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Contents
1. SDH Overview 2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods 3. Overheads & Pointers
Page1
Emergence of SDH
What is SDH?
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy It defines a standard frame structure, a specific multiplexing method, and so on.
Page2
Advantages of SDH
Interfaces
PDH electrical interfaces
Only 3 regional standards: European (2.048 Mb/s), Japanese, North American (1.544 Mb/s)
Page3
Disadvantages of PDH
Multiplexing methods: Level by level
140 Mb/s 34 Mb/s 8 Mb/s 8 Mb/s 34 Mb/s 140 Mb/s
Demultiplexers
Multiplexers
2 Mb/s
Not suitable for huge-volume transmission Headache for network planners
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
More equipment to achieve this functionality More equipment More floor space More power
Page4
More costs
Advantages of SDH
Multiplexing methods: byte interleaved
STM-1 A
A
STM-1 B
B
4:1
STM-4
C STM-1
D STM-1
--- Multistage pointer to align PDH loads in SDH frame, thus, dynamic drop-and-insert capabilities
Page5
Advantages of SDH
OAM function
PDH
In the frame structure of PDH signals, there are few overhead bytes used for OAM. Weak OAM function
SDH
Abundant overheads bytes for OAM Remote & Centralized Management Fast circuit provisioning from centralized point
Page6
Advantages of SDH
Compatibility
STM-N Transmit Receive STM-N
Processing Container
SDH Network
Container
Processing
Pack
PDH SDH ATM Ethernet
Unpack
PDH SDH ATM Service Signal Flow Model Ethernet
Page7
Complex mechanism of pointer justification Influence of excessive use of software on system security
Page8
Contents
1. SDH Overview 2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods 3. Overheads & Pointers
Page9
2.
3. 4.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
270 Columns
9 rows
Three parts:
SOH AU-Pointer Information Payload
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Information Payload
9 rows
9 270 Columns
Page11
LPOH, TU-PTR
RSOH AU-PTR
9 rows
package
HPOH
1
Payload
package
MSOH
LPOH, TU-PTR
9 270 Columns
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Data package
Page12
AU-PTR MSOH
Information
9 rows
Payload
9 270 Columns
Page13
RSOH
4 AU-PTR
Information Payload
9 rows
MSOH
J 1
9 270 Columns
Page14
Page15
AUG-64
1 1 1
AUG-16 AUG-4
4 1 4 1
AU-4-64c
VC-4-64c
C-4-64c
AU-4-16c AU-4-4c
VC-4-16c VC-4-4c
C-4-16c C-4-4c
STM-1
AUG-1
4 1
AU-4
VC-4
C-4
3
Mapping Aligning Multiplexing
E4 signal
TUG-3
1
TUG-2
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
E3 signal
Go to glossary
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
E1 signal
Page16
VC4 1 Next
140M
9 Mapping 1 125
9 125
260
261
Page17
Page18
9 1 125
84
85
Page19
10
Fill gap
Aligning
Multiplexing
Page20
C12 1
2M
Add LPOH
Add TU-PTR 9
Mapping
Aligning
Page21
11
Multiplexing
Multiplexing
Page22
Questions
What are the main parts of SDH Frame structure? What is the transmission rate of STM-4? How to calculate it ?
Page23
12
Contents
1. SDH Overview 2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods 3. Overheads & Pointers
Page24
Overheads
Overheads
Page25
13
Overheads
1 1
RSOH
2 A1 B2
3 A1 B2
4 A2 E1 D2 K1 D5 D8 D11
5 A2 AU-PTR
6 A2
7 J0 F1 D3 K2 D6 D9 D12
8 X X
9 X X
10 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 HPOH: VC-3/4
A1 B1 D1 B2 D4 D7 S1
2 3 4 5 6 7 9
MSOH
8 D10
M1
E2
V5 J2 N2 K4
LPOH: VC-11/12
Page26
A1 and A2 Bytes
Framing Bytes
Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame Bytes are unscrambled A1 = f6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000)
STM-N
STM-N
Page27
14
A1 and A2 Bytes
Frame N over 625 s (5 frames)
Find A1,A2 Y
Next process
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page28
AIS
D1 ~ D12 Bytes
Data Communications Channel (DCC) Bytes
RS-DCC D1 ~ D3 192 Kbit/s (3x64 Kbit/s) MS-DCC D4 ~ D12 576 Kbit/s (9x64 Kbit/s)
NE
NE DCC channel
NE
NE
TMN
Page29
15
E1 and E2 Bytes
Orderwire Bytes
E1 RS Orderwire Byte E2 MS Orderwire Byte Used between regenerators Used between multiplexers
NE
NE E1 and E2
NE
NE
Page30
B1 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte
A parity code (even parity) Used to check the transmission errors over the RS B1 BBE is represented by RS-BBE (performance event)
B1 STM-N
Rx
BIP-8
1#STM-N
B Calculate B
2#STM-N
B 01011010
2#STM-N
B1 = B
1#STM-N
Page31
16
B2 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (MS BIP-24) Byte
BIP-24 is used to check the bit errors over the MS B2 BBE is represented by MS-BBE (performance event) The working mechanism of B2 is same as B1
Page32
M1 Byte
Multiplexing Section Remote Error Indication Byte
A return message from Rx to Tx ,when Rx find B2 bit errors Value is the same as the count of BIP-24xN (B2) bit errors Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-FEBBE
Traffic Tx Rx
17
I I
WTR
S P
WTR P
Page34
110
Return MS-RDI
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page35
18
S1 Byte
Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSB): S1
b1 ~ b4 b5 ~ b8 Value indicates the external clock ID (Extended SSM) Value indicates the sync. Level (Standard SSM)
bits 5 ~ 8
0000 0010 0100 1000 1011 1111
Description
Quality unknown (existing sync. Network) G.811 PRC SSU-A (G.812 transit) SSU-B (G.812 local) G.813 (Sync. Equipment Timing Clock) Do not use for sync (DNU).
Page36
Path Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
J1 VC-n Path Trace Byte Path BIP-8 Path Signal Label Path Status Path User Channel TU Multiframe Indication Path User Channel AP Switching Network Operator B3 C2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A UP T R M S O H
G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
19
J1 Byte
Path trace byte
Detect J1
The first byte of VC-4 User-programmable (HUAWEI SBS) The received J1 should match the expected J1
HP-TIM Next process
Match
Page38
B3 Byte
Path bit parity
Even parity code Used to detect bit errors Mechanism is same as B1 and B2
Verify B3
Correct
HP-BBE
Next process
Page39
20
C2 Byte
Signal label byte
The received C2 should match with the expected C2 Specifies the mapping type in the VC-n
00 H 02 H 13 H Unequipped TUG structure ATM mapping
Next process HP-SLM Detect C2
N Y N
00H
Match
HP-UNEQ
Page40
Path Overheads
V5
Indicated by TU-PTR Error checking, Signal Label and Path Status of VC-12
b1 - b2 Error Performance
VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 1 1 V5 Low Order Path Overhead 4 J2 N2 K4
in VC-12 (LP-RDI)
s VC-12 multi-frame
Page41
21
Pointers
Pointers
Bytes indicated
Administrative Tributary
J1 J1 V5
Page42
AU-PTR
1
RSOH
H1YYH2FF H3H3H3
MSOH
0 --- 1--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86 87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
9 1
RSOH
435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 125 s 522 --- 523 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 608 696 --- 697 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 782
H1YYH2FFH3H3H3
MSOH
0 --- 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86 87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
9 1 9
435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 250 s 270
Page43
22
TU-PTR
TU Multi-frame 500 1 H1 TU POINTERS H2 H3 VC3 1 4
VC12
VC12
VC12
VC12
V1
V2
V3
V4
TU POINTERS
Page44
Questions
Which byte is used to report the MS-AIS and MS-RDI? What is the mechanism for R-LOF generation? Which byte implements the RS (MS/HP) error monitoring?
Page45
23
Summary
SDH Overview Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods Overheads & Pointers
Page46
Thank you
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