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hsinchi@dragon.nchu.edu.

tw
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ecological succession

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On a Biodiversity Study Based on Papers of


Taiwans Biodiversity
Hsin Chi, Yu-Bin Huang, Yu-Da Dai, Yi-Ying Wu and Jen-Wei Liu
Laboratory of Theoretical Ecology, Department of Entomology,
National Chung Hsing University

Abstract
Since the funding of a long-term ecological study by the National Science Council,
an intensive biological inventory has been carried out in Taiwan over several years.
There were follow up projects on biodiversity targeted by the survey and classification
in some specific areas as well. Biodiversity indices were calculated and the similarities
between different areas were studied. Because some authors did not fully understand
the formulae they were using, there were some errors in interpretation. The description
and interpretation of the data needs to be improved.

We reviewed papers on

biodiversity in Taiwan and propose the following suggestions for sampling for
biodiversity, for ecosystem studies of biodiversity, and for permanent sampling plots.
Because of differences in the behavior and temporal and spatial scale of habitats
between species, organisms of different species would be collected with differing
probabilities by the various sampling methods. Therefore, in biodiversity studies, it is
necessary to identify the distribution of habitats of the various organisms. Proper
sampling methods and sample sizes can then be planned and calculated based on the
spatial distribution pattern and the life history of the respective organisms in the habitat.
Only then, can the number of species and their densities be estimated with confidence,
and the diversity index calculated accordingly. In calculating the diversity indices, if
there are still significant differences between the observed number and the actual total
number of species, the calculated diversity indices will change from time to time with
the accumulation of data. This will make the indices meaningless. Because of the
deficiencies in abstract reasoning underlying the definition of most well-known
biodiversity indices, they should be used with caution. From an ecosystem viewpoint ,
knowledge of species number and their abundances are only constitutive elements of the
system. This is not sufficient for a sustainable management of the ecosystem. For an
ecosystem study, not only the composition of a system (the general meaning of

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biodiversity) should be studied, but also the system structure (the relationships
between members in the food-chain or food-web) and the dynamics (the growth,
reproduction, predation, competition, mutualism, or human harvesting, etc.). The
seasonal change of biodiversity of an ecosystem results from the changes of growth rate,
reproduction rate, predation rate and competition of all species and their interactions.
All of these should be studied, based on ecological theories such as life tables, predation,
competition and harvesting. Because of the numbers of components and the complexity
of their interactions, computer simulation is a necessary tool. If the management of
representative permanent sampling plots of an ecosystem is able to minimize human
influence, and if the methods of study and theories are correct, then the theory derived
from abstract reasoning from the data can be confidently used. Robust methods for
conservation and sustainable biodiversity can then be undertaken. Using these methods,
the existence of individual permanent sampling plots can be left to ecological
succession.
Key words: ecosystem, life table, sampling, biodiversity.

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1991 2
19981999 2000
2000 2000 12
2000 5 2001
11 2002 2002 7

hot science

1999
Jaccard coefficient
20001999 Jaccard coefficient

2002
log
series

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1997 1995 1997


diversity index
2001 2002
diversity indexYang et al. (1994)
Nursery of Paulownia fortunei cricket community Simpsons index
-0.287 Simpsons index
2001a
13
10 5
3 EP20
0
0
Diversity of species: the different species in a given
area or habitat

1999

2001a
2001a

0log2 loge log10


2001a 107
x = 0 y 20.912001b
2002
Berger-Parker

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Berger-Parker dominance index d = N max N T d 2002


D pi

1983 CBE style manual Numerical data presented in


tables usually need not be restated in detail in the text, but mean values for group data
may be restated to emphasize the evidence on which conclusions are based.
(interpretation)

Shannon-Wiener index
s

H = pi ln pi

(1)

i =1

i ln H=-piln (pi) Diversity = PilnPi Word

2001 Shannon Hmax


logs s
Hmax
Evenness2001

diversity index 2000

diversity index

341


diversity index
Shannon-Wiener index Simpsons
index
1. Shannon-Wiener index
Shannon-Wiener index (Shannon 1948) (1)
McQuarrie (1973) Statistical Thermodynamics 1-15 Shannon-Wiener index
Shannon-Wiener index 2-5 2-6
1 s pi i
s
Shannon-Wiener index s
pi
s pi Shannon-Wiener index

s
s
Shannon-Wiener index

Shannon-Wiener
index Shannon-Weaver index
1999
200020011998
(McQuarrie 1973) Shannon (1948) Appendix 2
information

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2. Simpsons index
Legendre and Legendre (1983) The probability that two randomly
chosen specimens belong to the same species is the measure of concentration proposed
by Simpson, i.e., the sum of these combined probabilities for the different species:
n

N i (N i 1)
=

i =1 N ( N 1)
n

N (N
i =1

1)

N (N 1)

(2)

n Ni i N Magurran (1988)
39 Simpson (1949) gave the probability of any two individuals
drawn at random from a infinitely large community belonging to different species as:

D = pi2

(3)

where pi = the proportion of individuals in the ith species. In order to calculate the
index the form appropriate to a finite community is used:
n (n 1)
D = i i

N (N 1)

(4)

2 4
3
Legendre and Legendre (1983)Ludwig and Reynolds (1988)
Legendre and Legendre (1983)
:
n

D2 = 1
i =1

N i (N i 1)
=1 D
N (N 1)

(5)

5 diversityMacArthur 1972Magurran
1988 1/D Simpsons index 1/D
D D2 1 D D 1/D
D 0 1 D = 11/D 1/D
Simpsons index 1/D 2000

MacArthur (1972) Those

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who have used diversity to mean a number combining aspects of both the number of
species and the evenness of their abundances have wasted a great deal of time in
polemics about whether 1

p
i

2
i

or pi log e pi or N ! (N 1! N 2 ! N n !) or some
i

other measure is best.


diversity
index diversity index

diversity indices
N
Magurran (1988)
diversity sampling Magurran (1988)

diversity index
similarity index

2000

344

1994 6:00
10:00 16:00 18:00
1998
3-4

Southwood (1978)Kershaw and Looney (1985)Moore


and Chapman (1985)Ludwig and Reynolds (1988)Krebs (1999)

Cochran1977 Thompson1992

Poisson distribution

P( x ) = e

(6)

x!

2 = 2
negative binomial distribution

( k + x )

P( x ) =
x! (k ) k +

k +

(7)

=+
2

345

2
k

(8)

Negative binomial distribution (x) gamma

( x ) = t x 1e t dt

(9)

x ( x ) = ( x 1)! x (x)
k

( k + x 1)! k +
P( x ) =

x! ( k 1)! + k k

(10)

Ludwig and Reynolds (1988) Poisson


distribution negative binomial distribution Simpsons index
Simpson (1949)

30 10 cm
x s s
11 n
ts
n=

Dx

(11)

D D = 0.2 0.1
t Students t t0.05[]=1.96 2
11 Southwood (1978)
n
sample size n
Krebs
2

200 1
n=

r x

n=

(12)

(100t )2 1 + 1
r2

(13)
k

Poisson distribution 2 = negative binomial distribution


2 = + 2 k 11

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Finite population correction Cochran

1977Thompson 1992
n

n* =

n
1+
N

(14)

n * N
25 cm2 n/N > 0.05
heterogeneous

Legendre and Legendre (1983) As a final

caution, the reader should be warned that a meaningful interpretation of a data matrix
presupposes a correct sampling design r-selection

2000

2000 Colwell and Coddington (1995)


53
s p1, p2, p3, , ps
coverage
s

c = pi i j

(15)

j =1

j ij = 1 j ij = 0
m k

m
k
Pr (K = k ) = (1 c ) c m k
k

347

(16)


E (S ) = E (S k )Pr (K = k )

(17)

E (S k ) = 1 (1 q j )
s

(18)

j =1

qj j
q j = (1 i j ) p j (1 c )

(19)

Solow and Polasky (1999)


s c

Solow and Polasky (1999) Good (1953) c Chao (1984)


s0 (r1)
(r2) s Colwell and

Coddington (1995)

s
12
2002
Fisher et al. (1943) Fig. 4

Raven 1992 Morin 1992

348

MS-DOSdBase III Plus

12
( 2002)

19981999

349


Internet
: Databank

of

FRRN

(Databank

of

Forest

Reserves

Suitable

for

Research,

http://www.efi.fi/Database_ Gateway/FRRN/)

1992

exponential growth Logistic

model carrying capacity

Lotka (1922)

350

rx

l x mx = 1

(20)

x lx mx age-specific survival rate age-specific

fecundity intrinsic rate of increase Lewis-Leslie


matrix (Lewis 1942, Leslie 1945 & 1948)

M I = 0

(21)

n f1n 1 s1 f 2 n 2 s1 s2 f 3n 3 .... s1 ...s n 2 f n 1 s1 ...sn 1 f n = 0 (22)


si i i+1 fi i
finite rate of increase Intrinsic rate of increase finite rate of

increase = e r Chi and Liu


(1985) Chi (1988)lx mx si fi r

(: Ricklefs and Miller 1999)

r-selection K-selection r K

351


n<<x

x<<y predation consumption

2000 39

consumption

rate carrying
capacity
predation Hassell 1978

Wang et al. (2002)


copepods
predation competition

Chi (2000) Computer simulation models for sustainability

Pennings and Callaway (1996)


diversity
Phillips et

al. (1994) Sheil (1996) Phillips et al.

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(1997)Sheil (1997) 1996


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Synnott (1979) A manual of permanent plot procedures for tropic

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2003

ecological succession

DNA

(1999)
24 956

DNA inventory

353

perish

2002 95
biodiversity
.

young

science complexity difficulty

routine
extinction probability

Euclidean distance

354

monitoring
xxx

1998
.

2002

Dr. Malcolm Cunningham


Dr. Cecil L. Smith

2000 --
14(2): 77-83

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-- 4(1): 1-11
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1999
13(4): 303-316
2001
23(2): 25-34
2002

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2000 33(2): 169-

178
1998
47(3): 67-87
1994 27(1):

3-14

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