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XVII

COLOQUIO DE HISTORIA
CANARIO-AMERICANA

(2006)

Coordinación
Francisco Morales Padrón

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2008


CABILDO DE GRAN CANARIA

Presidente
José Miguel Pérez García

Consejera de Cultura y Patrimonio Histórico y Cultural


Luz Caballero Rodríguez

Directora Insular de Cultura


Rosa María Quintana Domínguez

Director Insular de Patrimonio Histórico y Cultural


Ernesto Martín Rodríguez

CASA DE COLÓN

Directora
Elena Acosta Guerrero

” CABILDO DE GRAN CANARIA


1ª edición, 2008

Coordinación editorial: Isabel Grimaldi Peña


Departamento de Ediciones de la Consejería de Cultura y Patrimonio Histórico

Diseño cubierta: Montse Ruiz

ISBN: 978-84-8103-540-7
Depósito legal: GC 537-2008
Imprime: Compobell, S.L.
Maquetación y PDF: Canarias7 Digital SL

Colabora:
XVII COLOQUIO DE HISTORIA
CANARIO-AMERICANA

Coordinador general
Dr. Francisco Morales Padrón

Comité Científico
Dr. Luis Alberto Anaya Hernández
Dr. Antonio de Béthencourt Massieu
Dr. Alberto Darias Príncipe
Dra. Josefina Domínguez Mújica
Dr. Francisco Fajardo Spínola
Dra. Luz Marina García Herrera
Dr. Manuel Hernández González
Dra. María de los Reyes Hernández Socorro
Dr. Santiago de Luxán Meléndez
Dr. Ernesto Martín Rodríguez
Dra. María Eugenia Monzón Perdomo
Dr. Juan Francisco Navarro Mederos
Dra. Teresa Noreña Salto
Dr. José Miguel Pérez García
Dr. Vicente Suárez Grimón
Dr. Miguel Suárez Bosa
Dr. Antonio Tejera Gaspar
Dra. Elisa Torres Santana

Secretaria General
Dña. Elena Acosta Guerrero

Secretaría Técnica
Mayte Ortega Cruz
Ángeles Pérez Reyes
Dunia Ramos Colomo

Organización
Casa de Colón
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