UNIDAD: 1.

- LAS BASES DE LA VIDA

QU SON LAS FUNCIONES VITALES?
Hay tres funciones vitales: Funcin de nutricin: Los seres vivos obtienen la materia y la energa necesaria para mantener la vida a travs de esta funcin. La nutricin requiere el consumo de alimento y oxigeno. Funcin de relacin: Los seres vivos se relacionan con el medio que lo rodea a travs de esta funcin. Funcin de reproduccin: Los seres vivos producen nuevos individuos, esto asegura la perpetuacin de las especies.

QU SON LAS BIOMOLCULAS?

Las biomolculas son los bloques de construccin de la vida, y tambin desempean importantes en los organismos vivos. Estn compuestas principalmente de: carbono, hidrgeno, oxgeno, nitrgeno, azufre y fsforo. LAS BIOMOLECULAS ORGNICAS: Son exclusivas de los seres vivos. Hay cuatro tipos: Los carbohidratos: Los compuestos orgnicos ms abundantes son los carbohidratos, tambin conocidos como sacridos. Estas substancias tienen un sabor dulce y se disuelven en agua. La mayora de los carbohidratos almacenan y transportan energa, otros son componentes estructurales. Los lpidos: Forman un enorme grupo de compuestos orgnicos que se producen naturalmente. Son todos insolubles en agua. Los lpidos desempean muchas diferentes funciones, por ejemplo las grasas y los aceites se usan para almacenar energa. Las protenas: Son macromolculas (grandes biomolculas), con extructuras muy complejas, hechas de cadenas llamadas aminocidos. Las funciones ms importantes de las protenas son: - Dar estructura a las clulas. - Transportar sustancias por el cuerpo. - Regular las reacciones qumicas. - Proteger al cuerpo de bacterias y microorganismos. Los cidos nucleicos: El material gentico de las clulas se encuentra en estas sustancias. Hay dos tipos: - El cido Desosirribonucleico (ADN), almacena toda la informacin necesaria para el funcionamiento y el desarrollo de los seres vivos. - El cido Ribonucleico (ARN), interviene en la sntesis de las protenas. Las biomolculas inorgnicas: Son compuestos que no son exclusivos de los seres vivos, sin embargo, son esenciales para la vida. - El agua: es la sustancia ms abundante en los seres vivos (alrededor del 65 % del cuerpo). Se necesita para transportar substancias y para regular la temperatura del cuerpo. - Las sales minerales: forman la estructura slida de los seres vivos como los esqueletos. Tambin estn involucradas en las reacciones qumicas y en la transmisin de impulsos nerviosos.

QU SON LAS CLULAS?

Las clulas son las unidades estructurales y funcionales de todos los seres vivos. Pueden ser clulas procariticas (sin ncleo) o eucariticas (con ncleo). Partes de una clula: La membrana celular es la fina capa que separa el interior de la clula del medio ambiente que lo rodea. El Citoplasma contiene los orgnulos que son responsables de las funciones de la clula. El ncleo lleva el material gentico (herencia), informacin que pasa de una generacin a la siguiente.

QU ES LA NUTRICIN CELULAR?
Las clulas obtienen energa para realizar las funciones vitales. Las plantas asimilan sustancias, llamadas nutrientes, del exterior. Los nutrientes se obtienen de los alimentos. Una vez dentro de la clula, los nutrientes se someten a procesos qumicos. Estos procesos qumicos se llaman metabolismo celular.

CUNTOS TIPOS DE NUTRICIN HAY?

Hay dos tipos de nutricin: Nutricin auttrofa: Es caracterstica de las clulas que usan una fuente de energa para fabricar su propia materia orgnica a partir de materia inorgnica. Si la energa viene del Sol se llama fotosntesis. La fotosntesis tiene los siguientes pasos: 1. Las plantas absorbe agua, dixido de carbono y sales minerales del exterior. 2. Usando la luz del Sol, se produce la material orgnica. En este proceso, el oxgeno es expulsado al exterior de la clula. Nutricin hetertrofa: Es caracterstica de las clulas que se alimentan de material orgnica producida por otros seres vivos.

QU ES LA RESPIRACIN CELULAR?
La respiracin celular es un grupo de procesos que tiene lugar en la clula para obtener energa. La clula absorbe sustancias orgnicas y oxigeno, luego, transforma estas sustancias en dixido de carbono, agua y energa. Luego utiliza esta energa para realizar sus funciones vitales. La

O2 O2

CO2 H2O
respiracin es similar en plantas y animales.

QU ES LA DIVISIN CELULAR?
La divisin celular es un proceso por el cual una clula (la clula madre) se divide en dos o ms clulas (clulas hijas). Este proceso tiene tres partes: 1. El ncleo de la clula madre se divide en dos ncleos idnticos. 2. La clula madre se divide en dos clulas hijas idnticas. 3. Las clulas hijas crecen hasta llegar a ser clulas adultas.

NAME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2 ESO___ (Bilingual)

UNIT: 1.- THE BASIS OF LIFE

WHAT ARE THE VITAL FUNCTIONS? There are three vital functions: Nutrition function: Living beings obtain the matter and energy necessary to sustain life through this function. Nutrition requires the intake of food and oxygen. Interaction function: Living beings relate to their surrounding environment through this function. Reproduction function: Living beings produce new individuals; this ensures the perpetuation of the species. 1.- Copy below this information.

2.- Translate the following words: Vital functions: Interaction function: Reproduction function: 3. - Complete the gaps:

Matter and energy: Nutrition function: Living beings:

________________ function: ____________________ obtain the ___________ and _________ necessary to sustain life through this function. ____________ requires the intake of _________ and _____________.

________________ function: ____________________ relate to their _____________________ through this function. ________________ function: ____________________ produce new __________________, this ensures the __________________ of the _______________.

4. - Match the two columns with arrows Nutrition function Interaction function Reproduction function Ensures the perpetuation of the species Living beings obtain the matter and energy Requires the intake of food and oxygen. Living beings relate to their surrounding environment Living beings produce new individuals

5.- Correct the mistakes: a) Living beings obtain the matter and energy necessary to sustain life through the reproduction function. b) Nutrition requires the intake of energy and oxygen. c) Living beings relate to their surrounding environment through the nutrition function. d) Interaction function: Living beings produce new individuals.

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7.- What is the reproduction function?:

8.- a) How many types of vital functions are there? b) Write down:

9.- Write T if the phrase is true or F if the phrase is false. a) There are four vital functions. b) In nutrition function living beings obtain the matter and energy. c) Nutrition requires the intake of matter and energy. d) Living beings relate with their surrounding environment through the nutrition function. e) Reproduction function: Living beings produce individuals. 10.- Match the two columns with arrows Nutrition function Interaction function Reproduction function A lion female runs behind a gazelle. A flower is opened with the Sun. A lion male eats a gazelle. A lion male fight with another lion male. A lion male look for a lion female.

NAME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2 ESO___ (Bilingual) WHAT ARE BIOMOLECULES? Biomolecules are the building blocks of life, and also perform important functions in living organisms. They are mainly composed of: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. ORGANIC BIOMOLECULES: They are exclusive to living beings. There are four types: Carbohydrates: The most abundant organic compounds are carbohydrates, also known as saccharides. Theses substances has a sweet taste and dissolve in water. Most carbohydrates store and transport energy, others are structural components. Lipids: These form a huge group of organic compounds which occur naturally. They are all insoluble in water. Lipids perform many different functions, for example fats and oils are used for storing energy. Proteins: They are macromolecules (large biomolecules), with very complex structures, made up of chains called aminoacids. The most important functions of proteins are: - To give structure to the cells. - To transport substances around the body. - To regulate chemical reactions. - To protect the body from bacteria and microorganisms. Nucleic acids: The genetic material of cells is founded in these substances. There are two types: - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), stores all the information necessary for the functioning and development of living beings. - Ribonucleic acid (RNA), participates in the synthesis of proteins. Inorganic biomolecules: They are compounds that are not exclusive to living beings; however, they are essential for life. - Water is the most abundant substance in living beings (about 65 % of the body). It is needed to transport substances and to regulate body temperature. - Mineral salts form the solid structure of living beings such as skeletons. They are also involved in chemical reactions and in the transmission of nervous impulses. 1.- Copy below only proteins and nucleic acids:

2.- Translate this words: Carbohydrates: Aminoacids: Biomolecules: Mineral salts:

Lipids: Fats: oils: Water:

Proteins: macromolecules: saccharides: Deoxyribonucleic acid:

3.- Complete the gaps: ___________________: The most abundant _________________________ are _____________, also known as ________________. Theses substances has a ________________ and ____________________. Most ________________ store and _____________________, others are _______________________. 4.- Why is water important for living beings?:

5.- Where can genetic materials be found?

6.- Write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. a) Carbohydrates dissolve in water. b) Lipids are all insoluble in water. c) Proteins are macromolecules. d) There are two types of nucleic acids. e) Water is the most abundant substance in living beings. f) Mineral salts form the solid structure of living beings.

7.- Match the two columns with arrows Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Inorganic biomolecules 8.- Biomolecules are mainly composed of:

fats and oils saccharides DNA and RNA Water and mineral salts aminoacids

9.- What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

10.- What is the most important difference between organic and inorganic biomolecules?

NAME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2 ESO___ (Bilingual) WHAT ARE CELLS? Cells are the structural and functional units of all living beings. They can be prokaryotic cells (without nucleus) or eukaryotic cells (with nucleus). Parts of a cell: The cell membrane is the thin layer which separates the inside of the cell from its surrounding environment. Cytoplasm contains the organelles which are responsible for cell functions. The nucleus carries the genetic (hereditary) information which is passed from one generation to the next.

1.- Copy only the text:

2.- Translate this words: Cytoplasm: Mitochondrion: Chloroplast: Plant cell: Eukaryotic cell:

Vacuole: Cell wall: Cell nucleus: Animal cell: Prokaryotic cell:

3.- What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 4.- What are the main differences between an animal and a plant cell?

5.- Draw an animal cell and write down its main components:

6.- Draw a plant cell and write down its main components:

7.- Fill-in the blanks: a) _________ are the ___________ and _____________ units of all living beings. b) Cells can be _______________ cells or _______________ cells. c) _____________________ is the thin _________ . d) _____________________ separates ____________of the cell from its ______________________. e) _____________________contains the __________. f) _____________________ are responsible for __________ functions. g) _____________________ carries the genetic information. h) The ____________ (hereditary) information is passed from one __________________________. 8.- Match the two columns with arrows
prokaryotic cells eukaryotic cells cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus carries the genetic information without nucleus separates the inside of the cell from its surrounding environment with nucleus contains the organelles

9.- Correct the mistakes: a) Animals are the structural and functional units of all living beings. b) Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus. c) Cytoplasm is the thin layer which separates the inside of the cell from its surrounding environment. d) Cytoplasm contains the genetic (hereditary) information. 10.- Fill-in the blanks:

NAME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2 ESO___ (Bilingual) WHAT IS CELLULAR NUTRITION? Cells obtain matter and energy to perform vital functions. The cells take in substances, called nutrients, from the outside. Nutrients are obtained from food. Once inside the cell, the nutrients are subjected to chemical processes. These chemical processes are called cellular metabolism. 1.- Copy only the text:

2.- Translate this words: Metabolism: Matter: Food :

Nutrients: Energy: Chemical processes:

3.- Put the following sentences in the correct order: a) matter and energy functions. Cells obtain to perform vital b) from food. obtained Nutrients are c) take in substances, from the outside. The cells called nutrients, d) to chemical processes. the cell, are subjected Once inside the nutrients e) cellular metabolism. are called These chemical processes HOW MANY TYPES OF NUTRITION ARE THERE? There are two types of nutrition: Autotrophic nutrition: It is characteristic of cells which use an energy source to make their own organic matter from inorganic matter. If the energy comes from the Sun it is called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis has the follows steps: 1. The plants take in water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts from the outside. 2. Using sunlight, organic matter is produced. In this process, oxygen is released from the cells to the outside. Heterotrophic nutrition: It is characteristic of cells which feed on organic matter produced by other living beings.

4.- What is autotrophic nutrition?

5.- When is the autotrophic nutrition called photosynthesis?

6.- a) How many steps are there in the photosynthesis? b) Explain these steps:

7.- Complete the picture that represents the photosynthesis process.

8.- Fill-in the blanks: a) _________________ nutrition: It is characteristic of _______ which use an ______________ to make their own _________________ from ____________________. b) _________________ nutrition: It is characteristic of _______ which feed on _____________ produced by other __________________.

9.- Fill-in the blanks: ____________________ has the follows steps: 1.- The ___________ take in _________, _________________ and _________________ . 2.- Using __________, ________________ is produced. In this process, __________ is released.

10.- Correct the mistakes in the photosynthesis process: The plants take in water through the leaf. The plants take in carbon dioxide and mineral by the roots. Using light energy, inorganic mater is produced. In the photosynthesis process, carbon dioxide is released to outside.

NAME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2 ESO___ (Bilingual) WHAT IS CELLULAR RESPIRATION? Cellular respiration is the group of processes which take place in a cell to obtain energy. The cell takes in organic substances and oxygen, then, it breaks down those substances into carbon dioxide, water and energy. Then it uses this energy to carry out its vital functions. Respiration is similar in plants and animals.

O2 O2 1.- Copy only the text:

CO2 H2O

2.- Translate this words: Cellular respiration: To obtain energy: Break down: Carbon dioxide: 3.- Fill-in the blanks:

take in: organic substances: oxygen: carry out:

_____________________ is the group of ____________ which take place in a ___________ to obtain ____________. The cell ____________ organic ____________ and _____________, then, it __________________ those substances into ____________________, __________ and ___________. 4.- Match the two columns with arrows dioxide carbon The cell take in energy water The cell break down Organic substances oxygen 5.- Complete the picture that represents the respiration process.

WHAT IS CELLULAR DIVISION? Cellular division is a process by which a cell (parent cell) divides into two or more cells (daughter cells). This process has three parts: 1. The nucleus of the parent cell divides into two identical nuclei. 2. The parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells. 3. The daughter cells grow to become adult cells. 6.- Translate this words: Nucleus: Nuclei: Adult cell: Cytoplasm: 7.- Draw the cellular division:

parent cell: daughter cell: cell grows: nucleus:

8.- Complete with vowel: C__ll__l__r d__v__s__ __n c__ll) d__v__d__s h__s __nt__ pr__c__ss thr__ __

__s tw__ p__rts.

__ __r

pr__c__ss m__r__

by

wh__ch

__

c__ll

(p__r__nt Th__s

c__lls

(d__ __ght__r

c__lls).

9.- What is the difference between nucleus and nuclei?

10.- Explain the cellular division process: