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Chapter #9: The Confederation and the Constitution Big Picture Ideas 1.

. The Articles of Confederation, the first government set up after the American Revolution, was structured out of fear of a too-strong government. Therefore, the Articles were very weak on purpose. 2. Two things showed the Articles as being too weak to the point of being sterile: (a) it could not regulate commerce and the money situation was growing dim fast and (b) Shays Rebellion frightened many to the possibility that mobs might just take over and the government might be too weak to stop them. Due to these reasons, the Constitutional Convention was held. 3. The Constitution was written as something of a balancing act between strengthening the government, yet making sure it doesnt get too strong to take over. The resulting government was indeed stronger, but also a system of checks and balances were put into place to ensure no one branch becomes like the king had been. 4. After some negotiating, mostly with the promise of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was ratified. IDENTIFICATIONS: John Lockes Second Treatise of Government

This was a call by John Locke for forming a government made by the people so that it could protect their property.

Federalist #10

This was one of a series of propaganda papers from the Federalist to gain support for ratifying the Constitution. #10 was the most famous because it went against popular beliefs back then that a large republic would be a futile effort. Republican Government This is a democratic government based on representatives elected by the public managing the government. Land Ordinance of 1785

This was a law stating that the Old Northwest territory must be sold to help cover the national debt. From there, it must be surveyed to prevent mishaps, then divided into towns, with the 16th area for every 36 towns reserved for a school. Land Ordinance of 1787

This was a law saying that a territory would be controlled by the government in two different phases until when it could get 60, 000 inhabitants. Then the territory could be reviewed for statehood. Slavery was abolished.

Necessary and Proper Clause

AKA the Elastic Clause, which meant that the government can bend the rules of the Constitution whenever necessary, such as in times of crisis. Hamilton used this as an excuse to establish the National Bank.

Federalist Papers

These were a group of papers aimed toward gaining support of ratifying the Constitution.

Shays Rebellion This was a Rebellion led by Daniel Shay aimed towards preventing the government from taking away veterans lands and protesting against corruption. Annapolis Convention

This was a gathering of nine states where Alexander Hamilton called for a meeting again later in Philadelphia to edit the Articles. Philadelphia Convention AKA the Constitutional Convention, this is where delegates scrapped the Articles and created the Constitution.

Delegated Powers This is where the people give certain powers to a branch of a government willingly.

English Traditions

Limited Govt
Magna Carta 1215 Bill of Rights 1689 Balance of power b/t King and Parliment

Colonial Governments Right to vote Natural rights philosophy Separation of powers


Checks and balances

Influe nc e s on The U. S Cons titution


NY State Constitution
Included Bill of Rights First popularly elected executive Right to petition Right to vote
The Iroquois Confederacy Peace, justice, power of good minds

Indians can do it, so can we

Reserved Powers AKA the Bill of Rights, these are rights that cannot be taken away in any way.

Concurrent Powers These are powers that both the federal and state governments can use.

Supremacy Clause This is where if two laws are conflicting with one another in a state, then the federal laws take precedent.

Anti-Federalists These were the group of men opposed to the creation of the Constitution, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. They eventually became the Democratic-Republicans. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Pursuit of Equality Know: Leveling, Society of the Cincinnati, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Abigail Adams, Republican Motherhood, John Singleton Copley 1. What social changes resulted from the American Revolution?

Church and state were separated, a Republican motherhood was born, men with property were able to vote.

Constitution Making in the States Know: State Constitutions, Fundamental Law 2. What was the importance of the state constitutions?

State Constitutions guaranteed States their rights and the prevention of Congress gaining too much power.

Economic Crosscurrents Know: Navigation Laws, Empress of China, Speculation 3. What were the positive and negative effects of the war on America?

The war on America gained its people freedom from Britain, but at the same time it left a huge job of creating a national government.

A Shaky Start toward Union Know: Natural Rights 4. Why was the end of the war difficult on the national government? At the end of the war, the British demanded all of the payments owed before the Revolution, creating a foreign debt. Then, they found out that they had a huge domestic debt to settle.

Creating a Confederation Know: Sovereignty, Articles of Confederation 5. What forces served to unify the separate states during the war? The states were unified by promises of freedom from an oppressive government, economic prosperity, and taxation by representation, as well as a sense of being American.

The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution 6. What weaknesses plagued the Articles of Confederation? What was good about it?

The Articles of Confederation made the government very weak, to the point of uselessness, but at the same time this made sure the government was not too strong. Landmarks in Land Laws Know: Old Northwest, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 7. Explain the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance.

The Land Ordinance of 1785 helped pay off the national debt as well as expand American borders, while the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 helped to create future states from the Old NorthWest Territory.

The World's Ugly Duckling Know: Natchez, Dey of Algiers 8. Using examples, explain the title of this section.

Britain was waging indirect war against the colonies through taxes, imports, squatting, etc, and Spain was limiting American borders and attacking with the Indians. The French demanded their money back, and pirates were sinking American ships. Overall, everyone was bullying the lone ugly duckling.

The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Know: Shay's Rebellion, Mobocracy 9. Were the United States of America in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation? Explain. Yes, as the government was so weak that it could not manage itself, likewise handle any problem that came its way without violating the Articles.

A Convention of "Demigods" Know: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry 10. What kind of men gathered in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising" the old government?

Great political leaders such as George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Hamilton gathered to edit the Articles, but instead knew that they had to create something better.

Patriots in Philadelphia 11. How does George Washington's quote, "We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation." help to explain the purposes of our founding fathers. George Washingtons quote helps to explain that the founding fathers had expected the people to simply comply with any reasonable laws thrown their way, but were aghast, as supported by Shays and the Whiskey Rebellion.

Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises Know: Virginia (large state) Plan, Bicameral Legislature, New Jersey (small state) Plan, Great Compromise, Electoral College, Three-fifths Compromise 12. Describe the compromises that were achieved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention.

The delegates agreed to a bicameral legislative house; one would be based on representation by population, the House of Representatives, and the other would have 2 votes for each state regardless of population, the Senate. Also, regarding whether or not slaves could vote, a 3/5th compromise was made where slaves only counted 3/5th of a vote.

Safeguards for Conservatism Know: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers 13. How democratic was the Constitution as originally written? The Constitution was originally very conservative, as the only democratic elements in there were the ideas of the government being made by the people, and a limited government. The Clash of Federalists and Anti- federalists Know: Anti- federalists, Federalists 14. Who were the anti- federalists and why did they oppose the Constitution?

The anti-federalists were a group of common men who were more democratic. They did not like the Constitution either, because it was too restrictive and gave too much power to the upperclasses.

The Great Debate in the States 15. Did most of the states approve of the Constitution? Why? No, because many people did not agree with it, and there was a complicated process of approval.

The Four Laggard States Know: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist 16. Explain some of the opposition to ratification of the Constitution? It would have given too much power to the government, creating another British Monarchy. Also, it was stifling the statess rights.

A Conservative Triumph 17. What does your text mean when it says that the Constitution, "...elevated the ideals of the Revolution even while setting boundaries to them."?

It means that the Constitution based its policies on Revolutionary ideals, but capped them so that they wouldnt get out of hand.

Chapter #10: Launching the New Ship of State Big Picture Ideas 1. Alexander Hamilton, get the U.S. on a solid foothold. With the Bill of Rights quickly ratified, the top problem the new nation faced was financial in nature. 2. Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton developed a plan that included (a) starting a national tariff, (b) starting a tax on whiskey, (c) setting up a national bank, and (d) paying off the national debt. 3. Politics quickly fell into two camps: (a) those who followed Thomas Jefferson became the Democratic-Republicans and (b) those who followed Alexander Hamilton became the Federalists. 4. Turmoil broke out Europe with the French Revolution, mostly between England and France. The U.S. nearly got sucked into European issues, but both Washington and John Adams kept the America out of war. This was best for the U.S. IDENTIFICATIONS: Washingtons Cabinet This was a group of men chosen to run the government and assist the President, Washington. Judiciary Act of 1789 This was an act that created the Supreme Court for handling cases that drifted between multiple jurisdictions and appointing justices and the attorney general. Federalists They were rich, upperclass men who supported the Constitution.

Democratic-Republicans They were unified Anti-Federalists who favored more democratic ways of governance.

Hamiltons vision vs. Jeffersons vision

Hamilton envisioned paying off the entire debt and an elastic clause and creating an Industrial Revolution-esque nation, while Jefferson called for an absolute following of the Constitution.

Report on Manufactures and Report on the Public Credit These were reports by Hamilton that explained his version of a future United States. Jays Treaty This was a treaty made by John Jay that ended up giving more to England than to America. Pinckneys Treaty This was a deal for the Americans from Spain as a result of Jays Treaty. Washingtons Farewell Address This was Washingtons goodbye when he left office and his warning of no permanent alliances and meddling in foreign affairs.

Midnight appointments These were last-minute appointments made by John Adams at the time of his defeat for the Presidency. Revolution of 1800 This was an election for the presidency between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.

Judiciary Act of 1801 This was an act that lowered the number of seat in the Supreme Court from 6 to 5. This was XYZ Affair This was an affair where French middlemen prevented John Marshall from seeing Talleyrand to discuss negotiations. Chisholm v Georgia This is the first important US court case, which established the 11th amendment.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Washington for President Know: George Washington, Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox 1. Was Washington an important president? Explain.

Yes, as he was key to keeping the Constitutional Convention together and justifying the creation of a Constitution.

The Bill of Rights Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay 2. What important steps were taken by the first congress? They made a Bill of Right which was filled with a list of unalterable rights.

Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts 3. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia? Virginia was convinced to agree with our progress, in return for putting the capital on the Pontimac River, now called the District of Columiba.

Customs Duties and Excise Taxes Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes 4. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America.

Hamilton wanted American to be an Industrial country with lots of trade.

Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause 5. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton?

It helped clarify what position the two had.

Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania

Know: Whiskey Rebellion 6. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain. It was a victory for order, since the government gained respect afterwards.

The Emergence of Political Parties Know: Factions, Parties 7. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad? They developed because they couldnt agree with each other.

The Impact of the French Revolution Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror 8. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of DemocraticRepublicans and Federalists?

It showed how far both sides were wiling to go.

Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet 9. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation. Washingtons neutrality is meant for isolationism and no meddling in foreign affairs.

Embroilments with Britain Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville 10. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans?

They made them really angry and vehement for harassment.

Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address 11. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty. Inadvertedly, John Jay screwed everyone over.

John Adams Becomes President Know: John Adams, High Federalists 12. What handicaps did John Adams face as he became president? He had to fill in Washingtons shoes and take care of a messy Congress.

Unofficial Fighting with France Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute 13. What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century?

The French Revolutions, and the war with Britain.

Adams Puts Patriotism above Party Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 1800 14. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career?

By not going to war with France, Adams ended up increasing the foreign debt.

The Federalist Witch Hunt Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act

15.

Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.

The Alien Acts were to prevent immigrants from voting, and the Sedition Acts were to create absolute support for the Federalists.

The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification 16. Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain.

Neither, as they both contributed to its growth.

Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans 17. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans? The Federalists wanted a strong government, while the Democratic Republicans were more for a weaker government ruled more by the people.

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