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ecological succession
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Abstract
Since the funding of a long-term ecological study by the National Science Council,
an intensive biological inventory has been carried out in Taiwan over several years.
There were follow up projects on biodiversity targeted by the survey and classification
in some specific areas as well. Biodiversity indices were calculated and the similarities
between different areas were studied. Because some authors did not fully understand
the formulae they were using, there were some errors in interpretation. The description
and interpretation of the data needs to be improved.
We reviewed papers on
biodiversity in Taiwan and propose the following suggestions for sampling for
biodiversity, for ecosystem studies of biodiversity, and for permanent sampling plots.
Because of differences in the behavior and temporal and spatial scale of habitats
between species, organisms of different species would be collected with differing
probabilities by the various sampling methods. Therefore, in biodiversity studies, it is
necessary to identify the distribution of habitats of the various organisms. Proper
sampling methods and sample sizes can then be planned and calculated based on the
spatial distribution pattern and the life history of the respective organisms in the habitat.
Only then, can the number of species and their densities be estimated with confidence,
and the diversity index calculated accordingly. In calculating the diversity indices, if
there are still significant differences between the observed number and the actual total
number of species, the calculated diversity indices will change from time to time with
the accumulation of data. This will make the indices meaningless. Because of the
deficiencies in abstract reasoning underlying the definition of most well-known
biodiversity indices, they should be used with caution. From an ecosystem viewpoint ,
knowledge of species number and their abundances are only constitutive elements of the
system. This is not sufficient for a sustainable management of the ecosystem. For an
ecosystem study, not only the composition of a system (the general meaning of
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biodiversity) should be studied, but also the system structure (the relationships
between members in the food-chain or food-web) and the dynamics (the growth,
reproduction, predation, competition, mutualism, or human harvesting, etc.). The
seasonal change of biodiversity of an ecosystem results from the changes of growth rate,
reproduction rate, predation rate and competition of all species and their interactions.
All of these should be studied, based on ecological theories such as life tables, predation,
competition and harvesting. Because of the numbers of components and the complexity
of their interactions, computer simulation is a necessary tool. If the management of
representative permanent sampling plots of an ecosystem is able to minimize human
influence, and if the methods of study and theories are correct, then the theory derived
from abstract reasoning from the data can be confidently used. Robust methods for
conservation and sustainable biodiversity can then be undertaken. Using these methods,
the existence of individual permanent sampling plots can be left to ecological
succession.
Key words: ecosystem, life table, sampling, biodiversity.
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1991 2
19981999 2000
2000 2000 12
2000 5 2001
11 2002 2002 7
hot science
1999
Jaccard coefficient
20001999 Jaccard coefficient
2002
log
series
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1999
2001a
2001a
340
Shannon-Wiener index
s
H = pi ln pi
(1)
i =1
diversity index
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diversity index
Shannon-Wiener index Simpsons
index
1. Shannon-Wiener index
Shannon-Wiener index (Shannon 1948) (1)
McQuarrie (1973) Statistical Thermodynamics 1-15 Shannon-Wiener index
Shannon-Wiener index 2-5 2-6
1 s pi i
s
Shannon-Wiener index s
pi
s pi Shannon-Wiener index
s
s
Shannon-Wiener index
Shannon-Wiener
index Shannon-Weaver index
1999
200020011998
(McQuarrie 1973) Shannon (1948) Appendix 2
information
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2. Simpsons index
Legendre and Legendre (1983) The probability that two randomly
chosen specimens belong to the same species is the measure of concentration proposed
by Simpson, i.e., the sum of these combined probabilities for the different species:
n
N i (N i 1)
=
i =1 N ( N 1)
n
N (N
i =1
1)
N (N 1)
(2)
n Ni i N Magurran (1988)
39 Simpson (1949) gave the probability of any two individuals
drawn at random from a infinitely large community belonging to different species as:
D = pi2
(3)
where pi = the proportion of individuals in the ith species. In order to calculate the
index the form appropriate to a finite community is used:
n (n 1)
D = i i
N (N 1)
(4)
2 4
3
Legendre and Legendre (1983)Ludwig and Reynolds (1988)
Legendre and Legendre (1983)
:
n
D2 = 1
i =1
N i (N i 1)
=1 D
N (N 1)
(5)
5 diversityMacArthur 1972Magurran
1988 1/D Simpsons index 1/D
D D2 1 D D 1/D
D 0 1 D = 11/D 1/D
Simpsons index 1/D 2000
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who have used diversity to mean a number combining aspects of both the number of
species and the evenness of their abundances have wasted a great deal of time in
polemics about whether 1
p
i
2
i
or pi log e pi or N ! (N 1! N 2 ! N n !) or some
i
diversity indices
N
Magurran (1988)
diversity sampling Magurran (1988)
diversity index
similarity index
2000
344
1994 6:00
10:00 16:00 18:00
1998
3-4
Cochran1977 Thompson1992
Poisson distribution
P( x ) = e
(6)
x!
2 = 2
negative binomial distribution
( k + x )
P( x ) =
x! (k ) k +
k +
(7)
=+
2
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2
k
(8)
( x ) = t x 1e t dt
(9)
x ( x ) = ( x 1)! x (x)
k
( k + x 1)! k +
P( x ) =
x! ( k 1)! + k k
(10)
30 10 cm
x s s
11 n
ts
n=
Dx
(11)
D D = 0.2 0.1
t Students t t0.05[]=1.96 2
11 Southwood (1978)
n
sample size n
Krebs
2
200 1
n=
r x
n=
(12)
(100t )2 1 + 1
r2
(13)
k
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1977Thompson 1992
n
n* =
n
1+
N
(14)
n * N
25 cm2 n/N > 0.05
heterogeneous
caution, the reader should be warned that a meaningful interpretation of a data matrix
presupposes a correct sampling design r-selection
2000
c = pi i j
(15)
j =1
j ij = 1 j ij = 0
m k
m
k
Pr (K = k ) = (1 c ) c m k
k
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(16)
E (S ) = E (S k )Pr (K = k )
(17)
E (S k ) = 1 (1 q j )
s
(18)
j =1
qj j
q j = (1 i j ) p j (1 c )
(19)
Coddington (1995)
s
12
2002
Fisher et al. (1943) Fig. 4
348
12
( 2002)
19981999
349
Internet
: Databank
of
FRRN
(Databank
of
Forest
Reserves
Suitable
for
Research,
http://www.efi.fi/Database_ Gateway/FRRN/)
1992
Lotka (1922)
350
rx
l x mx = 1
(20)
M I = 0
(21)
r-selection K-selection r K
351
n<<x
2000 39
consumption
rate carrying
capacity
predation Hassell 1978
352
Phillips et al.
2003
ecological succession
DNA
(1999)
24 956
DNA inventory
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perish
2002 95
biodiversity
.
young
routine
extinction probability
Euclidean distance
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monitoring
xxx
1998
.
2002
2000 --
14(2): 77-83
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1998
12(2): 121-127
2002
-- 4(1): 1-11
20002000
1998
12(3): 181-188
2002
2000
14(2): 85-90
2000--
20(1): 57-61
1999
13(4): 303-316
2001
23(2): 25-34
2002
1992
178
1998
47(3): 67-87
1994 27(1):
3-14
356
2001a
21(2): 99-117
2001b
23(4): 31-44
1999
14(4): 469-478
1999
19(1): 65-91
20002000
2002
24(4): 145-153
1997
11(4): 49-66
2001
23(2): 47-62
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