Tiu chun xy dng

TCxd 13 : 1991
Nhm H

Phn cp nh v cng trnh dn dng - Nguyn tc chung

Grades for dwellings and civil works - General principles
Tiu chun ny thay th cho 20TCN 13: 1964 Phn cp cng trnh kin trc dn dng Tiu chun ny quy nh nhng nguyn tc chung v phn cp nh v cng trnh dn dng bao gm cc loi nh , nh v cng trnh cng cng.
Ch thch: Khi thit k nh v cng trnh dn dng, ngoi nhng nguyn tc chung m phi tun theo nhng quy nh v phn cp trong tiu chun thit k ca tng loi nh v cng trnh hin hnh. V nguyn tc chung phn cp cng trnh xy dng, phi theo TCVN 2748: 1991.

1. Quy nh chung 1.1. Khi xc nh cp nh v cng trnh dn dng cn xt n cc c im sau: a) Tm quan trng v kinh t, x hi, quy m v cng sut phc v ca cng trnh xy dng. b) Quy hoch thnh ph, im dn c|, khu cng trnh v mi tr|ng khu vc xy dng. c) Mc t vt liu xy dng, trang thit b cng trang tr bn trong v ngoi nh v cng trnh. 1.2. Trong mt tng th nh v cng trnh c th quy nh cp khc nhau cho tng cng trnh n v, tu theo mc ca chng. 1.3. Cp nh v cng trnh dn dng phi |c xc nh trong lun chng kinh t k thut. 2. Nguyn tc phn cp; 2.1. Cp nh v cng trnh |c xc nh bng cc yu t c bn l cht l|ng s dng (khai thc) v cht l|ng xy dng cng trnh. 2.2. Cht l|ng s dng ca nh v cng trnh dn dng th hin : Tiu chun s dng din tch, khi tch cc b phn hoc bung phng trong dy truyn s dng. Tiu chun v trang thit b, tin nghi ca nh v cng trnh. Mc hon thin v trang tr ni ngoi tht 2.3. Cht l|ng s dng ca nh v cng trnh chia ra 4 bc: Bc I: Cht l|ng s dng cao. Bc II: Cht l|ng s dng kh Bc III: Cht l|ng s dng trung bnh. 2.4. Bc IV: Cht l|ng s dng thp Cht l|ng xy dng ca nh v cng trnh ph thuc vo bn vng v chu la ca cc b phn kt cu ch yu ca nh v cng trnh.

Tiu chun xy dng

TCxd 13 : 1991

2.5.

bn vng ca nh v cng trnh th hin : a) Vic s dng vt liu xy dng v cc gii php k thut ca cc b phn kt cu ch yu ca nh v cng trnh. b) Kh nng chng li tc ng c l v cc nh h|ng khc. bn vng m bo cho cng trnh c th s dng mt cch bnh th|ng trong sut nin hn s dng. bn vng cc kt cu chu la ca nh v cng trnh chia ra 4 bc: Bc I: Nin hn s dng trn l00 nm Bc II: Nin hn s dng trn 50 nm Bc III: Nin hn s dng trn 20 nm Bc IV: Nin hn s dng d|i 20 nm Cn c vo tnh chu la, nh v cng trnh dn dng chia thnh 5 bc chu la: I, II, III IV, v V.

2.6.

Bc chu la cn thit ca ngi nh, p dng theo TCVN: 2622: 1978 Phng chy, cha chy cho nh v cng trnh". Mc chy v gii hn chu la ti thiu ca cc cu kin xy dng ch yu, |c xc nh tu thuc vo bc chu la. 3. Phn cp 3.1. Nh v cng trnh dn dng phn lm 4 cp theo bng 1 Bng 1
Cp nh v cng trnh Cp I Cp II Cp III Cp IV Cht l|ng s dng Bc I: Cht l|ng s dng cao Bc I: Cht l|ng xy dng cng trnh bn vng chu la

Nin hn s dng Bc I hoc bc II trn 100 nm Bc II: Cht l|ng s dng kh Bc II: Nin hn s dng Bc III trn 50 nm Bc III: Cht l|ng s dng trung Bc III: Nin hn s dng Bc IV bnh trn 20 nm Bc lV: Cht l|ng s dng thp Bc IV: Nin hn s dng Bc V d|i 20 nm

Tiu chun xy dng

Ph lc

TCxd 13 : 1991

1. Thut ng 1.1. Ngi nh - sn phm ca hot ng xy dng m khng gian bn trong c t chc, |c ngn cch vi mi tr|ng bn ngoi, dng , hot ng cng cng hay sn xut, bo qun vt liu, sn phm... 1.2. Cng trnh - sn phm ca hot ng xy dng, to kh nng thc hin cc qu trnh sn xut, giao thng vn ti, thng tin lin lc... hoc dng bo qun vt liu, thnh phm (thp lm ngui n|c, cu cn, cu, xil, b cha). 1.3. Tng th xy dng - tp hp cc ngi nh v cng trnh gn b vi nhau trong mi quan h v chc nng khng gian v kin trc xy dng (tng th nh , tng th ngh mt, tng th cng nghip...).. 1.4. bn vng - c tr|ng tng qut v mc chc chn ca ngi nh hay cng trnh (tui th, chu la, chu ng t). 1.5. Tui th - khong thi gian gii hn duy tr trong mt mc cn thit phm cht vt l ca vt liu xy dng, cu kin xy dng, ngi nh, cng trnh trong nhng iu kin s dng xc nh. 1.6. chu la - cht l|ng ca cu kin v kt cu xy dng khng t n trng thi gii hn ca chu la d|i tc ng ca la. tnh trng ny cc kt cu v cu kin khng cn kh nng s dng tip tc hoc c kh nng lm m chy lan rng. 2. Phm vi p dng ca tiu chun. 2.1. Nh - tu theo chc nng v i t|ng s dng, nh chia ra: nh cn h, nh tp th, bit th... 2.2. Nh v cng trnh cng cng - tu theo chc nng v i t|ng s dng, chia thnh 12 loi: (xem ph lc 1- TCVN 4319: 1986) a) Cng trnh y t b) Cng trnh th thao c) Cng trnh gio dc d) Cng trnh vn ho e) Cc c quan, t chc khoa hc v phc v khoa hc f) Cc c quan php lut, Vin kim st v to n nhn dn ti cao g) Cng trnh phc v cng cng h) Cc c quan v t chc qun l Nh n|c cc cp, cc tr s ng v on th cc cp. i) Cc cng trnh thng nghip v n ung cng cng j) Cc cng trnh thng tin lin lc k) Cc cng trnh giao thng (nh n, bn xe). Trong tiu chun ny ch quy nh nhng nguyn tc chung v phn cp, khi thit k mt cng trnh c th thuc loi no, p dng cc tiu chun ban hnh ring cho loi cng trnh . 3. Quy nh v phn cp.

Tiu chun xy dng

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Ti iu 1.1: Quy nh v phn cp nh v cng trnh dn dng phi cn c vo nhng c s ch yu sau: a) Cht l|ng s dng (khai thc) b) Cht l|ng xy dng cng trnh ng thi phi xt n cc c im sau: Tm quan trng v kinh t, x hi, quy m v cng sut phc v cng trnh. Quy hoch xy dng thnh ph, im dn c| v mi tr|ng khu vc cn xy dng, mc u t| vt liu xy dng, trang thit b cng nh| trang tr bn trong v bn ngoi nh hoc cng trnh. Khi phn cp cng trnh ch xt n cc cng trnh cng loi, cng nhm, khng th em so snh mt cng trnh v tm quan trng, v nhim v v mc ch s dng. 3.1. Cht l|ng s dng ca nh v cng trnh ph thuc vo iu kin kinh t - k thut trong tng hon cnh c th ca t n|c, |c th hin : - Tiu chun s dng din tch, khi tch cc b phn hoc bung phng trong dy chuyn s dng. - Tiu chun v trang thit b, tin nghi ca nh v cng trnh. - Mc hon thin v trang tr ni ngoi tht. Cht l|ng s dng chia thnh 4 bc. Bc I l bc c cht l|ng s dng p ng yu cu cao, cn bc IV l bc cht l|ng s dng p ng yu cu thp. Yu cu thp bao gm nhng iu kin cn thit v ch yu v cc mt v sinh, mi tr|ng (nh| i vi nh phi c ch ng, n, bp, ni v sinh, tm git trong mt nh), c khng kh, nh sng, gi, chng m thp, chng m|a nng. Cc yu cu thp cn thit gia cc loi cng trnh c khc nhau. Gia 4 bc cht l|ng s dng, c s chnh lch nhiu hay t tu thuc vo chc nng, tm quan trng ca tng loi cng trnh. Trong qu trnh s dng, cng trnh chu s tc ng ca t nhin v ca ti trng s dng nn b hng dn. Khong thi gian tnh n khi cng trnh khng cn mc n nh s dng mt cch an ton, th|ng gi l tu th ca cng trnh. V mt qun l, khai thc cng trnh, th|ng n nh thi gian s dng cn thit cho mt k hoch tnh ton, phi lm th no tn dng hiu qu s dng ca cng trnh t ti mc kinh t nht, khong thi gian l "Nin hn s dng" ca cng trnh. Ngoi ra cng trnh c th b chy, gy hng cc cu kin chu la ca cng trnh, nh h|ng n tui th ca ngi nh hoc cng trnh xy dng. V vy khi phn cp cng trnh cn phi ch trng n nhng quy nh v chu la. Theo iu 2.5, bn vng ca cc kt cu chu lc chia thnh 4 bc, ng vi 4 mc nin hn s dng, tnh bng nm. Nhng khong nin hn ny |c quy |c theo kinh nghim trong n|c v ngoi n|c. Khi quy nh cp cho tng loi cng trnh cn cn nhc cc gii php v kt cu thit b tin nghi nhm lm cng trnh c bn vng ph hp vi nin hn s dng.