due to the inert1a l oads on only the
For the present, ve neglect the lnertle shear at
the root (So) and then the totel change in
say from (2) to (:;), due to the ""Ier tia
loed on el l the 1s
(zt -1/9)
But, from (:I ' fl7) .(!f . ,16):
(6 -/190,.)
,
2 2 z2
Il 3 => PQZaffic 6 :x
(]1""" + )
2
0,
m
Ax (zo
0- 1)
65
0
_
1
..
PQzama
+ """""
pg2 I!!
.,
(e)
1l5
1
_
2
..
fIX (Zl +
' . ""b
_ . . --- . -- -
I
!
i
i
,
I
I
,
I
"
i i
I
i
!
1
I
I
,
I
I
I
.'
!
. ,
_1

,
,
I
!
I
!
i
II 96
Bence,
(O -I.2.D)
( 11.- 12.0tJ..)
(a-loti)
can be written 89 roll
ows
:
61\,-3 -
+ " .
Hovover,
( ~ - 6m
2
-
b
) end
are
respecti vely, the average line densities of the blade
betveen s tations B, b and b , c ; and ~ y be t aken B9
the t ~ e values at s tations (1) and (2),
Thu.s
In neglecting the r oot .:!Iheel' reaCti on, So' ve ha ve
allOwed the inertia 3h681'3 to accumul ate .so that a t the tip
the inertia shear 1s ~ ~ e .sum of 411 the
hom equations (q'"'Jb) Bnd
(c.) , \lhere t he llI'l!I
Bre at the !UldpOinh of the s egment.!!, and the !:' e
are the BverBII! z 's for the segment.!. The sur: of
all these teras ve call S. It \/111 be convenient
to cOnsidel' the quanti ty AxS. Tbu3, for any of the
parts into which the actual bend.1ng mOment .13 separated,
I
!
,

I
I
I
6Z
t
.2J I
I
I
I
I ,
I
I

I
I

I
,
i
"
I I
I !
I I
: I
I I
I ;
: I
I .
I I
II,
I
I
: I
: I
I
I
I
I
i I
I i

I
!
j
1
I
\
\
. \
I
I
;

'.
(x 1M)
Ax 5
II - 97
E pg2 6
2
:<:. m
'.
mz's are taken st the midpoints es above .
'fhe cMng.e in deflection, lu, m8:r be seen to be the
chenge i n deflection f or the previouS segment plus times
The change in slope 1s
the change 1n
Thus.
4
.. M
2
_
3
+ 0
2
7., ( " )
EI}
2
' etc .

." (:,zl_2 + 0 x
( ,.\ )
EI2
tvO numbered 1s the sum
.
Oz bet",een any
for the previous nw:lbered stat1onS,
station is the SUlll of all the
of an the t.
2
x
em of course, 1., Bt Bnf
prevlous 6Z ' 5
In eq,ueti
ons
(:tr-1ZI), (1L-lo6) 8M. fF-J7-4) , ",e have
the basis for ta.'p1e ;n-+ MS been arranged i n order
to &1.10v en untreined collt.wter to carry out the step-by-steP
process defined by tee roreso!ns analysis. The table 1s
set up for Ax 1R (1.e. , 10 points) .
Ti"'_e var10us perts into ",h1ch the 'Whole bending moment
divided, t or ars specific har monie, e.s [0110'W5:
,
" 1
=
The bending moment due the knO'Wn aerodynamic
shear loeds, the Imo"'n part of the root moment
(due to mechanicsl damping), snd the knovn slope of
the blade st root (due to "built-in" con.1ng) I
\11th
I
\
\
I
I
i
I
I
!
I
I
I
i
i
I
I
!
,
,
I
i
i
"
I !
I !
i .
i
I
/,
I
I
I
I
I
!
1
i
,
,
!
\
\
.,
I
I
,
. ,
,
,
I
I
I
I
!
,
!:.:
,
\.-
'.:.- _._-
unknovn r oot moment 0
unknovn root slope 0
Uoknovn i nertia shear r eaction at root _ 0
entries are
(l) .. knovn per t of root IIK>llJent o
c .LR . known Part of root slope + (3)0
(7}r ... rR total aerodynsl!!ic sheer et the
station "r"
My be entered as the ti tle for cOlwnn
and the Sue of column /3 may be subscripted
A;:t.5,/ .
1'he bending moment due to oS unit r oot sl ope .
with
root lI!Olilent ,. 0
SerOdynemic lOads 0
inertia shear r eaction st r oot _ 0
In!tisl entries:
(7)r 0
Column shOuld be headed "C
i
" , a nd l: ( 1,3)
shoul d be subscripted AxoS
c
'
The bending moment due to a unit shear reection
at tile root, Wi th
-----
i
I
I
I
\
I
I
I
i
I
I
,
I
I !
i
I
, ,
, ,
I;
I !
!
i
i
J
I
i
1\
I
i
I
\
1
i
I
, J
!
, ,
, -.
,
I
I
I
J
i
!
- ~ - - .
Ai:
-
II - 99
r oot moment .. 0
aerodynomic l oads ~ 0
roc t slope .. 0
Initial e ntries:
(1)0 ... 0
(4).05. 0
Column
!os headed
subscriyteJ
6 x . ~
, , ~ ..
"

end
The berx11nE:
ooment due to e unit
;,'itn
aerodynamic
loads , 0
root s l ope .. 0
E (l} )
"
r oot moment,
i nertia sheer reaction at root _ 0
Initial entries :
(1) ~ 1.000
o
Column 1 is headed "Ai", and 1: (I}) is
subscripted Ax-SA'
For the fully a rtic ulated rotor. ve need not s olve for
Ai ' s ince \Ie know t hat the only r oot !!lament POSSible is that
due t o mechanical damping whi ch 18 kno\ln at t he beginning and

i nc l uded in f'! i
~ - ' - - '
I
!
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
, ,
" ,
"'" -,
!
I i
I ;
i i
1
I
I
1
/,
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
!
1
i
I
\
I ,
I I
i I
L\ 1---
II _ 100
root moment due to mec11B-n1Cal dll:ro.pint;.

,
In the ,alutiOn r or Hi' the initial antri
e
' ar e,
lD pore detail:
(11 "
a
(b)
t-i l 'From
a
, .
1.1 "" - 29 'K J!.2
50
Bin
c6
tber
e
i5 no \<no\lO :part of
root slope, . 05 (3) o .
the total aerod, .. miC ,hear at the ,t,ti
on
<r ' i ' obt,ined graphical11 integratinS
t he ,irload' given eQuation ,. ,oil:
\lOt.
{-or + "'2 i1Xr +
. , ' - , . _--,' -
"
._--"
I
I
, i
"
, .
I' ,
I
. I
i
I
, I
.. 1'
... I
"
I
!
I
I
\
I .,
I \
,
L , ,_
(d)
(el
(F)
z 4
IX - 101
It 1s not necessary in this case to arbitrarily modify the
air load curves so that they exactly sattsfy equation(!t-!':') .
since in the method the i ner tia loads are
determined s i multaneously vlth the bending moments , and,
therefore, the error in the bending moments should not exceed
the error in the llir loads . In the coll ocation method (PP. 6-'5)
this vas not the case, and errors in the bending moments due to
inconsistencies 1n the flapping coeff i Cients mlsht be many
t imes the error so caused in the air loads. In order to
compare the results br collocatl.on and the tabul ar ctetbods,
hovever, it 1s obvi ous that the same air loads should be
u sed in both methods.
,
When Hi ' C
1
,and El are knovn, the total moment
at any station 1s
s the root slope and inertia shear
"
reaction at the r oot , Ilre as yet unkno .... n.
HOlJ8Ver , a t the tip "Ii - 0 ; and the iner tia shear is
zero, so
I
I
I
II
I
I
,
I
I
i
I, !
,
, ,
I
I
,
,
, I
- - -- --- . -----_ ...
-. - ---.-. .::- . i
I
I
I
I
I,
\
I
\
!
I
,
,
\
,
(;t- (27)
(rr - (:28)
'r,
II - 102
5
M
,
S, + So ' SE - 5 , 0
,
,
mul tiPlying through by Ox_
.IR
(tl.XS ) J.1I + (0xS)
+ S, ((luS)E - ,1RJ 0
, ,
' ,r
1 .1
.
P '" 0 , E _
(c.x3)M' (AlcS)o .. So < 0
,
and
(d' )
ax,
'"
- U at the tip,
Por 1 2 , 3 ; by setting
"
< N' + C
(dZ)
ax,
+ So E '" 0 at tip>
and sol ving vi th
(II- I:l7) we fird
C
M'
I
{L\xS )W
(luS )c
(AxS)M'
S, <
,
(luS)E E
C
I" -
(""S)E
- '"
+ SoE
and
,
C
It \/111, hO'W6Vel', be found that equation (!J ' //.7) for
o
So reduces to the indeterminate form since
. 1R
This may be interpreted 8S meonlng that any oom'eb6 tion
and
axo
So which s8tis:"les equation (Jr- 130) c?;.lld be
chosen, vithout affecting the beDdi ng moments . If \,1e
choose (d ,) 0 th S f.l1 (f
(!X 0 = en 0""-:& or
of course) .
d
i
I
I
"
, I
I \
I!
I '
i i
I
I
I
!
I
1
I

,
--,
II - 10,
.nd

at ever} stat1-;on. ObviOUsly, the sol utions of table It- 4-
reuireC!. are foY 8:)d E .
'" 0 anC!.
f or i 4, P F 0
solving \lith (1' . iJ d 'Ie
setting {II
and
,
'"
E
(dZ)
+ '0
=
di
o
c
,
'oIher
e
C, E,
'"
ar. for
_ 1.00 .
Hence, Hi is determined at every station.
There ere some a"Pl)roxlrnlltionS involved i n the method.
which may be pointed out -
e.) As in the collocatiOn method , the ail' loads
are computed as suming a stiff blede .
b) The centrifUGal forces are assumed to act perell
el
the Xl y ' plene. For small end f l appine
angles, the errors sO in.troduced ... oul
d
be negl igible.
These e ssutnpti::ms are also oade the collocation
solution, 99 .... to I e" . In fect, the tabular
method is essentiallY a 5 )lution of
eQ.uationl:::; )',1 "'I/hich forr.ls t..l-J.e for the
on ;:lethod.
"
I
,
I
I
I
II
. . ... . _;
I
I
Ii
I
,
i
I
!
. ,
I
,
,
,
~ ,
I !
I i
i ;
.;
,
E

.
"
.
0
3
II - 104
,I
'I
I
. I
; : i !
.
o
,
,
"
I
;
j
I
,
!
I
!
I
II
I
I
\, !
i' ~
, !
,
,
I
, ,
"
I
I
I
- ~ - . -..:.. - j
I
Ii
I
,
I
t
I

l
I
I
!
. ,
I
,
u
'-
II - 105
ExplSn8 tion fOl" To ble .a - !...
Instructions fol' filline out the table:
Let (n)1' 08 the value 1n coluron n station r
Columns 2, 5, 7. 8 depend on characteristiCS
of blsde, except the. t 11 p!l depends on the harmoniC
'being. con91del'ed (p.lT-
93
).
(1)0" 1n1t1al entry; (3)0' (1)0 . (2)0; (').05" (3)0
or initiel ent!'y; (6) .05"" (4) .05 . (5) .05 ; (9)0 " 0 ,
(9) .05" (9)0 ' (') .05'; (10)0 ' (B)O (9)0 '
(11) .05 ' (10)0 ; (12) .05' (B) . 05 . (') .05 ;
(13).05. (8).05 ' (9).05; (1).10" (1)0 + (6).05
_ (7) .05 + (11) .05 + (12) . 05; (3) .10' (2) .10 . (1) . 10 ;
('). 15 (').05 + (3).10; (6).15"' (4).15' (5).15;
(9).10' (9)0' (4) . 05 ; (9).15' (9).10 + (').15
(10).10' (B).10 (9) . 10; (11).15' (11).05' (10).10'
(12).15 ' (B).15 . (4).15; (13). 15 (B).15 (9).15'
(1) .20 _ (1) .10 +, (b) .15 - c"n ,15 + (n) .15 + (12) .15 )
and so on . bX' 5 (13)
Column (1) should be I e-bell ed accor ding to the pert of
the r.",OClent being ted. J\ diScussion of: the varioUS
end conditions and inl tisl entries 1s given on p age Jl- '17
l
,
,
.I
I
I
I
I
I
\
II
I
I
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
!
; I
. ,
.,
".1- -;
i '
I !
I !
i
I
I
!
,
!
I;
I
I
I
I
r
,
i
,
,
I
\
, ,
I
!
,
, ,
,
,
,
I
""
CBlCUlatto.tl
~
y
y
~
,
l--
-; - --
or Belld
dl"8.g h..tllge
derl ect.1011,

Xx - lQ6
- ... =- ,
- ;. "I X
' , (5Ffl' E)
~ ~ aLIlO
I ,

1
We as"UlJle that
y 13 8D;all 8.1l(f,
I
,


i
1
I
I
,
I
I
I
;
,
, _ , t._
II - 107
(II-I32. &) e,
o 0
b
r
+Z
'b
x
(bl 0,
o - (t'r -'r)
oJ-
b
f
'b
x+rl
(01
r
o.
'b
Forces on the
blede element
,)
ltLternsl forcer. (ref. flg,l-.11)
a) {P
y
} 1s the aerodyn&nic drag for c e -
r a
(z- 133)
0)
P(C
I
) contains the drag coerrlclent
r
and 1& 6 runction of C
1
only, since the
r
profile drag coefficient Is a function of 11ft
coefficient.
(P
y
) Is the inertia force due to B.cceleratJDn
rm ,
perpendicular to line 0 x
f
-
(F
y
') - mx
f
(2Q Q Q - Q ) dx
r
r m Yr if ze Z
(ref. eQ.uetlon(lI'- li' c.) p. If - 8
(FX )
r m
Is the inertia force due to acceleration

along the line o xr
2) Internal forces
Exactly as in the case of flatvlse forces acting
internally, we have
,
,

,
1
!
I i
" "
i ;
. I
J I

. I
I
I I ,
, I .
- ---' - - ,1'. + i
I
II
I I
! I
J
,
I
I
I
I
,
I
!
I
I
I
!
1
,
(.Il.-nlo)
(J! -137)

-
:u-_ l OS
8) Shesr f orc06 Sf and
element as shown.
b) Heru:li ng lDomants Hz
it
all shown.
c) Long1tudinal tensile f orces, P
Xr
and (F
Xt
+ dF
Xr
)
produoing a torvarda t orce P
y
_ P dt
r
.
t 'r
Equati ng the aum ot all t oreea, and
atat1c, e c t1ng perpend10ulu to the blade element,
to :':01'0:
- (F )
xr
m
+ (p
y
) c os
t m
and equating torces parallel to blade element to zero:

b
r
-----

-
I
I
I
!
I
I
i
I .
I / " I
j' I
'\
I
"j ,
I
t
!
II
I I
Ii
I
I
I
/;
I
i
[
I
I
1
\
I
, I

(21:-/3')
(.zz:-f40)
.j
(Jr' (41)
H . - l.09
Substituting (r-I") from (ll- f37)
(Il-/3t1) .... e find the equations of motion
of the flexible blade:
_ g ) cos - 0 + r )
Zr f to f
_ !IIX g2
f za
and
. ""r
s.in (It -
Q
Zb
+ r
f
, dx
r
- dF
Xf
- 0
f
Since Q
r
I Q 1 t"'f are small angles , "We take
"'r
Q
zb
f
... t'f) - 0
Using these ass umptions, (:11-/39) reduces to:
etc - Q
zo
+ If) dx + dS
r
+ Fx/r :::I 0
f
---- -r

I
J I t
j"
. "'1
I
J
i
- -----=,=-=--=-.;= /
II
II
I
I
I
I
ij
I
I
i
!
I
; !
! 1
. 1
\
(Jr - ( 42)
(a - /43)
(a - 144)
(ll. 145)
-------
and (1I- 14-0) t o:
m.;; <b: - dP.z _ 0
r
II ~ .110
For a _titt blade, droPPing subscript wrw and
sett1.ng t ., Q , dt .. 0 I (E- I - I ) beCOIMS
".
_mzQ2 (t ) dx + dS _ 0
z.
Integrating ( II- 142..
'2 R .?
F:z: - Q I mx dx ., QZ
a
!oL
t .II a x ~
where , . ~ 13 the wlll83S mOlll6nt" ot the blade out-
o
board of station .z, about the Z ax1s (&.:1:13 ot
r otation)
S
u
btract1ng ( rr - 14 3) trom ( tr " oI l) :
~ pov2 IF (0, 1 - F (0,
1J
t
_ mx Q2
z.
"b,
- d.S +Fx.- dt
t
.. 0

----
I /
/
I,
t
' 0 I
l I
I 0
. ,.
i
II
! I
I
!
i
!;
\
I
i
i
!
i
1
\
I
I
L!
, '
,
Assuming
and substituting
fr oln
As in the section on "Flst\li se " doflec tions , p. rI.-70, the
dS
f
t erm ax 1s
(11.-1'/7)
<lSf _ _ d
2
IEI) _ 2 dig) _ EI d
4
l
OF" dx
2
dx dx ax
dS
Ox
represents the distributi on of load on the stiff bl ade and 13
aerodynamic (given by equati ons (/1. illJ
pp. 1-.2. I )
in t'Wo psrts.
end inertia. The I n.:rtl,B l oad is given by equatlon(C' 8c.j p. It-&
{ll- 148}
Then
dlF I
Y m
ax
r
dS
ax -
R
2
mx
(2Q
y
Q
y
Q
Za - '. ) - r z

{6
1
Bob} b
1
B
2
B
1
b
2
IT - -r - -;r- + -,.-
) cos
OZ
a
fl 80S
1
8
1
&2 b
1
b
2
0. + IT + -r - -,- - -,-
S1n
a b
a
+ (6
2
- 8
o
b
2
+ 1 1)C03 2Q
-r z.
2 2
+ (f
2
b
1
8
1
20,
)
+ 8
2
8
0
+-.--.i
, i n
a
Since the forcing fUnct i on,
dS

i s a harmonic function of Qz.
a
SO 1s the steady state solution f or y
Y
r
.. Y/R and
We. ther efore . let
T
_. _--- - ,-_. - -
.
I ,
j'
,
./ J',.
-----,.
II
II
I
I
i
i
I
\
I
\
\
I
I
, I
--,
I
I
L
, 2
'" - - R
dt
II ... 112
+ 411' aln2Q )
5 "
SUboti tut1"8 (rr-"n) , (' - '''8), (r- , ), (. _ ';0), i nto (r_ '4'), nagl
eo
ti"8
r
the f tor. 1n (r_ ... ) , Obta1n fhe d1ffe
r
.ntial e q.at10n. for
Y
r
by ' Q
08
t i"8 coeff1c1ent. of ld.ntic., trlg
ono
""'trl.
1
f unction, _ We can c onveniently wr ite th quati on. in th.
t'Ol'Jn BIven bel ow:
vhe:re
d
4
y
d
3
,
d
2
,
dY
r
' r
i
,
"i ,
r
i
,
i
,
(Jr-I57 )
Ai ---.,..-
+ Bi
~ + C l
--;::r .,. D1,x1'
OX; Birr
<lxr
<lxr
<lxr
1
,
,
, 2
, 3
, .
Pi
+ G
1
Xl'
+ H
1
X
r
.,.
I
1
rl'
.,. ;IiXr
,
"
,
B,
,
C
,
,
D,
,
P
,
,
il
}
,
I
I
r
II
I
I
I
I i
I
/'
"\ I
r
,
I
-f
i I
" / --.1) i
- = ~ ~ -
I
I
I
I
~
I
I
i
i
i
!
I
1
,
I '
\
I
i I
L.! L
--
,
+ 't'1 )
~ ~ -- -------
,
,
I
,
I
,
,
I
,
I
I
-
\
.
,
,
I
1\
II
i
I
I
I i' t
/'
.' \
I
I
.1
II
,
,
___ ~ = c c = = _ ' / = ' J1
,
I
II
I ,
i I
I
I
I
I
1\
i
i
\
1
' --'1='- - . - - ~
/
I I
LI L-- - - '= "= _
II - 114
,
x )
o
.. ----- _-"I
"
\ I ,
! '
/ t
". I
,/ ,
' )
i
""I
I
- I
!
i
I
I
I
1
/
I
I I
Ll L _
. --.. -
.. -
,
II - n5
--- - - .- -- _." -" -.--
. -.-- - - - - - - -
I'
J
I
i I
I I
I
i
I
I
- I
I ./' ~
j _ I
.. . ---- -- .-
I
~
I
I
I
-r I
_____ -=_ ~ ~ - ,c= / ",, / Jl
II
I !
i I
I

I
i
I
\
1
I
I '
\
I I
I I
L
' L . __ ___ ___ _
, --
II .. 116
I CC&a [ &1 6
2
I (
II .. -r- - a t - &" . 20
t
0
.x
o
5
cC
[0'('1 +\) [20, ('1 +\
r; f -"1, - 20, ("", - &1 + ..
r [20,"2 _ , 4'
2
0,}
[ - 2&2, + ft ' 'a
2
0
,}
cC
. sa 52 2 I I , I
.r
1
.. - a t ,J
2
.. J, .. J'4 .. .15 "" 0

I
I
I ! I
j ' .,
I
I
,
I
- ,
II
- , I
<- -,-J4
= --
I
j
I
I
i
I
1
i
\
I
/
9,ut10n 0' Equat1
0n
,or the ne!leot10
n
Banding Moments in the Y diroct.iQU.
The a"ume
d
. 0lUtiOn 10 of exectlY the .eme 'orm 'or the
the Z direction deflection, zr I given b1 eq,u
s
t1
on
, .
The lIem
o
tables may be ueed f or the solution foT t he
, '
coefficients T
ut
and 51 in the solutiOn
\ ('r . ,)2
Y
r

1
,2
+
(n+2) (n+)
+ \
, I I I ' , , I '
The ooe,'10'ent' ',' B
1
, C
1
, D
1
,E" F,' 0" H" ",, J, ere
g,ven on pp , . ". 'or thO edgev'," den
BOttono
, end mu.
t
be
be u,ed 1.,te
ed
of the coeff,c1ent ' "1,B, """ "J, g1
ven
for the flatviS
e
loads.
, I I ' '
The ooe,,'01ent. ">' L
2
, L3' L., Ls ere g,v
en
bOl
oV
by
equations corre3pond1nS to (J1.- ' OI ):
(b)
(01
(d)
s'
(6.
2)
+ T'
o 0
I
0,
-fl.Q:; K1R
,
,
s'
( 60 2)
e
+ To
-
-
L2
2
2
(EI)o
,
elQz
"'"
,
S3
( 6e 2)
+
T'
e
_ L.
--
o}
(BI) 0
,
_ 21' ,/iJ 1. :1.
R
,
,
(Ge - 2)
+ <;> '
e
S.
. -
L.
0, (EI)o
s'
202Qz K1R
,
( :e
2)
+ T' . -
e _
L5
(EI)o
Ie) 5
0
5
-'- T
I
----,- -----
0"- - .-_. - .- - .
I
.---_.-
I I I
/
,
,
\
I
,

I
/
it
,/
i
I
, \
i 1
I
II .... 118,
Renee, aside r::OOttl pr!ming the coefrtClents A!" .L! &n:1
Ue1n.g the nev dertn1tloo, above and on PP I- lit I the
r outine Involved in the edge wise different!a l
equations Is eZ4ctlr the same 815 that tor the flatvlae
dlttorent1&.l equations , The 0&111& tables (It-
f
,rr-t, I1_ $ )
AIl:! pertinent l'el2rks and .instruct!ons apPl y.
\
I
' "
'. / {
j
I
I
I
" I
"I I
i I
-I
!
I
-..4
-----
I !
II
;
I
I
I
I
I
1
,
!
I
I,
I
, I L L., _ _
,
!
\
\
,
,
\,
\
\
\
II ..
motae':llt& in t,hl!l "'! d1:1'6ction
Th' th,ott fo
t
th' et,"_bt-'''" ,o,u
tion
tot th'
d .i" .. nd
i
.. moroente ie ,.e
ct
" the ,e" e. f o
t
g' "" ,_ ,0 0
th' ne .. ie. "".di" .. o,.,t' <,n "
1e
b
,e J1. _ 4 cen be u"d in the ........ ""oT " for
the n
e
"'" .. ,,,,,,nte . ,.cept th,t tOO h.
ediP
of col o
l\. 'be ohtUlS
ed
to
b1
and

>I'
00
'0

.. Q Kl1'l
0
'e
>I'
'0
. -
;2: f;.1.6 l

,,'
.. '2(,11-
t;.l.f'2
"0
e
,
.. 20
""2
"5
'e
0

I .
/ .
!
I
0\1
\ ,
i I
. i I
ij
,: I
4
II
i I
I
I
I
I!
I
I
i
I
i
l
.1
1
,

I
I
I
1 ,
I I
I I
I
I i
1
!
- '
r
''-... -
,
'" c . (1..0
'e..J..
"\
(i') _ a .Jl. 0
y ~ t

"\
.. - -
I

I
I
i
I, !
, ,
I
'!
I
!
I
I
I
!
1
Torelon on the blades .
. stif! blade:
A. Torsion due to d;ynam1c forces'
It 1s assumed that the elastIc center 3nd the
center or gr&vltY or any blade aection on the
:;ero U.ft chord line of that section ( see Fig.
The torQ.ue about the elastic center due to the
inertia torces acting on e particle or the blade
elelllOnt Is
_ Os (cD eo!! Q
x
- y) dm
d
vhere dm 1s the mails of the y and :;
are coordinates ot the particle, and D 1s the
distance in *10 chord from the elastic center
to the feathering axls.
Substituting for the accelerations trom equation
and
.. (DOC COS Q]t" - y)x (I)
_ (trc CO!!
x
,), (II)
+(Dc
x
- ,), (III)
+(.
_ D'c sin Q:z:)X
(IV)
-(.
-""
sin Qx)Z
(V)
-(0 -
""
,in Qxh'
(VI)
l""
- ------- .-_.--
- - - - -_.- . -_.- ._---- .
,
!
/
,
I
!
I
I
I
,
,
' ;1
{ ;
i I
- . I
; ,
I
, ,
. I
: I
---
- .
II
\ i
, ,
,
I
I
I
I
1
,
I
I
!
I
/;
I
I
i
i
I
I
I
I
\
i
1 '
. \ I
I
'"
' , , ~
'"
:\
i;:
,,"
-.1
~
.;
,
... ,
II .. lQ2
- - -, -- J. !
I
!
. f
I
I
I
i
J
I
I
}
, I
11
I '
I I
I I
I I
L' I
, '-- - -
\
(I_t'.oJ
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
15"1)
- :.=.: ' -
-.- -
II - 1-2} .
v'hel'e
(1)
.. Q; lIin
ijJ' cos Q,.
+ Q;(
_ ,, 2+6
2
"
+'Q '2
s1n'2 Q
1
(II)
+
sin 9
1
x ,
,
(III)
'Q
x
+ Q
1
e1.n Q
1
QZ
Q
1
""
(IV)
_2
do
Q
+ .,
COS Q,.
,
(V)
.:: 'Q"
+ Qz e1n ",.
+ '2
Q
z
Q
,.
,06 .,
(VI) 2Q
x
G
z
s1n Qy + Qz
2
Integ
r
a.t1ns eQ.uati
on
(2"_/5') ovel' the blade
el.""n
t
, ,.t.ting "m" be li"" denoit. of the blade ,
the tors,1on due t o the element 1s:
,,'

(I)
'JlliC (D
,0'
x
_ d
'0'
x)
Xd
_(II)
(C
2
l)m1
'os
x
sin
Q" - I'!1Z)
+(111)
(
c
2
Dnd
Q"
I,)
+(IV)
-
(
d sin Q" -
D sin x)
_(V) (I,
c'2J)!1d sin'2
Q
:J)
_(VI )
(1 _ c
2
J)!16 coS x
sin Q,)
" of
inertia
a'bout the
,11}e1' E'I
1
1
, It;
are C18ss
1Il0lll
ente
y and Z ... s , and I" i. the product of inertie , and
d is the dUtance in ..,. ,hord fr
oo
the center of
grfLv1tl to the reathering
-------
_ .- - ---
---- - -
-
J :
;-
/1
,
i
I I
I
I
!
'Ii
i I
__ I !
, I
, I
.J' I
- ...y-
I
i
I
I
1
I'
I
" L
--
\
\
(p)
(e)
II ..
A.'uminS th.t the Yp princiP" aXi' coincid"
the 11ft chord 11n
e

"
1
eo'? "1 + ' .
sin
2
x
1p
p
1
-
1
co
e2
Q
x
+ I,
&in2
x
, 'p
P
1
_ I ) e1.n 2Q
x
I.,s
(1,
- ':! ' p
p
,herO 1 .nd 1 are moment. of inertia .bout
1'P Zp
the pr1nci pal axe&.
COS Q:x .. 1.0
s in ", "y' cos ril l - 1,0
in ,,3 are neglig
1ble

, 2
.,
, 2
.. ,

obtain:
"" llCX
C
(D
+ I!dc
2
(D
ly!?
CQ
x
' 2
d) (',
"
d)
+ "
+ Q, .'Q >I-
'b
"
..
+ .,
Q
x
"z )
b
'.
+ ' x
2
)
'b "
x
2)
'.
(9
x
+ "1 ,,' tt)
-x
,2 . ' 1
Qz + 2"1 Qz )

I,
p
)
------- ,.
I
--- -
---"'=
I
I, i
I
II
[
I
!
i
\
1
I
\
I
\
!
I
I I
ul I--
I..
,
- - : . ~ - . - -
. . --
I '
SUbSt.it
uting
,
,
+ Qt Xr
aln
",
., "
.'
.,
+ ~ ,
00'
"'2
' 0


( 1"rom
(II- II )
'6
' 2
( .... coe
., . '
e1n Qz )
-
.,
x"
2

"

., " " 0 _ ", COB., - b, ,In", - '2 co, 2. & a Z&
", "
0,
a
2; '+
' 2
+ 11-19.
2
COS
+Qz (ILt COB ",
+ bl &in ",

'.
' ~ "
, ,
,
+ 4b
2
fI1n 2c;! )
'.
'. "
' 2 ( 61 cos Qz
+ "
,1n
"
+ ll-02 cos
2"
.,
'b


z.
' .
+ _r
2
.1n
ZQz )

and
lntegrating
fr Om. :It.
t o the
tip to
get total
toreion,
neglect1nS hbrrno
n1CS
higher
t;h.8n the
aec0D4:
.----
-'- - ~
--_._-==-
I
I
I
I
,
!'" I
I . I
j ' .
' \
1
,
i
1
-- '
,/ ,
-..Li
II
I \
j
,
I
i
i
1
I
1
1
I
I
(u-
I
'
O
)
(b)
(e)
" ,
"

"
I
i 1
L! ... __
Il - 126
1
00
Mx .. Q:; 2R (J
o
+ J
1
Qoe Qz +
d.. d d a
..
where
J
o
.. (0..4)(8
0
- ! 01 - 1:. !'l )
d 2 2
+ + Qt [mdC
2
(D - d) - I. + I:: 1
o P -
- [llI1C
2
(D - d) - I,. - If; ] (1 6161 +
p p 2
+!b1tl + 22
8
2 + 2b
2
t
2
)
2
J
1
"" 21
z
(b
1
+ - =rHO (D - d) [6
1
(i; +
d p 0
+ 0t XT) + 26
2
+ 2f2 't';]
+ r mc
2
CD - d) - I - I 1 ( s
o
e
1
-
l Yp 'p
1 1 )
- 2&12 - 2 8
1
&2 - 2 b
2
t
1
- 22
b
l
Lld .. -2Izp - "'2) - (n - d) +
+ -
+ [mdc
2
(D - d) - I - I 1 (8
0
f1 + 20
2
b
1
+
7p zp
1 1 )
+ 2 8
2
f 1 - 28
1
1
2
- 2 e
1
b
2
)
...
,
I
I
. 1
,/
I
i
,
\
1
I
(n_fr.O d)
(0)
i -I - 127
"2
d
The indicate4 integrations can ususl
l
! best be
be done graPhicallY. unless the blade chord and
airfoil seetion are conatAnt along the span.
.,. b, 2' b
2
.nd 0' .,. ',. 2' f2 ....
of course. respeotivelY) the flapping and
hunting coefficientS.
B. Torsion due to a conoentrated ma
sS1
If concentreted 0 m'. " ' ocate
d
at ...
the torsional moment produced bl this mass due
to mo
tio
!!. or the blade csn be evaluated by means
of ectuation Let d
l
be the dlst&Jl.
oa
'be-
tveen the mass and the Feathering aXiS of the
blade and be the angle "oetve
en
thlt1 diets
nce
.. -._----- -- - ".-
. - " .-- .. "
-- - - - - -
-- ::::,;-
- -- - --
--
- .
--
I
II
I I
i I
i
i
I
-1
\
i
, I
L,
(0)
(r-I .... o)
.. " - "
. _._. - , -.
and the zero lift line of the blade section at
station x; (see sketch, Fig.lr2.9). '!ben in
equation
y - d' cos (ax +6)
z = d' sin (Ox
dm _ m'
Substituting (r-''') , making the approximations
of p.I-114, snd l!Iubst1tutingp . .lr-/.2.5, we obtain the
expression for the torsion due to the dynamic
fOl'ces on the concentrated IDaI!lS,
, , '" 2 (J" L'
MX m W
z
I 0 + J
1
cos 0 + 1
d \ d d %a d
, ' l
+'2 cos 2Q + L2 s1n 2Q
d Sa d za
where
lIin 01'.

'" c'(D' - d' f lao - +
+ fl'i';)]
+ c'd' COli + !
+ c'd' +
+ D'c' + QtX;>2 + "i
2
+ +
a 2 b 2 J
+....l +-...!...+2& 2 +2b
2
2 2 22
1--_ _ . _ --- _ ... ......,.,.
I / ..
, /'
I
I
I
i
I
I
II
I
-,\
I
I
t
it
/' 'I
____ - 4
1
I
I
I
I I
I LI 1, . _ _ _
\
,
,
,
!
\
<eI)
(.)
II .. 129
f ; -
!
e' (D' -.' eo' ..;. [-
.. + r2 .... 1 \
+ d' e' ,1n \ + + '0"'-
D
' '
_ e
, ,
+ d e
".. _ 0' (D' _ d' eo' >;) l-
.. 2(f
2
.. e
2
1 \
,1n ' \ + - '. - '0'1
.. D'e'
+ 'bt'b
z
+ &1&2 + f11
r ' ( , ' )J
l.'lb. - ... b
,
+"". 0'0 + t
X
, 'J
sin >; -t, - .'111
\..;. l'S2 -40.

,
+
o
+ die I ain ; l"2 + .. 4a.
o
b
Z ..
.. 2&lb
1
+ 4e21
+ die lain {. \-$2 + 4b
2
l' .
--- - - _ .. -

\
I


!
i

i
I
I
1
I
!
,
I
,
I I
i I
ul
._- --
-II, ,.. ,130
al+ b
1
2
+ 41'2J
where
+ d ' c ' sin f'2 - 1142 J/
c' l a chord at st. x.;. where the msa is located,
n' !if:,
d' and 'are as def'ined
If the In', concentrated at z;., is di
s
tr1buted
1n a ZY Plane 1n such 8 Way that 1 ta .I!Ioments or
inertia about 1ta own &Xes sh0Ul4 be then
tbe &441 tion41 tors10n due to the 4)'l1S.!n1c 1'01'088
and the n d.
1s
t.l'lbutlon of In ' 15,
whBre
2 i ' ,
-G M +M, co,
Z d d
(I ' _
'p
- ---- --
(ol
I
. \
(e)
,
\
\
--- ------------- _ .
/
L
Jl,- ,........ - -:-.- .::.:...-=--
bJ'
... 21'
(b
l
+ -
(I' "" I; ) (Il
o
e
l
'd
'p
'p P
- 28
1
6
2
- 2f
2
b
1
_ 1. e a
2 12
- ! b
2
f
1
)
2
,
'" -21' ("1.
- -
(I'
+ I' )(Ilarl
61.,
'p
'p
1p
d
+ 2b
1
e
2
.. 4b
2
I '
d 'P
28
1
2
1
+ "2 8
2
1'1
+
p
( I'
'p
_ % 9
1
b
2
)
+
"here
I '
'p
and I; are the moments of inertia of the
p
mllS
S
, m'. abOut axes through i ts OG and parallel
to the principal axes of the blade section at sta.
The term In'lolVlng the product of inertia of ro'
soon t these exes has been neglected. The term ,",auld,
of cour se, be sero if the prinoipal axes of the mass.
parallel to those of the blade section at
,
sta.
c. Torsion due to aerodynamic forces'
It 15 assumed th8t the aerodynamiC forces act at
the center of the blade element. The
distance of the 8. C. from the feathering axis in
the yp and Zp directions 15 called hl and h2 (VJoor
chord). respectively. The torsion due to the Z
. ---
\
'f
,
-[
I
/' . I
. ____ .. ::, . = d.;.1
I
II)
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I,
I :
II
f I
II
I t
I
, ,
( lC- /H4)
(bl
II -
d(F )
vhere & II 1_ given b1 equation
d%,-
"2 .in 2Q. ) "'r
"1
,
I
I
/ 'I
/ --4
II
I
I
i
,
I
I
i
I!
I
I
!
i
I
I
!
1
1
r
I
I
I
Ii
, I
d 11---.-
(d)
(el
.. .! 8
,
.,.'
0
"".
1 S. [D - h, +
0
+ l B ,+,'
2 1a 1
(u- .",.) , ( 6 J, ( < J, ( <i J, ( J, P.E-2I
>he 1
n
""I1""'0n can P>ObObly ba., ba .one
8l'
lUlh1C
llU,..
>h. tor.'on .uo to the r .'r'Ct'on . orcoYne.,. tOI'ces 1s:
.
/
.0
o. .. coe:
x,.
1.00,
- - ---. . . "-
ox,.
cos Q" +

.", ". J ox,.

I
I
II
I
I
I
I
I
J
L!
I '
I
I
I
L_
(0)
t<)
(J.)
\
"\
\
'.==-
1
~ o
j

B,
"'-.
'" '&1. .. ~
ret. eQ.usttons
""

2 '2
(a - " ) ... -1.)
j
'2
' 2
"
"2
""
i
I
I '
II
,
I
. ~ )/ .
I
\ 1
! I
I
Ir
I
I
i
I '
\ I
Tbe total topsion on the _titt blade 18, then,
" - M
" 'd
11
\ 1 ____ --- -f'-- - - ------ ----

1
.'-'--"
I
L
i I
I
L! '--_ ___ , - ~ ~ _
_____ ___ ~ c =
,
I
,
i
I
I
I
! t
/ " I
, 'II
,
I
-1
!
,
= -=/=004
I
I'
b_ Plo
x
1blo blade.
A. 2'01'
5
1011 due to z defleot1on.
:P1g ./t 30
!!'he to.'ion 'tation" dUe ' 0 a y 10Od, d(P
y
),
at stiltJon x Outboard or.x, 115
Fa. 'mall ""ection. 'IUs ."uce, to
[(Z'-t) - (;;) jd(P
y
)
. "
,;
'''''''----
- ---.::';"-=--
I ,
I
.-
j'
\1
,
I
t
I
!
/
II
! I
I
I
I
iJ
I
I
I
I

(z 07)
(Jr- /1811.)
,.
I
i I
LI 1--_ . _ _____ _
Hovever,
"P
I
) _ '"
dx' R

II - 137
at IIta.
The torsion at & station xr is, of course,
a harmonic function of Qz :

'''x ) - ,.'X) + ( ''x ) co. 0. + (''x) ain 0.
f: z2 a z3
".
and. 111' have been f ound &IS harmonic
functions
or . -
. -

".
' M
+ ".
coa
0. +"-
sin ;z
+M
coa 2;11 +


"

}

+ M.z &in 2G
z
5
1Ir _ zr + 111' call Oz + 1Ir ain G
z
+ zr call 2; +
1 2 a 3 a 4 11 ..
Letting
1
_z)and

substitut1ng into
(Jt.-O.:z..) and negleoting hJ.rmoniOIl higher than
the seeond, by equating coeff1c1ent
s
ot identical
trigonometric runctiona,
(Mx) _II d2MZl bz I + 1 ( d
2
M;a, +
z 1 1'1 2 2
"r
d
2
M d
2
M 4
2
Hz 1

""'. . } ... '
-
----- -- .-._- -_. -,-'

I
I
I i I
j' - I
'-\ I
I
,
I
-\
II
i
\
1
I
I '
\ \
(e)
, I
d L _______ .
(ej
("",) . r
5 J
..,.
,-
I !
j
' -
. .1
\
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
i
II
! I
I
I
I
I
I
/;
I
i
I
\
1
\
I I
L! L-
- _ .. --...

The integratiOns indicated c&n probablY be
done graphicallY.
due to deflection in Y direction.
theory for Kx is exactlY to that for
y
"x ' an' ve oan write, by 1n.peot1o
n
or C! -i1Bl '
,
if
then
M .. (t'ix) + (M-) oos g + (M-) ein Q +
x, l' .... 2 ' ..... , sa
_ . . -.. . - T --
.' - _.--- - . . -

--------=
- --
,
I
- ,
I !
! I
,,: !
""'-+
II
i I
I
I
I
I
~
1
(C)
I
II
I !
r 1
" ',' I
I
i I
. ~ I ,
i i i ,
: I
- " ~ - - ~ I
II
II
i
I
i
\
\ I
I
I I
U L
( lI-I" e )
( JL- 18:l. t>-)
II _. 14-1
d'r
(---1 is slope at x
r
)
""
may be used, whiehever is moat convenient.
/.
- --
--- - - - --. - -
'I
,
I
[
______ --=-= ---=----,,- --
II
I.
I
I
I
I
II
1
I
I
L!
( h )
(e)
( .. )
(e)
tb)
H - il 42
Tho Effect of blade flexure on the distribution of l oad
along the blade in the Z direction.
The effect ot blade bending and tVlstlng on the load
distribution in the Z direction 'Will &rho from their effects
on the dynamic pressure and angle of attaok at any given
station al ong the blade. The effect of chaoge in dynamlc
pressure \/111 be entl r.ely negligible. The ch8nge in angle-
of attack may be appr eclable
l
and is in tva parts, that
due to structural tv1et, and that due to ohango in
devnl/ash.
Frca (11- 7J4.) g - g - E-
Yr "1 - x
If ve assuae that the f l apping coefficients f or
the flexible blade are


Or
- '0
+ 68
0
" -
'1
+ [).1l
1
r
hI .. hI
r
+"0,
'2
r
'2
+ 6 8
2
where 8
0
, 8
1
, b
l
, &2' b
2
, are for the stiff blade, then
it 1a apparent that
'r
","
2
..
'r
(e )
Ab
1
..
_..2
%r
---
I ,I
/'
,
I
I
,
I
I
I
!
\
I
-II
, I
-4
I
i
I
-I
H - 1:4.,
,
(It- 185':)
ba
2
'" -

xr
,
(e)
AD,
2
Xr
From it may be aeen that the change 1n dovnv&sh
u,
8llS
1e
Q:L G U-' 1s a lineal' function ot the changes 1n
1
the tlapplns coefficients, given above.
The changO 1n angle of attack due to structural twist
-vill be 8. harmonic funotion of Q% and can be AS

8 change i n
where
A
X
'1
Thua
+6Q' +b.Q
X
x.
, "
eoa Q
'.
sin Q +
'.
where AQ
x
1s the s tructural twist at any station
'1
(reference 1& the r oot)
M 1a the total torsion at any station.
- "X
1
,
I
I
II
r I
I .
1 I
J "" I
-il
II
: i
-j I
" I
" ,
, I
- "--:-
- - --
________
i
I
i I
I
I
I
I,
I
I
i
i
)
I
. \
!
1
I
1
-,
(6)
(c)
!
i '
I
I
(11- 187)

%".
2
"'1
- [
3A
O "2j
* - -
"3 Jl: l'
"]
- A.
+-;.;
'.
....
-
...
c' _
Cos Q +
t o

...
r
/.l.:tl'L 2Ll.Q _
t,
1
1
I
I
I
i
,
i
: I
,
[
[I
II
i
I
I
I
i
I;
I
i
l
I
!
1
1
\
\ I
\ I
1 I
(%-18U)
Ie)
""2

II - . 1-4!5.
__ .lrllQ
2 L %8
5
- ..
x,
1
%r1] _
Xr
.." [60 - _ 2:z]
x. x
2 r .
The additional a1.r l oad. a8 found from the above relat10ns
' can M added to the constant of col. a.table II-lor addetd
to the ahear values 1.n cel. 7 ot table 1-4 in order to rind
the effect of blade f l e ~ e on bending moments and de-
flections.
!
,
,
I
I
f
I
.... I
"
,
, ,
I
,
. I
,
. I
, ,
"
- - ---- --.
_
_ ~ - ' - . ~ ' - - --'--t.
II
I I
I !
,
,
,
I
I
l
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
,.,
v
!
I
!
\
I
I
I
I
'_.
-
-
S. 7S/l>,sd'
'
01
10
0226
.400
So lb,!!
ISJ < .
2
,
i
--- --
!
.'--
I
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
,
,
. ;
"
,
, ,
. ,
,;
, ,
" .
-.,.
I
,
I
II
I I
I
I
!
I
i
I
,
,
I
I
,
\
t I
I 1
I I
1 I
I
, I
I

'-- - _.
Oontrol:
The 1n or
type i8 to aas\UDe that the total cyclic Pitch
ohange due to Oont1'ol &nd nappi.ng i" known
in magnitude and angle, In thia example
magnitUde of the cyclic pitch ia taken aa
7. 5" and the &ngJ.e tor lII&Ximwo positive
Pitch is taken as 0", 'f'{ .. ,1.31

't'2 ... 0 ,
Tip !Speed ratio, IJ.
1
- ' 19 f ckJ2 08 ),3 d.x
"t xl' l' l'
o 19
.. 2.35 - 19 . 08 4
S' .. 1.135 ft.
O'e '" .. 2. 1.1'5 ... 0571
'!TN '!T19

0052
1 .. . 966
3
. 00523
.250
p.I-14)
(eQu.p,I-14)
(equ. I-4
(for neglecting taper)
-
--- ---'--
j
I
I
t
I
I
I
d
1 i
"
.' ;
. ,
, I
<I
,
i
I
, I


I
I
I
I
Ii
I
I
I
I
I
.
,
,
i
I
. \
,
I
I
i
.
I
I
.... ...
,
,
,
I
I
I
i
I
'_ .
I
,
5
.2/I/l .. ~ ....
i
- . -
- ~ -
I'
.
,
I
I
.
I
1
f
I .
I
I
,! I
; ! I
. I I
. I .
, I
II
I I
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
i
,
I
\
1
1
,
.
,
i
\ I
I I
I I
! I
I
I .
j i
I U '_ .
tor ).. -!
From f1gu:re e
. \.\. .... 25
0
oJ
rr- /I to
"'- 0151
t
2
.. .695
t3' .00587
t4 " _.00010
,
t). _ _
,
t
2
.339

t," .0,90
ttj. .. .. OOOU
tS" .0019
t6 " .0005
0
t
7
.59
te" .0095
t9 .. _.005
0
tlD _ . 19
8
t
11
.0073
t
1
2" .000
0
5
t
1
} .. _.000111-
t).4"" ,OOlite
t). 5" .00
019
"'-6 ' .0039
t).1 '" _.00013
t
,
s < 0886
"'-9 .. 0011
t
20
=' .00
007
t
21
" ,0620
t22 .. _.265
t23 793
t
2
1!." .0525
t2? .. _.02}O
t
2
6 .. . 0915
,
,
ts .. _.0276
,
t6" .021,2
,
t7 .. _}.02
,
ts ..... 1.5
0
,
t9" _. 00060
,
t
1Q
" ,089
,
"'-1 " 8}S
"'-2 009
60
,
,
t13 .. _.00002
",-,,' 009
0
,
,
t
1
5 .. _.0).95
"'-6 .. 00019

,
"'-7. . 00011
"'-8. . 0068
,
,
t19 .. _.0057
,
t
2
0" ,0071
,
'21 070
0
ro-r
6. '
to. + <.) tn
_.OlB}
.919
.oosSS
_.00009
2
o
. 0019
8
.3
S0
_.0009
_.005
04
.204-
_.0510
000
619
.
.00211
_.00111
.00389
_.000122
. 0881
_.0015
.0005
611
.0571
- --
-
I
/
_-==c
,
,
i
!
I
I
, ,
I :
!
Ii
'I
I'
i i
, ,
,
I
I
: I
,i '
... _+
1\
II - 150
'Ub.t1tUtl"" tho'e coerriClent, lnto equ8Uon ("-(.0) end
solv1.n.g the tor A.. , ve get
A_ - .067
tip-loss factor.
The tip-lo .. tector, ., ve, co.puted on peS"'-147,
neglectIng the blade taper, to be
a - .966
It \llll be noted that both the cOllOCI!t1on IDethod
end tebulo
r
'Olution. tor the bendi.os end denecuo..,
involve tho 'Xpr."1on, tor which er. Continuous
OUt to "r - 1.00. To -1fy the '.olutlon. tor the bending
'omOnt , ' 0 thet the e1r load, Con'i,tontly beco ... ero et
"r -. WOUld 1nvolv. sr.et COOPll'.tlon. It "
""VloebIe, theretore, to cO,",Uto the air 10Od. 1n e """"er
'on"stent w1th the vay ln vhich the, ero treeted in tho
leter Vork; 1.e., 1.00. Therotore, in the tOlloving
cer0U1ot10n, the velue of the t1p-lo t.ctcr, B, 1. tekon as Ull.1 t ;y.
SolUtion Cor flapping coefficients:
US.1ng eqUation (:zc- 38)
V6 !1nd
. -_. . --
,
0%
o

- lp - '"
.., . 18;?
,
to solve tor Qz ,vlth B _ 1.00 ,
o
rad1ans.
(see detin1t!on)
f

/'
I

,
I
I
I
I
'\ I
i \
:j
I
i
I
i
I
1
\
I !
i !
i I
1
_, L
- --- ..
Solving for thO nepping coefficienU, ., .ouatlon> (p- so)
'We find
b
2
.. _.00'}O91
a
2
'" +.006538
a
o
"" +. 174107
a
1
- +.091199
., " _. 07367'
for Z d.il-'actio
n
air l oad.!:
Sol vine for the coefficlont8 of the Z d.irect i on
air loads, bl eQ.l..:ati on (8- H) , ". find
A "" , 005639 . 067 + . 182 x!
e
A, . 000896 - . 004
43
44
xr + .057355 .;
e
E, _. 015325 + . 091387 'r - . 091199 .;

A2 _ _ .005688 + .022&00 xr . 006182 x;

B2 _. 005441 + . 014335 Xr . 013076

nO'W find the harwonic of the ai r load distribution.
cCf,a
- - .:: -
,
I
I
I
I
/
,
,
' . 1
\
I
i
,
..
: i
I
II
I
I
i
I
II
i
I
I
I
I
i
I
\ I,
\ I
I I
I I
i I
, I I
'--I 1 __ . _
P'rom (a - 35)
cc.
a
",-A
2
R
u - 152
C _ 25. 043.8
z.
and substituting 0 c 2.35 - .08 R ~
we find the analytical exPressions for the air loads as a
!'unction only 01' xl' :
6928.106 x;
d(Fz)a
dx 3 = -901.920 + 5961. 753 xr - 8846.104 X; + 3471.628 x;
r
/
/
,
I
I
I
I
J I
I
I
\
t
I
I
i
i
/;
,
I
I
i
I
l
,
,
I
I
. 1
I
I
1
,
,
,
1
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
---- -
,
H
where , of course, the total air l oad at any stati on 1s
sin 2Q.r,

','
Va obser ve that the air l oads ral1, by mor e
or l ess , to sati sfy the equati ons f r om which thoy ver a deri ved ,
because of assumptions made to simpl1fy the equati ons for
the flappi ng coeff iCients . If one a t tempts to us e the a1r
l oads in such a state to s ol ve for t he bendi ng moments and
defl ections , one msy find an err or in the bendi ng moments
out of all proportion to the e rr or in tbe air l oads (par t i cu1arly
by the collocation method. which 1s espeoially sensi t ive
to such inconsistencies). The equati ons which the air l oads
must satisfy come from and are as f ollows:
(hi
' . . - 1, -
, -
/ '
i
I
!
I
\
I
!
1
I ,
! I

(e!
.
. ,
a
2

"
.
2K). Q
Za
'he.
e
equ.tlon., or COu.s., ....... the.
co
n
dltl on that
the net root no.ent or the bl.de he zero. ... correct
Procedure .t thl, Polnt vOUld he to .olv. eq
Ua
tlon. (r-fS.!
for 'acoOd a
p
proXl.atlon Valu of the fl
a
p
P
lng Coetflclenta,
reconpUte the alr 10""., re'Ub,tlt"e in eqUatl ons ("-f
B
,,)
etc., untll adequote accu..cy he Obtalnad. SUch. PNced""e
1, r.ther '.bori ou" :hovev.r, eVen for tba '''Ple ca.e
conOidered here .. Bod vOUld he e'Peclally .0 If the Varl.tlon
of ohord, c, vith xr vere not a '"nple function, eo thet
the l
n
teg
ra
tion lOdiceted by eqU.tlon. (,,_ I.S) vOUld have
to he done gr.Phically ln .ach .uCce',lve approXl .. tlon.
An<! eo, ln
ot
e.d, ve .rbi"'.>11y OOdity the flrot co
e
Ulclent.
ln the eXpresslon3 p. Z-u. for d(F,). '0 that
1
- -
ox.
equ.tlone (z - I.B! .re tlsfl .. exactly. In order t o do
thl. ve '"OPly sUbstitute the f'r.t epproXl t,on v.'ues Of
the n.pp'ng COeftlc'.n" and a'r l Oads intc equa"ons (Jr-fU) ,
keep'ng th. fir.t Coefflclent, ln d(P,). e, UOkn0Whe.
.......
- .!
ox.
II
I
I
I
n
i
i
I
!
1
-.
\
\
I
c-! L_
II - 155
upon performing the integrationB. analytioallY in case,
and for the unknown coefficients, ya find that the
modif1ed 61r load distribUtion. are aa follova:
Theee air load distribution. are plotted in rigUre
page II-lID&!.
------ --- - - .. -
----
- -------='-"
J'
')
,
I
-t
i
" \
\
\
\
\
,
\
\
I \
I ,
I \
,
\
I \ '
I
I \
\ \
\ L\ L -- .- -_.-.---- ;0- _ _ -
- '- ,-
- ~ .
\
\
\
\
,
\
\
\ \
\
\
\
,
I
\
,
,
\
\
\ I
\
\ I /. .
j , ' \\
\\
_ - - - - - ' . = ~ " / J
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
1
I
.11 '
II
I I
I I
uL
/1
. I
- -.'._.
-H - 1-57
SolutIon for the Z DirectIon Bending Moments and Deflectioos:
6) Collocation method.
The moment of inertia distribution for the subject
Is given In fl.gure I-JI. page 11-1$"8. In general, the
quantity Ely Is a discontinuous functIon of xl' Before
the derivatives of Ely with respect to xl' are taken.
obviously the curve must be approXimated by a
function of The method of d oing thb 111 cOfDpletely
arbitrar y. We sil:lpl1 fair &S 8!!100th a curve as possible thru
the actual distribution of I attempting to hit the mid-
y
points of the straight segments (p. 6-15&). Mathematic.l
means of arriV1ng at this approxlcatlon have been suggested,
such 8S the method of l east squared error, but the complIcation
involved therein does not seem to be justifiable. The curves
of the taired Ely and its derivatives vith respect to Xr
(obtained graphically) are shoYn in f igure .Jt-33 ,pagel-IF9.
It is that the units be kept consistent-in this
case, we choose lba., ft., sec., slugs.
In figure 1-14, page X-IW, ve plot the veight distribution
of the blade, and, by integrating graphically. obtain the
masl!! moment, I'\a ,as a function of
%
We can compute the coeffICients Ai Bi ' C
i
' Di
8
1
of page 1-14 of the differential equations (11 -.,.)
We tabulate these solutionl!! belo'" as !'Unctions of x
r
' (p. r-li.I)
- --.-- ._- - .. -

. --
' 1 I"
I <
,
'1
I
,
I
r
\ \
1\
r
\
\
\
,
I
\
\
\
!
\
I
\
\
I
,
\
\
,
I
I
1
,
I
\
\ \'
\ \
1 I
:
I ~ . I '--
---
.- -.-
,
,
\
/
I
I
I
I
,
\
I
I
\
! \
\
I
\
I .
, .
\
\
I
\
, 1 I
"
' I
'; \
,
I
I
, I
, ,
__ ___ _____ =--_- _. ~ _ - ,1-4 \
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
II
I i
i !
i
i
I '
,
I
:
!
, L
1
- -=-- --
,
.'
I .
. 1
i
j
'., I
'.1
I I
, I
, ,
,
, I
, I
: 1
1
- - ~ - - ',Lj
II - 160
I
!;
I
. ----. -
I
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
I
1/
"
> ,
, ,
I
. ,
>
,
. ,
_ _ . o - _ - - ~
II
! I
i
I
i
I
1
\
I I
H - 161
o .25 .50 . 75 1.00
6.109 6.021 2.770 .641 .117
o -}.499 -27.978 -9.}}5 o
-}75 -182 -101. 6 +14.6
956 905 610 545
3620 24110 2180
'8
1
- 0 , &nd !finee K,. - 0 troID (lL-IOI) , Ll II 0
'1'he procedure 1"01' the constant and second harmonic
parts (1 u I, 4. 5) 15 here on somewhat different
from that for the first parte (1 .. 2, 3)
1.,.1,4,5:
The SUlD of the first five rove of oolumn e I Tabla II- I I
IS simply the value of
for the harmonic {value of 1 and
table applies. That is, instead of
oO! UllIn 8 Table 1I- I I ve enter
1 II 1 l
tor which the
five rove of
i !
Li I _ _ .---. -.. __
I I
.I i
f
,
I
I
, I
I
I
I
t
I
,=cc-=/=-..!Li-
I
!
\
i
I
I
\
I
I
i I
1! _
- - il62
d
(P
a
) __
.!
+'''''r
.2
a
2

R
""4
sa
1 '" ;
(P.t)a
d
1
:2 + ,...,.
'2
b
2
R

Os
"" .
a
1 5 i
vhere
"".
are the adjusted values given on pagec-/.1"'
We 111u8trate the SOlutions of
Solution tor 1. 4 I %1' _ .25
Table 11'-/ by glVll1.g the
(table 8-5" pagel
Of course 1.14 other aOlut1ona muat be lDSde tor the other
combinations ot 1 - I, 4, 5 and xl' _ 0, .25, .50 75.
400 1.00. Except tOr the constant or column 8 the
aOlutlOtu at Tables Z-I , tor any are identioal tor
1 .I; ana 5. Finally, the reSUlts 0/ these table. are
ent
e
rec1 in Tables 1C- S (one tor each value at 1) as
indicated on page ]f'-8_. The aOlutJ.on or Table 1-.1 t or
1 .. .I; I s given on 1'&go %-1408. HaVing Table Ve find
the unkno.
n
coerfiCients and 8
1
, in tho assumed
aeries tor the .t deflection. Thi. 1. given belov tor. 1 _ .I; r
trom Table JC-"
,
1' ov30
8
4
-
002
30550
rov.1.8
.
'4 + '. 397599
.
4
r oy:l"
T,. -.061221
row;1.4
""4
-.791884
roy 2.2
"
..... 462759
"
and frOll!
equation
'4
- -.032991

{ .'
i 0"
/
!
,
I
I

I
I
I
i
\
' d
I
,
-: I
: I
, \
-

-_._-==
I
i
I
I
!
1
\
\
i
eJ
,
It is advisable to check these values by substituting into
the equations represented by
1'3 ;2/ . Table ]I - u.
, and seeing that they are
(
3
7
satisfied to at least five significant figureo.
These coeffic1ents are then substituted bock into
d
2

equation (u _ 10(;4) for ~ t o Und the va1ues of the second
<lX2
r
derivative as a function of X
r
Finally the bending moment
at each station is
"Where Ely ttl from figure 6- 3 ~ , page rr.-
1
$9
For i. 4 these last stepS are given be1o\!:
d
2
:r;r
~ z
""
xr
4
d7
R
(ft-1bS)
r
0
0
2210
0
.125
.0305
2210
67
.250
.0381
2180
8;
.;75
.0",8
1820
80
. 500
055"
1000
55
.625
065"
510
"
. 750
. 0582
237
14
.875
.0270
84
2
0
0
0
1.000
'rois, slong "With the other harmoniC parts of the bend1ng
moments. io plotted in figure JI -"'35 pase JI- /(,. C]
.- - - -
I .,.
F
\
I
,
I
1\
I
I
;
I
I:
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
, \ i
I I '
I I
I I
,
,: L
,
r
1
' -"-
I !
/
- - - ~ =
- --
I
I

i
\
I
I
I
t
i
L!
II - 165
vhlch, upon solution. g1ves us
t or the entry 1n
approxima. tion, b
3
toll
it vas judged that the
colUllln B Table IT-I, for third
and b
3
zr In the subject example,
1
!!econd approXilllatiOn gave suffic1ent
accuracy.
Table a J
t he approximations , the corresponding columns in the
s olution for 1. l. This fact of course S8ves 8 deal
of computat1on. Finally, the bending woments and deflections
It '\IUl be not ed that the first five columns of
are identical, for both 1 - 2 and 3 , and for all
aro
Because of the inde terminacy of the blade position,
oen deterrnine only the deflections due to blade bending, that
l s , relative t o the tangent at t he r oot. This, vhen added to
4dflcction of a stiff blade , will at least give a rough
approxlmation t o the actual deflection.
Thus
.-----_ .. _-_ .. - _. __ . .. _. _ . - - .-.
.-
- - - ...
____
II
II
I
I
I
t
l
,
I
,
I
\
I
I
\
1
,
I
\
. \ I
\ I
I I
,
I
I
L! l
,
,
I
j
/
H --166 '
R [(Zr
2
)1 + 6
2
l:r2 + ~ Zr
2
+ . + xr [20 ((5
2
)1 + 6
2
8
2
+ " 52 + )- .,l (
.+ xr (2e ( 5,)1 + 6
2
3,
+ ' 353 + ... J - -,l \
The results ot these approximations are tabulated. belov
for 1 - 2 :
a
.125
250
. 375
.500
.625
.750
.875
1.000
a
,8
69
72
55
38
17
3
a
o
10
12
12
11
8
,
1
a
a
58
81
84
66
,6
21
4
a
('r )
2 1
a
' 2 ' 'r
r
2
2
a
,
'2
o
-.00220 - .00025 -.00245 -.42
-.00248 -.00016 -.00264 -.80
+.00075 +.oop61 +.00136 -1.10
+.00782 +.002,4 +.01016 -1.31
These re sults, with tho.e for 1 _ , are plotted in
tigures Jr-,5 and It - '"
. . . ~ - - - - - - ... - ..
.'
I !
j'
/
I
\ '
I
"\ I
I
,
I
r
I
I
,
oJ.!...\.
I
I i
! I
I !
I I
I
1
\
I /
I
I
L! L _ ______ _
"'---
II- -167
j
i

I

,
)
!

!
I
:I
.'
i
~

i ~

E
,
~
;;
~
i
~
a
..
j
~
~

.
"

I
,
,
,

, ..
~ ! l ! ! ; 1
"
- - . _- .

~ I
i li
, . -
. ".
.. ~ ..
l !
. -
" "
r;
I
I
I
r
I
i
I
I
I
1
I
II
I'
. I
, I
I r
I
I I

I
I I
L! 1--_._
H -168
ZQIlA'nOlCl I n 'IV!!:
1 \
'.
(.."otant
--
I .'
, /'
. ,
, ,
" .
, ,
\\
\\
\ \
\
\
\
\
\
,
\
\
\
~ i
\
\
\
\
,
,
\
\
.
,
\
,
\
\ \
\
\
"
11 - 1-69
\
\
\
\ '
. \
,
\
\
,
.
i
\
\
,
,
,
, .-. . -- . '
\ ,
~ , -
- - ' --
,
\
\
,
\
\
\
\
,
\
\
\
,
\
\
,
\\
\
\
\
,
,
,
,
,
,
\

\
,
I
. ,
,
I
II i
I
, I
i i
Ii
,
I'
1I .,. 170
I
I
I,
I
: I
II
If
II
I !
II
I
I/;
I'
"
J '
: !
I :

I
I
!
i
I
,
I .
I I
I i
I :
I !
I !
I I
I I
I !
I
i
,
I
,
I
I
,...
"
,
I ,
. ,
I ,
II
I
I
I
I
II
I
I.
I J
I
I
I
I
I .
I i
I I
I i
II
1
\
I
\ I
I U
, -
1
II - 171
b) Tabular method.
The tabular method. at t1nd.1.ng the bend1ng ll;oIOOnts and
deflections is considerably easier than the method of collocation.
We present here the solution for 1 .. 4 that thtl "COB '2Q n
'.
part or the deflection ar..d bend1ng moment. The entrlee in
Table t eommon to all the d1fferent solutions of that table,

are
EX,
(column .t
d istribution of 111 taken from the curve 1n f'lgure %-13
a9 tor the colloeation I!I8thod, and (Px)m 18 simply
"here l'\u le taken frot;) f'.ig"..u:.:: z-,4 .
x
The entries 1n eolllmn "

in the solutionll t or I{ (see p.lf- I OO)
are computed from the modified distributions ot all' loads used
in the eollocation method:
vhere
1.0
J
xr
18 given on page 6nd 1n this ellso
1
. - ,
I '
. I
i I
"
, I

!
I
\
I
1
\
\ '
I I I
I
I I
ul t.. _ _

\
the integrations have performed
i n c olumn 8 &l'8 computed from figure E 34-
ot 1. 4 P - 4 and
pm
'2
",


-
32. 2
The entries
I n the
The s olutiOns of Table !! - 4
<or
1 _ It for

Mq. , Eq ,
are given t.e.bles 1i. -7 t o tI 9'
?rom these
( lIX, S)l-\.' 3
Jt1
,73
4

1
aDd at 1
E _ -
-------==
.' '
/
, ,
If
: I

. ,
, I
. !
; I
.' I
Lt-
II
; I
I
I
I
!
i
i
I
I
l
\
i
i
L!
,
,
I
\
\
,
I
I
L __ _ .. -
Sol v1t\S for
page
II - "17'"
Cd') __ .01415057
ilio
C
oU
)
ili o
SimilarlY, tor the defleotio
ns
,
Cd')
ili o
8:1'9 c olumn ,
1n tho
,
01' H C J E respect.ivelY
'!'he bending moments 50 compu.ted 5;1'9 plotted in figure :It-'1
The defleotions are given in figure 11-38. As in the
collocatiOn solutions, the first har=oni
C
parts of the deflection
for 1" 2,' it. waD
(lSee p .Jf-IO.z).
If make the same assumption as in the collooation
method. f or z2 and z,. \Ie l".ave
. ,
J
I
,
i
i
,
i
I
,
d
I
I
\
II
I'
!
, .
: I
. I
,/ i I

!
I
i
i
I
1
\
I \'
\ I
I I
i I
(' 1
----, !. - --
II - 174
and
Z3
in figureE-38 lo'ere computed by theBe fornrulae.
Comparing the d91ectlons and bending moments 8S computed
by collocation and the tabular methods, we observe a con-
siderable difference i n the results by the two methods.
We believe that this 1s attributable to insufficient convergence
in either or both of the methods. and that more terms should
be taken in the assumed solution by collocation, and/or smaller
increments of blade radius (l,e., more stations) should be
considered in the tabular method. Extension of the collocation
method to more terms vould seem impractical from the point of
vlev of time required to cogplete the solution. It 18 desirable
to obtain a solution of the differential equations involved by
means of a "differential analyzer", ~ h i c h should definitely
settle the question of relative accuracy of the two methods.
The hunting coefficients:
Since in later solutions for the Y direction bending
morrents, the air loads are taken to xr = 1
it is adVisable to be consistent, and in the
the hunting coeffiCients, to set B ~ 1.00
of a.erod)"'llamic torque, (Go' G1' H1' G
2
, H
2
)
rather than B ,
equations for
The coefficients
are computed
by equations (If-58), page z-4Z. Finally, the hu..tJ.t1ng coeffiCients,
eo' e
l
, f1' e
2
, f2 are computed by equations (II-7f) , page .iI-'Z
The Y direction air loads:
The Y direction air loads can be computed BS a function
of xr from
--- -.=-
- _ .--. -. .
- - ,
I'
I
i
I
I
./
i
I
, I
\1
"
; I
, ,
,
, I
i
I
j
i
I
1
\
\ I,
\
jl 1

, 1
. 1-_-
\
\
- ,,5
.)

'fhe vsristion of 1f,
the moID8ut or
fS.ired. in the
l,nel't.i
8
aboUt. the
5sID8 <,1(1.1 the-to 11
,0T
8$i
5
, "olith '"1" nJU
5
t. -pe
Xr "a3 re.i
red
moonent5 'l'b
e
for the
ta'()l.e 5 !! . I
,
'P.
,
13'" R
R 1r 6Z)
R ('T5 - ... <.)
.,ll
I '
./
I
I
!
i
1
I
I
,
I
i
!
I
I
i
i
' j I
: I
- , I
i\
, I

II
\ I
I
I
I
~
!
1
I
I
II-"", 176
b)
Tabular methOd:
The solut10n by thils method is eXac tly s1mUar to that for
the Z direction bend1.ng nt<lliJenta, except that, since the s ir
loads ~ e l ' e not modLf1ed in this csse, the entries in Column 7
table iI- 4-, can be COmputed directly by the relations given
on :page lE-I:2.0 (eqUations ll-I5'44tolT_l$dc.) . P:inally, the
relations correSP01ld.1ng to equationrs (1Z-
'
b' 9.t)and
01' the firat harmonic deflections. are
I
L! L __ ___ ______ _
---
I "
/
I
I
\
I

!
I ,
! I
I ,
t
' )
,
I
-j I
_ i i '
. / ,I
- - . - - ~ .
II
, .
~
"

0
i

I
I
I
..
,
j-
7
0

g
"
I
I
,
,
:;:
,
!
I
I
~



I
i
I

!
,

!
I
~
I






~
" ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~


-.
b
~

- ;;
"
.'
"

,:

I
,

I
,
"
f
,

(

"
i
I
-?
I ~





~
'lj,

~

I
i
1 I
,
I
-
. ~ .
I I
.

~
"

it

-

"
.-
- - -
"--.
- .
--
H - 177"
~
~
~

:;
~
~
, ,

~
,
7
7
:;

7
,
"
,
~ ~

:;
l
~

~

,

~
7


,
7
,
7

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~
~
~
~

~
~ i
;

;;
~ ~
,


,
!

;;

.

-

a ~
;;
~


~
.
- -



~
:;
~
5 l
~


~
-
~ ~
~ 1
i f
~ ~ ~ ~

~

1
7
I i i
~
~ i
i
~

i
j
~
7
~
;;
~
:;
~
;
~
;; ~
;
~
-.

~


~ ~
,
~
~

,
i
f
7

i

~
i 7
~
,
~

~
~ ~
"
7
! ~ 3 a
~
- -
"

g
~

~

~

;i'

:i

~

~ ~
7
~
I

~ ~
i


-
i


7
:;
~
,

;;
;
--

I
7
i
~
~
- ' .
-'
~
~
.
1<
1

!
t

t
;
I
I .'
j'
I
'I
I
' \
1 \
1
'I
:---
_---..-C ___ ._, _--"'_' _ " __ . ______ _
'.
-
,
..,..,.
l
,
" _ STEP ET mp 501""1 ... !'or !<o.. nt.
,.4
, , , , , , ,

,
'"
a
"
"
Sh.
E

1) '1F
(1'''\'
..... (I'x1 .1Il (r, )
.,
(a) E(IO) ...,.ill
"
.

<,>
"
,

"
0 0
.-"
0
.'"
0 0
. .,
0 0
,.,
'"
0 0 0 0
.
w _l.SC:O
.=-
_.000161.2
'"
0 0
."
_.000l6.4.
"'"
-1.091.
,.,
"'
_.(;O()621 0 _.0;>0 -.0<0
.
-.914
.-

"'
_.lal
.0 MIO
,., ,.
_.1:10
-.= -"

--lo.m
,
-."-'
'"
_.c'C<rmo
."

""

,.,
'"
-.C'OlS:-98 -.IM _.1M -,

-22.4 ,<:001164 -.V026D.
'"
-.=-
-1.M1
."
,.{)(lU67U
-

'.,
"'
-.('0.4)';01 - ):/6
-.4'" -l.U'

-46.(>9)


"'
-.r06,\7)6 '4,J08l
."
-.(1))0" a," -ll.6lJ.
,.,
'"
_.t'lll2> -6.?C9
1 "
e.611
j

.ll,.,971 .:0'2, _.OYIN06
,.,
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L! L_ . - ... - __ _
.

'--.. :
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
AERONAUncAL NGINlERING LABORATORY
PAnT III
CENTER-HplGED BLADES RIGID IN THE PLAN:!!:
OP R O ~ T I O N
(SEE-SAW TYPEs)
REPORT
I
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II
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: I
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: I
: I
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i 1
I
I
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/
HI - 1
Center-Hinsed Blades
Rigid i n the Plane of Rotation (See-
Saw rne)
The subjec t blades are continuouS fr om x - - R to
x R and are hinged at the hub by a hinge having i ts
, ,
axi s in t he X Y pl ane . The hinge u 1a may" make an
angl e . 0
3
, vi th the blade Y axis , and the blades may
have a "built- in coning angle". Q as show 1n the sketch
' 0
be10":
y
6,
6 HnJ4 /IX IS
/
"
2 , Z'
Tbe equations that have been derived in Par t II f or the
accelerations, inertia and aerodynamic f orces are, in general,
applicable t o t he " s ee-sa.,," type blade s. The e:;s:presslons for
the flapping coef fici ent s need be modi fied, however , and the
s olution f or the lnfloW f actor, A should theor etically
be different. I t w111 be necessar y to chonge some
o f the deta ils in t he sO! Ut l011 f or the b lade berilng moments,
t or sion, tWist, etc.
If the flappi ng
Q = a
o
- a
l
cos 9
z
Y
r
a
of the right half of the blade be
s in Qz - cos 2Q
z
- b
2
sin
a a a
then the flapping angle of the left half is
---- - ----
I I'
/ . ,
[
II
! I
i
!
i i
\'
. I
I
i I __
L\J " __ _ _ . _ ~ " ' : " : ' ; . __
l.r.l . ~ 2
I /
)
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.
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!
II
' .,
}
,
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!
III - 3
(I',,)
4
4 1
4
a +
+ -"2
a
,
"
t; B3
(v<-')
,in

Q:x
- -
'.
0
0
I
i
,
I
I
1
I
I !
(m-S)
I .
Ll L_. _____ _
RC'C
z

4
... ll). B2 +t
1J.2
a
B2

(,Jis .4 - t "2.2)1
1
- "'2
The values of the above integrals are given by equation (:zz::-44),
J p. and, makIng appropriate substitutions.
o
(J,Iy) J the moment due to gravi ty l08ds J 1s obviously zero.
S
MX the torsion on the blade, vill be 90011 compared to My
and since '3 1s seldom greater than 30
e
, ve neglect
the term Mx)oL sin
Substituting (nr-5,',1,)1nto (m -4). and eG.uat1ng coeffic1ents
of identical trigonometric fUnctions,
- '- _. __ ., ..
/ !'
F
,
I
. j
, I
; I
/
=
='-'-= ,I
.=+
II
! I
! I
I
I
I
j
i
I
I
1
I
IH . __ 4
the axception of the underlined t erms . are
small enough to be neglected, these eJCPrestlions are identical
with equations (:II':-50.l) and (d) 1n 'Which
Solution for A :
TheoreticallY. A can be shown to depend on \l, C
T
and a (angle of attack of rotor (usc) by the relation
1
A "2 CT
, -+
.;;..' + l
(.tJI. - 10)
tan a
C
T
e.nd \l are, of course. indpendent oC the blade hinge
configur ation. vhi le a J a function of the LID of the r otor.
may be remotely affected by the fl apping characteristics , For
pr acti cal purposes, however. it Vill be suffi ciently accurate
to solve for X by the me t hOO arranged 1n Pert II f or the
general typo of hinge configuration.
The Hunting Coefficients:
Theoretically, the relation the lag angle and the
flapping angl e caD. be shown, by methods s imilar to those of Part I .
pp . to ... 3 t o be:

-- .-./
./
I
I
j
\
I
,
i
I
I
t
. t
1\
l I
Jl
i
r \
1
.,
. ,
III - 5
Oos G
.{
(01- 11) s in Q -
Yo
sin &, COB 53
' b
ooa til"
[1 tan
2
o} i
1
(1 -
eln
2
fil
Z
)
+ t en
2
.,
cos
2
Q
ooe
2
6 }
0
'0
Since I el
yo
end ely
Is cl osely approximated by
are areall angl e s
s
this rel ation
,. _ tan .<c (.2 _ .2 )
I:b J 'I Yo
Substituting
and
and equating coeff icients of identical trigonome tric functions ,
va f ind
(b)
(d)
Ie}
f l .. 2b
1
Q
y
tan 6,
o
8
2
.. i (bi - tan ' 3
f 2 W - s l b
l
6}
._--_ .. _-
I
.-
.-
/
(
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!
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\
I
_ ____ -==0--==-=0.-..+1
\1
! I
,
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1
\
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Li
"
\ /
IIl-" 6 -
Calculation of the Z Dll'ection Bending Hamnta and Dcf'lectlom
for the Type Blade.
On the subject type of blades the end conditions ere not
knovn to us for either half of the blade separately slnce the
deflection curve for the right half 1s influenced by the left
half, and vice versa. Therefore the solution must consider
the blado as a whole (l.e x = R to - R). Furthermore,
one helf of the blade must be in the region of reversed rlov,
and in the equations pr-34) ror the air loads, the plus
must be used outboard of xl''' - IJ. sln Qz and maul! s ign

inboard of X
r
--\l.s1n9
z.
This rrqulres that the solutlonB
tor the bending moment and deflection C\ll' ve be carried out
separately for each aZimuth angle. unless a simPllfying
assumption concerning the reversed flov r eglon be made (see p.r-4) .
therefor e, make the assumption that the are zero
Inboard ot the point xr =>
The collocation method of solution for the bendI ng moments ,
when extended f or the see-say type blades, beoome3 much more
l engthy than for the fUlly articulated blades, beoause of the
fact that both blades must be considel'ed. In viev of this fact,
only the 3tep-by-step method is presented tor the see-sav type
blades.
The tabular method of finding the bending moments in tho Z
dir ection:
The theory which forms the basis of table 11-4 page 1-1(;4-
is entirelr applicable to the subject blades. The details of
the solutlon ( that ls. the parts into vhlch the total
1s separat ed) are dlfferent f rom t hose tor the tully articulated
blades because of di fferent and conditions. They are. in fact,
d1f:ferent tor t."''J different tu.rmonics.
I

"
I
II
! I
I
I
I
t
I
\
i
\
I
I
1
I-
I
, 0
o
;
I
1 I
u L-l_
HI - 7
(Constant part).
For 1 - 1 , by the flapping and
bending are constant, so that we immediately
set So O. By the same reasoning, we se t
I the unknown part of the r oot sl ope, = 0 .
1!'i
o
It 1s then obvious that slnce the loads on both
halves of blades are identical,
""r. at every station.
Referring to pp. 1I-97 to .1"-9' the necessary
,
sol utions ars for H and A. In more de t all
than 1s given on p. D-97 I the initial entries
,
for 1-1 Br'3,
(l}a - a (no mechanical
(7)1' are given by the same !orl!!Ula as f or
fully articulnted blades, p. tI IOO. It
must be borne in mind, hO\lever, that
inboard of Xl' - , we Rssume the air
load .. O. Hence, in that regl on, (7}r
1s constant.
Finally.
M
J[
,
at the tip station.
1 _ 2, 2 (First harmonic)
-
Physi cal reasoning tells us that since the air l oads
and s l ope at the root are exact oPPosites on l eft
and right sides. - '). at every station.
- ' - --_ .. - ... _--_. _---. _---

I
F
/
\
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
1
1
I
, ,

I
I
1- _
III .. 8-
x
r
' 0 i' a point 0' inflection end
Mo 0
",,,thOr,,,,re, ,or thO ,ame re ..
on
a" for the
ru1l1 articulated .,ad"" p, .-", , the ,ir.
t
harmonic inertia load. cancel out and and
a
'0 are indeterminate and ,,",t on11 .. ti.<1 equaticn-"ci
there,or
e
, a"umo a 0 : and the total
.eo0
1
ng momo
nt
" Oivon
'
M' M + SoE'
,
in1 tial entries tor M are
(7)r ..... e. on p, . ,,,0 for rull1 articulated
blades, except inboard of xl'
vher
e
aerodynamiC runnins 10ed
S
have be
tll
assumed eQ.ual to zero,
,
.. -
E
At the tiP. ot course.
(tiP values).
M .. 0 I sO
i 4, ? (second harmonic)
Aoaln, ph1.
,cel
rea.on,no .ho" u' that .lnc' the
e,r load. are ,dentlcal 0. rloo
t
and ,eft .,de.,
the root .lope , (!\;,) 0 end S
(U. 0 OR L
soluti ons ere tor M'
foI' MI sr
e
,
A ,E
I '
I .
"
t
I
I
I
I
i
' d
: \
, '
, I
I ,
,
, I
Ii I
=-+
I
I
I I
I I
I I
: I
I I
II
: I
: I
I I'
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
: I
I I
I I
i 1
1 \
I '
I
I
I
1 \
I I
I
' I
\
\
,
(1)0 0
(4) . 05 ' (3)0
. '
(1) 1' are 8881n the I!&me 8S for the arti eul.ste:i
p . 6 - /00 . At any station then,
,
M - M + AMo + 13
0
and e:t the tip
,
M + AMo + ESc " 0
,
A
"
(bx5)M'
(""'.O)A
("""0) ,
o "
0
,,,,,. 0).
A [1 _ .!l' 1
(M' ol.
(""'. ol A -
(Ax S).
and
,
"
+ SoR
M . -
0
A

vhere M E

A are at
' r
_ 1. 00
Calculation of the Bending Moments and Detlectl1ns in the Y
Direct1on.
As for the Z direction bending monents, va present only the
step- tly-steP method of t'lnd1.ng the Y direc tion bending moment.
S1milarly. ve make the assumption that the air loads are zero
inboard or .. 11 . Tbe end coudi tlona tor the Y direction
bending moments s r e similar to thos e for the rigId r otors. '!'he
bl ade hunt1ng 115 determ1ned by the flapp1ng, pp . .llT-f,Sand not by
, -_. - ,-
- - -
,
,
I
!
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I .'
I
j'
,
,
" ,I I
\ I
i I
I I
I i
! I
- /
I
I
I
!;
I
i
i
I
i I
I
,
t
\
\
- ,
I
, I

III - 10
the Y air l oads, 90 t hat it 1s necessary to i nclude vlth the
aerodrnam1C shear loads , tbe i nert1a loads duEt to hunting.
. ... -" -
(Constant part)
'We can ill1!!ledlately set So '" 0 , and also there 1s
no unknown part of root
o
necessary solutions of tabl e.1T- 4- are
(p. Jr-'7). 'l'he initlal entries for
(I), - 0
(4).05 - (3)0 + olRQ
zb
o
0
for

,.\
The

rl and A
are ,
Bre given
Xl' '"
by equation outboard of
Inboard of this poi nt. (7)
r
is, of course, constant . The moment at
any station 1s


and
1 2, , . 4, 5 (HarmoniC
As for 1 '" 1

"
A
at the tip.
parts)
("x) _
"" 0
o and the necessary

solutions are for M , A , BodE

(p. "'7). The
initial entries for
(I), _ 0
(4).05 - (3)0
(7) r lR (F )
y 1
'"",-
_.
f.l are ,
+ (F )
Y m
1
- ----..
I
j.
I
I
I
~
(III - ,<I 0.)
(h)
)
I';)
I
.-
(F,)
are given by
equa tlonS (8 - / f4 l arui
from (u- S.:) ,
a,
2'2
1.0
(F,)
., R Q ( e
1
~
2b
1
Q ) J m%rdXr
"'2
'a
o xr
_ R2g2
1 . 0
('y)
(t
1
+ 28
1
Q )
I
!IlXrd:l:
r
"3
'a
Yo
'r
R2g2
1. 0
(F,)
(2a
1
D
l
+ ~ e 2 ) J mxr
dX
r
'4
'a
xr
1.0
'" R2g2 ( b ~ -
a
2
+
(',)
4t
z
) J n::x
r
dX
r
'a
1
"5
xr
The total moment at any station 18

M _ M ... AMe + ESc
where, from the tip end conditiOns.
and
M
o
,
where l-t J A E are for xr 1 .00
, /
/ ,
.,
\
I
,
I
. ,.
I
I
I
I
1
i I
JJ
i
1
,
1
I
t
,
I
I
\
,
\
I
I
Li I . --- . - .-. --.
III - 1'2
Torsion
The expressions for the various parts or the torsion,
and for the
Effect of Blade flexibility on the Loads ,
vhich vere developed In Pt. II for the fully articulated
blades, are ent1rely to the see-saY type of blade.
See pp.1J- 1:J. 1 to u-
1
87
-- - -
1-
----
-
f !
/ .'
.-
,
I
I
I
I
I
i
,
,
,
, I
\ i
\ :
I '
. I
1 I
, ' I
' I
I I
,i I
=+
II
I I
, ,
I I
I
I,
!
i
I
I
I
1
I '
I
, 1
I I
I ! I
PRIHcnOH UNIVERSITY
AERONAunCAl ENGINEERING LABORATORY
PART IV
SINGLE BLADED ROTORS
"<II
"po"
'- ._--. ' -. - -
I .'
I -
,I
,
I
I
!
I
!
' \I ,
; I
- , I ,
!I i
, I
- - - - - ~ -
: I
' - - ~
~ - -
I
II
! I
i
I
I
I,
I
I
I
\
1
\
I
I
l .!
\
I.
,
I
I
IV .. 1.
Blade
,"ere are many hins- and eounterveigPt ,rr,ngement'
po,'i
ble
,or , ,ingle_bladed rotor. Some of th"- are
dl,eu"eO in detail belo" (,MVn ,eM"",c0111 tio ...
,P
."I).
1) FUll artiCulHed hi ear.. ement vith countervei t
!..ttached to the
maY, in every detail, be treated as
,peel" coO
e
0' the 'ul11 ertl culeted rotor dl'CU
sSed
ln
port II. All equation, and di'CU,,'0
n
' ,re applicable:
2) FUll artiCulated hi ,rr' ement vith countervei ht
to the
It 1s assUlned that the center of e;r8vitY of
tbe counterveigPt lie' on the X oX,, The ,erod"",mi
c
'0'"
,ctins on the eounterveight ,r' extrem
e
11 ,mall, ond can be
enti<ol1 neglected. In order to account ' or the inertia
loed' due to the countervelgPt, hovever, the roll
ov1ns
chOOSe'
must 'be mooe in the eq,ustione of 'Part II.
be modified
t o
( ,)
'Eq,ua tion (:u:- 44)
",",t
2. )
+ 3'0
2
sin
' .
(';'-1)
(",)
, -
m

."her
e
"F
'2
IFQ
Z
l8
0
+ 3s2 cos
2.,


'" IF + IF
c
moment of i nertia of the counte
r
-
."eight about the f18ppi
n
B pin.
SimilarlY', in t he eQ.uatiOns for the napping

coe fficients . f- F must be replaced '01 -IF
. -
."her
e
fF '"'
'F
. -_.- "
I
"
I
I
,
I
i
I
I
I
\
,
,
' \ i
11
i 1
! I
! I I
,il l
"Y-
",0, in the equ.t1on' ,or the hun
t1

coerr1c1en'" pp - 51 to D _,.<, it i ' ne
c
...
r1
,
to bY lz
-J)
,
''ro ''ro + ''ro c
1 .nd "'"
"beinst;h.e
0' the counter,eCgot .bo
ut
the dr' hLnSe.
'teepect.ive11"
'c c
moment of inertia
1. the sol
utCo
", ,or t he bend
cnS
. nO
.. 1ectCon' , ",e contrCbutCon 0' t he W
ert1
'
f orce. on the to thO root
bOn"
nS
moment. roU.t be considered.
equation (i _,8). p. "_,, must be re_'
C
"en
__ ...:- \ (', + ("1) 1
l' m.1
_ \ o 'or.., ("J. scn OZa - b
,
co. Za
+ Cn Oz - ,b. co Oz )

-"I
, .
--==. =.=----'-
I'
I
I
i
I
,
1
I
I
I
I
I
,
" i I
) I !
: i
. "
i I
, , I
" I
--"=-t-'
II
! ,
l
I
i
\
1
I
I
Li
,
L _
(bl
(01
(d)
,el
(,j
- ... .... -
.- - ._-
IV - 3
Thus, equat1o
ns
(1I-IOta...j to (<$), p. :u: -18 become
or, if' the tabular method be useli.
eQ.uat1o
ns
fo .. Mil> > p. lL-/(JO become:
"'l' .. -1 g2a
o Fe za 0
, .
... " KO ",
o 'J ze
--- ~ - - -
-- -
I
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,
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,
,
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'd
i ~
: I
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- - - " , = . ~ , . = ... -== .
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)
r
(e)
,
L 3
(
o z.
rq)
,
L"n-h-.
o '.
,

o '.
.-. '",
, ,
,
.
"",,- .:
+
z.
! -2t"
2
zs.
.
+ \[< 1-14.
0

2
- 2.,0,)
[ 2ezlS.
... l' M )J{
'''oj
+ 9.z lIt (-IJe, 6
2
". 2
8 e 0 -yo 1 ... h
1
2
)
+ t214<Z. - "'1,,.)1 .
eqUation"
'10 P.ll_II,. beCOlD&
-
f
f .
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. .
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' --..l:.t - c._

I
I
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i
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1
1
I
(m-7ell
, ("I) 0
,
M4

L4
0
R

(EI)o

(e)
>Is --
L5
0
R
3) Single binge attachment and oounterveight attached
to hub.
Tho equations and methods of finding the
flapping coefficients derived i n Part 11 e..re applicable. The
801utl!,n for .>... !lhould theoretically'be modified some'Whe.t,
bUt, 85 for the type blades, the method of Part II 1s
sufficiently accurate for practical purposes.
The hUnting coefficients are determined by the
flapping and the hinge geometry. in a manner similar to Part III
for the see- S8'W type blades . If Q
6
= 0 (rom Part I,
(0- 6 j
J sin g 2
(1- 1 - ( l)
003
3
vhich. for small angles, 1S closely approximated by
substituting the Fourier expansions for
into (rR - 8t>o) and equating coeff1clents of identical
trigonometric functions, ve find
)
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L!
I .'
I .
!
I
,
I
I
,
i
1
I
d
1
I
I
i
\
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i i
I
.' \
I
,
I
- I
I

\
\
\
\
\
\
I,
\
\
\
\
i
, \
\
. \
\ \
\
,
\
I
\
tan 6,
Tho solutions tor the Z direction bending
and deflections are identical wi th those for the
rully articulated rotor, Part and either the atep-by-
step or collocation method msy be used.
The solution for the Y direction bendIng
and deflections , 1s ident1cal vith that f or the see-
sa." tjPe blade. and the tabUlar step-by-step Dl6thod 1s
r ecommended (:p!l. 1t1:- f,/tJ, 1I ).
The exPressions for torsion, and blade
flexibility influence on the air loads, of Part II, a r e entirely
applicable.
4) Single hlnge attaclu:1ent vUh eounterYelght mounted
on the blade.
This type Is, 1n general, treated. In the S&n6
manner as case (,) . has the counterweight attached to
the hub. It is, hovever, necessary, yhen the
,
flapPing coefficients, to replace Ip by Ip. Ip + Ip
o
snd by 1"-; 8 S 1n case (2) , p. a-I. The luwting
eoefI'leients are eomputed b;r equations 1Jl - 'iA. to a- 'ie p. N-5
(ease :;).
The bending and defleetions in the
Z direetion can be eomputed by either the collooation or
step-b:r-st,eP tletllod.S of Put II, exeept that the root bending
1I!000000nts
p . lX-$
must be moo1tied and. cO!!1puted by equations to 4-5_.
(case 2) .
The beDding moments in the Y direction are
best computed by the step-by-step method gIven f'or the sa/)-
Je."V type blade (PP .rzr-9 to:-II. PartUI). The method 1s
lntlrely applIcable.
. <
'-.,. .-
- - ----
\
\
\
\
\
;- \'
" \ .
\\
II
., \ I
, I

,
--=-.
II
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i I
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I
I

I
I
\
i
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I
\
I
1
I
LI
1/
\
I
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,
!
\
\
The expressions given 1n Part II for the
torsion and the efrect of blede on the s ir loads
l
are also appl icable.
5) .lil51d blade attscrun
en
1
This type may, in every yay, be considered
the same as the multi-bladed, rigid rotor tJ"eated in Part V.
All methods and equations are applicable.
,, '

\ gSEJ X
,
1"' "
Or eor PT1(J1J
I
I
\
----- -- -------
-----
x
,.
r- -- --
I "
--'
r
' f
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// I I
= ,--= -..141
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- --" -
UNIVe.RSliY
ENGINEERING \.,.,BORATOItY
p .... GE
""",
--
c
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. -,- .- . -.- --
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II
II
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v.- 1
Eut v Rigid Rotor.,!
By "rlgi'" rotor , me.n th.
t
the bl.d.' ere rl.,dlY
attached to the hub, i. 0., and drag h1nges are
not u,... TOer. may, hovever, be e bUl1t-
1n
con1ns ans
le
,
,an./
or
a bul1t-in lag In the flr,t
Yo -0
o
approx1matlon theory (.t1ft bled.) lt " obvioUS that for the
flapping coefficients
0

Yo
{rz/)
.,
8
2
.. '>1
.. b'2, .. 0
and that
for
the
hunting
coefficients
0
-.,
(ll - 2)
b
o
f\ .. 2 ..
0
., . 2
As for the "see_s8'W1I type of blade (Part III), it '1111
be sufflc1.n
t
lY .ccur.te to ,olve for by the methOd
given 1n Part II for the rulll articulated blades.
All the equations developed 1n Part II for the air
loads are applicable to the rigid rotorS, with, of course,
.ub.titut1
on
of the proper ".ppins .nd huntlns coefficient'
given above.
5" -b _ateP t.bUlar ,olutlon tor the Z .,rectin
n
b.ndl
omo
nts
and
The details of the solution f or the subj ect blades are
nearly i dentiCal 'With thOse for the Y direction moments on
the 'e type blO,e. w. can ,et ,thO o
unkno
Yn
part of the root slope ... O. Referring to p.a-97,
1 .. 1 (constant part)
tor

Tho nece5ear Y solutions ot table Il - 4-
aDd M' . The 1n!t1al entr1ee for M'
-- - - --
are tor A
aro

)

, /
i
II
I
11
I
!;
I !
I
I
i
I I
i
I,
I
I I
LI ll--_
for
'v-- 2
p. Then
,
M_M +AMo
at any etaUon where
M'
Mo - - X at x
r
1.00
1 ... 2, 3, 4, 5 (harmonic parts)
,
The necessary solut1ons are tor M, A, and
,
E (P.Jl' - 97) . The initial entr1es or M are
(7)r are glvon by equatlon(lE- /.2. :f"), p.'X- /IJo.
!he moment at any otation 11!!
,
M ... M + AMo + ESc
where , trom the tip cond1t1ons,
and
M __
o
M' -
+ ~ o
A
are tor
." - 1.00
/
,
I
1I
IJ
, i
I
I
I
I
I
I
:
I
I
I
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: I
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I .
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I .
I '
Ii
f I
: I
I
I
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I
I

Sto -step tabular solution the y bend!
moments end deflections.
SOlutIons for the r 41reetlon
Id
e
nt1cal with those for the Z moments,
oE COUl'de . thst!'or M' In
(4).05 - (3)0 + .lR 0"0
o
and In
.. 2, 4, 5; (7)1' are given b
ye
quat!on(.lt_f5"41
p .II.-/J.o.
The equations ror ";01'810n and the arrest of hle.de
:flezlbllJtz on the all' loeds, Whi ch ve deV'elo.Ped .10 Part Ir,
are aPPlicable to the -SUbj ect rotor s .
'- ... -- -
'-.- "'-'--
.
' )
I:
r
I

--.--
I
I
I
1
"
z
z
'/'
y.
I
I
\
i I
L! ~ l _
;:.. ----
II
I I
I
I
Ir
i
i
i
1
I
I
',
/'
i i
, I I
,L! L
,
I
I
I
"
., ,. thO rata of che.nga ot _, ...... r in ..[1, ..[1 plana .
zy.x: are axes of the blade.
Using the method OIltl1n6d on pages II-I of Part II ,
the acceleratiOns actinS on each element or the blade,d1eteJC
6
x from the origin ar61 .
(b)
..
,
-"
x
2
.,
2
x'
--
2
..
i a - ~ ; I 8m
2
&0 - 008
2
0 {
Letting
sin a
o
~ &0 &0
2
- 0
COS a
o
- 008
2
&0 - 1.0
\16 have
2
x' ____ a cos 2Q,
2 0
------
1 __ ----:- += ---
- - - ' - - -.
- ' - - ' - - - - ~ -
,"
.-
i
_..l
j
/ '
, ,
"\
1
I
-I
,

!
./
I
I
I
/,
I
I
I
1
\
I
I I
L! L _____ -. __
1
_ ____ - = c =
I /
I ' .
"
I
I
I
I
I
1
I I
I I
I L
___ _
r / ~ __ _
' -
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
AfRONAUnCAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
PART VI
DESIGN CRI'n:RIA CONSIDBRA'l'IOlVS
---------------- - ----------
" -:
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VI--l-
Oes1gn Criteria Considerations.
In designing any part at an aircraft s truoture, one
must always consider two possible typos at -failure. The first
type wll1 occur due to a application ot a large load
suoh as the structure at an aircraft gets 1n an aooelerated
maneuver or 1n hitting a gust ot wind, and oan be called a
-strength type failure. The second type 18 due to considerably
sMaller but C1c11011 varying loads which the struoture gets 1n
steady tlight and it 1a usually oalled a fat1gue- failure.
Stresses developed 1n the second t ype are the sum ot
eonstant and periodic stresses. The periodic stresees are
otten called MVlbratory _tresses and are due to either
mech$nlcal v1bratione or oy0116 VariatIon of external loads,
or t o both.
U6Oa1ly. on almost all types of he1ioopter rotor blade
designs (using metal construction). with the possible .
exoeption of the rigid type. the rat10 of max1mum appl1ed
stress in an accelerated fllght condition (maneuver, gust) to
the maximum stress in steady f11ght (forward) 1s smaller than
the ratio of allowable y1e1d stress to the allowable fat1gue
stress of the material. Therefore. as a rule. otrengtb
conditions can be disregarded. While the must think
of avoiding as much as possible structure produoing bad stress
oonoentrations, the stress analyst must study oarefully the
fatigue conditions and magn1tude of allowable f a tigue stresses,
espeoially 1n the region. where an abrupt change in the oross
scction of the blade spars could not be avo ided; &s, tor instance,
one will tind at the attaohment of a to the hub or hinge
rttting.
'1'he r efined methods used in calculs.t1ng ben(!'lng moments
on the blades become valueless when the stress calculations
disregard ooncentration tactors due to cut outs and suoh, or
When allowable stress is not accurately.
I
,
,
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II
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.
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(
1II-... 2
A great .deal. ot ettort and tUle va. uoed in preparing in
this report all equations necessarY' tor calculating the external
l oading on. the b1adel!. It 1a felt, hovever, that "hUe the
o.J:pressions for dyn6Jt1c loads oould be dateml.ned. qu1 te
correctly 1n terms or derivatives, the correctnells at the aero-
dyn&mlc loads was sotlovha t doubtt'ul beeu.e.ae of the Q.ue ot1onable
vaJ.1d.1ty of 00:::16 of the basic auumption&. Theaa aUUlI!ptiona
whi ch yare. listed in Part I are
1 ) Induced veloo! ty tield
2} Unimportance of rad1al cOti:!Po.bent of the relulltant
veloeit'1 at blade alement
J)
0)
The etfeet of
Flexlbl11tles
air inertia
or the bladea
5) Adjustment ot 104ds to .!Iat1er,. the boundV'T condItions
1n solving the equations tor deflection and moments
Because of the foregoing r easons, the effort involved 1n
calculating the loads acting on the blades does not aeorn to be
justIf1ed and probably tva empir ical override loading conditions
g!vi.nB the extl'eoo Y8.l'iation of atrosses duo to bending,couJ.d be
just 8S s6i"e) vl thout penaJ.1z!.ng severely the veight, as the
dO'.lbtt'Ul and lengthy, so called "ra t!.c!l.5l" , load calculationa.
In des1g;nJ.ll8 the rigid blades, the strength conditlons
Day bacQQO also of beoause of tho high LDertla
(gyroscOPic) forces developed while the aircraft is rotating
aboUt lUly of the axes.
'!he methods tor caloulating the bending moments of the
blades are ba:soo on straight-forward IDCthods ot solving l1near
d1rtorential equations at higher ordor vith variable coetficients.
Their aecurac7 depends, as in all 1llvol.vin,g
on tho nUIDber ot tor.s uaad.
,
I I /
.. /
I,
II
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I
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,
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1
7!he tabular method seema to be easier to Use than the
Reollocation" method. The discrepancy bet ... een the tvo 1s not
very large in the CSSe of artIculated blades. The correct
solut1on probably 11es bet"een the tva eets of values. The
"collocation" :oethod 'becomes ilbPract:tcal because ot the I82'ge
number of terms r eqUired to obtaIn Convergence
when the slope ot defleCtion CUl''RI at the root at the
blade Is g1 ven 8 def1n1 te value as .in the C8.se ot th3 aee"'!lav
type Or r1gid typo of blade.,
POl' Pl'
8
11mlnary c alculations ot the eODsta.nt Ilnd !'lrat
hArmon1c (setting 8.s S f1rst
o ) parts
ot the beno:Ung moment on CO!:lpletely articulated blade8,
Reference 12 can be very useful, replaoing variable In
by a mean EX or COU?ae, the roan value at Er 1s somewhat
hard to calculate and therefore 8. reasonable guess has to be
used.
----
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