1.

The Born-Haber cycle for the formation of sodium chloride from sodium and chlorine may be
represented by a series of stages labelled A to F as shown.

Na+ (g) + Cl(g) + e

A
Na + (g) + 12 Cl 2 (g) + e

Na+ (g) + Cl (g)

Na(g) + 12 Cl2 (g)

C
Na(s) +

1
2 Cl2 (g)

E
NaCl(s)

(a)

(i)

Write the letters A to F next to the corresponding definition in the table below
definition

letter

H/kJ mol1

1st ionisation energy of

sodium

+494

1st electron affinity of

chlorine

364

the enthalpy of atomisation

of sodium

+109

the enthalpy of atomisation

of chlorine

+121

the lattice enthalpy of

sodium chloride

770

the enthalpy of formation of

sodium chloride
(3)

(ii)

Calculate the enthalpy of formation of sodium chloride from the data given.

(2)

(b)

The lattice enthalpies can be calculated from theory as well as determined experimentally.
Experimental
H/kJ mol1

Theoretical
H/kJ mol1

Sodium chloride

770

766

Silver iodide

889

778

Why is the experimental value of the lattice enthalpy of silver iodide (889kJmol1) so
different from the value calculated theoretically?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Explain the trend in first ionisation energies of the elements of Group 1 in the Periodic
Table.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

2.

Adrenalin is a hormone which raises blood pressure, increases the depth of breathing and delays
fatigue in muscles, thus allowing people to show great strength under stress.
Benzedrine is a pharmaceutical which stimulates the central nervous system in a similar manner
to adrenalin.

HO
CH2

CH(CH 3 )
Benzedrine

(a)

(i)

NH 2

HO

H
CH(OH)

CH 2

CH 3

Adrenalin

On the structure for benzedrine mark with a (*) any asymmetric carbon atom that
causes chirality.
(1)

(ii)

Suggest why adrenalin is more soluble in water than is benzedrine.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Give the structural formulae of the organic products obtained when benzedrine reacts
with:
(i)

an aqueous acid such as dilute hydrochloric acid;

(1)

(ii)

ethanoyl chloride in the absence of a catalyst;

(1)

(iii)

excess ethanoyl chloride in the presence of the catalyst anhydrous aluminium

chloride.
(2)

(d)

It is possible to eliminate a molecule of water from adrenalin which for the purpose of
this question may be represented as RCH(OH)CH2NHCH3. Draw the structural
formulae of the two stereoisomers produced.

(2)

(e)

The mass spectra of both benzedrine and adrenalin have a peak at a mass/charge ratio of
44. Draw the structure of the species which give these peaks.
(i)

in benzedrine;
(1)

(ii)

in adrenalin.
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

3.

(a)

(i)

Define the terms:

atomic number ...............................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
mass number .................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Identify the particle which contains 11 protons, 12 neutrons and 10 electrons.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Bromine consists of two isotopes, mass numbers 79 and 81. A sample of bromine gas,
Br2, was examined in a mass spectrometer. The mass spectrum showing the molecular
ions is given below.

100
Relative
intensity

50

158

(i)

160
m/e

162

Identify the species responsible for the peak at m/e = 160.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Deduce the relative abundances of the two isotopes,

(2)

(c)

Define the term first electron affinity for bromine atoms, illustrating your answer with
an equation.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

The graph showing the variation of the first ionisation energies of the elements neon to
potassium is given below.

2500
2000
First
ionisation
1500
energy/kJ mol1
1000
500
0

(i)

Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K

Define the term first ionisation energy with reference to neon.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Explain the general trend in the first ionisation energies of the elements sodium to
argon.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of neon is greater than the first ionisation
energy of argon.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

4.

Hydrogen forms compounds with most non-metallic elements and with some metals.
(a)

Calculate the empirical formula of the compound used in the manufacture of artificial
rubber which has the following composition by mass.
Hydrogen 11.1%

Carbon 88.9%

(3)

(b)

The boiling temperatures of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen iodide are:

Hydrogen chloride

85C

Hydrogen iodide

35C

Explain why hydrogen iodide has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Draw and explain the shapes of:

(i)

the PH3 molecule;

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

the AlH4 ion.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

Calculate the number of molecules in 8.0 cm3 of gaseous phosphine, PH3, at room
temperature and pressure.
(The molar volume of a gas at room temperature and pressure should be taken as 2.4
104 cm3 mol1. The Avogadro constant is 6.0 1023 mol1.)

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

5.

(a)

Define:
(i)

the standard enthalpy of formation of benzene, C6H6(l);

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

the standard enthalpy of combustion of benzene, C6H6(l).

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of benzene, C6H6(l), using the following
enthalpy of combustion data:
Substance

Hc /kJ mol1

C6H6(l)

3273

H2(g)

286

C(s)

394

(3)

(c)

If the standard enthalpy of formation is calculated from average bond enthalpy data
assuming that benzene has three C==C and three CC bonds, its value is found to be
+215 kJ mol1.
Explain, with reference to the structure and stability of benzene, why this value differs
from that calculated in (b). Use an enthalpy level diagram to illustrate your answer.

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(4)

(d)

Benzene reacts with bromine when gently warmed in the presence of a catalyst of
anhydrous iron(III) bromide.
(i)

The reaction is first order with respect to benzene and first order with respect to
bromine. Write the rate equation for the reaction.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

The mechanism of this reaction involves an attack by Br+ followed by loss of H+.
H

Step 1.
Br +

Br

Br

Step 2.

Br

+H +

Deuterium, symbol D, is an isotope of hydrogen, and the CD bond is slightly

stronger than the CH bond. If step 2 were the rate-determining (slower) step,
suggest how the rate of this reaction would alter if deuterated benzene, C6D6, were
used instead of ordinary benzene, C6H6, and explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

6.

(a)

Iron has several isotopes. One of them has the electronic configuration [Ar]3d64s2 , an
atomic number of 26 and a mass number of 56.
(i)

Which of these pieces of information would be the most use in helping a chemist
decide on the likely chemical reactions of iron?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State how many of each of the following particles is found in an atom of 56Fe.
Protons ................

electrons ................

neutrons ................
(2)

(iii)

What are isotopes?

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

The relative atomic mass of a sample of iron may be found by using a mass spectrometer
to determine the isotopic composition.
(i)

The diagram below represents a low-resolution mass spectrometer in which four

areas have been identified. State what happens in each of these areas.
Sample
(+)
B

To vacuum pump

Area A ..............................................................................................................
Area B ..............................................................................................................
Area C ..............................................................................................................
Area D ..............................................................................................................
(4)

(ii)

In such a determination the following isotopic composition was found.

Isotope

Percentage composition

54

Fe

5.8

56

Fe

91.6

57

Fe

2.2

58

Fe

0.33

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of iron, giving your answer to two
decimal places.

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

7.

In the Periodic Table, where elements are arranged by atomic number, chlorine is a p-block
element whereas manganese, a transition element, is in the d-block.
(a)

(i)

Define the term atomic number.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Define the term d-block element

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Define the term transition element.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The electron configuration of chlorine is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5. Write the electron
configuration for manganese in a similar manner.
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

(i)

Define the terrm first ionisation energy of chlorine.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Sketch the pattern you would expect to see in a plot of successive ionisation
energies of chlorine against the number of electrons removed.

Ionisation
energy

10

12

14

16

Number of electrons removed

(3)

(d)

Manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2, reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to produce

chlorine, water and a salt. The salt has a composition of 43.7% manganese and 56.3%
chlorine by mass.
Determine the empirical formula of the salt.

(3)
(Total 12 marks)

8.

(a)

The Born-Haber cycle for the formation of sodium chloride is shown below.

Na + (g) + Cl(g) + e

Na + (g) +

1
2

Cl2 (g) + e

Na+ (g) + Cl (g)

Na(g) + 2 Cl2 (g)

Na(s) +

1
2 Cl 2 (g)

Na+ Cl (s)

Use the data below to calculate the lattice enthalpy of sodium chloride.

Enthalpy change

Value of the
enthalpy change
/kJ mol1

Enthalpy of atomisation of sodium

+109

1st ionisation energy of sodium

+494

Enthalpy of formation of sodium chloride

411

Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine

+121

Electron affinity of chlorine

364
(2)

(b)

Sodium chloride and magnesium oxide have very similar crystal lattices. Suggest why
the lattice enthalpy of magnesium oxide is very much larger than that of sodium chloride.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The lattice enthalpy of silver iodide can be calculated but the experimental value does not
match the calculated value as well as those for sodium chloride match each other.
Explain why the calculated and experimental values for silver iodide are different.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

9.

(a)

When a sample of copper is analysed using a mass spectrometer, its atoms are ionised and
then accelerated.
(i)

Explain how the atoms of the sample are ionised.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

State how the resulting ions are then accelerated.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

For a particular sample of copper two peaks were obtained in the mass spectrum.

(i)

Peak at m/e

Relative abundance

63

69.1

65

30.9

Give the formula of the species responsible for the peak at m/e = 65.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State why two peaks, at m/e values of 63 and 65, were obtained in the mass
spectrum.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of copper, using the table of
results above.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

10.

(a)

30.9

But-2-ene,
CH3CH=CHCH3, exists
as geometric isomers.
(i)

Draw the
geometric
isomers of but-2ene.

(2)

(ii)

Explain how
geometric
isomerism arises.
............................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.....
............................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.....
(1)

(b)

(i)

Draw the
structural
formula of a
compound which
is an isomer of
but-2-ene but
which does not
show geometric
isomerism.

(1)

(ii)

Explain why the

isomer drawn in
(i) does not show
geometric
isomerism.
............................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.....
............................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.....
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

65
(i)

Give the formula of the species responsible for the peak at m/e = 65.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State why two peaks, at m/e values of 63 and 65, were obtained in the mass
spectrum.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of copper, using the table of
results above.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

11.

(a)

State Hesss Law.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

The equation for the combustion of ethanol in air is

C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
and the structural representation of this is:

H + 3O

2O

O + 3H

(i)

Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction using the average bond enthalpy
values given below.
Bond

Average bond
enthalpy/kJ mol1

Bond

Average bond
enthalpy/kJ mol1

CH

+412

CC

+348

CO

+360

OH

+463

OO

+496

CO

+743
(3)

(ii)

Draw and label an enthalpy level diagram to represent this reaction.

enthalpy

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

12.

In an experiment to find the enthalpy change when copper is displaced from a solution of
copper ions excess zinc was added to 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm3 aqueous copper(ii) sulphate in
a plastic cup.
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
The temperature of the solution in the cup was measured every minute for 10 minutes with the
zinc being added after 3.5 minutes.

The temperature readings are shown on the graph below.

Temperature/C

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

(a)

9
8
10
Time/minutes

Suggest two reasons why a series of temperature readings is taken rather than simply
initial and final readings.
First reason..............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Second reason..........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Use the graph to calculate the maximum temperature change, T, as the reaction takes
place.

T = ...........................................C
(2)

(c)

Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction using the formula below, giving your
answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
H = 4.18 T kJ mol1

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

13.

(a)

Sodium reacts with cold water.

(i)

What would you see as the reaction proceeds?

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Calculate the volume of gas produced if 3.0 g of sodium reacts with an excess of water.
(One mole of any gas at the temperature and pressure of the experiment occupies
24 dm3.)

(3)
(Total 7 marks)

14.

(a)

(i)

What is meant by the mass number of an atom?

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Define the term relative atomic mass.

..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

What are isotopes?

..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Magnesium has three isotopes. The mass spectrum of magnesium shows peaks at m/e 24
(78.60%), 25 (10.11%), and 26 (11.29%). Calculate the relative atomic mass of
magnesium to 4 significant figures.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

(a)

Define the term first ionisation energy for magnesium.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

The logarithm of successive ionisation energies for magnesium is plotted in the graph
below.

Log ionisation energy /kJ mol 1

15.

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Number of electron removed

Explain what this graph tells you about the electron arrangement in the magnesium atom.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

(i)

Give the full electronic configuration of magnesium using the s,p,d notation.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Explain why all isotopes of magnesium have the same chemical properties.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

16.

(a)

Boron forms the chloride BCl3. Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for BCl3.

(1)

(b)

(i)

Draw the shape of the BCl3 molecule.

(1)

(ii)

Explain why BCl3 has this shape.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

(i)

The BCl bond is polar due to the different electronegativity of the atoms.
Explain what is meant by the term electronegativity.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

The BCl bond is polar. Explain why BCl3 is not a polar molecule.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

17.

(a)

A compound of sodium, chlorine and oxygen contains, by mass, 21.6% Na, 33.3% Cl and
45.1% O. Show that this is consistent with the formula NaClO3.

(2)

(b)

NaClO3 can be obtained from NaOCl(aq) by a disproportionation reaction on heating.

(i)

Give the ionic equation for this disproportionation reaction.

..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

By a consideration of the oxidation numbers of the chlorine in the various species,

show why the reaction in (i) is disproportionation.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(4)

(c)

Chlorine is used in the extraction of bromine from seawater.

(i)

Give the half-equation for the reduction of chlorine.

..........................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii)

Give the half-equation for the oxidation that is occurring given that the overall
equation for the reaction is:
Cl2(aq) + 2Br(aq) Br2(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

18.

The table below shows the melting temperatures of the elements of period 3.

m.p./C:

Na

Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

98

650

660

1410

44

119

101

189

Structural
type

(a)

Write in the spaces in the table the structural type for these elements.
(2)

(b)

Explain why the melting temperature of sodium is so much lower than that of magnesium
or of aluminium.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

(i)

Explain the very low melting temperature of argon.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Phosphorus exists as P4, sulphur as S8. Explain the difference in the melting
temperature of these substances.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

19.

(a)

A sample of 2-bromobutane was heated with potassium hydroxide in ethanolic solution.

A reaction occurred producing a mixture of but-1-ene and but-2-ene.
(i)

Write an equation for the above reaction to show the production of either but-1ene or but-2-ene.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State the type of reaction taking place.

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Some bromine solution was shaken with a sample of but-2-ene, and a reaction occurred.
(i)

State what would be seen during this reaction.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Draw the structural formula of the product of this reaction, and name this product.
Diagram:

Name ...............................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

But-2-ene can exist as two stereoisomers.

(i)

Draw the structural formula of the two stereoisomers of but-2-ene.

(2)

(ii)

Explain why but-2-ene exists as two stereoisomers, and name this type of
isomerism.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

20.

(a)

(i)

Define the term standard enthalpy of formation, Hf .

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

The following table shows some values of standard enthalpy of formation.

Name

Formula

Hf /kJ mol1

ethene

C2H4(g)

+52.3

hydrogen bromide

HBr(g)

36.2

bromoethane

C2H5Br(g)

60.4

Use the data in the table above to calculate the standard enthalpy change for the
following reaction.
C2H4(g) + HBr(g) C2H5Br(g)

(2)

(iii)

State the significance of the sign of the value obtained in part (a)(ii) above.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Enthalpy changes can also be calculated using average bond enthalpy data.
Bond

Average bond enthalpy/kJ mol1

C == C

+612

CC

+348

CH

+412

C Br

+276

H Br

+366

Use the data in the table above to recalculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in part
(a)(ii).
C2H4(g) HBr(g) C2H5Br(g)

(3)

(c)

Suggest why the value obtained in part (b) above is likely to be less accurate than that
obtained in part (a)(ii).
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

21.

(a)

In an experiment to standardise an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide 0.25 g of solid

sulphamic acid, NH2SO3H, was dissolved in distilled water in a conical flask. When the
aqueous sodium hydroxide was run into the flask from a burette 23.45 cm3 was required
to exactly react with the sulphamic acid solution. The equation for the reaction is:
NH2SO3H(aq) + NaOH(aq) NH2SO3Na(aq) + H2O(l)

(i)

Calculate the amount (number of moles) of sulphamic acid in 0.25 g.

Mr(NH2SO3H) = 97.0.

(1)

(ii)

State the amount (number of moles) of sodium hydroxide in 23.45 cm3 of solution
and hence calculate the concentration of the solution in mol dm3.

(3)

(b)

The balance used to weigh the sulphamic acid is accurate to 0.01 g. Calculate the
percentage error in the mass of the sulphamic acid weighed.

(1)

(c)

An alternative method to that described in (a) involves making an aqueous solution of

sulphamic acid of accurately known concentration.
Describe a procedure bv which you would prepare 250 cm3 of aqueous sulphamic acid of
accurately known concentration. Assume that you are provided with a weighing bottle
containing between 2.40 g and 2.50 g of sulphamic acid and that this is a suitable mass to
use.
In your answer give full practical details including the name of each piece of apparatus
used, how each would be prepared for the procedure and how you would calculate the
concentration (in mol dm3) of the sulphamic acid solution. State, with a reason, one
appropriate safety precaution that should be taken.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(Allow one lined page)
(8)
(Total 13 marks)

22.

The formation of magnesium chloride from magnesium and chlorine may be represented by the
following Born-Haber cycle:
Mg 2+(g) + 2Cl(g) + 2e

Mg 2+(g) + Cl 2 (g) + 2e

Mg 2+ (g) + 2Cl (g)

Mg(g) + Cl 2 (g)

Mg(s) + Cl 2 (g)

MgCl 2 (s)

(a)

Define the terms:

Lattice enthalpy.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)

Enthalpy of atomisation.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

(i)

Identify on the diagram the chance representing the enthalpy of atomisation of

magnesium.
(1)

(ii)

Use the data below to calculate the first electron affinity of chlorine.
Enthalpy change

Value of the enthalpy

change / kJ mol1

Enthalpy of atomisation of magnesium

+150

1st Ionisation energy of magnesium

+736

2nd Ionisation energy of magnesium

+1450

Enthalpy of formation of magnesium chloride

642

Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine

+121

Lattice enthalpy of magnesium chloride

2493

(2)

(c)

Hydrogen gas reacts with sodium metal to form an ionic solid, NaH, which contains

sodium cations.
Draw a Born-Haber cycle which could be used to determine the electron affinity of
hydrogen.

(3)
(Total 11 marks)

23.

(a)

Complete and balance the following equations:

(i)

Ca + O2 .....................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Na2O + H2O ...............................................................................................

(1)

(iii)

Na2O + HCl ...............................................................................................

(2)

(b)

State and explain the trend in thermal stability of the carbonates of the Group 2 elements
as the group is descended.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

24.

(a)

Complete the following table:

Particle

Relative charge

Proton
Electron

Relative mass
1

Neutron

1
(3)

(b)

State the number of each of the above particles present in one molecule of CH4, showing
clearly how you arrive at your answer.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

Complete the electronic configuration of a chlorine atom.

1s2 ............................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Give the formula of the chlorine species composed of 17 protons, 20 neutrons and 16
electrons.
....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(e)

Write one equation in each case to represent the change occurring when the following
quantities are measured.
(i)

The first electron affinity of sulphur.

............................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

The first ionisation energy of sulphur.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(f)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of chlorine is higher than that of sulphur.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

25.

(a)

(i)

Calculate the number of moles of potassium nitrate, KNO3, in 10.1 g of KNO3.

(1)

(ii)

Potassium nitrate, KNO3, can be prepared from potassium hydroxide solution as

shown in the following equation:
KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Calculate the minimum volume, in cm3, of 2.00 mol dm3 KOH required to
produce 10.1 g of KNO3.

(2)

(iii)

Potassium nitrate decomposes, when heated, to produce oxygen.

2KNO3(s) 2KNO2(s) + O2(g)
Calculate the volume of oxygen gas, in dm3, produced when 10.1 g of potassium
nitrate decomposes in this way.
(1 mole of gas has a volume of 24 dm3 under the conditions of the experiment.)

(2)

(b)

A compound of potassium and oxygen contains 70.9% potassium.

(i)

Calculate the empirical formula of this compound, using the data above and the
periodic table.

(3)

(ii)

0.200 moles of this compound has a mass of 22.0 g. Use this information to help
you deduce the molecular formula of this compound.

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

26.

The reaction of an acid with a base to give a salt is an exothermic reaction. In an experiment to
determine the enthalpy of neutralisation of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide, 50.0cm3
of 1.00 mol dm3 HCl was mixed with 50.0 cm3 of 1.10 mol dm3 NaOH. The temperature rise
obtained was 6.90 C.
(a)

Define the term enthalpy of neutralisation.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Assuming that the density of the final solution is 1.00 g cm3 and that its heat capacity is
4.18 J K1 g1, calculate the heat evolved during the reaction.

(3)

(c)

0.0500 mol of acid was neutralised in this reaction; calculate Hneutralisation in

kJ mol1.

(2)

(d)

Suggest why sodium hydroxide is used in slight excess in the experiment.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

27.

(a)

Ethene and propene are in the same homologous series. Explain the term homologous
series.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

(i)

Draw a representative length of the polymer chain of poly(propene).

(2)

(ii)

State, with a reason, the empirical formula of poly(propene).

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

Poly(propene) does not have a sharp melting temperature, but softens over a range of
temperature. Suggest why this is so.
....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

(i)

Tetrafluoroethene, C2F4, also forms a polymer. Suggest why this polymer is very
inert.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Give one use for poly(tetrafluoroethene).

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

Ethane and ethene both react with bromine. Ethane does not react at room temperature in
the dark, whereas ethene does so extremely quickly. Explain in terms of the bonding in
each molecule why this is so.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 14 marks)

28.

(a)

(i)

Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

The values for the standard enthalpy of combustion of graphite and carbon
monoxide are given below:
Hc /kJ mol1
C (graphite)

394

CO(g)

283

Use these data to find the standard enthalpy change of formation of carbon
monoxide using a Hesss law cycle.
C(graphite) +

1
O2(g) CO(g)
2

(3)

(iii)

Suggest why it is not possible to find the enthalpy of formation of carbon

monoxide directly.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Draw an enthalpy level diagram below for the formation of carbon monoxide from
graphite.

(1)

(b)

Natural gas consists of methane, CH4. When methane burns completely in oxygen the
reaction occurs as shown in the equation
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Hc = 890 kJ mol1

Methane does not burn unless lit.

Use this information to explain the difference between thermodynamic and kinetic
stability.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

29.

A student was required to determine the enthalpy change for the reaction between iron and
copper sulphate solution.

The student produced the following account of their experiment.

A piece of iron, mass about 3 g, was placed in a glass beaker. 50 cm3 of

0.5 mol dm3 aqueous copper sulphate solution was measured using a
measuring cylinder and added to the beaker. The temperature of the
mixture was measured immediately before the addition and every minute
afterwards until no further change took place.
Fe + CuSO4

Timing

before
addition
Temperature/C
22

FeSO4 + Cu

1 min

2 mins

3 mins

4 mins

5 mins

27

29

26

24

22

(a)

Suggest two improvements you would make to this experiment. Give a reason for each of
the improvements suggested.
Improvement 1 ...........................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Reason 1 ....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Improvement 2 ...........................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Reason 2 ....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(b)

In an improved version of the same experiment a maximum temperature rise of

15.2 C occurred when reacting excess iron with 50.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm3 aqueous
copper sulphate solution.
(i)

Using this data and taking the specific heat capacity of all aqueous solutions as
4.18 Jg1 deg1 calculate the heat change.

(1)

(ii)

Calculate the number of moles of copper sulphate used.

(1)

(iii)

Calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction in kJ mol1.

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

30.

(a)

(i)

Complete the electronic configuration of calcium.

1s2 ....................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom of chlorine.

..
(1)

(b)

(i)

Write the equation for the reaction of calcium with chlorine to produce
calcium chloride.
..
(1)

(ii)

Name the type of bonding in calcium chloride.

..
(1)

(iii)

Draw a dot and cross diagram for calcium chloride showing all the outer electrons.

(3)
(Total 7 marks)

31.

(a)

State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in a 7 Li ion.

3

protons:

neutrons:

electrons:
(3)

(b)

The mass spectrum of lithium shows two peaks. Their mass/charge ratios and
percentage abundance are shown below.
Mass/charge

% Abundance

6.02

7.39

7.02

92.61

Calculate the relative atomic mass of lithium, giving your answer to three
significant figures.

(2)

(c)

Describe a test that you would do to distinguish between solid lithium chloride and
solid sodium chloride. Clearly state what you would do and what you would see with
both substances.
..
..
..
..
(3)
(Total 8.marks)

32.

Both magnesium metal and molten magnesium chloride conduct electricity, but solid
magnesium chloride does not.
(a)

Describe the structure of magnesium metal and explain why the solid conducts electricity.
..
..
..
..
(3)

(b)

Describe, in terms of the position and motion of the particles, what happens when
some solid magnesium chloride, MgCl2, is heated from room temperature to just above
its melting temperature.
..
..
..
..
..
..
(4)

(c)

Explain why magnesium chloride can conduct electricity when molten, but not
when solid.
..
..
..
..
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

33.

(a)

The first ionisation energy of potassium is +419 kJ mol1 and that of sodium
is +496 kJ mol1.
(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

....
....
....
(3)

(ii)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of potassium is only a little less than the
first ionisation energy of sodium.
....
....
....
....
....
(3)

(b)

Potassium forms a superoxide, KO2. This reacts with carbon dioxide according to the
equation:
4KO2(s) + 2CO2(g) 2K2CO3(s) + 3O2(g)
Carbon dioxide gas was reacted with 4.56 g of potassium superoxide.
(i)

Calculate the amount, in moles, of KO2 in 4.56 g of potassium superoxide.

(2)

(ii)

Calculate the amount, in moles, of carbon dioxide that would react with 4.56 g
of potassium superoxide.

(1)

(iii)

Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide, in dm3, that would react with 4.56 g of
potassium superoxide. Assume that 1.00 mol of a gas occupies 24 dm3 under the
conditions of the experiment.

(1)

(iv)

What volume of oxygen gas, in dm3, measured under the same conditions of
pressure and temperature, would be released?

(1)
(Total 11 marks)

34.

(a)

Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion, making clear the meaning of
standard in this context.
...
...
...
...
...
(3)

(b)

Use the enthalpies of combustion given below to find the enthalpy change for
the reaction:
2C(graphite) + 2H2(g) + O2(g) CH3COOH(l)
Hcombustion/kJ mol1
C(graphite)

394

H2(g)

286

CH3COOH(l)

874

(3)

(c)

With reference to ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, what is the enthalpy change obtained
in (b) called?
...
(1)

(d)

Draw an enthalpy level diagram to represent the enthalpy change for the combustion of
graphite. Show both the enthalpy levels of the reactants and products and an energy
profile which represents the activation energy for the reaction.

(3)
(Total 10 marks)

35.

(a)

This question is about finding the formula of copper hydroxide. The method is as follows:

20.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a copper salt of concentration 1.00 mol dm3 was
placed in a polystyrene cup and its temperature measured using a thermometer graduated
in 0.1 C intervals.
A burette was filled with aqueous sodium hydroxide, of concentration 2.00 mol dm3.
2.00 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution was run into the solution of the copper salt and
the temperature was measured immediately.

As soon as possible a further 2.00 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution was run in and
the temperature measured again.
This process of adding 2.00 cm3 portions of sodium hydroxide solution and measuring
the temperature was continued until a total of 36.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution
had been added.

The temperature readings are shown in the graph below.

30
29
Temperature / C
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
0

12

16

20

24
28
32
36
40
Volume of NaOH(aq) / cm 3

(i)

Explain why the temperature reaches a maximum and then falls slightly on addition
of further sodium hydroxide solution.
....
....
....
(2)

(ii)

From the graph, what volume of the aqueous sodium hydroxide was required
for complete reaction?
....
(1)

(iii)

Calculate the amount (number of moles) of sodium hydroxide in this volume

of solution.

(1)

(iv)

Calculate the amount (number of moles) of copper ions that have reacted.

(1)

(v)

Write the ratio of moles of copper ions to hydroxide ions reacting.

(1)

(vi)

Write the formula of the copper hydroxide that is produced.

(1)

(b)

The data call be used to find the enthalpy change for the reaction between sodium
hydroxide and the copper salt.
(i)

Use the graph to find the temperature rise that occurs for complete reaction.
....
(1)

(ii)

Find the heat change, q, that occurs in the polystyrene cup for complete reaction.
Use the formula
q = 168 T joules

(1)

(iii)

Use your results from (a)(iv) and (b)(ii) above, to find the molar enthalpy change,
H, for the reaction. Give the correct sign and units to the answer.

(3)

(c)

Identify one potential source of error in this experiment, and say what you would do
to reduce its effect.
......
......
......
......
......
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

36.

In an experiment to show the migration of ions, silver(I) nitrate solution, AgNO3(aq), and
potassium chromate(VI) solution, K2CrO4(aq), were used. The experiment was set up as shown
in the diagram below. After a short while, a red precipitate formed in the centre of the filter
paper.

(a)

Write the formulae, including charges, of the following ions:

(i)

Nitrate ions .......................................................................................................

(ii)

Chromate (VI) ions ..........................................................................................

(2)

(b)

Which ions would meet in the centre of the filter paper?

....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Write a balanced ionic equation, including state symbols, for the formation of the red
precipitate.

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

37.

An excess of zinc powder was added to 20.0 cm3 of a solution of copper(II) sulphate of
concentration 0.500 mol dm3. The temperature increased by 26.3 C.
(a)

How many moles of copper(II) sulphate were used in this experiment?

(1)

(b)

Calculate the enthalpy change, H, in kJ mol1 for this reaction given that:
energy change =

specific
heat capacity

mass of
solution

temperature
change

/J

/J g1 K1

/g

/K

Assume that the mass of solution is 20.0 g and the specific heat capacity of the solution
is 4.18 J g1K1.

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

38.

A sample of titanium (atomic number 22) is made up of five isotopes. The sample has the
following percentage composition:
Mass number

% composition

46
47
48
49
50

8.0
7.3
74.0
5.5
5.2

(a)

(i)

What is the average relative atomic mass of titanium? Give your answer to three
significant figures.

(2)

(ii)

What instrument would have been used to find this percentage composition?
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Give the electronic configuration of a titanium atom, using s p d notation.

............................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Name the part of the Periodic Table where titanium appears.

............................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Titanium occurs naturally as rutile, TiO2. One possible method of obtaining pure titanium
is to heat rutile with carbon.
TiO2(s) + 2C(s) Ti(s) + 2CO(g)
(i)

What type of reaction is this?

............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Calculate H for this reaction given that

Hf [TiO2(s)] = 940 kJ mol1
Hf [CO(g)] = 110 kJ mol1
Include a sign and units in your answer.

(3)

(iii)

Name the law you have used in your calculation.

............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

When titanium is manufactured by this method, explain what pollution problem

arises.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

39.

This question is about nitrogen trifluoride, NF3, and nitrogen trichloride, NCl3, which are
covalent compounds. Van der Waals attractions and permanent dipoledipole attractions exist
between molecules of both compounds in the liquid state.
(a)

(i)

Describe how van der Waals attractions are caused.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

In which of the two compounds would you expect there to be greater van der
Waals attractions? Justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

In which of the two compounds would you expect there to be the greater permanent
dipoledipole attractions? Justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

The boiling point of nitrogen trichloride is much higher than that of nitrogen
trifluoride. How might this be explained in terms of the two types of intermolecular
attractions?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The standard enthalpy change for the formation of gaseous nitrogen trifluoride is
125 kJ mol1.
1
2

N2 (g) + 1 12 F2 (g) NF3 (g) Hf = 125 kJ mol1

The standard molar enthalpy changes of atomisation of nitrogen, N2, and of fluorine, F2,
are given below.
Hat/kJ mol1
1
2

N2 (g) N (g)

+ 473

1
2

F2 (g) F (g)

+ 79

This information can be represented on a Hess cycle in the following way, and then used
to calculate bond energies.

(i)

Insert formulae, showing the correct quantities of each element, into the
appropriate boxes.
(1)

(ii)

Insert arrows between the boxes and write the correct numerical data alongside
the appropriate arrows.
(2)

(iii)

Use the cycle to calculate the N F bond energy in nitrogen trifluoride.

(2)
(Total 9 marks)

40.

Cracking is an important process in the petrochemical industry. Cracking the fraction of crude
oil with a boiling range of 200300 C produces a number of useful alkanes and alkenes.
(a)

Why does the original fraction of crude oil have a boiling range rather than a single
boiling point?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The following equation represents one possible reaction which might occur during
cracking.

(i)

Give the name of Product 1.

............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Give the molecular formula of Product 1.

............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Product 1 of this reaction is used as a component of petrol. Suggest ONE reason

why it is more suitable for this use than the original undecane.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

State TWO necessary conditions used when cracking petroleum fractions.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

(v)

Draw a labelled diagram showing suitable apparatus and materials for cracking
a liquid such as light paraffin in the laboratory. You should indicate how a
gaseous product of the reaction could be collected.

(4)

(c)

There are several isomers of Product 2. One of them, an alkene, can be made from
2-bromo-2-methylpropane, which has the following formula:

(i)

Draw the structural formula of the alkene produced.

(1)

(ii)

Name the type of reaction involved in the conversion of 2-bromo-2-methylpropane

to Product 2.
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

What reagent and conditions would be used to bring about this conversion?
Reagent ..............................................................................................................
Conditions ..........................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

41.

(a)

State the meaning of the terms

(i)

relative atomic mass

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

mass number
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

isotopes
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

The isotopic composition of a sample of sulphur is found using a mass spectrometer.

(i)

Explain how atoms of the sample of sulphur are ionised.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

State the type of charge on the sulphur ions formed in the mass spectrometer.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

State how the resulting sulphur ions are then accelerated.

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

For a particular sample of sulphur atoms the following isotopic composition was
recorded.
Isotope

Percentage composition

32

95.00

33

0.76

34

4.24

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of sulphur. Give your answer to two
decimal places.

(2)

(d)

Predict the electronic configuration of a 34S atom, using s, p and d notation.

1s2 .........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

42.

(a)

State and explain the trend in the boiling temperatures of the noble gases.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)

The graph below shows the melting temperatures of the elements of Period 3 of the
Periodic Table, sodium to argon, plotted against atomic number.

1800

melting temperature / K

(b)

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Na

Mg

Al

Si

element

Cl

Ar

(i)

Identify one of the elements above that is composed of simple molecules at room
temperature.
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Silicon has a giant atomic structure. Explain how this structure results in the high
melting temperature shown on the graph.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Explain why the melting temperature of magnesium is higher than that of sodium.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

43.

A compound A is formed when chlorine is bubbled through hot concentrated potassium

hydroxide solution.
(a)

Analysis of A shows that it contains 31.84% potassium, 28.98% chlorine and the
remainder is oxygen.
Show that the empirical formula of A is KClO3

(3)

(b)

On being heated strongly solid A decomposes completely to give oxygen gas and solid
potassium chloride.
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
If 1.00 g of solid A is decomposed completely in this way, calculate the volume of
oxygen gas produced at room temperature and pressure.
(One mole of a gas at room temperature and pressure occupies 24 dm3)

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

44.

(a)

Bromine reacts with both ethane and ethene.

(i)

Write the equations for the reactions below.

Ethane + bromine
......................................................................................................................
(1)

Ethene + bromine
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Classify the two reactions in terms of the type of reaction occurring.

Ethane + bromine
......................................................................................................................
(2)

Ethene + bromine
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Chloroethene (vinyl chloride), H2C==CHCl, can be polymerised in a similar type of

reaction to the polymerisation of ethene.
(i)

Draw the full structural formula of the polymer poly(chloroethene), sufficient to

make the structure of the polymer clear.

(1)

(ii)

State one use of poly(chloroethene).

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

State and explain one environmental problem arising from the disposal of
poly(chloroethene).
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

45.

Urea, which is used as a fertillser in much of mainland Europe, Asia and Africa, is
manufactured by the reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide.
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) NH2CONH2(s) + H2O(l)

(a)

Define the term standard enthalpy of formation, Hf , of urea.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Calculate the enthalpy change, H

enthalpies of formation.

for the reaction above, given the following standard

Substance

Hf / kJ mol1

NH3(g)

46.2

CO2(g)

393.5

NH2CONH2(s)

632.2

H2O(l)

285.8

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

46.

(a)

Halogenoalkanes react with many nucleophiles.

Define the term nucleophile.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

(i)

Identify the reagent and conditions necessary for the conversion of iodoethane to
ethylamine, C2H5NH2.
Reagent:.........................................................................................................
Conditions:.....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

State why the rate of reaction would be slower if bromobutane were used in place
of iodoethane, with all other conditions remaining the same.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Iodoethane reacts with water to form ethanol and hydrogen iodide.

C2H5I + H2O C2H5OH + HI

Hf

= +36 kJ mol1

Use some or all of the data below to calculate the CI bond enthalpy.
Bond

Bond enthalpy
/ kJ mol1

Bond

Bond enthalpy
/ kJ mol1

CH

413

HI

298

CC

347

CO

358

HO

464

(3)

(d)

Ethanol was heated under reflux with an excess of a mixture of potassium dichromate(VI)
and dilute sulphuric acid. Draw the full structural formnula of the organic product.

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

47.

(a)

An atom of gallium has mass number 69.

Complete the table to show the number of sub-atomic particles in this gallium atom.
Electrons

Neutrons

Protons

(2)

(b)

The mass spectrum of a sample of gallium is shown below.

60
Relative
abundance
40
20
69

71

Mass / charge ratio

What is the average relative atomic mass of gallium in this sample? Give your answer to
three significant figures.

(2)

(c)

What type of bonding would you expect to find in gallium?

......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

48.

(a)

(i)

Calculate the number of moles of sulphur atoms in 4.00 g of sulphur.

(1)

(ii)

When sulphur burns in air, it forms sulphur dioxide gas, SO2.

What volume of sulphur dioxide, measured at room temperature and pressure,
would be produced when 4.00 g of sulphur is burnt in air?
[Molar volume is 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure.]

(2)

(b)

Sulphur dioxide reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to form a solution of sodium
sulphite, Na2SO3.
The equation for the reaction is
SO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Rewrite this equation as an ionic equation, omitting the spectator ions.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

49.

(a)

The equation below shows the reaction which occurs when ammonia is dissolved in
water.
NH3(g) + H2O(1)
(i)

NH 4 (aq) + OH(aq)

Explain why water is classified as an acid in this reaction.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

The ammonia is acting as a weak base in this reaction.

What is the difference between a weak base and a strong base?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Ammonia reacts with oxygen to form the gases nitrogen(II) oxide and steam.
(i)

Complete the Hess cycle below so that Hreaction can be calculated using standard
enthalpy changes of formation. Include state symbols.

(2)

(ii)

Calculate Hreaction for this reaction using the following data.

Hf [NH3(g)] = 46.1 kJ mol1
Hf [NO(g)] = + 90.2 kJ mol1
Hf [H2O(g)] = 241.8 kJ mol1
Include a sign and units in your answer and give your answer to three significant
figures.

(3)
(Total 7 marks)

50.

One of the most important industrial uses of chlorine is in the production of poly(chloroethene),
usually called PVC. A sequence of reactions used to make PVC is set out below.

(a)

(i)

Name compound A.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Give the structural formula of chloroethene.

(1)

(iii)

It is important that hydrogen chloride gas is not allowed to escape into the
atmosphere.
Suggest a way in which its escape could be prevented.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Chloroethene is polymerised by a reaction involving free radicals. Explain what is

meant by a free radical.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Give a necessary condition for the production of free radicals.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

(i)

Ethane-1,2-diol, CH2OHCH2OH, is a useful compound which could be made from

compound A using a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
Suggest a suitable nucleophile for this reaction.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

The diagram below shows part of the formula of compound A. Use the diagram to
show how your suggested nucleophile attacks A.

Cl

(2)

(iii)

What is the leaving group in this reaction?

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Suggest a suitable chemical test you could use to confirm the identity of this
leaving group.
You should state the reagent you would use and give the observation expected.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

51.

(a)

Complete the electronic configurations of the following noble gases.

(i)

Neon: 1s2 ....................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii)

Krypton: 1s2 ................................................................................................................

(1)

(b)

Explain whether krypton or neon has the higher boiling temperature.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

A mass spectrometer can be used to analyse a sample of a certain element.

Explain how each of the following is achieved in a mass spectrometer.
(i)

Ionisation: ...................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Acceleration: ..............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Deflection: ..................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

52.

(a)

Define the term relative atomic mass.

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Give the symbol, including the atomic number and mass number, of the isotope whose
nucleus contains two more protons and three more neutrons than the isotope 147 N .
...........................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The table below shows the first five successive ionisation energy values for an element.
Ionisation energy

Value/kJ mol1

1st

577

2nd

1820

3rd

2740

4th

11600

5th

14800

Use this data, and the Periodic Table, to suggest an element which could have produced
these results. Explain your answer.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

53.

(a)

A 2.20 g sample of potassium nitrate, KNO3, was dissolved in water to produce 50.0 cm3
of potassium nitrate solution.
Calculate the concentration of this solution in mol dm3.

(2)

(b)

A 2.20 g sample of potassium nitrate was heated strongly and the following reaction
occurred.
2KNO3(s) 2KNO2(s) + O2(g)
(i)

Calculate the mass of potassium nitrite, KNO2, produced.

(2)

(ii)

Calculate the volume of oxygen gas produced.

(One mole of gas occupies a volume of 24.0 dm3 under the conditions of the
experiment).

(2)

(c)

State and explain the trend in the thermal stability of the nitrates of Group I as the atomic
number increases.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

An analysis of a potassium compound gave the following results.

Element

Percentage by mass

potassium

56.5%

carbon

8.7%

oxygen

34.8%

Deduce the empirical formula of this compound.

(3)
(Total 12 marks)

54.

Explain each of the following.

Silicon and phosphorus are both covalent substances, but silicon has a much higher melting
temperature than phosphorus.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 5 marks)

55.

The apparatus shown in the diagram below may be used to find the enthalpy of combustion of
alcohols.

water

spirit lamp +
ethanol

Using the apparatus, a student recorded the results included in the table below.
Alcohol = ethanol, C2H5OH
Molar Mass (C2H5OH) = 46.0 g mol1
Volume of water in beaker = 200 cm3
mass of water in beaker = 200 g
Weighings
Spirit lamp + ethanol before combustion =
198.76 g
Spirit lamp + ethanol after combustion = 197.68
g
Temperatures
Water before heating = 19.5 C
Water after heating = 38.1 C
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g1 C1

(a)

What assumption is the student making about water to be able to state that its mass is
numerically equal to its volume?
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Calculate the heat gained by the water. Give your answer in kJ.

(2)

(c)

Calculate the amount (number of moles) of ethanol used.

(2)

(d)

Using your values from (b) and (c), calculate the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol. Give
your answer to a number of significant figures consistent with the readings in the table.
Include a sign and units in your answer.

(3)

(e)

The students evaluation of the experiment is given below.

My calculated value of the enthalpy of combustion was
numerically much less than the data
book value. The
reasons for my low value include:
1
2

(i)

heat losses to the surrounding air;

when I re-checked the mass of the spirit lamp and
ethanol after combustion, I noticed that it had lost
mass even when it was not being used;
a black solid which formed on the base of the
beaker.

Explain why the spirit lamp and ethanol lost mass even when not in use.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Suggest the identity of the black solid. Explain why its formation will lead to a low
value for the enthalpy of combustion.
Identity ........................................................................................................................
Explanation ................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

56.

How many nitrogen molecules, N2, are present in 12 dm3 of nitrogen gas at room temperature
and pressure?
[Molar volume is 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure;
Avogadro constant is 6 1023 mol1]

(Total 2 marks)

57.

(a)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for a magnesium ion.

Show ALL the electrons present and give the charge on this ion.

(2)

(b)

Why do salts containing magnesium ions give no colour in a flame test?

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

58.

Copper(II) sulphate solution can be prepared from solid copper(II) carbonate by reaction with
hot dilute sulphuric acid.
(a)

Write the balanced equation for this reaction, including state symbols.

(2)

(b)

This experiment was carried out using 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 sulphuric acid.
(i)

How would you measure out 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 sulphuric acid?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the number of moles of sulphuric acid used.

(1)

(c)

(i)

It is usual to react the sulphuric acid with a slight excess of copper(II) carbonate.
Calculate the mass of copper(II) carbonate needed if a 10 % excess is required.
[Molar mass of copper(II) carbonate = 123.5 g mol1]

(2)

(ii)

The sulphuric acid is heated to boiling and the copper(II) carbonate is added in
small portions.
Suggest why the copper(II) carbonate is added in small portions.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

What would be the next step needed to obtain pure copper(II) sulphate solution?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

3.98 g of copper(II) sulphate-5-water, CuSO4.5H2O, was obtained from this solution.

(i)

Calculate the molar mass of copper(II) sulphate-5-water.

Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.

(1)

(ii)

Calculate the percentage yield of the reaction.

(2)

(e)

Suggest why copper compounds are hazardous.

......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

59.

The element gallium has two isotopes.

69
31 Ga

(a)

(i)

71
31 Ga

State ONE similarity and ONE difference between these two isotopes in terms of
the numbers of their fundamental particles.
Similarity ..........................................................................................................
Difference .........................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

The molar mass of a sample of gallium is 69.8 g mol1.

Calculate the percentage abundance of the isotope

69
31 Ga

in the sample.

(2)

(b)

The first four ionisation energies of gallium are plotted below.

(i)

Write the chemical equation, with state symbols, which corresponds to the first
ionisation energy of gallium.

(2)

(ii)

Why is there a general rise in the ionisation energy as successive electrons are
removed?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Explain why there is a comparatively large increase in value between the third and
fourth ionisation energies.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

(i)

Suggest the formula of gallium chloride.

(You may find it helpful to refer to the Periodic Table.)
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Gallium chloride dissolves in water to form a solution containing ions.

Suggest an experiment to show that the solution contains ions. State the result you
would expect.
Experiment .......................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Result ...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

60.

This question is about a self-heating can of coffee.

The bottom of the can has a compartment containing copper(II) nitrate solution. When a button
on the bottom of the can is pressed, magnesium powder is released into the compartment where
it reacts with the copper(II) nitrate solution.

(a)

(i)

Write an ionic equation for the reaction between magnesium powder and copper(II)
ions. Include state symbols, but omit any spectator ions.

(2)

(ii)

Show how the standard enthalpy change for this reaction could be calculated from
the standard enthalpies of formation of copper(II) ions and magnesium ions. You
should include a Hess cycle in your answer.

(3)

(b)

The can contains 150 g of a solution of coffee in water.

The temperature of the solution needs to increase by 60 C to produce a hot drink.
(i)

Calculate the energy change needed to produce a temperature increase of 60 C in

the coffee, using the relationship
Energy change = 4.2 mass of solution temperature change.
Remember to include a unit in your answer.

(2)

(ii)

The standard enthalpy change for this reaction is 530 kJ mol1.

Calculate the number of moles of reactants needed to produce the energy change in
(i).

(1)

(iii)

A solution of copper(II) nitrate of concentration 8.0 mol dm3 is used.

Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the volume, in cm3, of copper(II) nitrate
solution needed.
Your answer should be given to two significant figures.

(1)

(c)

Suggest TWO reasons why the temperature of the coffee may not increase by as much as
60 C.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

61.

The reaction between chlorine and methane, in the presence of ultraviolet light, involves the
formation of free radicals and includes the following steps:

(a)

Cl2 2Cl

CH4 + Cl HCl + CH3

= +4 kJ mol1

Cl2 + CH3 CH3Cl + Cl

= 97 kJ mol1

Cl + Cl Cl2

CH3 + CH3 CH3CH3

Cl + CH3 CH3Cl

(i)

= +242 kJ mol1

= 339 kJ mol1

What is meant by a free radical? ....................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram, showing outer shell electrons only, for a chlorine
free radical.

(1)

(iii)

What type of bond breaking occurs in step A?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Which of the steps, A to F, are chain propagation steps?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

(i)

Write the equation for the overall reaction between one mole of chlorine and one
mole of methane molecules.

(1)

(ii)

Calculate the standard enthalpy change, , for this reaction.

(2)

(d)

(i)

What is the value of for step D? ................................................................

(1)

(ii)

Would you expect step E to be exothermic or endothermic? Justify your answer.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

The overall reaction was repeated using bromine gas instead of chlorine gas.
Would you expect step A for bromine to be more or less endothermic than step A for
chlorine? Justify your answer.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

62.

(a)

A sample of an element can be analysed using a mass spectrometer. State how the
following are achieved in this instrument:
(i)

ionisation.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

deflection.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

(b)

The following data were obtained from the mass spectrum of a sample of gallium.
Peak at m/e

69.0

60.4

71.0

39.6

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of gallium, to 3 significant figures.

(2)

(c)

An atom contains five protons and five neutrons.

(i)

Give the symbol for this atom, including the mass number.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Complete the electronic configuration of this atom.

1s2 ...............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Give the formula of the compound formed between this element and chlorine.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

63.

Phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3, can be formed by the reaction of phosphorus and chlorine.
2P(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2PCl3(s)
(a)

(i)

Calculate the maximum mass of phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3, which could be

obtained from 93.0 g of phosphorus.

(3)

(ii)

Calculate the minimum volume of chlorine required to react completely with

93.0 g of phosphorus.
[One mole of gas occupies a volume of 24.0 dm3 under the conditions of the
experiment].

(2)

(iii)

Identify the oxidising agent in the above reaction and explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

(i)

Draw a dot and cross diagram for a molecule of PCl3.

(2)

(ii)

Draw the predicted shape of a PCl3 molecule and mark on the diagram a value for
the bond angle.

(2)

(c)

Suggest the name for the shape of the PCl4+ ion.

...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

64.

(a)

State the type of bonding in the following substances and draw diagrams to illustrate their
3-dimensional structures.
Diamond
Bonding ..............................................................
Diagram

(3)

(b)

Explain why sodium chloride conducts electricity when molten but not when solid.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

65.

(a)

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

State and explain the general trend in the first ionisation energy across the period

sodium to argon of the Periodic Table.

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

(i)

Write an equation to illustrate the process occurring when the second electron
affinity of nitrogen is measured.
...............................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Explain why the second electron affinity of any element is endothermic.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

66.

(a)

(i)

Write the ionic half-equation to show the oxidation of calcium, Ca, to calcium ions,
Ca2+.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Write the ionic half-equation to show the reduction of water to hydrogen, H2, and
hydroxide ions, OH.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Combine the two ionic half-equations above to produce an equation which shows
the effect of adding calcium to water.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

State what you would expect to see when calcium is added to water.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

State the trend in solubility of the hydroxides of the Group 2 elements as the atomic
number increases.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Write an equation to show the reaction between sodium and chlorine, to produce sodium
chloride.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

67.

(a)

Chlorine reacts with methane, CH4, to produce chloromethane.

(i)

Write an equation for this reaction.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State a necessary condition for this reaction.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Chlorine can react with but-2-ene to form an addition product.

(i)

Draw the structural formulae of the two geometric isomers of but-2-ene.

Isomer I

Isomer 2

(2)

(ii)

Explain why but-2-ene exists as two geometric isomers.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Name the addition product when chlorine reacts with but-2-ene.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

68.

In two similar, separate experiments the enthalpy changes for the reactions of sodium
hydrogencarbonate and sodium carbonate with excess dilute hydrochloric acid were determined.
(a)

The first experiment was to find the enthalpy change, H1, for the reaction
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Measurement
Mass of solid sodium hydrogencarbonate added to
hydrochloric acid.

5.00 g

Volume of hydrochloric acid

50.0 cm3

Temperature of hydrochloric acid before addition

of solid sodium hydrogencarbonate

22.0 C

Final temperature of solution

15.5 C

Molar mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate

Specific heat capacity of solution

(i)

Reading

84.0 g mol1
4.18 J g1 C1

Calculate the amount (moles) of sodium hydrogencarbonate used.

(1)

(ii)

Calculate the heat absorbed in the reaction in kJ.

[Assume that 1 cm3 of solution has a mass of 1 g]

(2)

(iii)

Calculate the value of H1 in kJ mol1. Include a sign in your answer expressing it

to a number of significant figures suggested by the data in the table.

(2)

(b)

In the second experiment the enthalpy change for the reaction between sodium carbonate
and dilute hydrochloric acid was measured.
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCI(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
The molar enthalpy change, H2, was calculated to be 35.6 kJ mol1
(i)

Give TWO ways in which the temperature change differs when equal molar
amounts of sodium hydrogencarbonate and sodium carbonate react separately with
the same volume of hydrochloric acid.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Give ONE assumption that has been made in calculating the values of H1, and
H2 from experimental results.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

69.

An isotope of the element bohrium,

there in a nucleus of this isotope?

267
107 Bh

, was recently discovered. How many neutrons are

...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 1 mark)

70.

Write the electron configuration of a magnesium atom, using the s, p, d notation.

................................................................................................................................................
(Total 1 mark)

71.

Balance this equation showing how magnesium nitrate decomposes when heated.
Mg(NO3)2(s) MgO(s) + NO2(g) + O2(g)
(Total 1 mark)

72.

In the manufacture of beer, brewers often add small amounts of salts of Group 2 elements to the
water used. These salts influence the chemical reactions during the brewing process.
Two such salts are calcium sulphate and magnesium sulphate.
(a)

A flame test can be used to confirm that a sample of a salt contains calcium ions.
(i)

Describe how you would carry out a flame test.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

A positive test results in a brick-red flame colour. Describe the changes that occur
in calcium ions to produce a colour.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Impurities in the salt may lead to other colours being observed in the flame.
What metal ion is likely to be present if a yellow flame is seen?
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Magnesium sulphate can be used in its anhydrous form, MgSO4(s), or in its hydrated
form, MgSO4.7H2O(s).
An experiment was carried out to find the enthalpy change when hydrated magnesium
sulphate dissolved completely in water.

water
MgSO4(aq) + 7H2O(l)
MgSO4.7H2O(s) excess
12.3 g of hydrated magnesium sulphate was added to 100 g of water in a simple
calorimeter and the temperature was found to fall by 1.1 C.

(i)

Calculate the energy change, in joules, that occurred in the experiment, using the
relationship
Energy change (J) = 4.18 mass of water temperature change

(2)

(ii)

Calculate the number of moles of hydrated magnesium sulphate used in the

experiment. Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.

(2)

(iii)

Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction.
Include a sign and units in your final answer, which should be given to 2
significant figures.

(2)

(c)

The enthalpy change as hydrated magnesium sulphate is converted to anhydrous

magnesium sulphate is very difficult to measure. The Hess Cycle below can be used to
find this enthalpy change, Hr.

(i)

Use the cycle to write an expression for Hr using H1 and H2.

(1)

(ii)

Use your expression in (c)(i) and your answer from (b)(iii) to calculate Hr.
Include a sign and units in your final answer, which should be given to 2
significant figures.

(2)
(Total 15 marks)

73.

Sodium is a reactive, silver-grey element from Group 1 of the Periodic Table.

(a)

(i)

What name is given to the type of bonding in this element? Draw a diagram to
illustrate this type of bonding.
Name .................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii)

Sodium reacts readily with other elements such as chlorine.

2Na(s)
sodium

Cl2(g)
chlorine

2NaCl(s)
sodium chloride

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram, showing outer electrons only, of the ionic

compound sodium chloride. Indicate charges clearly on your diagram.

(2)

(iii)

Would you expect the radius of a sodium ion to be larger than, smaller than or the
same as the radius of a sodium atom? Give TWO reasons to justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

The table shows the first four ionisation energies for another element.
Ionisation Energy / kJ mol1
1st

2nd

3rd

4th

738

1451

7733

10 541

To which Group of the Periodic Table does the element belong? Use the data to give a
reason for your answer.
Group ..........................................................................................................................
Reason .........................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The graph below shows the first ionisation energies of the elements in Period 3. One
noticeable feature of this graph is the dip from magnesium to aluminium. Use your
knowledge of quantum levels and sub-levels to suggest an explanation for this dip.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

The Periodic Table shown here is from a website designed to help students understand the
idea of periodicity. The heights of the shaded bars represent the melting points of the
elements.

Source: www.schoolscience.co.uk/ptgraphs.html

(i)

Another table on this website shows the boiling points of the elements.
Suggest ONE similarity and ONE difference between the two tables.
Similarity
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Difference
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Name ONE other physical property, not mentioned in this question, that exhibits
periodicity.
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

74.

The industrial processes involved in the production of poly(chloroethene) are summarised in the
flow chart:
ethane ethene 1,2-dichloroethane chloroethene poly(chloroethene)
(a)

(i)

Ethane is converted to ethene by dehydrogenation.

Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, for this equilibrium reaction.

(1)

(ii)

Explain why conditions of high pressure are less favourable for ethene production.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Draw a labelled diagram of an ethene molecule, showing the electron density distribution
in the and bonds between the carbon atoms.

(2)

(c)

Give a chemical test which would distinguish between ethane and ethene.
State the result of your test with ethene.
Test ..............................................................................................................................
Result ...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

1,2-dichloroethane is formed from ethene by reaction with chlorine.

State the type and mechanism of this reaction.
Type ...................................................................................................................................
Mechanism .........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

75.

Phosphine, PH3, is a hydride of the Group 5 element, phosphorus.

(a)

(i)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of a phosphine molecule. You should include only

outer shell electrons.

(1)

(ii)

Draw the shape you would expect for the phosphine molecule, suggesting a value
for the HPH bond angle.

HPH bond angle .......................................................................................................

(2)

(iii)

Explain the shape of the phosphine molecule you have given in your answer in (ii).
Justify your value for the HPH bond angle.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

(i)

Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, for the atomisation of

phosphine gas.
.............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Use your answer to (i) and the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy change
of atomisation of phosphine at 298 K. Include a sign and units in your answer.
Hf[PH3(g)]

=+

5.4 kJ mol1

Hat[H2(g)] = +218.0 kJ mol1

Hat[P(s)]

= +314.6 kJ mol1

(3)

(iii)

Calculate a value for the bond energy of the bond between phosphorus and
hydrogen, using your answer to (ii).

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

76.

The element bromine has an atomic number of 35 and has two isotopes of relative isotopic mass
79 and 81.
(a)

(i)

Define the term relative isotopic mass.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Complete the table below.

Atom
79

Br

81

Br

Number of protons

Number of neutrons

(3)

(b)

Bromine gas has the formula Br2. When a sample of bromine gas was analysed in a mass
spectrometer, three peaks were obtained of m/e values of 158, 160 and 162.
Give the formulae of the species responsible for the peaks with m/e values 158, 160 and
162.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

77.

(a)

Complete the electronic configuration of an

Al atom

ls2.........................................................................................................................

Al3+ ion

ls2.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Describe the structure of aluminium metal and explain why it conducts electricity.
..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than that of
magnesium.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

78.

(a)

Hydrogen iodide, HI, has a boiling temperature of 35 C, and hydrogen chloride, HCl, a
boiling temperature of 85 C.
(i)

Draw a dot and cross diagram of a hydrogen iodide molecule (showing outer shell
electrons only).

(2)

(ii)

Explain why hydrogen iodide has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen
chloride.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Hydrogen iodide and hydrogen chloride react with water to form acidic solutions.
(i)

Write the equation for the reaction of hydrogen iodide with water.
...............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State why the solution formed is acidic.

................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

(i)

Excess dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with a lump of calcium oxide, CaO, to form
an aqueous solution of calcium chloride.
Write the equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

In a similar reaction with dilute sulphuric acid and a lump of calcium oxide, the
reaction stops after a short time even though some calcium oxide remains. State
why the reaction stops so quickly.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

79.

(a)

Draw diagrams to show how the following bonds are formed from atomic orbitals.

bond

bond

(2)

(b)

(i)

State the shape of a methane, CH4, molecule, and explain why it has this shape.
Shape: ...................................................................................................................
Explanation: ..........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

State the shape of a carbon dioxide, CO2, molecule, and explain why it has this
shape.
Shape: ...................................................................................................................
Explanation: ..........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

80.

(a)

Define the term reduction.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Sodium iodide, NaI, contains iodide ions which reduce Fe3+ ions to Fe2+ ions in aqueous
solution.
(i)

Write the ionic half-equation for the reduction of Fe3+ ions to Fe2+ ions.
................................................................................................................................

(ii)

Write the ionic half-equation for the oxidation of iodide ions.

................................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Hence write the overall ionic equation for the reduction of Fe3+ ions by iodide ions.
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Sodium chlorate, NaClO3, is used as a weedkiller and is manufactured by the following

disproportionation reaction
3NaClO 2NaCl + NaClO3
(i)

State the oxidation numbers of chlorine in

NaClO ..................................................................
NaClO3 ..................................................................
NaCl ..................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Explain why this reaction is classified as a disproportionation reaction.

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

The decomposition of sodium azide, NaN3, takes place when an airbag, which is used as a
safety feature in cars, inflates. An airbag requires a large volume of a cool gas to be
produced in a few milliseconds. The gas is produced by the rapid decomposition of the
sodium azide.
2NaN3(s) 2Na(l) + 3N2(g)
When the airbag is fully inflated, 54 dm of nitrogen gas are produced.
(i)

Calculate the amount (in moles) of nitrogen gas produced.

[The molar volume of nitrogen gas under the conditions in the airbag is
20 dm mol1].

(1)

(ii)

Calculate the amount (in moles) of sodium azide, NaN3, that would produce
54 dm of nitrogen gas.

(1)

(iii)

Calculate the mass of sodium azide that would produce 54 dm of nitrogen gas.

(2)
(Total 12 marks)

81.

Methane, CH4, is used as a domestic and industrial fuel and as a reagent in the petrochemical
industry.
(a)

Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Methane burns in oxygen according to the equation:

H
H

H(g) + 2O

O(g)

O(g) + 2H

H(g)

Use the average bond enthalpy data shown below to calculate the enthalpy change of this
reaction.
Bond

Bond enthalpy/kJ mol1

CH

+435

O==O

+498

C==O

+805

HO

+464

(3)

(e)

Methane is the feedstock in the manufacture of hydrogen according to the equation:

CH4(g) + 2H2O(g) CO2(g) + 4H2(g)
Given the enthalpy of formation data below, draw a labelled Hesss law cycle and use it
to calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction.
Substance

Enthalpy of formation/kJ mol1

CH4(g)

75

CO2(g)

394

H2O(g)

242

(4)
(Total 10 marks)

82.

In an experiment to find the enthalpy of neutralisation of a monobasic acid, HX, with an alkali,
the following procedure was followed:
Step 1

25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm3 dilute aqueous acid, HX, was measured into a
polystyrene cup.

Step II

A 0-100 C thermometer was placed in the acid. The temperature of the acid was
immediately read and recorded.

Step III

5.00 cm3 portions of aqueous sodium hydroxide were added to the acid from a
burette. After each addition, the temperature of the solution was read and recorded.
The thermometer was removed and rinsed with water between each addition. A
total of 50.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide was added.

(a)

Suggest ONE change that could be made at Step II and ONE change that could be made
at Step III to improve the accuracy of the experiment.
Step II ...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Step III .................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

The readings of temperature and volume are plotted on the grid. Draw two separate
straight lines of best fit, extending the two lines so that they intersect.

25

Temperature
/C

20

15
0

10

20

30

40

50

Volume of sodium hydroxide added / cm3

(2)

(c)

From the graph, read off the maximum temperature rise, T, and the volume of aqueous
sodium hydroxide added at neutralisation, VN.
T = ..................................... C

VN = ................................ cm3
(2)

(d)

(i)

Use the formula below to calculate the heat evolved in the neutralisation.
Heat evolved =

VN 25 T 4.18
1000

kJ

(1)

(ii)

Given that the amount (moles) of acid neutralised was 0.025 mol, calculate the
enthalpy of neutralisation, Hneut, in units of kJ mol1.

Hneut = ............................... kJ mol1

(2)
(Total 9 marks)

83.

Calculate the volume, measured at room temperature and pressure, of the following masses of
gases.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
[Molar volume of a gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure.]
(a)

4 g of helium, He.

..........................
(1)

(b)

4 g of hydrogen, H2.

..........................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

84.

(a)

When an oxygen atom, O, is changed into an oxide ion, O2, is this oxidation or
reduction? Justify your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for the oxide ion, O2, showing all of the electrons.

(1)

(c)

Give the formulae of a positively charged ion, a neutral atom and a negatively charged
ion with the same number and arrangement of electrons as the oxide ion.
Formula
Positively charged ion

Neutral atom

Negatively charged ion

(Total 3 marks)

85.

Give TWO errors in this representation of the simple model of metallic bonding in sodium.

Error 1 .................................................................................................................................
Error 2 .................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)

86.

This question is about ammonium dichromate(VI), (NH4)2Cr2O7(s), which is slightly soluble in

water. Ammonium dichromate(VI) can be prepared by the following reaction:
Na2Cr2O7(aq) + 2NH4NO3(aq) (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
(a)

What type of reaction is this?

......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Give the formulae of the ions present in ammonium dichromate(VI).

...............................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii)

Re-write the equation as an ionic equation, but omit any spectator ions.

(1)

(iii)

An orange crystal of ammonium dichromate(VI) was placed in the centre of a piece

of moist filter paper supported on a glass microscope slide.

Describe what you would expect to see when electricity is passed through the
circuit.
...............................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

(i)

Calculate the mass of 1 mole of ammonium dichromate(VI). Use the Periodic

Table as a source of data.

(1)

(ii)

In an experiment to prepare ammonium dichromate(VI), 0.1 mol of sodium

dichromate(VI) was used.
What is the maximum mass of ammonium dichromate(VI) which could be
obtained?

(1)

(iii)

What volume of ammonium nitrate solution of concentration 2 mol dm3 would

react exactly with 0.1 mol of sodium dichromate(VI)?

(1)

(iv)

Describe how you would obtain pure, dry crystals of ammonium dichromate(VI)
from the resultant mixture.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)

(v)

Suggest TWO reasons why the mass of ammonium dichromate(VI), prepared in

this way, is likely to be less than the mass calculated in (ii).
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

87.

A reaction of ammonium dichromate(VI) is shown by the following equation.

heat
(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)
N2(g) + 4H2O(g) + Cr2O3(s)

(a)

What type of reaction is this?

......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The enthalpy change for this reaction can be calculated from standard enthalpy changes
of formation.
(i)

State fully what is meant by the standard enthalpy change of formation, Hf,
of a compound.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Complete the Hess cycle for the reaction so that you can calculate the enthalpy
change of the reaction from standard enthalpy changes of formation.

(3)

(iii)

What is the value of Hf[N2(g)]? ......................................................................

(1)

(iv)

Calculate Hr for the reaction using the following data. Remember to include a
sign and units in your answer.
Hf[(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)]

1810 kJ mol1

Hf[H2O(g)]

242 kJ mol1

Hf[Cr2O3(s)]

1140 kJ mol1

(3)

(c)

In this reaction, water vapour is formed which condenses to liquid water on cooling.
Is this reaction H2O(g) H2O(l) exothermic or endothermic?
Justify your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

88.

Chlorine can be converted to the gas chlorine(I) oxide, Cl2O.

The standard molar enthalpy change of formation of chlorine(I) oxide and the standard molar
enthalpy changes of atomisation of chlorine and oxygen are given below:
Hf [Cl2O(g)]

+ 80.3 kJ mol1

Hat [Cl2(g)]

+121.7 kJ mol1

Hat [O2(g)]

+249.2 kJ mol1

A partially completed Hess cycle involving chlorine(I) oxide is shown below:

(i)

Insert the appropriate formulae, showing the correct quantities of each element, into the
box above. Include state symbols in your answer.
(1)

(ii)

Insert arrows between the boxes, writing the correct numerical data alongside the
appropriate arrows.
(1)

(iii)

Use the cycle to calculate Hat [Cl2O(g)].

(1)

(iv)

Calculate the ClO bond energy in chlorine(I) oxide.

(1)
(Total 14 marks)

89.

Magnesium burns in oxygen to form magnesium oxide, MgO.

(a)

Write the equation for the reaction.

......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Draw a dot and cross diagram of magnesium oxide. Show all the electrons.

(2)

(c)

Describe the bonding in magnesium. Explain why it is a good conductor of electricity.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

90.

(a)

Complete the electronic configuration for calcium, Ca.

1s2 .................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of calcium is lower than that of magnesium.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

A sample of magnesium contains three isotopes of mass numbers 24, 25 and 26.
(i)

In terms of sub-atomic particles, state ONE similarity and ONE difference between
these isotopes.
Similarity ...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Difference ..........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

The following data were obtained from the mass spectrum of this sample of
magnesium.
Peak at m/e

24.0

78.6

25.0

10.1

26.0

11.3

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium. Give your answer
to 3 significant figures.

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

91.

(a)

(i)

Potassium superoxide contains 54.9 % potassium by mass.

Show that the empirical formula of this compound is KO2.

(3)

(ii)

Give the oxidation number of oxygen in the compound KO2.

............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Which of potassium nitrate or lithium nitrate has the higher thermal stability?
Explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

92.

Silicon reacts with chlorine to produce silicon tetrachloride, as shown in the following equation
Si(s) + 2Cl2(g) SiCl4(l)
(a)

(i)

Calculate the mass of silicon tetrachloride obtained from 10.0 g of silicon.

(3)

(ii)

Calculate the minimum volume of chlorine that would be required to react

completely with 10.0 g of silicon.
[1 mol of gas occupies 24.0 dm3 under the conditions of the experiment]

(2)

(b)

Draw a silicon tetrachloride molecule, SiCl4, showing its three-dimensional shape.

Name the shape and state the bond angle. Explain why the molecule has this shape.
Diagram

Name of shape .............................................................................................................

Bond angle ..............................................
Explanation of shape
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(5)

(c)

(i)

Why are silicon-chlorine bonds polar?

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Explain why the silicon tetrachloride molecule has no permanent dipole.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

93.

But-1-ene undergoes the following reactions:

(a)

State the reagent and conditions needed for Reaction 1.

Reagent ........................................................................................................................
Conditions ....................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

(i)

The reagent in Reaction 2 is gaseous hydrogen bromide.

Draw the full structural formula of compound A.

(1)

(ii)

What type of reagent is hydrogen bromide in this reaction?

............................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Identify the reagent needed for Reaction 3.

......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

But-1-ene can be used to make an addition polymer.

Draw the repeating unit of the polymer.

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

94.

(a)

Enthalpy changes can be calculated using average bond enthalpy data.

(i)

The enthalpy change to convert methane into gaseous atoms is shown below.
CH4(g) C(g) + 4H(g)

H = +1664 kJ mol1

Calculate the average bond enthalpy of a CH bond in methane.

(1)

(ii)

Use the data in the table below and your answer to (a)(i) to calculate the enthalpy
change for
2C(g) + 2H2(g) + Br2(g) CH2BrCH2Br(g)

Bond

Average bond
enthalpy / kJ mol1

Bond

Average bond
enthalpy / kJ mol1

CC

+348

HH

+436

BrBr

+193

CBr

+276

(3)

(b)

The standard enthalpy of formation of 1,2-dibromoethane, CH2BrCH2Br, is

37.8 kJ mol1.
Suggest the main reason for the difference between this value and your calculated value
in (a)(ii).
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

95.

In an experiment to find the enthalpy change for the reaction

Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
a student was given the following list of instructions:

weigh out 5.0 g of zinc powder into a weighing bottle

use a measuring cylinder to transfer 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 aqueous copper(II) sulphate
into a polystyrene cup, firmly held in a 250 cm3 beaker

stir the solution with the thermometer and record the temperature to the nearest 0.5 C

continue to stir the solution, recording its temperature every minute

at exactly 3.5 minutes, add the zinc powder to the aqueous copper(II) sulphate, stirring
continuously

record the temperature of the solution every minute from 4.0 to 9.0 minutes.

The temperature readings obtained are shown in the table below.

Time/min
Temperature/C

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

20.0

20.0

20.0

20.0

63.0

60.5

59.0

57.0

55.5

53.0

(a)

(i)

Plot a graph of temperature against time on the grid below.

70.0

60.0

50.0
Temperature
/ C
40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0
0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

Time / minutes
(2)

(ii)

Use the graph to calculate the maximum temperature change, T. Show clearly on
the graph how you obtained your answer.
T = ................................................C
(2)

(iii)

Give ONE reason why a series of temperature readings is obtained instead of just
the starting and maximum temperatures.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Calculate the heat change, in joules.

The specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J g1 C1.

(1)

(ii)

What assumption have you made about the solution in your calculation in (i)?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Calculate the amount (moles) of copper (II) sulphate, CuSO4, in 50 cm3 of a

1.0 mol dm3 solution.

(1)

(iv)

Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction in kJ mol1.

(2)

(c)

Suggest TWO improvements that could be made to the experimental procedure.

Give a reason for each.
Improvement 1 ............................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Reason .........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Improvement 2 ............................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Reason ..........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 14 marks)

96.

The values of the lattice energies of potassium iodide and calcium iodide experimentally
determined from Born-Haber cycles and theoretically calculated from an ionic model are shown
below.

(i)

Experimental lattice
energy
/kJ mol1

Theoretical
lattice energy
/kJ mol1

Potassium iodide, KI(s)

651

636

Calcium iodide, CaI2(s)

2074

1905

Explain why the experimental lattice energy of potassium iodide is less exothermic than
the experimental lattice energy of calcium iodide.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Explain why the experimental and theoretical values of the lattice energy are almost the
same for potassium iodide, but are significantly different for calcium iodide.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

97.

(a)

(i)

Write a balanced equation which represents the change that corresponds to the
second ionisation energy of magnesium. Include state symbols in your answer.

(2)

(ii)

The graph below shows how the second ionisation energy of six consecutive
elements in the Periodic Table, represented by the letters A to F, varies with
increasing atomic number.

Which of the elements, A to F, could represent magnesium?

..........................................
(1)

(b)

Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the ions in magnesium fluoride.
Include all electrons and the charges on the ions.

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

98.

(a)

One of the naturally occurring potassium isotopes is 39K.

(i)

Write down the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons present in an atom of
39
K. Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
protons ......................

electrons ....................

neutrons ....................
(2)

(ii)

Write down the electronic configuration of a potassium atom using s,p,d notation.
...............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

To show that potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4, is ionic, the apparatus below can
be used.

The power supply is connected for about 30 minutes.

(i)

Give the formula of the coloured ion present in potassium manganate(VII),

KMnO4.
...............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

What would you expect to see after 30 minutes?

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

The gel was replaced with one containing copper(II) sulphate and the experiment
repeated. Describe and explain what would be seen.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
th

Diagram adapted from Nuffield Advanced Science Chemistry Students Book, 4 Edition, p. 64, Fig. 3.20.

99.

(a)

Barium carbonate can be converted into barium chloride solution by a reaction with
hydrochloric acid. In a particular experiment, an excess of barium carbonate was added to
25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid of concentration 1.0 mol dm3.
(i)

Describe how you would obtain dry crystals of hydrated barium chloride,
BaCl2.2H2O, from the reaction mixture.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(4)

(ii)

Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, for this reaction.

(2)

(iii)

Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used in the experiment.

(1)

(iv)

Calculate the mass of one mole of hydrated barium chloride, BaCl2.2H2O. Use the
Periodic Table as a source of data.

(1)

(v)

Calculate the theoretical mass of crystals which could be obtained.

(1)

(vi)

Suggest a reason why this mass of crystals is unlikely to be obtained in practice.

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

What colour do barium compounds produce in a flame test?

................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

When carrying out a flame test on a solid, state a suitable material on which it can
be supported in the flame.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

100. When solutions of potassium carbonate and calcium chloride are mixed together, the following
reaction takes place
CaCl2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2KCl(aq)
(a)

Re-write the above equation as an ionic equation. Include state symbols, but omit any
spectator ions.

(2)

(b)

An experiment was carried out to measure the enthalpy change for this reaction. 50 cm3
of a 1.00 mol dm3 solution of potassium carbonate was added to 50 cm3 of a
1.00 mol dm3 solution of calcium chloride. The temperature fell by 1.5 C.
(i)

Calculate the energy taken in from the surroundings using the relationship
energy =
/J

mass of
solution
/g

specific heat capacity temperature

of solution
change
1
1
/J g C
/C

You may assume that

1.0 cm3 of solution has a mass of 1.0 g.

The specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 J g1 C1.

Energy taken in = .................... J

(1)

(ii)

How many moles of calcium chloride are used in this experiment?

(1)

(iii)

Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction, giving your answer to two
significant figures. Include a sign and units in your answer.

(2)

(iv)

Which measurement is likely to have caused the major source of error in this
experiment? Explain your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(v)

What apparatus should be used to contain the reaction mixture during this
experiment?
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

If the experiment in (b) was repeated, but using only 25 cm3 of each solution, predict
what the fall in temperature would be.
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

101. (a)

Sodium chloride, NaCl, can be made by the reaction of sodium with chlorine.
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
(i)

Calculate the maximum mass of sodium chloride which could be obtained from 92
g of sodium.

(2)

(ii)

Calculate the concentration of the solution obtained when this mass of

sodium chloride is dissolved in water and made up to a volume of 10 dm3
with distilled water.

(1)

(iii)

Calculate the volume of chlorine gas required to react with 92 g of sodium.

[1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 under the conditions of the experiment]

(2)

(b)

Describe the structure of solid sodium metal and explain why it conducts electricity.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of chlorine is higher than that of sodium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

102. (a)

Define the term oxidising agent in terms of electron transfer.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Suggest which halogen is the strongest oxidising agent.

...........................................................................
(1)

(ii)

What is the physical state of bromine at room temperature?

...........................................................................
(1)

(c)

State the appearance of a gas evolved when concentrated sulphuric acid is added to solid
sodium bromide.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Give the oxidation number of chlorine in each of the following species.

ClO ......................................................................
ClO3 ......................................................................
(2)

(e)

Chlorine reacts with sodium hydroxide.

Write an ionic equation for this reaction and explain, in terms of oxidation numbers, why
this is a disproportionation reaction.
Equation
.....................................................................................................................................
Explanation
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(f)

(i)

Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the process that occurs when
the first electron affinity of chlorine is measured.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Explain why the second electron affinity of chlorine would be endothermic.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

103. (a)

State Hesss Law.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Methane burns in oxygen.

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
(i)

Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction, using the bond enthalpies
given below.
Bond enthalpy
/ kJ mol1
CH

+435

O=O

+498

C=O

+805

HO

+464
(3)

(ii)

State the name of this enthalpy change.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

The value of this enthalpy change, under standard conditions, is 890 kJ mol1.
State the meaning of standard conditions.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

Suggest, with a reason, why the enthalpy change calculated in (i) is different from
the standard value quoted in (iii).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Although the reaction between methane and oxygen is exothermic, it does not occur
unless the mixture is ignited.
Use these facts to explain the difference between thermodynamic and kinetic stability.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 14 marks)

104. Bromine reacts with both ethane, C2H6, and ethene, C2H4.

(a)

The reaction of bromine with ethane occurs in ultraviolet light.

(i)

By what type of mechanism does this substitution reaction occur?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Write the equation for a reaction of ethane with bromine.

(1)

(b)

Bromine reacts rapidly with ethene without the need for light.
(i)

Give the equation for this reaction using structural formulae.

(2)

(ii)

Name the product. ...........................................................................................

(1)

(c)

Explain, in terms of the bonding in the two hydrocarbons, why the reaction of bromine
with ethene occurs so much more readily than that with ethane.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

105. (a)

(i)

Draw the structural formulae of the two geometric isomers of but-2-ene, C4H8.

(2)

(ii)

Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why but-2-ene exists as two geometric
isomers whereas but-1-ene does not.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

Draw the structural formula of another isomer with formula C4H8.

(1)

(b)

Alkenes can be used to make polymers.

(i)

Draw enough of the chain of poly(propene) to make its structure clear.

(2)

(ii)

Explain why poly(alkenes) cause problems when they are disposed of in a

landfill site.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

106. A student carried out an experiment to find the concentration of a solution of nitric acid and also
its enthalpy of neutralisation.
The solutions of nitric acid and sodium hydroxide were allowed to reach the
same temperature.
50.0 cm3 of the nitric acid was pipetted into a polystyrene cup.
A burette was filled with a solution of 2.0 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
The initial temperature of the acid was recorded.
The sodium hydroxide was added to the acid in 5.0 cm3 portions.
After each addition, the mixture was stirred and the maximum temperature recorded.
This was repeated until 45 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution had been added.
The student plotted the results, as shown below.

30

28

26
Temperature
/C
24

22

20

18

16
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Volume of 2.0 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution added/ cm3

(a)

Complete the graph by

drawing two intersecting straight lines of best fit.

(1)

(b)

The point where the lines cross represents the neutralisation of the nitric acid by the
sodium hydroxide solution.
Use the graph to find:
(i)

the volume of 2.0 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, that reacts exactly
with the 50 cm3 of the nitric acid.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

the maximum temperature change, T, in the reaction.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

The information in (b)(i) and the equation below can be used to calculate the
concentration of the nitric acid.
NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
(i)

Calculate the amount (moles) of sodium hydroxide used to neutralise the 50 cm3 of
nitric acid.

(1)

(ii)

Write the amount (moles) of nitric acid in 50.0 cm3 of the solution.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Hence calculate the concentration of nitric acid, HNO3, in mol dm3.

(2)

(d)

(i)

Use the data from (b) to calculate the heat change for this reaction.

The density of the mixture produced at neutralisation is 1.0g cm3 and the specific
heat capacity of the mixture is 4.2 J g1 C1.
Heat change = mass specific heat capacity T

(2)

(ii)

Use your answer from (d)(i) and (c)(iii) to calculate the enthalpy of neutralisation
per mole of nitric acid, HNO3. Include a sign and units with your answer.

(3)

(e)

The enthalpy of neutralisation found by this method may be less exothermic than the
data book value because of heat loss.
Suggest ONE way to reduce the error due to heat loss.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)

107. (a)

Calculate the number of atoms in 3.50 g of lithium.

Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
[The Avogadro constant, L = 6.02 1023 mol1]

(2)

(b)

The equation for the reaction of lithium with hydrochloric acid is shown below.
2Li(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2LiCl(aq) + H2(g)
(i)

Rewrite this equation as an ionic equation, omitting the spectator ions.

(1)

(ii)

Draw a dot and cross diagram of lithium chloride showing all the electrons.
Indicate charges clearly on your diagram.

(2)

(iii)

The value of the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, H, is 557 kJ mol1.
State TWO of the reaction conditions necessary for this enthalpy change to be
standard.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

108. (a)

Name the homologous series to which the organic compound CH2=CHCH3 belongs.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Write the structural formula of a member of the series named in (a) which contains four
carbon atoms.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

109. (a)

An atom of argon has mass number 40. Complete the table below showing the
composition of this argon atom.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
(2)

(b)

An atom of potassium has mass number 39. Explain, in terms of atomic structure, why
argon comes before potassium in the Periodic Table.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

A sample of argon contains a mixture of isotopes as shown below.

Calculate the relative atomic mass of argon in the sample. Give your answer to three
significant figures.
Isotopic mass

% abundance

36.0

1.34

38.0

0.160

40.0

98.5

(2)

(d)

Write the electron configuration of argon in s, p notation.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

The chart shows the first ionisation energy of some elements in the third period of the
Periodic Table.
2000
1500
1st
ionisation
energy
1000
/ kJ mol1

500
0

(i)

Cl

Ar

Write the chemical equation, with state symbols, which corresponds to the first
ionisation energy of argon.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

On the chart, add a cross to show the first ionisation energy of potassium. Justify
your choice of the position of the cross.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Explain why there is a small decrease in first ionisation energy going from
phosphorus to sulphur.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

Explain why there is an increase in first ionisation energy going from sulphur to
chlorine.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(f)

Suggest why argon is used to fill some types of light bulbs.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

110. The equation below shows a reaction of magnesium nitrate.

2Mg(NO3)2(s) heat

2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

The Hess cycle below can be used to find the enthalpy change for the reaction in (a), Hr, using
enthalpy changes of formation.

2Mg(NO3 ) 2 (s)

H r

H 1

(i)

2MgO(s) + 4NO 2 (g) + O2 (g)

H 2

Complete the empty box in the cycle.

(2)

(ii)

Use the cycle and the data below to calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, Hr.

Mg(NO3)2
MgO
NO2

Hf
/ kJ mol1
790.7
601.7
+33.2

(3)
(Total 5 marks)

111. (i)

Draw the displayed formula of propene, C3H6.

(1)

(ii)

Draw a dot and cross diagram for propene. You should show outer shell electrons only.

(1)
(Total 2 mark)

112. An addition polymer has the structure shown below.

CH3 H
C

CH3 H n
Give the structural formula and the name of the monomer from which this polymer is made.
Structural formula

Name .....................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)

113. (a)

Complete the electron configuration for carbon.

1s2 ........................................................................
(1)

(b)

Explain how successive ionisation energy data could be used to confirm that carbon is in
Group 4 of the Periodic Table.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Draw a dot and cross diagram for a molecule of carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, showing
outer electrons only.

(2)

(d)

Explain how the following are achieved in a mass spectrometer.

(i)

Ionisation
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Deflection
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

(i)

Define the term relative isotopic mass.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Carbon consists of the isotopes 12C, 13C and 14C. Chlorine consists of the isotopes
35
Cl and 37Cl.
Use this data to calculate the maximum relative molecular mass of a molecule of
carbon tetrachloride, CCl4.

(1)

(iii)

Explain, in terms of sub-atomic particles, the meaning of the term isotopes.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

Why do isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

114. (a)

Methane and poly(ethene) are both hydrocarbons.

(i)

State the type of bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms in the molecules of
both compounds.
.....................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State the type of intermolecular force present in both compounds.

.....................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Explain why poly(ethene) melts at a higher temperature than methane.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Explain, in terms of its bonding, why magnesium has a high melting temperature.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

115. (a)

Sodium iodide reacts with chlorine to produce sodium chloride and iodine.
(i)

State the oxidation numbers of the iodine and chlorine species in the spaces
provided.
2NaI
..........

Cl2
..........

2NaCl
..........

I2
.........
(2)

(ii)

Use these oxidation numbers to explain why this reaction is a redox reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Calculate the maximum mass of iodine that could be produced from 30.0 g of
sodium iodide.

(3)

(iv)

Calculate the volume of chlorine gas required to produce this amount of iodine.
[1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 under the conditions of the experiment]

(1)

(b)

(i)

Give the colour of iodine and its physical state at room temperature and pressure.
Colour ........................................................................................
Physical state .............................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process occurring

when the first ionisation energy of iodine atoms is measured.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

116. (a)

(i)

Explain why a water molecule does not have a linear shape.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

State the HOH bond angle in water and explain why it has this value.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

(i)

Draw the boron trichloride molecule, BCl3, making its shape clear. Mark in the
bond angle on your diagram.

(2)

(ii)

Explain why a BCl bond is polar.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Explain why a BCl3 molecule is non-polar.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Name the strongest intermolecular force between boron trichloride molecules.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

A compound of phosphorus and chlorine has the composition by mass shown below.
Element

% by mass

14.9

Cl

85.1

Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

117. (a)

Define the term standard enthalpy of formation.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

The dissociation of phosphorus pentachloride is a reversible reaction.

PCl5(g)

PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)

(i)

Use the values of enthalpy of formation given to calculate H for the forward
reaction.
Hf /
kJ mol1
PCl5(g)

399

PCl3(g)

306

(1)

(ii)

Explain, with reasons, the effect that raising the temperature would have on the
composition of the equilibrium mixture.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Other than by changing the temperature, suggest how the amount of PCl5 present at
equilibrium could be increased. Give a reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

118. A metal carbonate decomposes on heating to give an oxide and carbon dioxide.
XCO3(s) XO(s) + CO2(g)
where X is the metallic element.
In an experiment to find the identity of X, 5.75 g of the solid XCO3 was heated until there was
no further change in mass; 3.55 g of solid XO was produced.
(a)

Explain why it was necessary to heat the carbonate until there was no further change in
mass.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide gas given off.

(1)

(ii)

Calculate the amount (moles) of carbon dioxide gas given off.

(1)

(iii)

Use the answer from (ii) to state the amount (moles) of XCO3 in 5.75 g of the
solid.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Calculate the molar mass of XCO3.

(1)

(v)

Use your answer from (iv) and the relative atomic masses of carbon and oxygen to
calculate the relative atomic mass of X in XCO3.

(1)

(c)

All measurements of mass have some uncertainty. In this case, this leads to an error of
0.91 % in the molar mass of XCO3.
(i)

Use this information and your answer to (b)(iv) to calculate the error in the molar
mass of XCO3.

(1)

(ii)

Hence suggest the range of possible values for the molar mass of XCO3.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Hence give the range of possible values of the relative atomic mass of X.

(1)

(iv)

Use the Periodic Table and your answer to (c)(iii) to suggest possible identities of

metal X.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

119. (a)

The mass of one atom of the isotope

79
35 Br

is 1.31 1022 g. The molar mass of

79
35 Br

is

79.0 g mol .
Use this information to calculate a value for the Avogadro constant. Give your answer to
three significant figures.

(2)

(b)

According to the Periodic Table, the relative atomic mass of naturally occurring bromine
is 80.
What information can you deduce from this about naturally occurring bromine?
(No calculation is expected.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

120. (a)

The electrical conductivities of the elements in the Periodic Table show periodicity.
What is meant by periodicity?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Describe the periodic pattern of electrical conductivity.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

State ONE other physical property of an element which shows a periodic pattern.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

121. The enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate cannot be measured
directly, but can be found by carrying out two reactions as shown in the Hess cycle below.

CaCO 3 (s)

H 3

H reaction

CaO(s) + CO2 (g)

H 4

Elements in their standard states

(a)

Suggest ONE reason why it is difficult to measure Hreaction directly by experiment.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

In an experiment to find H1 a student added 2.00 g of finely powdered calcium

carbonate to 20.0 cm3 of 2.50 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid solution (an excess) in a
polystyrene container. The temperature rose from 20.5 C to 23.0 C.
(i)

Why is the calcium carbonate used in this experiment finely powdered, rather than
in lumps? Explain why this is important for an accurate result.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Calculate the energy change using the relationship below.

Energy change
/J

4.2
/J g1 K1

mass of solution temperature change

/g
/K

Assume that the mass of the solution is 20 g.

(1)

(iii)

Calculate the enthalpy change, H1. Include a sign and units in your answer.
[The molar mass of CaCO3 is 100 g mol1]

(3)

(iv)

In another experiment, the value of H2 was found to be 181 kJ mol1.

Use this result and your answer to (iii) to calculate the value of Hreaction.

(2)

(c)

The student checked the experimental results using information from the Book of data in
another Hess cycle.

CaCO 3 (s)

H reaction

H 3

CaCO(s) + CO 2 (g)

H 4

Elements in their standard states

Name the enthalpy change represented by H3.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

122. The Hess cycle below can be used to estimate the enthalpy change of formation, Hf, of the
unstable gaseous compound with the formula HOCl(g).

+667 kJ mol 1

HOCl(g)

Gaseous atoms of the elements

H f

+589 kJ mol 1

Elements in their standard states

(a)

(i)

Insert formulae, with state symbols, into the appropriate boxes, to show the correct
quantities of each element.
(1)

(ii)

Use the cycle to calculate a value for the enthalpy change of formation,
H f [HOCl(g)].

(1)

(iii)

Assuming that the HO bond energy is +464 kJ mol1, calculate a value for the
OCl bond energy.

(1)

(b)

(i)

Draw a dot and cross diagram for the HOCl molecule showing outer electrons
only.

(2)

(ii)

Predict the HOCl bond angle. Justify your answer.

Angle ................................................................................................................
Justification ......................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

HOCl(g) can be made from chlorine(I) oxide by the reversible reaction

Cl2O(g) + H2O(g)

2HOCl(g)

What effect, if any, would an increase in pressure have on the proportion of HOCl(g) at
equilibrium? Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

123. Two reactions of a chloroalkane, X, are shown below.

Reaction1
Reaction2
Propanol-2-ol
Chloroalkane X
CH2=CHCH3
propene

(a)

The chloroalkane X can be used to make propan-2-ol in Reaction 1.

(i)

Name and draw the displayed formula of the chloroalkane X.

Name ...........................................................................................................
Displayed formula

(2)

(ii)

Reaction 1 is an example of nucleophilic substitution. The nucleophile is the

hydroxide ion. Use the diagram below to show how it is able to attack the
chloroalkane X.

Cl

(2)

(b)

(i)

What type of reaction is Reaction 2?

.............................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Give the reagent and conditions needed for this reaction.

Reagent .............................................................................................................
Conditions .........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Propan-2-ol has a higher boiling point than both the chloroalkane X and propene.
(i)

Name the strongest intermolecular force between propan-2-ol molecules.

...........................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Draw a diagram to show this force between two propan-2-ol molecules. Clearly
mark and label the bond angle between the molecules.

(2)

(d)

Propene, CH2=CHCH3, can be polymerised forming poly(propene).

(i)

Draw a section of the poly(propene) polymer chain formed from two monomer
units.

(2)

(ii)

Explain, in terms of intermolecular forces, why poly(propene) is a solid at room

temperature.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

124. (a)

The molecule isoprene has the displayed formula

H
H

H C
C

(i)

H
C
H

H
C
H

Give the systematic name of isoprene.

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

What colour change occurs when aqueous bromine solution is added to isoprene?
From ..................................................... to .......................................................
(1)

(iii)

State the type and mechanism of this reaction.

Type ................................................ Mechanism .............................................
(2)

(iv)

Suggest the displayed formula of the product formed when excess bromine reacts
with isoprene in the dark.

(1)

(b)

Compound Q, an isomer of isoprene, has the structural formula

CH2 =CHCH2CH=CH2.
(i)

Give the name of the intermolecular force present in both isomers.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Which isomer would you expect to have the higher boiling point? Justify your
answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

125. (a)

Complete the table below which is about isotopes and an ion of magnesium.
Numbers of
Protons

Neutrons

24
12 Mg

12

12

26
12 Mg

12

24
2
12 Mg

12

Electrons

12
12
(3)

(b)

Complete the electronic configurations of magnesium and chlorine atoms.

Mg

1s

2s

2p

3s

3p

(1)

Cl

1s

2s

2p

3s

3p

(1)

(c)

Write the equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of magnesium with chlorine.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

The mass spectrum of a sample of chlorine molecules shows three molecular peaks.
These are formed from the molecules shown below.
Molecule

Percentage abundance

35

Cl-35Cl

56.25

35

Cl-37Cl

37.50

37

Cl-37Cl

6.25

Calculate the relative molecular mass of chlorine in this sample.

(2)

(e)

Calculate the volume of 4.73 g of chlorine gas at 100 C.

[The molar volume of a gas at 100 C = 30.6 dm3 mol1]

(2)

(f)

State and explain the type of bond that exists in solid magnesium.
Type ..............................................................
Explanation ................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(g)

State the type of bond that exists in magnesium chloride. Draw a dot and cross diagram
showing the outer shell electrons.
Type ..............................................................
Dot and cross diagram

(3)
(Total 17 marks)

126. (a)

Define the term

(i)

atomic number
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

mass number
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

First ionisation energies of the elements show periodicity. The graph below shows the
first ionisation energy of twelve successive elements in the Periodic Table in order of
increasing atomic number.
The letters are not the symbols for the elements.

First
Ionisation
Energy

(b)

F
Element

(i)

Give the letters of the two elements in Group 0 (the noble gases).
Explain your answer in terms of ionisation energy.
Letters .................... and ....................
Explanation .......................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Give the letter of the Group 3 element.

Explain your answer in terms of ionisation energy.
Letter ....................
Explanation .......................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Explain why there is an increase in the first ionisation energy of the elements from
F to H shown on the graph on the previous page.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

127. (a)

(i)

A diagram of the structure of solid sodium chloride is shown below.

Label the diagram to identify the particles present in solid sodium chloride.

(1)

(ii)

Explain why sodium chloride has a high melting temperature.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

A diagram of the structure of solid graphite is shown below.

On the diagram name and label the types of bonding that exist in solid graphite.

(2)

(c)

A diagram of the structure of solid diamond is shown below.

On the diagram name and label the type of bond that exists in solid diamond.

(1)

(d)

The densities of diamond and graphite are

Density / g cm3
Diamond

3.53

Graphite

2.25

Suggest, using information from (b) and (c), why diamond is more dense than graphite.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

128. (a)

Draw the full structural formulae, showing all bonds, of:

(i)

2,4-dimethylpentane

(1)

(ii)

2-bromopropan-2-ol

(1)

(b)

Pent-2-ene shows geometric isomerism.

Draw the structures of the two geometric isomers.
Isomer 1

Isomer 2

(2)
(Total 4 marks)

129. (a)

Define the term standard enthalpy of formation.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

In the Haber process, ammonia is manufactured from nitrogen and hydrogen as shown in
the equation.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
(i)

2NH3(g)

Use the bond enthalpies below to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of
ammonia.
Bond

Bond enthalpy / kJ mol1

NN in N2

+945

HH in H2

+436

NH in NH3

+391

(4)

(ii)

Draw a labelled enthalpy level diagram for the formation of ammonia in the Haber
process.

Enthalpy

(2)

(iii)

State the temperature used in the Haber process and explain in terms of the rate of
reaction and position of equilibrium, why this temperature is chosen.
Temperature .......................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iv)

Identify the catalyst used in the Haber process and state what effect, if any, it has
on the equilibrium yield of ammonia.
Catalyst ................................................................
Effect on yield ...................................................................................................
(2)

(v)

Explain why it is necessary to use a catalyst in this process.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

The pressure used in the Haber process is 250 atmospheres.

(i)

State and explain an advantage of increasing the pressure to 1000 atmospheres.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Suggest a disadvantage of using a pressure of 1000 atmospheres.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 18 marks)

130. Bromine needs ultraviolet radiation to react with ethane, C2H6, but reacts with ethene, C2H4, in
the dark.

(a)

Complete the equations.

(i)

C2H6 + Br2 ....................................................................................................

(1)

(ii)

C2H4 + Br2 ....................................................................................................

(1)

(b)

(i)

Identify and state the type of covalent bond in the hydrocarbon molecules that are
broken during these two reactions.
Ethane
bond broken ...................................... type ......................................
Ethene
bond broken ...................................... type ......................................
(2)

(ii)

Use your answer to (b)(i) to suggest why the reaction of bromine with ethene
occurs more readily than with ethane in the dark.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

131. The enthalpy change for the reaction of anhydrous aluminium chloride, AlCl3, with water can
be found as follows:

Add about 100 cm3 of distilled water to a weighed polystyrene cup.

Measure the steady temperature of the water.

Add anhydrous aluminium chloride to the polystyrene cup, with stirring.

Measure the highest temperature reached.

Re-weigh the polystyrene cup and contents

Data
Mass of anhydrous aluminium chloride
Mass of solution
Initial temperature
Highest temperature reached
Specific heat capacity of the solution

(i)

= 4.00 g
= 104 g
= 17.5 C
= 43.5 C
= 4.09 J g1 C1

Calculate the heat change in this experiment.

(2)

(ii)

Assuming that 100 cm3 of water is a large excess, calculate the enthalpy change, in
kJ mol1, when one mole of aluminium chloride reacts. Include a sign and unit in your
answer.

(3)
(Total 5 marks)

132. (a)

(i)

Write the equation which represents the change occurring when the standard
enthalpy of atomisation of bromine is measured.

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Define lattice energy.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

A Born-Haber cycle for the formation of magnesium chloride is shown below.

Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g) + 2e

Mg2+(g) + Cl2(g) + 2e

Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g)

Mg+(g) + Cl2(g) + e

Mg(g) + Cl2(g)

Mg(s) + Cl2(g)

MgCl2(s)

Value / kJ mol1
Enthalpy of atomisation of magnesium

+150

1st ionisation energy of magnesium

+736

2nd ionisation energy of magnesium

+1450

Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine

+122

Enthalpy of formation of magnesium chloride

642

Lattice energy of magnesium chloride

2526

The theoretically calculated value for the lattice energy of magnesium chloride is
2326 kJ mol1.
Explain, in terms of the bonding in magnesium chloride, why the experimentally
determined value of 2526 kJ mol1 is significantly different from the theoretical value.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The table shows values for the lattice energies of the metal chlorides of some Group 2
metals.
Group 2 metal
chloride

MgCl2

CaCl2

SrCl2

BaCl2

Lattice energy/
kJ mol1

2526

2237

2112

2018

Explain why these lattice energies become less exothermic from MgCl2 to BaCl2.

(3)
(Total 10 marks)

133. (a)

What is the formula for strontium fluoride?

Use the Periodic Table as a source of information.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Draw a dot and cross diagram for the fluoride ion.

Include all electrons and the charge on the ion.

(1)
(Total 2 marks)

134. Sodium azide, NaN3, is used to inflate air bags in cars because, in a collision, the sodium azide
decomposes rapidly to produce nitrogen gas.
2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
(a)

(i)

Calculate the mass of one mole of sodium azide, NaN3.

Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
(1)

(ii)

What mass of sodium azide would be needed to liberate 48 dm3 of nitrogen?

[Molar volume of a gas is 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure]

(2)

(b)

What safety problem would arise when disposing of the air bag after a collision?
Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

135. A sample of gallium, Ga, (atomic number 31) was found to consist of two different types of
atoms with mass numbers 69 and 71. 60.2% of the sample had the lower mass number.
(a)

What is the name given to atoms of the same element with different mass numbers?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

How many neutrons are there in an atom of gallium with mass number 71?
..............................................
(1)

(c)

(i)

What instrument would be used to obtain the percentage composition of the

gallium sample?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the average atomic mass of gallium in this sample. Show your working
and give your answer to 3 significant figures.

(2)

(d)

(i)

Complete the electron configuration of a gallium atom, using the s p d notation.

1s2 ......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Write a balanced equation which represents the change that corresponds to the first
ionisation energy of gallium. Include state symbols in your answer.

(2)

(iii)

The first four ionisation energies, in kJ mol1, of the Group 3 elements gallium and
indium and the Group 4 elements germanium and tin are shown below.
A
B
C
D

558
579
709
762

1821
1979
1412
1537

2705
2963
2943
3302

5200
6200
3930
4411

Which set of figures, A, B, C or D, represents gallium? ..................................

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

136. An experiment was carried out to find the enthalpy change for the reaction of zinc powder with
copper(II) sulphate solution.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
50cm3 of copper(II) sulphate solution, of concentration 1.0 mol dm3, was put into a polystyrene
cup and the temperature of the solution measured. After one minute, 5.0 g of zinc powder was
added, the mixture stirred with a thermometer and the temperature measured every 30 s.

(a)

(i)

What is meant by a spectator ion?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Give the formula of the spectator ion in this reaction.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Write the equation for this reaction, omitting the spectator ion.
(1)

(b)

How would you measure the 50 cm3 of copper(II) sulphate solution?

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Give TWO reasons why it is better to use a polystyrene cup, rather than a metal container,
to obtain more accurate results.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

Calculate the number of moles of each of the reactants and hence deduce which reactant
is completely used up.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
Moles of zinc powder

Moles of copper(II) sulphate

Reactant used up .................................................................

(3)

(e)

The following results were obtained.

Time /s

60

90

120

150

180

210

Temperature /C

22

22

60

65

63

61

59

(i)

On the graph paper below, plot the results of this experiment.

70

60

50
Temperature
/C
40

30

20

10

0
0

40

80

120
Time / s

160

200

240
(2)

(ii)

Explain the shape of your graph

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

The maximum recorded temperature in this experiment was 65C. Use your graph
to estimate a more accurate maximum temperature.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(f)

(i)

Calculate the energy change in this experiment using your answer to (e)(iii) and the
relationship
energy change = mass of specific heat capacity temperature rise
solution
of solution
/J
/g
/J C1 g1
/C
You may assume that
1.0 cm3 of solution has a mass of 1.0 g
The specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 J C1 g1

(1)

(ii)

Use your answers to (d) and (f)(i) to calculate H for this reaction. Include a sign
and units in your answer.

(3)
(Total 18 marks)

137. This question is about some of the chemicals used in car engines and their reactions.
(a)

Compound X, shown below, is one component of petrol.

H

CH3

HCCCCCH
H

(i)

CH3

CH3 H

Name X.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Give the empirical formula of X.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

X can be made by cracking decane, C10H22.

Assuming only one other product forms in a cracking reaction, deduce the
molecular formula of this other product.

(1)

(iv)

What is the sign of the enthalpy change for the reaction in which decane is
cracked? Give a reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(v)

If the air supply in a car engine is poor, there is not enough air for carbon dioxide
to be produced.
Use this information to suggest ONE possible equation for the combustion of X in
this engine. Use the molecular formula of X in your equation.

(2)

(b)

When air enters a car engine, as well as the fuel burning, nitrogen and oxygen can react to
form nitrogen(II) oxide.
N2(g) + O2(g)
(i)

2NO(g)

H = + 180 kJ mol1

What, if any, is the effect on the percentage of nitrogen(II) oxide in an equilibrium

mixture of these three gases if the pressure and temperature are increased?
Explain your answers.
Increase in pressure
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Increase in temperature
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

In a car exhaust pipe, nitrogen(II) oxide passes over a catalytic converter.

The following reaction occurs.
2NO(g) + 2CO(g) N2(g) + 2CO2(g)

H = 746 kJ mol1

Explain why this reaction speeds up when the car engine has been running for a
few minutes.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

A textbook says The catalytic converter converts the gases coming out of the

engine into less harmful ones.

State, with a reason, which of the four gases in the equation in (ii) you consider to
be least harmful.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

The diagram below shows the reaction profile for the change which occurs in the
catalytic converter.
Energy

2NO(g) + 2CO(g)
N 2 (g) + 2CO 2 (g)

Progress of reaction

On the diagram, show the activation energy, EA.

Add a line showing the reaction profile if no catalyst is present.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

138. (a)

Complete the table below which is about the isotopes and an ion of bromine.
Number of
protons
79
35 Br

35

81
35 Br
81

35 Br

neutrons

35
46

35

electrons

35

46
(3)

(b)

Complete the electronic configurations of

Na 1s2 ..........................................................................................................................
Br 1s2 ...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Explain why the isotopes of bromine have identical chemical reactions.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

What instrument could be used to measure the abundance and mass of the isotopes of
bromine?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

The isotopic abundance of bromine is shown below.

Relative isotopic mass

Percentage abundance

78.93

50.54

80.91

49.46

Calculate the relative atomic mass of bromine. Give your answer to four significant
figures.

(2)

(f)

State the types of bonding present in bromine liquid

between the atoms .......................................................................................................
between the molecules ................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

139. State the type of bond that exists in sodium bromide.

Draw a dot and cross diagram of sodium bromide, showing only the outer shell electrons.
Type .......................................................................................................................................
Dot and cross diagram

(Total 3 marks)

140. (a)

(i)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Write the equation for the process occurring when the second ionisation energy of
oxygen is measured.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The graph below shows the first seven successive ionisation energies of an element, X,
which is in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
30000
25000
Ionisation
energy
/ kJ mol 1

20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0

(i)

1
2
3
4
5
6
Number of the electron removed

Use the information on the graph to state in which Group of the Periodic Table X
is found. Justify your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Identify the element X.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

The mass spectrum of X shows a singly charged molecular ion at m/e = 256.
Write the formula of this ion.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

141. (a)

Define the term Avogadro constant.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Z is a Group 0 element.
(i)

1.907g of Z contains 2.87 1022 atoms of Z.

Calculate the relative atomic mass of Z.
[Avogadro constant = 6.02 1023 mol1]

(2)

(ii)

Suggest the identity of Z.

................................................................
(1)

(c)

Potassium superoxide, KO2, reacts with water as follows:

2KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2O2(aq) + O2(g)
(i)

Calculate the mass of potassium superoxide needed to produce 3.09 g of hydrogen

peroxide.
[Molar mass of potassium superoxide, KO2: 71g mol1. Molar mass of hydrogen
peroxide, H2O2 : 34 g mol1]

(3)

(ii)

Calculate the volume of oxygen produced from the reaction in (i).

[Molar volume of oxygen under the conditions of the reaction = 24.0 dm3 mol1]

(1)
(Total 9 marks)

142. (a)

Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, are useful compounds as they are non-flammable and

unreactive. In the stratosphere, the CCl bonds are broken producing free radicals.
(i)

Draw the structure of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane.

(1)

(ii)

Suggest why CF bonds are not broken in the stratosphere, whereas CCl bonds
are.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

What are free radicals and what is needed to produce them from CFCs?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Draw the repeating units in

poly(chloroethene)

poly(tetrafluoroethene).

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

143. (a)

Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

The following standard enthalpies of combustion are needed to calculate the standard

enthalpy of formation of ethanol, C2H5OH.

Substance

(i)

Standard enthalpy of
combustion /kJ mol1

carbon, C (s, graphite)

394

hydrogen, H2(g)

286

ethanol, C2H5OH (l)

1371

Complete the Hesss Law cycle by filling in the box and labelling the arrows with
the enthalpy changes.
Hf

2C(s) + 3H 2(g) + 3O 2(g)

C 2H5OH(l) + 3O 2(g)

...........................
...........................
...........................

...........................

............................... + ...............................
(3)

(ii)

Use your Hesss Law cycle to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of
ethanol.

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

144. The apparatus used and the recordings made by a student, carrying out an experiment to
determine the enthalpy of combustion of methanol, are shown below.
Diagram
thermometer
beaker
water
spirit lamp
methanol

Results
Molar mass (methanol) = 32 g mol1
Volume of water in beaker = 50 cm3
Mass of water in beaker = 50 g
Weighings
Spirit lamp + methanol before combustion = 163.78 g
Spirit lamp + methanol after combustion = 163.44 g
Temperatures
Water before heating = 22.0 C
Water after heating = 43.5 C
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g1 C1

Observations

When the spirit lamp was being weighed its mass was continually falling.

A black substance formed on the bottom of the beaker as the methanol burned.

(a)

(i)

Calculate the amount (moles) of methanol, CH3OH, burned.

(2)

(ii)

Calculate the heat gained by the water. Give your answer in kJ.

(2)

(iii)

Use your values from (i) and (ii) to calculate the enthalpy of combustion of
methanol in kJ mol1. Include a sign with your answer.

H = ........................................ kJ mol1
(2)

(b)

(i)

The thermometer used in the experiment can be read to an accuracy of 0.5 C.

Calculate the percentage error in the temperature change.

(1)

(ii)

Calculate the maximum temperature change that could have occurred during the
experiment.

(1)

(c)

(i)

Give a reason why the mass of the spirit lamp fell as it was being weighed.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Suggest the identity of the black substance that forms on the beaker. State the
effect on the value of the enthalpy of combustion obtained.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

145. (a)

An incomplete Born-Haber cycle for the formation of magnesium oxide, MgO, from its
constituent elements is shown below. All numerical values are in kJ mol1.

H 3 = +657

Mg2+ (g) + O (g) + 2e

enthalpy of atomisation
of oxygen = +249

Mg2+ (g) + 12 O2 (g) + 2e

first plus second
ionisation energy of
magnesium = +2186

lattice energy of
magnesium oxide

Mg (g) + 12 O2 (g)
H 2 = +150

Mg(s) + 12 O2 (g)
H 1 = 602

MgO(s)

(i)

Complete the empty box on the cycle by writing in the formulae of the missing
species. State symbols are required.
(1)

(ii)

Identify each of the following enthalpy changes by name:

H1 ....................................................................................................................
H2 ....................................................................................................................
H3 ....................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

Use the Born-Haber cycle to calculate the lattice energy of magnesium oxide.

(2)

(b)

Magnesium iodide is another compound of magnesium. The radius of the magnesium ion
is 0.072 nm, whereas the radius of the iodide ion is much larger and is 0.215 nm.
(i)

Describe the effect that the magnesium ion has on an iodide ion next to it in the
magnesium iodide lattice.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

What TWO quantities must be known about the ions in a compound in order to
calculate a theoretical lattice energy?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Suggest how the value of the theoretical lattice energy would compare with the
experimental value from a Born-Haber Cycle for magnesium iodide.
Give a reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

146. A chemist has synthesised a compound W believed to be

Cl
HO

CH

CH

CH

O
C
OH

(a)

State and explain what you would see if W is reacted with:

(i)

sodium carbonate solution

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

bromine water.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

W shows both types of stereoisomerism.

(i)

How many stereoisomers of W are there? Briefly explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Explain why W shows optical isomerism.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Describe how you would show that W contains chlorine.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 14 marks)

147. Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the ions in calcium oxide. Include ALL the electrons
and charges.

(Total 2 marks)

148. (a)

Fill in the table below to show the number of protons and electrons present in a hydride
ion, H, and a lithium ion, Li+.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
Protons

Electrons

H
Li+
(2)

(b)

Which of these ions is larger, H or Li+?

Use the numbers you have entered in the table above to explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

149. 25.0 cm3 of a solution contains 0.020 mol of ethanoic acid.

Calculate its concentration in mol dm3.

(Total 1 mark)

150. Some of the ionisation energies of four elements, Q, R, S and T, with consecutive atomic
numbers, are shown in the table below.
Ionisation Energies / kJ mol1
1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

2081

3952

6122

9370

12177

496

4563

6913

9544

13352

738

1451

10541

13629

(a)

To which group of the Periodic Table does R belong? Give a reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Estimate values, in kJ mol1, for the third ionisation energy of S, and the first ionisation
energy of T, represented by the shaded gaps shown in the table above.
S ..........................
T ..........................
(2)

(c)

Which element is least likely to form compounds? Give a reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Write a balanced equation which represents the change that corresponds to the third
ionisation energy of R.
Use R as the symbol for the element and include state symbols in your answer.

(2)

(e)

Element X is in the same group of the Periodic Table as R, but is immediately below it.
The first ionisation energy of X is 419 kJ mol1. Explain why this value is lower for X
than for R.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

151. Nickel is one of the elements in the d-block of the Periodic Table.
(a)

Complete the electron configuration of a nickel atom using the s, p, d notation.

Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
1s2 ...............................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

A sample of nickel consists of three isotopes. Their percentage abundances are shown in
the table below.
Isotope

Percentage Abundance

58

Ni

69.02

60

Ni

27.32

62

Ni

3.66

Calculate the average relative atomic mass of nickel.

(2)

(c)

Nickel reacts with carbon monoxide to give the compound nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)4.
Ni(s) + 4CO(g) Ni(CO)4(g)
Calculate the volume of carbon monoxide required to react completely with 5.9 g of
nickel.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
[The molar volume of a gas is 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure.]

(2)

(d)

Finely powdered nickel reacts slowly with dilute sulphuric acid to form a solution of
nickel(II) sulphate.
Ni(s) + H2SO4(aq) NiSO4(aq) + H2(g)
(i)

Re-write this equation in an ionic form, omitting the spectator ion. State symbols
are not required.

(1)

(ii)

A sample of finely powdered nickel is added to a slight excess of dilute sulphuric

acid.
Describe the practical steps you would take to obtain dry crystals of hydrated
nickel(II) sulphate from the mixture, after the reaction is complete.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iiii) Calculate the maximum mass of hydrated nickel(II) sulphate, NiSO4.7H2O, which
could be formed from 2.95 g of nickel.

(2)
(Total 12 marks)

152. Calcium hydroxide decomposes on strong heating to form calcium oxide and water.
Ca(OH)2(s) CaO(s) + H2O(l)
Two samples of calcium hydroxide were taken, each weighing exactly 1.00 g.
The first sample was cautiously added to 25.0 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid contained in a
glass beaker. The temperature rise was measured and found to be 16.5 C.
The other sample was heated for some time. It was then allowed to cool and then added to
another 25.0 cm3 portion of hydrochloric acid as before. In this case the temperature rose by
25.5 C.
In both cases, the acid used was an excess.

(a)

(i)

Calculate the energy produced by the reaction of each solid with the acid.
Use the relationship
Energy produced = mass of solution
4.2 temperature rise
/J
/g
/ J C1 g1
/C
You may assume that 1.0 cm3 of solution has a mass of 1.0 g. Ignore the mass of
the solid.
For the solid calcium hydroxide

For the solid calcium oxide

(1)

(ii)

How many moles of calcium hydroxide were used in each experiment?

[Molar mass of Ca(OH)2 = 74.0 g mol1]

(1)

(iii)

Using your answers to (a)(i) and (ii), calculate the enthalpy changes for each
reaction.
Give your answers to two significant figures. Include the sign and units for each
answer.
For the solid calcium hydroxide, H1

For the solid calcium oxide, H2

(2)

(b)

A Hess cycle for all these reactions is shown below.

Hreaction

Ca(OH)2 (s)
2HCl(aq)

CaO(s) + H2O(l)
2HCl(aq)

H1

H2

CaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O(l)

(i)

Use this Hess cycle and your answers in (a)(iii) to calculate Hreaction. Include a
sign and units.

(2)

(ii)

Apart from the approximations involved in using the equation given in (a)(i), give
TWO other potential sources of error which are likely to affect the accuracy of the
results.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Suggest why Hreaction is difficult to determine directly by experiment.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

153. This question concerns the compounds and reactions shown in the following reaction scheme.

CH3 H
CC
H

CH3
Step 5

Step 1

C=C
H

H n
E

CH3 H

HCCH
Cl

H
B

Step 4

Step 2

CH3 H
HCCH
Br

CH3 H
Step 3

HCCH
OH

(a)

From the compounds, A to E, state

(i)

which is a member of the same homologous series as pent-1-ene.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

which are described as secondary compounds.

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Give the systematic name for

(i)

compound D ..........................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

compound E ............................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

(i)

What reagent and conditions would you use for step 4?

Reagent .............................................................................................................
Conditions .........................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

What type of reaction is this? ................................................................................

(1)

(d)

Compound B could be made from chlorine and propane in the presence of sunlight.
(i)

Write an equation to represent the initiation step in this chain reaction.

(1)

(ii)

Write an equation for the overall reaction to produce B in this way.

(1)

(iii)

Another possible product of this reaction has the following structural formula.

H3CCHCH3
H3CCHCH3
Name this compound ........................................................................................
Suggest how this compound formed in the reaction mixture.

Name the type of step involved in its formation.

...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

154. A gaseous hydrocarbon, W, is a product formed in the cracking of eicosane, C20H42.

W decolourises bromine, forming compound X.
When X is reacted with aqueous potassium hydroxide, compound Y is formed.
When a solution of Y is refluxed with an excess of acidified potassium dichromate(VI),
compound Z is formed.
Compound Z contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.
(a)

(i)

On complete combustion, 0.10 g of Z produced 53 cm3 of carbon dioxide and

0.020 g of water at room temperature and pressure.
Calculate the empirical formula of compound Z.
[Molar volume of a gas is 24 000 cm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure]

(3)

(ii)

The molar mass of Z is 90 g mol1. Find the molecular formula of Z.

(1)

(iii)

A solution made by dissolving 0.900 g of compound Z in water is titrated with

sodium hydroxide solution. 20.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution of
concentration 1.00 mol dm3 is required for complete neutralisation.
Deduce the structural formula of compound Z.

(2)

(iv)

Deduce the structural formulae of compounds W, X, and Y.

(3)

(v)

Suggest a balanced equation for the cracking of eicosane.

(1)

(b)

Compound Y can be made in one step from compound W.

State the reagents needed for this reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

155. (a)

Complete the electronic configuration of a copper atom and a bromide ion.

(i)

Copper atom, Cu

1s22s22p63s23p6 ..............................................................
(1)

(ii)

Bromide ion, Br

1s22s22p63s23p6 ..............................................................
(1)

(b)

Define the term relative atomic mass.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The following data were obtained for a mass spectrum of a sample of copper.
Relative isotopic mass

Percentage abundance

62.93

69.17

64.93

30.83

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of copper. Give your answer to two
decimal places.

(2)

(d)

Copper occurs naturally as the mineral malachite. The composition, by mass, of malachite
is as follows:
Cu = 57.5% C = 5.4% O = 36.2% H = 0.9%
(i)

Calculate its empirical formula.

(2)

(ii)

The molar mass of malachite is 221 g mol1. Calculate its formula.

(1)

(e)

Copper forms a chloride, CuCl2. Use the data below to calculate the maximum and the
minimum values for the molar mass of CuCl2.
Data : Relative isotopic masses of chlorine are 35 and 37.
Relative isotopic masses of copper are 63 and 65.

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

156. First ionisation energy and melting temperature are periodic properties shown by elements.
(a)

Define the term first ionisation energy.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of potassium is less than that of sodium.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

The table shows the melting temperatures of the elements of period 3.

Melting temperature
/K

Na

Mg

Al

Si

371

923

933

1683

P
(white)

317

Cl

Ar

392

172

84

Type of structure

(i)

Complete the table to suggest the type of structure shown by the elements.
Choose your answers from the following list:
giant atomic structure: metallic structure: simple molecular.
(1)

(ii)

Explain why silicon has a very high melting temperature.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Explain why aluminium has a higher melting temperature than sodium.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

157. This question is about ammonia, NH3, which is produced as shown in the following equation.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
(a)

2NH3(g)

Use oxidation numbers to explain why this is a redox reaction.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

(i)

Use the average (mean) bond enthalpy data to calculate a value for the enthalpy
change for this reaction. You are reminded to show all your working.
Bond

Average bond enthalpy

/ kJ mol1

NN

944

HH

436

NH

388

(3)

(ii)

The actual standard enthalpy change for this reaction is 92 kJ mol1. Explain why
the value you calculated in (b)(i) is not the same as this.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

At room temperature, a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen is thermodynamically

unstable with respect to ammonia, but is kinetically stable.
Use the data in (b)(i) and (ii) to help you explain why this mixture is
thermodynamically unstable
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
kinetically stable
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

The manufacturer of ammonia would like to achieve a high rate of reaction and a high
equilibrium yield of product.
(i)

State and explain, in terms of collision theory, TWO ways to increase the rate of
the reaction. An increase in pressure does not alter the rate in this process.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(6)

(ii)

State and explain TWO ways to increase the equilibrium yield of ammonia.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
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(4)
(Total 19 marks)

158. (a)

Compound A, CH3CHBrCH2CH3, can be converted into butan-2-ol by reaction with

potassium hydroxide solution.
(i)

Name compound A.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Write an equation for the conversion of compound A into butan-2-ol.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Identify the solvent required for this reaction.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Classify this reaction.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Compound A can also be converted into a mixture of the structural isomers but-1-ene and
but-2-ene by reaction with potassium hydroxide under different conditions.
(i)

Write the ionic equation for the conversion of compound A into either but-1-ene
or but-2-ene.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

What is the solvent required for this reaction?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Classify this reaction.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

But-2-ene exists as two geometric isomers.

(i)

Draw the structural formulae of these TWO geometric isomers.

(1)

(ii)

Explain why but-2-ene exists as two geometric isomers.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

Both but-1-ene and but-2-ene react with hydrogen, in the presence of a suitable catalyst,
to give the same product.
(i)

Identify the catalyst.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Identify the product of this reaction.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

159. (i)
Formula of substance

Standard enthalpy of formation / kJ mol1

CH4 (g)

75

O2 (g)

CO2 (g)

394

H2O (g)

242

The equation for the complete combustion of methane at 150 C is:

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Use the given data to calculate the enthalpy of combustion of methane under these
conditions.

(2)

(ii)

The standard enthalpy of combustion of methane is 891 kJ mol1.

Explain why this is very different from the value you have calculated in (a)(i).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Here are some data about different fuels:

Name
hydrogen
octane

Formula

Standard state

Energy evolved
per gram / kJ

Relative cost
per kJ

H2

gas

143

C8H18

liquid

48.4

70

State and explain the advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen compared with
octane as a fuel for aeroplanes.
Use the data in the table above and your knowledge of the combustion of fuels to help
you.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

160. The enthalpy change for the reaction between aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and aqueous
hydrochloric acid was determined by the following method:

Aqueous hydrochloric acid was titrated against 25.0 cm3 of 1.50 mol dm3 aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution using a suitable indicator. The mean (or average) titre was
22.75 cm3.

25.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution was carefully measured into a polystyrene cup
and 22.75 cm3 of the hydrochloric acid was transferred to a clean dry beaker.
Both solutions were allowed to stand for five minutes before their temperatures were
noted.

The hydrochloric acid was then added to the sodium hydroxide solution, the mixture
stirred thoroughly and the highest temperature noted.

The experiment was repeated three times giving an average temperature change of
+10.5C.

(a)

(i)

Calculate the heat produced in the reaction, in joules.

Use the approximations that the density of the final solution is 1.00 g cm3 and its
specific heat capacity is 4.18 J g1 K1.

(2)

(ii)

Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction, in kJ mol1.

(3)

(b)

State ONE assumption made when calculating this enthalpy change, other than those
stated in (a)(i).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

161. The Born-Haber cycle below represents the enthalpy changes when calcium hydride, CaH2, is
formed from its elements.

Ca2+ (g) + 2e + 2H(g)

H4

H5

Ca2+ (g) + 2e + H2 (g)

Ca2+ (g) + 2H (g)

H3

Ca(g) + H2 (g)
H6

H2

Ca(s) + H2 (g)
H1

CaH2 (s)

(a)

Write down in terms of one of the symbols H1 to H6

(i)

the lattice energy of calcium hydride ................................................................

(1)

(ii)

the first electron affinity of hydrogen ................................................................

(1)

(b)

Use the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of calcium hydride,
CaH2(s).
value
/kJ mol1
enthalpy of atomisation of calcium

+178

first plus second ionisation energies of calcium

+1735

enthalpy of atomisation of hydrogen

+218

first electron affinity of hydrogen

73

lattice energy of calcium hydride

2389

Calculation:

(2)

(c)

Explain why the lattice energy of magnesium hydride, MgH2(s), is more exothermic than
the lattice energy of calcium hydride, CaH2(s).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

162. The diagram below shows the arrangement of electrons in the energy levels of a sodium atom.
n=
n=4
n=3

n=2

n =1

(i)

Why are the two electrons shown in the n = 1 energy level represented by arrows pointing
in opposite directions?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the energy change when a sodium atom
ionises by losing an electron.
(2)

(iii)

Do all of the electrons in the n = 2 energy level have the same energy? Explain your
answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

How would the arrangement of electrons in a potassium atom differ from this
arrangement of electrons in sodium?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

163. Two experiments were carried out in order to calculate the enthalpy change of formation of
magnesium carbonate, MgCO3.
A Hess cycle for these reactions is shown below.
Hf

Mg

O2

MgCO3 (s)

Experiment 1 +2HCl(aq) H1
H3

MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) + C

+ 2HCl(aq) Experiment 2

O2

H2 = 680 kJ mol1

MgCl2 (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g)

(a)

Complete the Hess cycle above for the formation of magnesium carbonate from its
elements by balancing the equations and adding state symbols.
(2)

(b)

In Experiment 1 the temperature of 100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid was measured.

After one minute, 0.100 g of magnesium was added to the excess acid and the
temperature measured every minute. The following results were obtained:
Time / min

Temp / C

21.0

21.0

25.3

25.1

24.9

24.8

24.7

(i)

How many moles of magnesium were used in this experiment?

Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

The initial concentration of the hydrochloric acid was 2.00 mol dm3.
Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid at the start and hence the
number remaining at the end of the experiment.

(3)

(iii)

Plot the graph of temperature against time.

(2)

(iv)

Calculate the energy change in this experiment assuming the temperature rise is
4.5 C. Use the expression
Energy change (J) = 4.2 mass of solution temperature change
[Assume that 1 cm3 of solution has a mass of 1 g]

(1)

(v)

Use your answer to (iv) to calculate H1 for one mole of magnesium reacting with
hydrochloric acid. Include a sign and units in your answer.

(2)

(vi)

Suggest why a temperature rise of 4.5 C was used in the calculation in (iv).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

2.2 g of magnesium carbonate was added to 100 cm3 of the same acid in Experiment 2.
The temperature changed from 21.0 C to 23.5 C resulting in an energy change of
1.05 kJ.
(i)

Calculate the mass of one mole of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 and hence the
number of moles of magnesium carbonate used in this experiment.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.

(2)

(ii)

Using the method in part (b)(v), calculate H3.

(1)

(d)

Using your answers to (b)(v) and (c)(ii), calculate the enthalpy change of formation, Hf,
of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3.
Include a sign and units in your answer.

(2)

(e)

Why is it impossible to measure Hf of MgCO3(s) directly?

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 18 marks)

164. (a)

Four reactions of but-1-ene are summarised on the chart below.

CH3CH2CHOHCH3

Reaction 1

KMnO4 /dil H2SO4

CH3CH2CHBrCH3

CH3CH2CH CH 2
Reaction 4

Compound A
Reaction 2

Br2

Reaction 3

Compound B

(i)

Give the TWO reagents you would use for Reaction 1 in the laboratory.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Give the name of the product, Compound A, of Reaction 2.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Give the name of the product, Compound B, of Reaction 3.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Suggest the reagent needed for Reaction 4.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

All four reactions are addition reactions. Explain what is meant by an addition reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

(i)

Explain what is meant by an electrophile.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Give the formula of the attacking electrophile in Reaction 3.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

(i)

Select ONE reaction from 14 which involves oxidation of but-1-ene.

Reaction ...........................................
(1)

(ii)

Explain what is meant by oxidation in this reaction.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

1-chlorobutane can be made from but-1-ene in a two-step process. The but-1-ene is first
reduced and then a chlorine atom is substituted for a hydrogen atom.
CH3CH2CH=CH2
Compound C
CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl
Reaction 5
Reaction 6

(i)

Identify compound C.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Name the reagent and catalyst required for Reaction 5.

Reagent .............................................................................................................
Catalyst .............................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Name the reagent and conditions for Reaction 6.

Reagent .............................................................................................................
Conditions .........................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

165. Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of gaseous silicon tetrachloride,
Hf [SiCl4(g)].
Your answer should include a sign and units.
Use the Hess cycle below and the following data at 298 K.

H ato [Si(s)]

= +455.6 kJ mol1

H ato [Cl2]

= +121.7 kJ mol1

Bond energy, E (Si-Cl)

= +407.4 kJ mol1
H

Si(g) + 4Cl(g)

SiCl4(g)
H f [SiCl4(g)]

Si(s) + 2Cl2(g)
(Total 3 marks)

166. (a)

A sample of an element can be analysed to show its isotopic composition using a mass
spectrometer.
(i)

Explain how the sample is ionised.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

State the TWO properties of the ion that determine the path of the ion through the
magnetic field.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Define relative isotopic mass.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The following data were obtained from the mass spectrum of a sample of chromium.
Relative isotopic mass

Percentage abundance

49.95

4.345

51.94

83.79

52.94

9.501

53.94

2.364

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of chromium.

Give your answer to four significant figures.

(2)

(d)

Complete the electron configuration of an iron atom, atomic number 26.

1s

2s

2p

3s

3p

3d

4s

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

167. (a)

The graph below shows the first ionisation energies of the elements Li, Be, and B.
Complete the graph by adding the approximate first ionisation energies of the elements
C to Ne.
First ionisation energy of the elements Li to Ne

Energy

Li

Be

C
N
Elements

Ne
(2)

(b)

Explain why the general trend is for the first ionisation energy to increase across the
period.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of boron, B, is lower than that of beryllium, Be.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

168. Phosphorus reacts with excess chlorine to produce phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5.
2P(s) + 5Cl2(g) 2PCl5(s)
(i)

Calculate the mass of phosphorus needed to produce 7.19 g of phosphorus pentachloride.

(2)

(ii)

Calculate the volume of chlorine needed to produce 7.19 g of phosphorus pentachloride.

[molar volume of chlorine under the conditions of this experiment = 24.0 dm3 mol1]

(2)
(Total 4 marks)

169. This question is about the manufacture of sulphuric acid, H2SO4.

(a)

The first stage in the manufacture of sulphuric acid is the combustion of sulphur.
The following equation shows the reaction taking place when the standard enthalpy of
combustion of sulphur is measured.
S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)
Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

In the second stage of the manufacture of sulphuric acid, sulphur dioxide is oxidised to
sulphur trioxide as shown in the following equation:
2SO2(g) + O2(g)
(i)

2SO3(g)

H = 196 kJ mol1

Explain, in terms of collision theory, why the rate of a reaction is increased by

increasing the temperature and by the addition of a catalyst.
Temperature
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Catalyst
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)

(ii)

State and explain the effect, if any, of increasing the temperature on the
equilibrium yield of sulphur trioxide.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

State and explain the effect, if any, of an increased pressure on the equilibrium

yield of sulphur trioxide.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The following equation represents the overall reaction for the manufacture of sulphuric
acid from sulphur, oxygen and water.
2S(s) + H2O + 3O2 2H2SO4(l)
Use the data below to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction.
Substance

Hf
/ kJ mol1

H2O (l)

286

H2SO4 (l)

814

(2)
(Total 13 marks)

170. (a)

(i)

State TWO features that members of a homologous series have in common.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Name the homologous series to which propene belongs.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Propene can be converted into a mixture of 2-chloropropane (as the major product)
and 1-chloropropane.
Classify the reaction involved and identify the reagent required.
Classification ....................................................................................................
Reagent .............................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Define the term structural isomers.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

1-chloropropane and 1-bromopropane both react with ammonia to give 1-propylamine.

State and explain, in terms of bonding and kinetics, which of 1-chloropropane and 1bromopropane would react faster with ammonia.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

1-chloropropene, CH3CH

CHCl, can be polymerised to form poly(1-chloropropene).

Draw the repeat unit of poly(1-chloropropene).

(2)

(e)

Explain why 1-chloropropene exists as two different geometric isomers, but propene does
not.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

171. An experiment was carried out to measure the enthalpy change for the reaction of zinc with
aqueous copper(II) sulphate.
The equation for the reaction is
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu

A measuring cylinder was used to transfer separate 50 cm3 samples of 1.25 mol dm3
copper(II) sulphate solution into polystyrene cups.

Weighed amounts of zinc powder were added to each sample in turn.

Each mixture was stirred thoroughly and the temperature rise noted with a thermometer
accurate to 0.5 C.

The results of this experiment are summarised on the graph below.

70.0

60.0

50.0
Temperature
change / C

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0
0.0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
Mass of zinc/ g

(a)

Explain why the graph initially shows a rise in temperature and then levels off.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

(i)

Suggest why the mass of metal is not used in the calculation of the heat change.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

The graph shows that the maximum temperature change is 63.5 C. Use this value
to calculate the maximum heat change, in joules, in this reaction.
You should assume that the density of the solution is 1.00 g cm3 and its heat
capacity is the same as water, 4.18 J g1 C1.

(1)

(iii)

From the heat change calculated in (b)(ii) calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol
1
, for the reaction. Include the appropriate sign and give your answer to three
significant figures.

(4)

(c)

(i)

It is suggested that the precision of the experiment would be improved by using a

thermometer accurate to 0.1 C.
Explain why this suggestion is incorrect.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Suggest a simple practical change to the method that would make the experiment
more accurate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

172. (a)

The following data were collected to use in a Born-Haber cycle for silver fluoride, AgF.
Value
/kJ mol1
enthalpy of atomisation of silver

+285

first ionisation energy of silver

+731

enthalpy of atomisation of fluorine

+79

enthalpy of formation of silver fluoride

205

lattice energy of silver fluoride

958

On the following outline of a Born-Haber cycle, complete boxes A and B by adding the
formula and state symbol for the appropriate species. Write the name of the enthalpy
change at C.

Ag+ (g)

F (g)

Box
A

AgF(s)

C ............................................

Box
B

............................................

Ag (s) + F2 (g)
(3)

(b)

Hlatt (theoretical) is the lattice energy calculated assuming the crystal lattice is
completely ionic.
Hlatt (experimental) is the lattice energy determined experimentally using the BornHaber cycle.
Values for the silver halides are listed below.
Hlatt
(theoretical)

Hlatt
(experimental)

/ kJ mol1

/ kJ mol1

Hlatt (theoretical)
minus
Hlatt (experimental)
/ kJ mol1

AgF

920

958

38

AgCl

833

905

72

AgBr

816

891

75

AgI

778

889

111

Formula of halide

(i)

Explain why the theoretical lattice energies become less exothermic from AgF to
AgI.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Explain why the values of the theoretical and experimental lattice energies are
different.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Explain why the difference between the theoretical and experimental lattice
energies increases from AgF to AgI.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

173. A sample of the element osmium, atomic number 76, is made up of four isotopes. The sample
has the following percentage composition.

(i)

Relative Atomic
Mass of Isotope

% Composition

188

15.20

189

17.40

190

26.40

192

41.00

What is the minimum number of neutrons present in any single atom of osmium in the
sample?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the average relative atomic mass of osmium in the sample. Give your answer to
four significant figures.

(2)
(Total 3 marks)

174. (a)

The diagram shows the type of bonding present in the elements lithium and sodium in the
solid state.

+
+

Ions

+
+

Delocalised
electrons

(i)

What name is given to this type of bonding?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Suggest why the melting point of lithium is greater than that of sodium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Lithium can react with chlorine to produce lithium chloride. When a sample of lithium
chloride is heated in a Bunsen flame, a red colour is seen.
(i)

Draw a dot and cross diagram of lithium chloride showing all the electrons.
Indicate the charges clearly on your diagram.

(2)

(ii)

Describe the changes that occur within the lithium ion to produce the flame colour.
...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Name ONE other metallic element whose compounds produce a red coloured
flame.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

175. The Hess cycle below can be used to find the enthalpy change, Hr, for the reaction between
hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide, using standard enthalpy changes of formation.

SO2 (g) + 2H2 S(g)

Hr

H1

(i)

3S(s) + 2H 2O(l)
H2

Complete the cycle by filling in the empty box.

(2)

(ii)

What is meant by the standard enthalpy change of formation, Hf, of a compound?

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

Use the cycle and the data below to calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, Hr.
Hf / kJ mol1
SO2 (g)

296.8

H2S (g)

20.6

H2O (l)

285.8
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

176. Read the passage below straight through and then more carefully. Answer the questions that
follow.
ETHYNE
Ethyne, often still known by its old name of acetylene, is the simplest alkyne. With molecular
formula C2H2, it contains a carbon to carbon triple bond. It is used particularly in welding
where, when mixed with oxygen in an oxy-acetylene torch, it gives a high-temperature flame, as
high as 3400 K. This is a reducing flame, preventing metal oxidation. In the past ethyne was
also used as an important chemical feedstock. It has been largely replaced by ethene, because it
is difficult to handle as it is explosive when compressed or liquefied.
Ethyne can be prepared in the laboratory in two ways. When water is added drop by drop to
calcium carbide, ethyne is formed. The rate of formation can be adjusted by the rate of water
addition. The ethyne formed is not very pure, containing phosphine, hydrogen sulphide and
ammonia gas, but the calcium carbide is relatively cheap to obtain. If a purer sample of ethyne
is required, it can be made by adding 1,2-dibromoethane to hot concentrated potassium
hydroxide. The dihalogenoalkane is added a drop at a time, and, as with the first method, the
rate of addition determines the rate of production of ethyne. The drawback is that 1,2dibromoethane is much more expensive.

In the UK two industrial processes are used. The first uses the preparation from calcium carbide.

Many other countries in the world are currently considering using this process.
Calcium carbide is manufactured by heating lime and coke to 2300 K.
CaO + 3C CaC2 + CO
The calcium carbide is fed from a hopper into a tank containing water, and the ethyne formed is
collected in a gas holder. The rate of ethyne generation is determined by the rate at which
calcium carbide is added. As the gas is produced, calcium hydroxide is formed.
CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
The reaction is exothermic and, if no action were taken, the temperature of the water would rise;
also the tank would fill with calcium hydroxide sludge. To overcome these problems cold water
is flushed through the generating tank; this both cools the reaction mixture and removes the
sludge waste. The ethyne produced is purified, dried, compressed and fed into gas cylinders.

The second method of industrial preparation involves the cracking of alkanes of low relative
molecular mass. The process occurs at about 1500 K and the reaction is endothermic. A mixture
of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, alkenes, alkanes, and alkynes (including ethyne), is
produced. These are water-quenched before separation by selective absorption in solvents, such
as propanone and N,N-dimethylmethanamide, under high pressure and low temperatures to
conserve solvent. On heating, the gas is released from the solvent. The major problem is the
deposition of tar on the furnace walls giving a low efficiency operation.
Many of the reactions of ethyne are similar to the reactions of ethene. It can be hydrogenated,
halogenated, hydrohalogenated, and hydrated, though the reagents and catalysts used and the
products formed may differ. With a nickel catalyst, hydrogen reacts with ethyne to form ethane,
but with a palladium catalyst the addition can be stopped at ethene. Chlorine reacts with ethyne
explosively to form 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane which is used as an industrial solvent for paints
and varnishes. Bromine water reacts only slowly to form 1,2-dibromoethene.

Ethyne reacts with dilute sulphuric acid in the presence of mercury(II) sulphate to produce
ethanal, which is effectively the addition of water. This reaction has been an important industrial
source of ethanal. Polymerisation of ethyne can produce a variety of compounds depending on
the catalyst and reaction conditions. The unusual aspect of ethyne chemistry, for a hydrocarbon,
is that the carbonhydrogen bonds can break, the ethyne effectively behaving as an acid. A quick
test for ethyne is that when bubbled through ammoniacal copper(I) chloride solution, a brown
precipitate of copper(I) acetylide forms. A similar reaction occurs with silver nitrate solution,
when a white precipitate of silver acetylide forms. Both these precipitates require very careful
handling as they explode on drying, so they need to be disposed of with copious amounts of
water!
(677 words)

(a)

Draw the displayed formula for ethyne and give the CCH bond angle.

Bond angle ................................

(1)

(b)

Why may ethyne need to be purified in the industrial process when it is made from
calcium carbide?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Suggest why many other countries are considering changing to the calcium carbide
process for the industrial production of ethyne.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

How do the reactions between ethyne and ethene with bromine water differ?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

Give TWO reactions of ethyne which have no corresponding reactions in ethene

chemistry?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(f)

(i)

Name the TWO chemicals you would use to make 1,2-dibromoethane, for use in
the preparation of ethyne.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use to prepare ethyne from
1,2-dibromoethane. You do not need to show how the gas is collected.

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

177. Going across a period in the Periodic Table from left to right, the general trend is that
A

the bonding in the element itself changes from ionic to covalent

the number of neutrons in the nucleus increases

the first ionisation energy decreases

the metallic character increases

(Total 1 mark)

178. The electron configurations of argon, iron, chlorine and one other element are given below, but
not in order. Which one represents the unnamed element?
A

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

(Total 1 mark)

179. Buckminsterfullerene is a carbon molecule with formula C60 which can trap metal ions in its
structure. Which of the following compounds of buckminsterfullerene would give a line of
mass/charge ratio at 837.3 in a mass spectrometer?
A

Na4C60

K3C60

Ca3C60

AgC60
(Total 1 mark)

180. This question is about the following equations:

A

Cu(NO3)2(s) CuO(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g)

2HCl(aq) + CuO(s) H2O(l) + CuCl2(aq)

C4H9OH(l) + 6O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)

C8H18(l) + 8O2(g) 8CO(g) + 9H2O(l)

(a)

Which equation is not balanced?

A
B
C
D
(1)

(b)

Which equation shows incomplete combustion?

A
B
C
D
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

181. Which of the equations shown below represents the reaction for which H is the standard
enthalpy change of formation, Hf 298, for ethanol, C2H5OH. Ethanol melts at 156 K and boils
at 352 K.
A

2C(g) + 6H(g) + O(g) C2H5OH(g)

2C(s) + 3H2(g) + O2(g) C2H5OH(l)

2C(s) + 3H2(g) + O(g) C2H5OH(g)

2C(s) + 3H2(g) + O2(g) C2H5OH(l)

(Total 1 mark)

182. Use the data about four fuels given below to answer this question.

(a)

Formula

Name

Enthalpy change of
combustion
/ kJ mol1

Molar mass

Fuel
A

CH4

methane

890

16

CH3OH

methanol

726

32

C3H8

propane

2219

44

C4H10

butane

2877

58

/ g mol1

Which fuel, A, B, C or D, produces most energy per gram on complete combustion?

A
B
C
D
(1)

(b)

Scientists give governments advice on technical issues. What information would

scientists use when advising governments on the choice of one of these fuels, if the aim
was to minimise carbon dioxide production?
A

mass of carbon per gram of fuel

mass of carbon per kilojoules produced

number of kilojoules produced per gram

number of kilojoules produced per mole

(1)
(Total 2 marks)

183. Which of the following equations represents the first ionisation of sulfur?
A

S(s) + e S(g)

S(g) + e S(g)

S(s) S+(g) + e

S(g) S+(g) + e
(Total 1 mark)

184. Which element marked on this graph is a halogen?

First Ionisation Energy

D
A

Atomic number (increasing in steps of one)

A
B
C
D
(Total 1 mark)

185. This question is about the following ionisation energy sequences.

The values are all in kJ mol1.
A

1400

1000

950

830

700

420

3100

4400

5900

8000

1000

1250

1520

420

590

1520

2700

3900

5800

7200

Select from A to D the sequence which is most likely to represent the following:
(a)

The first ionisation energies of five consecutive members of the same group in the
Periodic Table, in order of increasing atomic number.
A
B
C
D
(1)

(b)

The first five ionisation energies of an s-block element.

A
B
C
D
(1)

(c)

The first five ionisation energies of a noble gas.

A
B
C
D
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

186. This question is about four hydrocarbons with molecular formulae as shown.
A

C2H2

C3H6

C3H8

C4H10

(a)

Which hydrocarbon has the same empirical formula as its molecular formula?
A
B
C
D
(1)

(b)

Which has a molecular ion in the mass spectrum at mass/charge ratio = 58?
A
B
C
D
(1)

(c)

Which is neither an alkane nor an alkene?

A
B
C
D
(1)

(d)

Which could be 2-methylpropane?

A
B
C
D
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

187. This question is about the following organic compounds with skeletal formulae as shown:

Br

Br

(a)

Which compound could be made from one of the others in an addition reaction?
A
B
C
D
(1)

(b)

Which compound has EZ isomers?

A
B
C
D
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

188. Chemists investigating the mechanism of the reaction of ethene and bromine thought that the
first step was the addition of Br+. To test this, they reacted bromine with ethene in the presence
of sodium chloride.
If their theory about the first step of the reaction was correct, which product might form as well
as 1,2-dibromoethane?
A

CH2BrCH2Na

CH2BrCH2Cl

CH2ClCH2Cl

CH2NaCH2Na
(Total 1 mark)

189. Which of the following is the correct name for the compound below?
Cl

CH3
C
H

C
CH 3

Z-3-chlorobut-2-ene

E-3-chlorobut-2-ene

E-2-chlorobut-2-ene

Z-2-chlorobut-2-ene
(Total 1 mark)

190. Copper(II) sulfate solution can be prepared from solid copper(II) carbonate by reaction with hot
dilute sulfuric acid.
(a)

Write the equation for the reaction, including state symbols.

(1)

(b)

The experiment was carried out using 0.025 moles of sulfuric acid of concentration 2.0
mol dm3. What volume of this sulfuric acid was used?

(1)

(c)

(i)

It is usual to react the sulfuric acid with a slight excess of copper(II) carbonate.
Calculate the mass of copper(II) carbonate needed if a 10% excess is required.
[Molar mass of copper(II) carbonate = 123.5 g mol1]

(2)

(ii)

A student doing this experiment chose to use a balance reading to 0.01g in an

attempt to work accurately.
Was this choice of balance necessary from the point of view of accuracy? Explain
your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

The sulfuric acid is heated to boiling and the copper(II) carbonate is added in small
portions.
State the next step needed to prepare pure copper(II) sulfate solution. Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

When the solution of copper(II) sulfate is allowed to crystallise, the crystals which are
produced have the formula CuSO4.5H2O.
(i)

What is the molar mass of CuSO4.5H2O?

(1)

(ii)

3.98 g of CuSO4.5H2O crystals were obtained. Calculate the percentage yield in

this experiment.

(2)
(Total 9 marks)

191. This question is about magnesium and magnesium oxide.

(a)

Describe the bonding in magnesium and explain why it is a good conductor of electricity.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

Draw a diagram (using dots or crosses) for the ions in magnesium fluoride showing all
the electrons and the ionic charges on:
(i)

the magnesium ion

(1)

(ii)

the fluoride ion.

(1)

(c)

Under what conditions does magnesium fluoride conduct electricity?

Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

The mass spectrum of a sample of magnesium is shown below.

80

relative abundance %

60

40

20

20

22

24

26

28

mass/charge ratio

(i)

Use the data above to estimate the percentage isotopic composition of the sample
of magnesium. Hence calculate the average atomic mass of the sample of
magnesium.

(2)

(ii)

Why do the three isotopes have the same chemical properties?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

(i)

Oceanographers studying plankton found that a sample of seawater contained

1.20 nanomol dm3 of chlorophyll, C55H77MgN4O5. (1 nanomol = 1 109 mol)
What mass of magnesium would be present in 1.00 cm3 of this sample of seawater?
Give your answer to three significant figures.

(2)

(ii)

X-ray diffraction can be used to locate atoms or ions in molecules like chlorophyll.
X-rays are scattered by the electrons in atoms and ions. In chlorophyll the atoms of
one of the elements still cannot be located with certainty by this technique.
Suggest which element is most difficult to locate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

192. Airbags, used as safety features in cars, contain sodium azide, NaN3. An airbag requires a large
volume of gas to be produced in a few milliseconds. The gas is produced in this reaction:
2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)

H is positive

When the airbag is fully inflated, 50 dm3 of nitrogen gas is produced.

(a)

Calculate the number of molecules in 50 dm3 of nitrogen gas under these conditions.
[The Avogadro constant = 6.02 1023 mol1. The molar volume of nitrogen gas under the
conditions in the airbag is 24 dm3 mol1].

(2)

(b)

Calculate the mass of sodium azide, NaN3, that would produce 50 dm3 of nitrogen gas.

(3)

(c)

What will happen to the temperature in the airbag when the reaction occurs?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

The airbag must be strong enough not to burst in an accident. An airbag which has burst
in an accident is hazardous if the sodium azide in it has decomposed.
Explain why this is so.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

193. Propene can be used to make other important chemical products. The processes involved can be
summarised in the diagram:

CompoundA

CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH3
+HBr
Reaction 1

Reaction 2
CH2 CH

CH3

Propene

Reaction 4
+H2/Ni

Reaction 3

poly(propene)

CH3CH2CH2Cl
Reaction 5

Propane
CH 3CH2CH3

(a)

(i)

Give the mechanism for Reaction 1.

(3)

(ii)

Explain why compound A and not its structural isomer is the major product in
Reaction 1.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Name compound A formed in Reaction 1.

Name .................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

What is added in Reaction 2 to make the product CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH3?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Complete the balanced equation for the formation of poly(propene) in Reaction 3 using
displayed formulae.
n(CH2

CHCH3)

(2)

(d)

Poly(propene) fibres can be used to make fleece which is used at several horse racing
courses to prevent the ground becoming frozen.
State one advantage of using poly(propene) instead of natural fibres of similar cost.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

(i)

One stage in the mechanism of Reaction 5 is shown below.

CH3CH2CH3 + Cl CH3CH2CH2 + HCl
What is this step?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Give the name or formula of the trace product present in the final mixture which
gives evidence for this mechanism.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

194. A student investigated a reaction which could be used to warm up coffee in self-heating cans.
Mg(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s)
In the self-heating cans, the bottom has a compartment containing copper(II) nitrate solution.
When a button on the bottom of the can is pressed, the magnesium powder is released into the
compartment where it reacts with the copper(II) nitrate solution.

(a)

A student investigated the enthalpy change for this reaction by measuring

50.0 cm3 of 0.300 mol dm3 copper(II) nitrate solution into a 100 cm3 beaker and adding
1g (an excess) of magnesium powder.
The results are shown below.
Temperature of copper(II) nitrate solution at start
Temperature of mixture after reaction
(i)

= 22 C
= 43 C

Calculate the energy change which took place. The specific heat capacity of the
solution is 4.20 J g1 K1.
Which is the correct value for the energy change in joules?

(1)

(ii)

How many moles of copper(II) nitrate were used in the experiment?

(1)

(iii)

Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction. You should include a sign and units
in your answer.

(2)

(iv)

Suggest two changes you would make to the equipment used in order to improve
the accuracy of the result.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

The ionic equation for the reaction is shown below:

Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s)

H= 532 kJ mol1

Would the following affect the value of the experimental result?

Explain your answer, stating the effect, if any, on the value of the enthalpy change
obtained.
(i)

The student used 2 g rather than 1g of magnesium.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

The heat losses that occurred from the students beaker.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The temperature in the self-heating can needs to increase by 60 C to produce a hot drink.
Suggest a change you could make to the mixture in the experiment in (a) to produce a
greater temperature rise. You are not expected to do a calculation.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

195. The following data can be used in a Born-Haber cycle for copper(II) bromide, CuBr2.
Enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine Hat[Br2(l)]
Enthalpy change of atomisation of copper, Hat[Cu(s)]
First ionisation energy of copper, Em1[Cu(g)]
Second ionisation energy of copper, Em2 [Cu(g)]
Electron affinity of bromine, Eaff[Br(g)]
Enthalpy change of formation of CuBr2(s), Hf [CuBr2(s)]

+111.9 kJ mol1
+338.3 kJ mol1
+746.0 kJ mol1
+1958.0 kJ mol1
342.6 kJ mol1
141.8 kJ mol1

(a)

On the following outline of a Born-Haber cycle complete the boxes A, B, and C by

putting in the formula and state symbol for the appropriate species and writing the name
of the enthalpy change D.
Cu2+(g)

2Br(g)

CuBr2(s)

B
C

D ...........................................

Cu(s) + Br2(l)
(3)

(b)

Use the data to calculate a value for the lattice energy of copper(II) bromide.
Give a sign and units in your answer.

(3)

(c)

When the lattice energy of copper(II) bromide is calculated from ionic radii and charges,
the result is a value numerically about 10% less than the one obtained from the BornHaber cycle.
(i)

What does this suggest about the nature of the bonding in copper(II) bromide?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Draw a diagram to show how the smaller copper ion alters the shape of the larger
bromide ion.

(1)
(Total 8 marks)