ABSTRACT

In the end of August 2013 University of Sargodha Department of Geology arranged a study tour for Geology 6th semester for studying practical work regarding earth science. According to the schedule of tour we studied the geological area of Eastern Salt Range, ,and Hazara Area,Wahali area,Slohi area,Kotli sayadian. During our field we studied various geological and geomorphic features.Differentfeatures like bedding style,succesion, Road features and Mapping of ohghi,,wahali area,khewra choa saiden shah road and various effect of weathering.Geologically Pakistan is very fascinating country where rocks of allagesfrom Precambrian to the recent age are found in the logical sequence in its Punjab Province that is why the salt range is called The world Geological Museum.

Introduction
1.1:Salt Range
The hill ranges making the Southern boundary of Potwar Plateau lying between the river Indus in the west and river Jehlum in the east is called Salt Range. The Salt Range is a hill system in the Punjab province of Pakistan, deriving its name from its extensive deposits of rock salt. The range extends from the Jhelum River to the Indus, across the northern portion of the Punjab province. The Salt Range contains the great mines of Mayo, Khewra, Warcha and Kalabagh which yield vast supplies of salt. Coal of a medium quality is also found. Sakaser and Tilla Jogian are the highest peaks of Salt Range. Khabikki Lake and Uchhali Lake are the lakes of Salt Range. The area displays some excellent geological exposures in valley and gorges representing geological history from 600m years to recent and therefore is known as field museum of Geology. The Salt Range exposes a good sedimentary succession but has a long gap between the Cambrian and the Upper Carboniferous, and short gaps below the Upper Jurassic, below the Eocene, and below the Upper Oligocene. The Saline Series with its associated salt, marl, gypsum, dolomite, and oil-shale beds is exposed all along the Salt Range. The salt beds attain a maximum thickness of 800 feet. The Saline Series occupies various stratigraphic positions, and its contacts with the other formations are highly disturbed and brecciated, presumably as a result of thrusting. Geologically the Salt range is famous for the rocks exposed from 600 million years old to present i.e. from Cambrian to recent with the

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absence of Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian over a distance of few kilometers. Salt Range is divided into three parts. i. ii. iii. Eastern Salt Range: Eastern Salt Range is from Jehlum to Chakwal. Central Salt Range: Central Salt Range is from Chakwal to Khushab. Western Salt Range: Western Salt Range is from Khushab to Mianwali

1.3:Hazara Area
The Hazara Arc, a NE-SW trending crescent shaped trough, forms the western border of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxes. It is the northernmost extremity of the sedimentary succession along the northwestern margin of the Indian Plate. Its northern margin is bounded by the Panjal Thrust which separates its sedimentary geology from the low grade metamorphic. It is separated from the neighboring Potwar Basin on its southern side, by the Murree Fault (MBT). The town Balakot, a gateway to the Higher Himalaya, forms the northern tip of Hazara Arc. The main highway from Rawalpindi to Peshawar is the dividing line between the western limit of Hazara Arc and the E-W trending Kala Chitta Range at a location where the mountainous belt is abruptly rising above the Potwar Basin. The geological history of the Hazara begins with a geosynclinals setting as is evidenced by the turbidite deposits. Afterwards, it remained as a shallow subsiding trough except it deepend during the Upper Cretaceous. In Hazara stratigraphy, the Precambrian-Cambrian unconformable contact is marked by the basal Tanaki Conglomerate. There is invariable stratigraphic break in the succession below the Upper Jurassic. The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary is marked by the residual deposits as laterite or ferruginous pisolite. The Eocene-Miocene time gap is marked by the basal bed.

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