Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Review
Chapters
1-6
What
is
Thermodynamics?
Science
of
Energy!
Laws
of
Thermodynamics
Zero-th
the
original
two
bodies
are
also
in
equilibrium
First
If
two
bodies
are
in
equilibrium
with
a
third
body,
Energy
cannot
be
created
or
destroyed
during
a
process,
it
can
only
change
forms
The
entropy
of
an
isolated
system
never
decreases
AND
Heat
always
moves
from
an
area
of
higher
temperature
to
an
area
of
lower
temperature
Kelvin-Plank
statement,
Clausius
statement,
Carnot
principles
Second
Third
The entropy of a system of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero
! = U + KE + PE!
Transfer
of
Energy
In
order
for
energy
of
a
system
to
change,
energy
must
be
transferred
across
the
boundaries
of
the
system
3
forms:
! = Q + W + !!"## !
Standard Sign ConvenEon (+) Heat transfer to a system and work done by a system (-) Heat transfer from a system and work done on a system Work done by a system this energy must come out of the system Work done on a system the energy is transferred to the system
Easier ConvenEon Use in and out Assume a direcEon and if the sign is negaEve, ip it!
The energy transfer of a system during a process is equal to the sum of the heat, work, and mass ow that crosses the boundaries of a system during a process
This means the change in energy of a system must also equal the energy transferred across its boundaries!
Example
An
escalator
in
a
shopping
center
is
designed
to
move
30
people,
75
kg
each,
at
a
constant
speed
of
0.8
m/s
at
a
slope
of
45.
Determine
the
minimum
power
input
needed
to
drive
the
escalator.
12.5
kW
Mechanical
Energy
The
form
of
energy
that
can
be
converted
to
mechanical
work
completely
and
directly
by
an
ideal
mechanical
device
(i.e.
an
ideal
pump
or
turbine)
Related
to
uid
ow
The
pressure
changes
from
the
machines
being
used
to
move
the
uid
through
the
system
PotenEal
Energy
KineEc
Energy
Flow Energy
Mechanical
Energy
Rate
of
Mechanical
Energy
Rate
of
Work
(Power)
work
done
per
unit
Bme
(J/s)
*The
amount
of
work
it
takes
to
move
the
uid
must
be
equal
to
the
change
in
the
mechanical
energy
of
the
uid.
If
the
uid
isnt
moving,
then
there
is
no
work
from
the
pump
and
also
no
energy
change.
Example
A
fan
is
to
accelerate
quiescent
air
to
a
velocity
of
8
m/s
at
a
rate
of
9
m3/s.
Determine
the
minimum
power
that
must
be
supplied
to
the
fan
if
the
density
of
air
is
1.18
kg/m3.
340
W
Solid
Liquid
Vapor
Steam
well
above
the
transiEon
temperature
(at
1
atm
this
is
100C)
is
known
as:
Superheated
Vapor
-
A
vapor
that
is
not
about
to
condense
The temperature at which water boils is dependent on the pressure. If the pressure is xed than the water will always boil at a certain temperature. True or False: Water boils at 100 C and 1 atm? TRUE
Who
doesnt
love
property
tables???
Example:
You
have
a
water
at
a
temperature
of
80C
and
a
pressure
of
60
kPa.
What
phase
is
the
water
in?
Compressed
Liquid
Who
doesnt
love
property
tables???
Example:
You
have
saturated
vapor
water
at
a
temperature
of
115C.
What
is
the
specic
volume?
1.0360
m3/kg
Who
doesnt
love
property
tables???
Example:
You
have
superheated
water
at
pressure
of
0.3
MPa
and
temperature
of
225C.
What
is
the
internal
energy
of
the
water?
2689.95
kJ/kg
Remember
interpolaEon!!!
x x0 y = y0 + ( y1 y0 ) x1 x0
Who
doesnt
love
property
tables???
Example:
You
have
water
at
250
kPa
and
an
entropy
of
6.8
kJ/kg*K.
What
is
the
quality
of
the
water?
x
=
0.954
Remember
that
for
saturated
mixes:
yavg = y f + xy fg
Wb =
P dV
1
The area under the process path represents the boundary work.
Example
A
fricEonless
piston-cylinder
device
iniEally
c o n t a i n s
5 0
L
o f
s a t u r a t e d
l i q u i d
refrigerant-134a.
The
piston
is
free
to
move,
and
its
mass
is
such
that
it
maintains
a
pressure
of
500
kPa
on
the
refrigerant.
The
refrigerant
is
now
heated
unEl
its
temperature
rises
to
70
C.
Calculate
the
work
done
during
this
process.
Wb
=
1600
kJ
Q W = Esystem
where
Example
A
mass
of
15
kg
of
air
in
a
piston-cylinder
device
is
heated
from
25
to
77C
by
passing
current
through
a
resistance
heater
inside
the
cylinder.
The
pressure
inside
the
cylinder
is
held
constant
at
300
kPa
during
the
process,
and
a
heat
loss
of
60
kJ
occurs.
Determine
the
electric
energy
supplied
in
kJ.
We
=
845
kJ
Enthalpy
(h
or
H)
Is
a
combinaEon
property
of
internal
energy
and
pressure
x
volume
This
combinaEon
of
properEes
was
used
so
oren
it
became
a
property
of
its
own
The
enthalpy
of
vaporizaEon
is
the
amount
of
energy
need
to
vaporize
a
unit
of
mass
of
saturated
liquid
at
a
given
temperature
or
pressure
Denoted
by
hfg
h = u + Pv H = U + PV
Example
Steam
enters
a
nozzle
at
400C
and
800
kPa
with
a
velocity
of
10
m/s,
and
leaves
at
300C
and
200
kPa
while
losing
heat
at
a
rate
of
25
kW.
For
an
inlet
area
of
800
cm2,
determine
the
velocity
and
the
volume
ow
rate
of
the
steam
at
the
nozzle
exit.
606
m/s
and
2.74
m3/s
Example
An
adiabaEc
gas
turbine
expands
air
at
1300
kPa
and
500C
to
100
kPa
and
127C.
Air
enters
the
turbine
through
a
0.2
m2
opening
with
an
average
velocity
of
40
m/s,
and
exhausts
through
a
1
m2
opening.
Determine
the
mass
ow
rate
of
air
through
the
turbine
and
the
power
produced
by
the
turbine.
46.9
kg/s
and
18.3
MW
Specic
Heats
If
we
have
a
staEonary,
closed
system:
E = U
So
the
change
in
temperature
and
U
are
related,
through
specic
heat:
h " u "
Cv =
$ T #v
Cp =
$ T # p
*note that these hold for any process, even if they are not constant volume or pressure, that was just how they were originally calculated
The
deniEon
of
the
2nd
law
is
not
limited
to
a
single
statement,
and
many
deniEons
are
presented
based
on
the
case
they
are
describing
In
general
the
2nd
law
describes
whether
or
not
a
thermodynamic
process
is
possible
Quality
of
a
process
Uses
entropy
(s)
Looks
at
eciencies
of
a
system
nd 2 Law of Thermo
QuanEes
the
level
of
perfecEon
in
a
system,
allowing
for
the
discovery
of
ineciencies
We
can
look
at
the
eciencies
or
performance
of
devices
Heat
engines
Refrigerators
Heat
pumps
Thermal
Eciency
What
is
thermal
eciency?
How
eciently
is
heat
transferred
to
work
-
usually
in
regard
to
a
heat
engine
Thermal
Eciency
=
Net
Work
Output/Total
Heat
Input
or
Qout th = 1 Qin
Thermal
Eciency
Oren
the
heat
transfer
of
a
cyclic
device
is
heat
in
from
a
high-temp
medium
and
heat
out
to
a
low- temp
medium.
When
this
is
the
case
Q
can
be
described
as:
QH
=
magnitude
of
heat
transfer
between
cyclic
device
and
the
high-temp
medium
at
TH
(source)
QL
=
magnitude
of
heat
transfer
between
cyclic
device
and
the
low-temp
medium
at
TL
(sink)
Wnet. out th = QH
or
QL th = 1 QH
Example
A
steam
power
plant
with
a
power
output
of
150
MW
consumes
coal
at
a
rate
of
60
kg/h.
If
the
heaEng
value
of
the
coal
is
30,000
kJ/kg,
determine
the
overall
eciency
of
this
plant.
30.0%
Refrigerators
Eciency
of
refrigerators
is
called
coecient
of
performance
(COPR)
This
is
measured
by
the
amount
of
heat
removed
from
the
refrigerated
space
over
the
amount
of
work
required
to
do
so
QL COPR = Wnet,in
or
1 COPR = QH / QL 1
Heat
Pumps
Eciency
of
a
heat
pump
is
also
dened
through
the
coecient
of
performance
(COPHP)
QH COPHP = Wnet,in
or
1 COPHP = QL / QH 1
*NOTE
COPHP = COPR + 1
Example
A
household
refrigerator
with
a
COP
of
1.2
removes
heat
from
the
refrigerated
space
at
a
rate
of
60
kJ/min.
Determine
the
electric
power
consumed
by
the
refrigerator,
and
the
rate
of
heat
transferred
to
the
kitchen
air.
0.83
kW
and
110
kJ/min
Carnot
Eciency
The
Carnot
eciency
is
the
highest
eciency
a
heat
engine
operaEng
between
the
two
thermal
energy
reservoirs
at
temperatures
TL
and
TH
TL th = 1 TH
Lets
say
you
have
engine
X:
If
x
=
th
the
engine
is
reversible
If
x
<
th
the
engine
is
irreversible
If
x
>
th
the
engine
is
impossible
1 COPR = TH / TL 1
1 1 TL / TH
COPHP =