Mechanics of Solids

Mechanics of Solids ENS3190/5113
Alireza Mohyeddin
Office: 5-245
Phone: 6304 5201
Email: a.mohyeddin@ecu.edu.au
1
Semester 2 2013
2
Semester 2 2013
Bending/Flexural Stress
LECTURE 6
Semester 2 2013
3
Lecture Objectives
Understand basics of flexural stresses
Understand the basics of beam design
Determine flexural stress in doubly symmetric beams with
inclined loads
Determine maximum stresses in beams due to stress
concentrations
4
Semester 2 2013
Shear force and bending moments at a
given cross section of the beam are in
fact the resultants of shear stresses and
bending stresses at that section.
BENDING IN A STRAIGHT MEMBER
displacement
The deflection diagram of the
longitudinal axis that passes through the
centroid of each cross-sectional area of
the beam is called the elastic curve,
which is characterized by the
displacement and slope along the curve.
5
Semester 2 2013
Pure Bending: Flexure of a beam under a constant bending
moment; in contrast we have nonuniformbending.
Examples of pure bending:
Pure Bending
6
Semester 2 2013
Pure versus nonuniformbending:
So the difference between uniform and nonuniformbending is that in the
case of uniform bending there is no shear stress, and hence we dont have
shear deflections.
Central region in pure
bending
End regions in nonuniform
bending
Pure Bending
7
Semester 2 2013
Consider a straight prismatic beamwith an axis of symmetry, y, under
pure bending. With the direction of the couple (moment) Mshown,
acting in the same plane of y, the length of the upper fibres of the beam
tend to decrease, whereas the length of the fibres of the beam at the
bottom increase. Somewhere in between, called neutral axis the
length doesnt change; therefore, that is where the strain is zero.
Remember: y is a plane of symmetry,
and hence one of the principal axes.
Pure Bending
8
Semester 2 2013
Curvature:
Centre of curvature: draw a line normal to the tangent to the deflected
shape (deflection curve), O
Radius of curvature: the distance m
1
O is the radius of curvature at m
1
:
Curvature : the reciprocal of the radius of curvature:
Pure Bending
9
Semester 2 2013
For small deflections, ie when deflections are very small compared to the
length of the beam (for instance the deflection of a beam in a building or an
automobile), ds can be assumed to be equal to dx and hence:
*We assume beam is in pure bending and hence cross sectional planes remain plane; but results are applicable to when
shear forces are present as well (ie nonuniformbending). Also it can be shown that for pure bending curvature is constant.
Curvature*:
Pure Bending
10
Semester 2 2013
Longitudinal/normal strain in beams:
We can now find L
1
, the length of ef
after bending as:
The stains in a beam under pure bending varies linearly with distance
from the neutral axis regardless of the shape of stress-strain curve.
dx
d =
y
y
dx
dx dx
y
dx
dx
dx L
L
L
x

= =

=
=
) (
1
Pure Bending
11
Semester 2 2013
Longitudinal/normal stress in beams:
Therefore, a longitudinal element in a beam in pure bending is in the state of
uniaxial stress. This stress increases linearly from zero at the location of neutral
axis (surface) to a maximum occurring at points farthest from the neutral axis.
Material behaves in a linear-elastic manner so that Hookes Law
Applies; i.e. = E.
Sign convention similar to what
we used for normal strains (i.e
elongation is positive).
max x
c
y
=
where c is the distance between the neutral
axis and the farthest fibres of the beam.
Pure Bending
12
Semester 2 2013
( )
I
My
I
Mc
dA y
c
M
dA
c
y
y dA y ydF M
A
A A
=
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
= = =

max
2
max
max
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Longitudinal/normal stress in beams:
Pure Bending
13
Semester 2 2013
Because there is no resultant axial
force acting on the cross section:
dA dF
x
=
Hence, the neutral axis (z) passes through the
centroid and is one of the principal axes.
Pure Bending
Location of neutral axis:
EXAMPLE 1
The cross-sectional area of the simply supported beam in shown below.
Determine the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam and draw
the stress distribution over the cross section at this location.
EXAMPLE 1
The maximum internal moment in the beam, 22.5 kN.m, occurs at the
centre.
By reasons of symmetry, the neutral axis passes through the centroidC
at the mid-height of the beam.
Solutions
( )
( )( ) ( )( )( ) | | ( )( ) | |
( )
( )( )
( )
(Ans) MPa 7 . 12
10 3 . 301
17 . 0 10 5 . 22
;
m 10 3 . 301
3 . 0 02 . 0 16 . 0 02 . 0 25 . 0 02 . 0 25 . 0 2
6
3
4 6
3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2
= = =
=
+ + =
+ =
D
D
D
I
My
Ad I I

EXAMPLE 1
A three-dimensional view of the stress distribution is shown below.
At point B:
Solutions
( )( )
( )
MPa 2 . 11
10 3 . 301
15 . 0 10 5 . 22
;
6
3
= = =

B
B
B
I
My

17
Semester 2 2013
I
Mc
=
max
If c
1
=c
2
Design of Beams
18
Semester 2 2013
Section modulus:
S is called section modulus and is used for design purposes.
The advantage of using S is that it combines two section
properties, I and c. This quantity can be found in handbooks
and design books for different sections. However, it can be
calculated based on the dimensions of the section. As for
design, by knowing the maximum moment (coming from the
BMD of the beam) a well as the allowable stress (based on the
material that we are using), we can then determine the
dimensions of the beam, or in other words design the beam:
Design of Beams
19
Semester 2 2013
Compare a square section (b = h) with
a circular section of the same area:
(/4)d
2
= h
2
h = (/2) d
Design of Beams
20
Semester 2 2013
Design of Beams
If we place half of the area (of a rectangular cross section) at top
and the other half at the bottom:
Compare with what we have
for the rectangular shape:
21
Semester 2 2013
Design of Beams
Some of cross sections used for members in bending:
22
Semester 2 2013
Doubly SYMMETRIC beams with inclined loads:
y
y
z
z
I
z M
I
y M
+ =
= +
=
+
External loads pass through the centroid of the cross section
The section is double symmetric
Principle of
superposition:
23
Semester 2 2013
y z
z y
y
y
z
z
y
y
z
z
I M
I M
z
y
I
z M
I
y M
I
z M
I
y M
=
=
= + = 0
Location of neutral axis
Neutral axis passes through C and is somewhere between the vectors
depicting M
y
and M
z
.
For the points on the neutral axis, is zero,
hence:
24
Semester 2 2013
Location of neutral axis
tan tan
y
Z
y z
z y
I
I
I M
I M
z
y
= = =
This means that for most cases the neutral axis is the two angles and are
not equal, and hence the neutral axis is not perpendicular to the plane of load.
EXAMPLE 2
The rectangular cross section shown below is subjected to a bending moment of
12 kN.m. Determine the normal stress developed at each corner of the section,
and specify the orientation of the neutral axis.
EXAMPLE 2
The moment is resolved into its y and z components, where
The moments of inertia about the y and z axes are
Solutions
( )
( ) m kN 20 . 7 12
5
3
m kN 60 . 9 12
5
4
= =
= =
z
y
M
M
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
4 3
3
4 3
3
m 10 067 . 1 4 . 0 2 . 0
12
1
m 10 2667 . 0 2 . 0 4 . 0
12
1
= =
= =
z
y
I
I
EXAMPLE 2
For bending stress,
Solutions
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
(Ans) MPa 95 . 4
10 2667 . 0
1 . 0 10 6 . 9
10 067 . 1
2 . 0 10 2 . 7
(Ans) MPa 25 . 2
10 2667 . 0
1 . 0 10 6 . 9
10 067 . 1
2 . 0 10 2 . 7
(Ans) MPa 95 . 4
10 2667 . 0
1 . 0 10 6 . 9
10 067 . 1
2 . 0 10 2 . 7
(Ans) MPa 25 . 2
10 2667 . 0
1 . 0 10 6 . 9
10 067 . 1
2 . 0 10 2 . 7
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
=

+
=
=
=
=
+ =
=

+ =
+ =

E
D
C
B
y
z
z
z
I
z M
I
y M

EXAMPLE 2
Solutions
( )
( )
(Ans) 4 . 79 )
3
4
(
10 2667 . 0
10 067 . 1
tan
tan tan
3
3
= =
=

y
z
I
I
specify the angle that the axis makes
with the z or maximum principal axis.
29
Semester 2 2013
Stress concentration (pure bending):
I
Mc
K =
max

EXAMPLE 3
The transition in the cross-sectional area of the steel bar is achieved using
shoulder fillets. If the bar is subjected to a bending moment of 5 kNm,
determine the maximum normal stress developed in the steel. The yield stress
is
Y
= 500 MPa
EXAMPLE 3
From the geometry of the bar,
Thus K is 1.45 and we have
This result indicates that the steel remains elastic since the stress
is below the yield stress (500 MPa).
Solutions
5 . 1
80
120
2 . 0
80
16
= = = =
h
w
h
r
( )
( )( )
( )( )
MPa 340
08 . 0 02 . 0
12
1
04 . 0 5
45 . 1
3
max
=
(
= =
I
Mc
K

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Mechanics of Solids ENS3190/5113

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

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