FIGURE A.2.

Digital gate symbols.

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FIGURE A.4.1

A force applied to a spring extends the length from a relaxed x0 to a new x.

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FIGURE A.5.1

P&ID signal and process lines.

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FIGURE A.5.2

Special symbols are used for instrumentation in the P&ID.

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FIGURE A.5.3

Examples of the letter/number coding.

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FIGURE A.5.4

The PLC includes many math operations.

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Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE A.5.5

Symbols for some final control elements.

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FIGURE A.5.6

Illustration of a P&ID for a chemical process.

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FIGURE A.6.1

Op amp differential amplifier.

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FIGURE A.6.2

Voltage-to-current converter.

Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]

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FIGURE A.6.3

Op amp proportional-integral controller.

Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

FIGURE A.6.4

Op amp proportional-derivative controller.

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Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.