Snowbird DS13

Mezi Research Group Mezi Research Group
Building Energy Efficiency using

Koopman Operator Methods
Michael Georgescu
Igor Mezi
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of California, Santa Barbara
SIAM Conference on Dynamical Systems
Snowbird, UT
May 20th, 2013
U.S. Energy Use
Buildings
(~40% of Energy)
Monday, May 20, 2013 SIAM Conference on Dynamical Systems, May 2013
1/11
U.S. Energy Use
Buildings
(~40% of Energy)
1/11
HVAC
(Almost 50%)
Introduction
A typical building / virtual model can contain 1000
different outputs (measured or simulated)
Data is collected at 5 30 minute intervals
Outputs include: temperature, airflow, energy
consumption, or comfort
Due to the dimensions (temporal and spatial) of data,
analysis is difficult
Koopman modes allow aggregate data at physically
significant time-scales to be studied
Analysis facilitates: fault detection, zoning, or model
calibration
2/11
The Koopman Operator
) (
1 j j
x f x =
+
) ( )) ( ( ) (
1 +
= =
j j j
x g x f g x Ug
Given a finite dimensional nonlinear system
(e.g. a building simulation)
with output
The Koopman operator, U, is defined as:
Spectral properties of the Koopman operator are used to study the evolution of
observables produced by building simulations or building data
[Mezi 2005, Nonlinear Dynamics]
M M f :
where
M g :
The infinite dimensional, linear operator captures nonlinear, finite-
dimensional dynamics
Because the operator is unitary on the attractor, it can be studied through a
spectral decomposition
3/11
Koopman Modes
4/11
From this expression for , are a set of vectors called Koopman
modes, and are coefficients of the projections of observables onto the
eigenfunctions of the Koopman operator.
=1
} {
k k
v
) (x g
=
=
1
) ( ) (
k
k k k
v x x g
Observables can be projected onto eigenfunctions, ,
with associated eigenvalues
e
k
M
k
:
For the operator, eigenfunctions can be calculated
satisfying the eigenvalue equation
k k k
U =
is in the span of eigenfunctions if is within the attracting set ) (x g
0
x
Koopman Modes
5/11
) ( )) ( (
1
lim
)) ( (
1
lim ) (
* 2
1
0
) 1 ( 2 2
1
0
2 *
x g e x f g e
n
e
x f g e
n
x Ug
i
n
j
j
j i
n
i
n
j
j
j i
n
e
te e t te
e t
e
=
+

=

= =
=
) 5 . 0 , 5 . 0 [ e e
te 2 i
e
*
g is a Fourier average
are eigenvalues
=

=
1
0
2 *
) (
1
lim ) (
n
j
j
j i
n
x g e
n
x g
e t
e
Note that
Koopman modes are calculated by taking Fourier averages of observables over
the spatial field.
Name:
Location:
Size:
Function:
Levels:
HVAC:
Cost:
scape:
Student Resource Building
Santa Barbara
68,413 Square Feet
University Administration and Multi-functional Spaces
3
Combined mechanical and
natural ventilation
Sasaki Associates, INC.
ARUP
Two years of data collected from building automation system
Building model created in EnergyPlus with parameters
determined from design drawings and measurement
Case Study: Student Resource Building
9/13
Concept
Building Output (Temperature)
Amplitude of Dominant Koopman Modes
24Hr
12Hr
168Hr
(Wk)
6/11
Spectrum of KO
Other Building Management Outputs
Comfort (24Hr) Power Consumption (24Hr)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
P
h
a
s
e
7/11
Example: Model Zoning using KMs
24Hr
During modeling,
approximations are made
Example: Zoning, i.e.,
the division of building
volume into uniform
regions
Using KMs, rooms which
are coherent may be
zoned together
8/11
Results of Zoning Approximations
Error is percentage difference in predicted HVAC energy
As zones are decreased by more than a factor of 2 from
original count, oversimplification begins to occur
9/11
Comparison of Zoning Approximations
F
l
o
o
r

1
10/11
Summary
KMs facilitate spatial analysis
of building data
In zoning example: zones
reduced by a factor of 2 before
error sharply increases
11/11
Model Zoning
Fault Detection
Occupancy Prediction
Thank You
Questions?
mvgeorge@engineering.ucsb.edu
This work was partially funded by Army Research Office Grant
W911NF11-1-0511, with program manager Dr. Sam Stanton
Undergraduate Collaborators:
Erika Eskenazi (B.S. UCSB 12)
Valerie Eacret (B.S. TUFTS 12)
Ruben Diaz (B.S. UCSB 12)
Animation: 24 HR Koopman Mode
7/12

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