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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

MASTER PLAN FOR ECO-TOURISM IN VALLEY OF FLOWERS-HEMKUNT BELT


FINAL REPORT
March 2005

TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES LIMITED


TULSI-GANGA COMPLEX 19-C, VIDHAN SABHA MARG LUCKNOW - 226001 INDIA Tel.: 91-522-2237472 Fax: 91-522-2237445

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. No. Abbreviations List of Tables List of Exhibits Executive Summary 1 Introduction Title Page No. i vii viii ES-1 1-1 1-1 1-3 1-4 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-2 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-12 2-13 2-17 2-21 2-22 2-22 2-23 2-24

1.1 Background 1.2 Scope and Terms of Reference (TOR) 1.3 Structure of the Draft Report 2 Tourism Development A Situational Analysis 2.1.1 2.1.2 Valley of Flowers Hemkunt Sahib

2.1 Valley of Flowers National Park - Hemkunt Belt

2.2 Location & Setting 2.3 Climate 2.4 Accessibility 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 Airfield Railhead Roads Trek Trails

2.5 Geology & Soil 2.6 Inventory of Flora 2.6.1 Distribution of Vegetation in VOFNP by Alpine Zones 2.6.2 2.6.3 Endangered & Medicinal Plants Flora around Hemkunt Belt

2.7 Inventory of Fauna 2.8 Local Human Settlements & Activities 2.8.1 Tourism-based Economy

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Sr. No. 2.8.2 2.8.3 Agro-based Economy Fuel Type & Usage

Title

Page No. 2-27 2-29 2-30 2-32 2-34 2-34 2-34 2-37 2-39 2-41 2-42 2-43 2-45 2-46 2-47 2-47 2-48 2-54 2-55 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-2 3-2 3-2 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-4 3-5

2.9 Current Tourist Circuits & Routes 2.10 Tourists/Visitors Arrival 2.11 Tourist Infrastructure 2.11.1 Transportation 2.11.2 Guides, Porters, Mule, & Palki Services 2.11.3 Accommodation & Food Arrangements 2.11.4 Solid Waste Management System 2.11.5 Water Supply System 2.11.6 Sewerage Disposal System & Toilets 2.11.7 Electricity Supply System 2.11.8 Telecommunication 2.11.9 Health Care Facilities 2.11.10 Veterinary Hospital /Clinic 2.11.11 Security Infrastructure 2.11.12 Management Regulations for Access and Facilities for National Park 2.12 Disaster Management Plan 2.13 Land-use 3 Environmental Impact of Tourism 3.1.1 Methodology Adopted in the Study

3.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Selection of the Sites for Ecological Sampling 3.2 Identification of Stress Areas 3.2.1 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 Stress mainly due to Environmental Specificity Stress due to Environment Concerns Stress due to Management Concerns Mitigation of Stress 3.2.2 Stress due to pressure on Specific Points

3.3 Identification of Ecological Parameters & Impact of Tourism: Current scenario

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Sr. No. 3.3.1 Route and its ecology 3.3.2 Tourism & Trekking 3.3.3 Local Initiatives 3.3.4

Title

Page No. 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-7 3-8 3-8 3-13 3-13 3-17 3-20 3-22 3-24 3-27 3-28 3-29 3-30 3-30 3-31 3-32 3-34 4-1 4-1 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-8 4-9 4-9 4-11 5-1 5-1

Sanitation and Ecological Concerns: Limiting Factors

3.3.5 Number of Tourists 3.3.6 Pollution Status 3.4 Identification of Ecological Factors Affecting the Area 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 3.4.6 3.4.7 Environmental Issues Biodiversity Issues & Conservation Strategy Conservation Status Pollution Issues Flora and Fauna Water Management Solid Waste Management

3.4.8 Carrying Capacity 3.4.9 Tourist Vista Points 3.4.10 Health of Animals 3.4.11 Capacity Building 3.4.12 Developmental Issues 3.4.13 Hazard Mitigation Plan & Safety Measures 4 Eco-Tourism Development Strategy

4.1 Emerging Issues 4.2 The Development Considerations 4.2.1 Conservation of the Environment 4.2.2 Boost to the Economy 4.3.3 Unique Selling Proposition 4.4.4 Quality Experience 4.3 Development Strategy 4.4 Objectives and Management of NDBR & VOFNP 5 Environmental Management Plan

5.1 Environmental Management Plan An Overview

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Sr. No. 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 Objectives of EMP Methodology

Title

Page No. 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-3 5-4 5-7 5-10 5-11 5-24 5-28 5-29 5-34 5-35 5-37 6-1 6-1 6-2 6-4 6-13 6-15 6-15 6-18 6-24 6-24 6-24 6-27 6-34 6-34 6-37

5.2 EMP for Spatial Development EMP for Land Management EMP for Built-up EMP for Construction of Roads / Parking / Trek Paths/ Ropeway

5.3 EMP for Products and Services 5.4 EMP for Waste Management 5.5 EMP for Water & Waste Water 5.6 EMP for Sanitation 5.7 EMP for Energy 5.8 EMP for Air & Noise Management 5.9 Environmental Orientation 5.10 Environment Monitoring 6 Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt Development Plan

6.1 Sustainiable Development and Carrying Capacity Concepts Minimisation of Impacts 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.4.1 6.4.2 Factors influencing Carrying Capacity Valley of Flowers Hemkunt Conservation Plan for the Valley of Flowers Development Measures Conservation Plan for the Hemkunt Region Development Proposals for Ghangharia-Hemkunt Route & Hemkunt Tourist Amenities Capacity Building Monitoring

6.2 Valley of Flowers Management Plan

6.3 Hemkunt Development Plan

6.4 Management/Institutional Measures

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Sr. No. 6.4.3 7

Title Sensitisation of Tourists & Visitor Information Service

Page No. 6-38 7-1 7-1 7-1 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-6 7-7 7-8 7-8 7-9 7-9 7-10 7-11 7-12 7-12 7-13 7-13 7-14 7-15 7-16 7-16 7-17 7-17 7-18 7-19 7-19 7-20 7-21 7-21

Development Proposals at Base Settlements 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.1.5 7.1.6 7.1.7 7.1.8 7.1.9 Accommodation Refreshment Stalls Commercial Establishments Information Services Recreational Facilities Other Tourist Facilitation Tourist Safety Health Care Facility Mule Sheds, Cheap accommodation, Fodder and Food Arrangements

7.1 Development Plan for Ghangharia

7.1.10 Veterinary Clinic 7.1.11 Pathways / Other Accessibility 7.1.12 Water Supply 7.1.13 Sewerage Disposal System & Toilets 7.1.14 Electricity Supply 7.1.15 Telecommunications 7.1.16 Solid Waste Management 7.2 Development Plan for Govind Ghat 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.2.6 7.2.7 7.2.8 7.2.9 Roads & Pathways Water Supply Sewerage Disposal System & Toilets Telecommunications Solid Waste Management Accommodation Refreshment Stalls Commercial Establishments Information Services

7.2.10 Other Tourist Facilitation 7.2.11 Tourist Safety

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Sr. No. 7.2.12 Health Care Facility

Title

Page No. 7-22 7-22 7-23 8-1 8-1 8-1 8-1 8-7 8-11 8-13 8-15 8-20 8-20 8-22 8-23 8-24 8-24 8-25 8-25 8-26 8-27 8-27 8-28 8-28 8-30 8-31 8-32 8-34 8-35

7.2.13 Mule Sheds, Cheap accommodation, Fodder and Food Arrangements 7.2.14 Veterinary Clinic 8 Development Plan for Facilities Enroute 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4 8.1.5 8.1.6 8.2 Key Transportation Issues Parking Extension of Motorable Road Anticipated Impact of Extending a Motorable Road to Pulna Trek Path Installation of Ropeway from Govind Ghat to Kanjila (near Ghangharia) Amenity Cluster Solid Waste Collection & Disposal Toilets Enroute Mule Shed Signages Water Supply Electricity Supply Telecommunications Sewerage Disposal System & Toilets Health Care Facility

8.1 Transportation Proposals: Govind Ghat to Ghangharia

Tourist Amenities 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.2.5 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5

8.3 Physical Infrastructure Plan

8.4 Management Controls 8.5 Route till Govind Ghat 8.6 Tourist Circuit and Growth Centres Nearby 8.6.1 8.6.2 8.6.3 Badrinath Auli Ski Resort Kagbhushandi Lake Trek

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Sr. No. 8.6.4 8.6.5 8.6.6 8.6.7 8.6.8 9 Khiron Valley Trek Khunt Khal Trek Pandukeshwar Joshimath

Title

Page No. 8-36 8-36 8-37 8-37 8-39 9-1 9-1 9-1 9-1 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-10 9-10 10-1 10-1 10-7 10-7 10-9 10-17 10-21 10-21 10-27 10-31 10-33 10-34 10-36

Other Destinations in Chamoli District

Hazard Mitigation Plan 9.1.1 9.1.2 9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3 9.2.4 9.2.5 9.2.6 Need of an Emergency Response System in Project Area Potential Hazards Planning and Land Use Management Emergency Response Cell Warning Evacuation Institutional Responsibilities Biodiversity Risk Mitigation

9.1 Hazard Scenarios

9.2 Hazard Mitigation Plan and Emergency Response System

9.3 Community Participation 10 Implementation Plan

10.1 Investment and Phasing 10.2 External Assistance / Funding Modalities 10.2.1 Tourism: A tool for Socio-economic Development 10.2.2 Multilateral Funding Agencies 10.2.3 Funding Procedure 10.3 Institutional Framework and Roles & Responsibilities 10.3.1 Eco-Development Committee 10.3.2 Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust 10.3.3 Trade Community 10.3.4 Mahila Mandal 10.3.5 Van Panchayat/Forest Council 10.3.6 Gram Sabha / Village Council

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Sr. No. 10.3.7 Zilla Panchayat (ZP)

Title

Page No. 10-37 10-38 10-41 10-44 10-44 10-44 10-44 10-45 10-45 10-45 11-1 11-1 11-1 11-2 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-7 11-12 11-12 11-14 11-16 12-1 12-1 12-3 12-3 12-4 12-6 12-6 12-7

10.3.8 Department of Forests 10.3.9 Department of Tourism 10.3.10 Public Works Department 10.3.11 Jal Nigam and Jal Sansthan Departments 10.3.12 Electricity Departments 10.3.13 Department of Telecommunications 10.3.14 Department of Health 10.3.15 Department of Revenue 10.3.16 Role of NGOs 11 Community Benefits and HRD 11.1.1 Approach to Development 11.1.2 Community-based Tourism 11.2 Benefits to Local Communities 11.2.1 Current Situation 11.2.2 Direct Benefits 11.2.3 Indirect Benefits 11.3 HRD and Training 11.3.1 Current Human Resource Situation in the Region 11.3.2 Employment Opportunities in the Tourism Industry 11.3.3 Training Approach 12 Visitor Management System

11.1 Community Participation

12.1 Components of Visitor Management System 12.2 Market Analysis 12.2.1 International Tourism 12.2.2 Domestic Tourism 12.3 Marketing and Promotion Strategy for Valley of Flowers Hemkunt Region 12.3.1 Strategic Planning 12.3.2 A Statement of Marketing Objectives

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Sr. No.

Title 12.3.3 Recommendations and Guidelines for Promotion

Page No. 12-7 12-10 12-14 12-14 12-18 12-19 A-1 B-1 C-1 D-1

12.4 Proposed Visitor Management System 12.4.1 Features of VMS 12.4.2 Working of a Sustainable VMS 12.4.3 Maintenance and Training 12.4.4 Sustainable Visitor Management System Annexure A Annexure B Annexure C Annexure D

ABBREVIATIONS
no g ADB APME BADP BBM BMZ Degrees Micro Gram Asian Development Bank Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe Border Area Development Programme Benefits-Based Management Bundesministerium fur wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (German Ministry of Economic Co-operation and Development) British Plastics Federation Border Roads Organization Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited Celsius Convention on Biodiversity Cement Concrete Compact Disc

BPF BRO BSNL C CBD CC CD

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CE CFC CFL Cl CIDA cm CPCB CPIA CRS cum CWLW CWR DANIDA Dev26 DFID DFO DM DoF DoH DoR DOT DoT DSS E EC EDC EDP EIA EMP EMS

Chief Engineer Chloro-flouro Carbons Compact Fluorescent Light Chloride Ions Canadian International Development Agency Centimetre Central Pollution Control Board Canadian Plastics Industry Association Computerized Reservation System Cubic meter Chief Wild Life Warden Clear Water Reservoir Danish Agency for Development Assistance Water Sample taken from Dev Mangri Garh Department for International Development Divisional Forest Officer District Magistrate Department of Environment & Forests Department of Health Department of Revenue Department of Telecommunications Department of Tourism Decision Support System East Electrical Conductivity Eco-Development Committee Entrepreneur Development Programme Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management System

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ERC ERS Fl FOR FRP ft. GAIA GDP GEF GI gm GMOU GMVN GNP GoI GOS GPS GS GTZ

Emergency Response Cell Emergency Response System Flouride Foreign Fibre Reinforced Plastic Foot / Feet Global Anti-Incinerator Alliance Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Facility Galvanized Iron Gram Garhwal Motor Operators Union Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam Limited Gross National Product Government of India Government Officials Global Positioning System Gram Sabha Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH (A German government-owned corporation for international cooperation with worldwide operations) Hectare Hemkunt (water samples) Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University Human Resource Development Higher Secondary Course Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust Hemkunt site #1 (from the point where people take bath) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Indian Collection Number

ha H.K. HNB HRD HSC HST HW-1 IBRD IC

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IDA IFC ILO IND IPR IS ISV ITBP IUCN JBIC JFM JN JS K kg km KVA LAC LAN LG/LXG LMS LS m MBC MBO MIGA MIS MNES MoT Ms

International Development Association International Finance Corporation International Labour Organization Indian Intellectual Property Rights Indian Standards Information System for Visitors Indo-Tibetan Border Police The World Conservation Union Japan Bank for International Cooperation Joint Forest Management Jal Nigam Jal Sansathan Potassium Kilogram Kilometer Kilo Volt Ampere Limits of Acceptable Change Local Area Network Lakshman Ganga (water samples) Sri Lokpal Lakshman Mandir Samiti Lump Sum Meter Microbial Biomass Management by Objectives Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Management Information System Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India Milli simmons

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MS MSL N NA Na NaOH NBPGR NBRI NCC NDBR NGO NGT NH3 NO3 No. NORAD NOx PACIA pH PHHL PI/PVT PO4 ppm PPT PR PV PWD RCC RDB RMS

Mild Steel Mean Sea Level North Not Available Sodium Sodium Hydroxide National Bureau of Plant Genetics Resources National Botanical Research Institute National Cadet Corps. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve Non-Governmental Organization Nominal Group Technique Ammonia Nitrate Number (s) Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation Nitrogen Oxides Plastics and Chemical Industries Association, Australia Potential of Hydrogen Ion Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd. Private Investment / Private Sector Phosphate Parts per Million Pro-Poor Tourism Public Relations Photovoltaics State Public Works Department Reinforced Cement Concrete Red Data Book Resource Management System

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ROW SDS SEB SHG SIDA SoI SOx SPI sqkm STOP TCS TIES TMIS TOR TSPM TW UDEC UNED-UK UNDP UNEP UNESCO UNFPA UNICEF UP UREDA USAID UTDB VERP VIM VOC

Right of Way Students on Research State Electricity Board Self Help Group Swedish International Development Agency Survey of India Sulphur Oxides The Society of Plastics Industry, USA Square Kilometre Poverty Strategies Initiative & Strategies to Overcome Poverty Tata Consultancy Services The International Eco-tourism Society Tourism Management Information System Terms of Reference Total Suspended Particulate Matter Tap Water samples Uttaranchal Infrastructure Development Corporation United Nations Environment and Development UK Committee United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Population Fund United Nations Childrens Fund Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal Renewable Energy Development Agency United States Agency for International Development Uttaranchal Tourism Development Board Visitor Experience and Resource Protection Visitor Impact Management Volatile Organic Compounds

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VOFNP WAN WB WHO WII WTO WTTC WWF YVDC ZP

Valley of Flowers National Park Wide Area Network The World Bank World Health Organisation Wildlife Institute of India World Tourism Organization World Travel and Tourism Council World Wildlife Fund Youth Valley Development Committee Zilla Panchayat

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LIST OF TABLES
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.1 5.1 10.1 10.2 10.3 11.1 12.1 Salient Details of Trek Trail Route Some the major species of plants/flowers and their period of bloom in Valley of Flowers National Park Current Tourist Circuits and Routes Tourist Arrival figures in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt in past one decade Rates fixed for Hiring Mules/Porters/Palkies Existing Accommodation Capacity Entry Fee Structure for Valley of Flowers Land-use Break-up at Ghangharia Chemical Analysis of Soil Samples Chemical Analysis of Water Samples from various Sites Primary Water Quality Criteria for designated Best Use Classes Total Bacterial Counts from Water Samples of various Sites Total Bacterial Counts from Soil Samples of various Sites Standards for Air Quality Major Emerging Issues in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt An indicative list of Plastic Waste that can be incinerated at Govind Ghat/ to be Recycled Summary of New Proposals Summary of Existing Planned Works An Example of Tourism Multipliers Areas of Training Growth of Domestic Tourist Visitation in Valley of FlowersHemkunt

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LIST OF EXHIBITS
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 4.1 8.1 8.2 8.3 10.1 10.2 10.3 11.1 11.2 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Map Showing Route to Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt Region Flower Composition Pattern at Valley of Flowers Vegetation & Habitat Types in Valley of Flowers National Park Landuse at Ghangharia Settlement Limits of Acceptable Change Model Indicative Trek Path Alignment from Govind Ghat to Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Sahib Growth Centres near Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt Tourist Destinations in Chamoli District, Uttaranchal, India ADB Loans to India Multilateral Funding Agencies and Sectors Funded Funding Procedure adopted by Funding Agencies Flow of Tourism Spending in the Economy Approach for Training Local People Positions and Composition of Visitor Management System Trend of Growth of Foreign Tourists in Valley of FlowersHemkunt Domestic Tourism Growth in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Schematic Diagram of a Visitor Management System Working of ISV, RMS and TMIS in a Visitor Management System Working of Sustainable Visitor Management System

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
Valley of Flowers is also known in Hindu mythology as Nandan Kanan meaning Garden of Indra in Paradise, which blooms especially with a riot of numerable
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flowers and flora of variety of species and colours apart from alpine meadows, forests, and sparse but special Himalayan wild fauna. It is believed that Lord Hanuman picked Sanjeevani Buti from this region for treating the wounds of Lakshman. A little known Hindu Temple Lokpal dedicated to Lakshman exists here. However, Hemkunt region is better known for magnificent Sikh shrine Hemkunt Sahib on the banks of Hemkunt Sarovar, and for which nearly four lakhs tourists/visitors arrived in the 2003 tourist season. The Department of Tourism (DoT), Government of India (GoI), has engaged Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) Limited to prepare the Master Plan for Development of EcoTourism in Valley of Flowers Hemkunt Belt of Chamoli District, Uttaranchal. Background of Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region Located in the Chamoli district of the State of Uttaranchal, Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt area are amongst the nine zones or part of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) in Himalayas, which is spread across an area of 5860.69 sqkm. The Valley of Flowers is located at Latitude 30o 41 30o 48N and Longitude 79o 33 70o 46E with the VOFNP area being 87.50 sqkm and altitude range being from about 3200 m to 6700 m above MSL. The main valley portion of the Park runs in the east west direction along the banks of river Pushpawati. The Government of Uttar Pradesh (as Chamoli district was earlier in Uttar Pradesh) created The Valley of Flowers National Park as per Notification No. 4278/XIV-3-66-80 with effect from September 6, 1982, the intention having been declared under Notification No. 5795/XIV-3-66-80 of 1 January 1981. After notification of the Park, grazing and camping is not permitted in the same. The sacred shrine of Hemkunt Sahib was discovered in 1934 by Sant Sohan Singh in remembrance and prayer to see the place where their tenth guru, Guru Govind Singh meditated and realised his oneness with God along the banks of Hemkunt. A small Gurdwara was developed in 1935-36 (including enlarging the ancient Hindu Lokpal temple) and later in 1968 the construction for the present Gurdwara began which got completed in 1993. Located at an altitude of 4,329 meters, Hemkunt Shrines are one of the highest temples in India. Lakshman / Hem Ganga stream issues from the Hemkunt Sarovar, which later meets river Pushpawati near Ghangharia and further flows as Bhyundar Ganga to join the river Alaknanda at Govind Ghat.

2.

ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES

The consultants studied the current state of various facilities, services and infrastructure along the trek path route starting from Govind Ghat the last settlement accessible by road at the base, along the motorable route till the Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt Sahib via the village settlements of Pulna and Bhyundar, and Ghangharia the tourist base settlement in the upper valley. Accessibility Nearest airfield are the Jolly Grant Airfield at Dehradun, which has no regular flights to Dehradun at present and a small airstrip that has come up at Gauchar (111 km by road before Govind Ghat), which too is yet to be operational. There is a Helipad near Ghangharia base settlement at Kanjila attached to the local Army unit. Pawan Hans
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Helicopters Limited has plans to operate helicopter services from next tourist season (May/Jun 2004) onwards in this region subject to permission from appropriate authorities, from the Army Helipad at Joshimath/Airstrip at Gauchar. Nearest rail links are broad guage railheads at Rishikesh (about 271 km) and Haridwar railhead at a distance of about 295 km by road from Govind Ghat. Govind Ghat can be reached by Haridwar/Rishikesh-Badrinath road, that is maintained by the BRO and which is normally 5 m wide and is in good condition. The ascent to the Valley of Flowers (16 km) Hemkunt Sahib (19km) by trek begins from Govind Ghat (1828 m). From Govind Ghat first village enroute is Pulna (1920 m) after a distance of nearly 3 km, next village is Bhyundar (2239 m) at nearly 9 km point, and the main settlement for tourist stay is at Ghangharia (3048 m) at nearly 13 km point. A little after Ghangharia the trek path bifurcates on the left to Valley of Flowers (3658 m) to a distance of another 3 km from where the main valley starts, while the other path continues to Hemkunt Sahib (4329 m) at a distance of another 6 km from Ghangharia. The grade of trek trail for Valley of Flowers is relatively easy (and much narrower) compared to trek stretches like from Bhyundar to Ghangharia, or that for Hemkunt Sahib, which are much steeper. Transport modes of private taxis (car/jeep type), charter buses, State road transport buses and GMOU private buses is available till Govind Ghat. Thereafter, one has to either trek or take the services of Mule Operators/Porters/Palki or Dandi Carriers to visit the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt destinations, except at Valley of Flowers where mules are not permitted. Though Zilla Panchayat fixes the rates for trek transportation services, still the rates were observed to be negotiable. Accommodation Accommodation for tourist is available at Govind Ghat in few private lodges and mainly in Gurdwara. While, on the trek route Ghangharia is the only base settlement with private hotel/lodge accommodation, FRH and GMVN TRH, and Govind Dham Gurdwara accommodation for tourists. Gurdwaras are the largest provider of free accommodation and food in this region. Night Stay is not permitted at Valley of Flowers being a National Park and Hemkunt Sahib due to low level of oxygen/acclimatisation issues for visitors. Overall the accommodation facilities lack proper hospitality standards and essential services like heater, sufficient electricity supply etc and need to be spruced up to a large extent. Electricity Supply Electricity supply is available through grid at Govind Ghat and till Pulna. Though the electricity supply system (poles and wire assembly) through grid connectivity continues till Ghangharia, it is in damaged state at avalanche prone areas and this supply is not available after Pulna either at Bhyundar or till Ghangharia. Ghangharia is dependent on

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insufficient supply from the local micro-hydel plant (2x50KW) and lot of establishments also depend on diesel/kerosene generators (which may add to some pollution). Similarly at Hemkunt Sahib, Gurdwara has its own 15 KW micro-hydel plant, but also uses diesel generators (which may add to some pollution) and burns wood for heating the visitor space. Water Supply The predominant water sources are local streams (Garh). Treatment facilities are not available and Clear Water Reservoirs for storage are available only at Bhyundar and Pulna. Formal water supply system of Jal Sansthan is not yet complete/operational and its the temporary system connected to Lakshman / Hem Ganga stream which is laid by local establishment owners on which the Ghangharia settlement is dependent. Sewerage Disposal System The sewerage system is still through open drains /disposed using soak pits at all the settlements of Govind Ghat, Pulna, Bhyundar, Ghangharia, and also at Hemkunt Sahib. At Hemkunt Sahib and Govind Ghat the stream of Lakshman/Hem Ganga and river Alaknanda get polluted to some extent when mixed with sewerage and solid waste components. No system is available for collection or disposal of mule excreta (urine and dung) enroute the trek path and at Ghangharia and Govind Ghat as well. Solid Waste Management Non-biodegradable solid waste is collected by EDC cleaning staff in sacks and brought down on mules from trek route to Govind Ghat and is currently piled up (more than 4000 sacks of waste accumulated over the years), with no disposal undertaken in this season (2003-2004). However, more waste is still littered at many places, or still to be brought down from Hemkunt Sahib. Bio-degradable solid waste including kitchen/utensil wash waste is observed to be dumped in rock-pits or open land behind establishments at Hemkunt Sahib, Ghangharia, and Govind Ghat. Such waste was observed to find its way into Lakshman/Hem Ganga at Hemkunt Sahib and in river Alaknanda at Govind Ghat. Communication Facilities Local Call/STD/ISD PCO booths are available in limited number at Govind Ghat and Ghangharia only. At Ghangharia a Satellite Telephone Exchange exists. However, the connectivity and performance of the telecom infrastructure is found to be erratic at times. Pulna has connectivity to telephones but has no Local Call/STD/ISD PCO booth. Bhyundar and Hemkunt Sahib also do not have telephone connectivity. In any emergencies along the trek path wireless facility with nearest Department of Forest staff may be availed. The Land-use of the VOFNP & Hemkunt Area Of the 87.50 sq.km area of the Valley of Flowers National Park, Satellite Imagery data reports following break-up: 63.58 sq.km under perpetual Snow and Glaciers (72.66%) 05.29 sq.km under Forests (6.04%) 18.63 sq.km under Alpine Meadows (21.30%) While at Hemkunt complex, total somewhat levelled land including and around both the shrines/related facilities would hardly be a total of around 2-2.5 ha.

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

The Land-use at Ghangharia The development at Ghangharia has happened in a haphazard manner over a period of more than past three decades. The development in about 2.638 ha (area of current developed land under encroachment) has mostly happened in a linear fashion along the trek path within Ghangharia settlement. Department of Revenue Joshimath has conducted a survey of the land holdings in Nov. 2002 and has prepared a revenue map of Ghangharia settlement a step towards the process of regularisation for diversion of land with forest cover, as per the requirements of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. This survey map was in the draft state at the time of this study.
Category State Govt. Land Vacant Land Trek Path Dept. of Forest Land GMVN Land UREDA Land Gurdwara Land Other Commercial Establishments Total Survey No. No. of Units / Establishments 1 1 1 3 1 1 45 53 Area (Ha) Percentage Break-up 8.3 2.4 4.5 10.3 1.5 23.5 49.4 100.0

3 46 15 6, 11, 12 43 45 1-2, 4-5, 7-10, 13-14, 16-42, 44, 47-53

0.220 0.063 0.120 0.273 0.040 0.620 1.302 2.638

There are 10 more plots surveyed (survey No. 54 to 62) as encroachment spread over 0.13 ha, but were reported not to be considered for regularisation. However, this land may be considered for regularisation and pooled/retrofitted with existing vacant Govt. land to provide some future proposals with temporary tin slope roof structures, like community toilets, cheap dormitory for labour, EDC Store-sum-Education Centre-cumDisaster Relief Shelter, Medical Clinic, Veterinary Clinic, mule sheds, etc.

3.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF TOURISM

Selection of the Sites for Ecological Sampling The sites selected for ecological sampling (water, microbial, soil, air) were in settlements at Bhyundar, Pulna, Ghangharia; Valley of Flowers (four sites in Valley of Flowers); Hemkunt and ten points enroute. Identification of Stress Areas The stress areas have been identified and rated in terms of priority. The causes and dimensions of identification of stress are:
Stress mainly due to Environmental Specificity

1. 2. up 3. 4. protection

Sensitivity of the eco-region in terms of biodiversity Biodiversity loss or disturbance in the biodiversity set Disturbances in the ecosystem due to tourism Uniqueness of biodiversity in the region and need for its

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

5.

6. 7. 8.

Abundance of medicinal plants that are either rare or in great demand. Since these plants are not available at other places, there is an added attraction to steal these from this region due to good market available for these resources. Remoteness of the region where proper surveillance throughout the year is not possible Steepness of slopes prohibiting provision of broad roads or trek paths, separate mule paths, motor-able roads etc. Risky paths, treks, steep slopes prohibiting tourists to wander in the open. Hemkunt Sahib site is an attraction for religious sentiments and hence is under greater stress in terms of tourists. Environmental hazard to the local ecosystem; risk of pollution including odour pollution Health hazard to the tourists and the locals due to contaminated water, waste left by the tourists, waste dump sites, other forms of pollution Excessive use of mules in a specified path or region Visual annoyance to the tourists, any factor that may become deterrent to tourism Disposal of waste is a major stress area. This waste includes Degradable mule excreta, Degradable human excreta, Degradable organic waste, Non-degradable plastic & other waste Ecological disturbance due to the large number of visitors. The thumb rule is nothing carried from outside is left in the park area and nothing is carried from park area to outside. Water availability through stream source is not a problem, however risk of water getting polluted due to improper collection, current storage and supply is a stress area. Limited number of tourists to Valley of Flowers compared to the importance of the area.

Stress due to pressure on Specific Points

9.

Stress due to Environment Concerns

10. 11.

12. 13.

Stress due to Management Concerns

14.

15.

16.

17.

Mitigation of Stress

The management of tourism and tourists is addressed in terms of fragility of biodiversity, sustainability of ecosystem, and empowerment of locals to benefit from the eco-tourism; Utilising the Gurdwaras influence on the devotees; Health of the tourist, locals, animals etc.; Ecological issues that have long term impact such as dominating species/weeds, variability in abundance and density of natural plants, agro biodiversity of the region, and promoting horticulture in the lower belts to support population and tourism; Modifying the natural ecosystem to eco-tourism worthy ecosystem on scientific and sustainable

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

principals; Following norms of CBD, Biodiversity Act of India (2002), and Plants varieties and Farmers Rights Act of India (2001) etc
Identification of Ecological Factors Affecting the Area

After detailed analysis and tests, the issues identified to be addressed as crucial to the area in the Plan are: Environmental Issues Biodiversity Issues & Conservation Strategy Conservation Status Pollution Issues Flora And Fauna Water Management Solid Waste Management Carrying Capacity Tourist Vista Points Special Issues Such as Health of Animals Capacity Building and Developmental Issues Hazard Mitigation Plan & Safety Measures

4.

ECO-TOURISM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

The Tourism Development Strategy emphasises on: developing Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt region in a sustainable manner developing quality tourism to ensure the overall development of the region. The following principles underpin the Tourism Strategy for Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt region as outlined below. Limits of Acceptable Change Model: Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) model has been adopted for sustainable development of the region. Conservation of the Environment Conservation is based on the principle that tourism needs to be sustainable. The sub components include Conservation of Environment, Categorisation of Areas & Ecocertification of Services, Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Formulation of Development Plans, Standards for Maintenance of Environmental Balance, Formulating Circuits etc.

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

All the structures proposed at the cluster facilities should be temporary in nature and which should be dis-assembled and stored after the tourist season is over in early Oct. and re-assembled just before June when the tourism begins, every year, barring a few at Ghangharia (like toilets for labour community, cheap dormitory accommodation, health care/veterinary clinic, etc.). All these structures shall be painted in dark green (to blend with the environment). Boost to the Economy Tourism is meant to create employment for the locals. Unique Selling Proposition Tourism is about uniqueness and attractiveness of the destination. The sub components include Market Positioning, Perspective Vision for Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt regions Tourism Development, Creating a Quality Experience, Creation of a High-quality and Highly visible Product etc. The Objectives and Management of NDBR & VOFNP also form the basis for the Tourism development strategy of Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt Sahib region.

5.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Environment Management Plan (EMP) is an action plan prepared to ensure that the recommendations for enhancing positive impacts and/or limiting or preventing negative environmental impacts are implemented during the life cycle of a project. Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region presents a unique scenario with highly sensitive and rich environment on one side and two distinct seasonal tourism attractions on the other. Only about 2% of the visitors to the region are hardcore environment lovers, hence there is a need for a structured and institutionalised Environment Management Plan so that the other 98% of the visitors could also be partners in the development of environment friendly tourism in the region. A sustainable tourism master plan is critical to ensure overall environment improvement in the region. This master plan is being developed and is planned to be implemented in collaboration with all the stakeholders in a participatory manner. The master plan also includes awareness creation among the visitors and the host community. EMP for Spatial Development Spatial Management is a critical area in ensuring sustainable environment management. Hierarchy of environmentally sensitive and development oriented sub regions is identified and environment management measures suggested specific to each sub region with respect to spatial development. The 5 sub regions identified for specific strategies are Valley of Flowers, Hemkunt Sahib, Govind Ghat to Ghangharia, Ghangharia and Govind Ghat. The EMP for Spatial Development includes EMP for Land Management, EMP for Built-up and EMP for Construction of Roads/Parking/Trek Paths. EMP for Products and Services Environment management programme is proposed for purchasing environmentally preferable products and services as well. In the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region the management action points are proposed are Ban on sale of raincoats made of cheap plastics, Ban on use of Cheap Plastic Bags etc. EMP for Waste Management

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

Waste Management is one of the most critical areas in the total Environmental Management Plan. The waste generated in the region is dealt with in the environment status review. Waste management follows the following hierarchy: Avoid, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. Solid Waste Management Plan as part of the various specific Development Plans and the EMP for Waste Management. EMP for Water & Waste Water Water management in tourism facilities includes Maintaining water source, Managing water storage and distribution works, Reducing water use, Reducing wastewater output, Purifying water, Monitoring water consumption, Reusing treated wastewater and Maintaining water supply quality. EMP for Sanitation Sanitation is an important issue in the region. Urine from urinals may not be allowed to drain into rivers or natural ecosystem of the protected area but a system of its purification should be an in-built option. The provision and details of the environment friendly toilets and disposal system are part of the EMP. EMP for Energy The settlements/travel path in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region face shortage of electricity. The EMP for Energy include Power Saving Proposals on Power Sector, Maintenance or Good Housekeeping Options, Repair, Retrofit and Refurbishment Options and use of Bio-fuels. EMP for Air & Noise Management The ambient air quality is good in the project region. However, environment management initiatives are required to ensure that there will be no air related pollution in the region in future also. These include EMP for Emissions Control, EMP for Managing Indoor Air Quality and EMP for Noise Management In addition to these EMPs, other important components are Environment Orientation and Environment Monitoring.

6.

VALLEY OF FLOWERS & HEMKUNT BELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Carrying Capacity Carrying capacity is fundamental to environmental protection and sustainable development. The area currently available in VOFNP for tourists is very limited and all the components of this destination are precious. It is observed that maximum impact to environment was caused by the tourists behavioural pattern and lack of management controls and not based on the number of visitation. This suggests that it is not the number, which affects, in the present scenario, but it is the sensitisation of tourists and the local host community coupled with well-planned management measures within the Limits of Acceptable Change Framework, which will minimise the impacts in the Valley. It is imperative to attract preferably only the high quality eco-tourists in the main valley per se. A spatio-temporal approach has been adopted to estimate the optimum number of tourists in VoF. The details of options explored include Fluid carrying capacities, Fixed carrying capacities, rationing system etc. The criteria considered to arrive at the optimum number
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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

that can visit the VoF area in a season are Use Levels, Transportation to reach the Site, Recreation Opportunity, Desired Resource Conditions, The Acceptable Level of Impact etc. To maintain the present good quality of the environment with minimal levels of pollution load & ecological disturbance in the valley, the normal load impact per person in terms of space required in recreational mode is about 4 sqm and the same is proposed to be increased by 10 times factor* for the sensitive eco-system of Valley of Flowers, yet which also has a relatively static environment of snow cover for most of the year, with only dynamicity happening during very few months of summer-monsoon season. Thus, for the available movable space of 0.6 ha or 6000 sqm in the main valley, and at the sensitised per person load of 40 sqm, the number of persons limited for the visitation in the main valley at any point in time would be 150 persons (also due to movable space of just 1.5 acres this translates to a visitation limit of 100 persons/acre at any point in time). At any given point in time, the number of sensitised tourists inside the Valley should be limited to 150 persons at the rate of 100 persons per acre of the movable space. The Forest Department Personnel located at the VOFNP Entrance gate should take this into consideration before letting new groups in. Moreover, DoF may ensure that this limit is not exceeded, and especially during the peak visitation periods, any excess load flow per day shall be diverted from the main valley to the more resilient area of Germplasm Bank/ Shadow Garden/ Demonstration Nursery as proposed. However, this number has no meaning unless effective sensitisation is done (visitors shall be well informed that they have to remain on fixed path, the behaviour expected from them w.r.t. when visiting such eco-system, and ensuring that they understand it very well and also are guided appropriately during visitation) and the tourists within the valley are quality environment lovers. A. VALLEY OF FLOWERS DEVELOPMENT PLAN Conservation Plan for the Valley of Flowers

Flora and Fauna


Conservation of threatened flora and fauna will also be one of the important aims of the project. It is recommended that grazing may not be allowed to address the issue of control of dominating species. The overall conservation plan can be summarised as development of proper packages by studying the growth pattern of the dominating species in a season, their seed behaviour and preparing appropriate packages of practices based on scientific observations.

* Normally a person takes nearly 4 sqm of space if he/her has to walk, take off coat and spread arms. At such an ecosensitive place where movable space is very limited /to minimize any eco-disturbance due to human activities/impact beyond hazard management abilities over visitors during visitation, etc., the human load is calculated 10 times higher. This accounts for the environmental and pollution loading of a person and more space requirement for enhanced visitor experience. Less than 10 times load in this context would create pressure on the ecosystem. Accordingly 40 sqm space per person factor has been adopted to derive the visitation limitation per day.

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

Soil Conservation Measures


The transition area needs to be developed with soil conservation measures to prevent soil erosion.

Participative Conservation
Local Community Participation is an integral part of conservation, the measures include Joint Forest Management (JFM), Involvement of Local Community and EcoDevelopment Committee (EDC), Awareness creation among the local people and other stakeholders, Use of traditional knowledge, etc. Development Measures

Germplasm Bank conservation)

of

Endangered

Species

of

VoF

(ex-situ

It is proposed to develop up a demonstration nursery / shadow garden, which simulates species of Valley of Flowers at other sites, and which will be a good demonstration of the biodiversity of the Valley. This will be an educational garden, will provide research data, will be an alternative site to visit (a more resilient site/area) for the less eco conscious/ general religious tourist and help understand population growth to the scientists/ecotourists. Also this new destination would handle greater visitors outreach in terms of general tourists to enjoy biodiversity, without disturbing the main VoF. The proposed garden should not have only the flowering plants planted as in an exhibition but planted along with the associated plants, depicting the natural ecosystem keeping frequency, dominance, associations etc. as close to natural one as possible. This garden / nursery could be named as Germplasm Bank of Endangered Species of VoF.
Paths/Trail

It is proposed to carry out maintenance and partly laying the paths in dry stone kharanja (RR masonry) over soil/bridle path within the Valley. Where there are steep slopes, it is proposed that railing painted in dark green must be provided. Foliage that covers from both sides about 2/3rd of the already narrow path should be regularly pruned.
Bridge

The river Pushpawati already has a permanent steel truss bridge at 0.9 km point after Ghangharia, the deck of this bridge needs repair. Three other strong rivulets - Gushadhar Garh, Dev Mangri Garh and Bistoli Garh require folding bridges.
Essential Tourist Needs

4 Vista Points located at higher elevation/offering good view are proposed in the Valley of Flowers one at 2 km point (near the small glacier) and three more in the main valley (two near the rock boulders and one around Ms. Legges grave. Rain Shelter-cum-Rest Shed: Temporary sloped roof structures with steel truss frame and corrugated GI sheet roof/wall, with 4 steel benches all painted in dark green (to blend with the environment) is proposed to be provided at every 0.5 km interval starting from the VOFNP entrance gate till the 3 km point at Bamani Dhaur. Additional set of 2 uncovered benches is also proposed to be provided along the trek path at an interval of 0.10 km distance after Ghangharia till the 2 km point in Valley of Flowers to ease the relatively steep trek in the initial stretch.

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

Toilet: Only one toilet (unisex) for urinal/WC use may be built at the first vista point near the glacier (which is half way through the valley trek) towards the upper hill slope. The siting of this toilet should be done in such a way that it is away from sensitive flora and also not in the way of good view of the Valley. The visitor should be made aware of this in the introductory informatory session. The toilet should have water saver cistern. Chemical toilets/Dry toilets are available in international markets, and may be similar ones can be explored/developed locally too. Note: All the structures proposed are temporary in nature (except the small plinth bases required for toilets) and would need to be assembled before every tourist season and disassembled & stored at Ghangharia after tourist season. All the structures are to be painted in dark green on exteriors (to blend with the environment).
Signages

Signages will form an important part of the visitor experience enhancement and education. The various types of signages proposed are Directional and Locational, Nature Interpretation signages and Standard Warning/Information Signage Board for Landslide prone areas/Glacier along trek path. Directional/Locational & Informational signages are proposed with dark green background & white text, while Nature Interpretation signages would be as per the current pattern followed by DoF.
Solid Waste Management

No Waste Bins are proposed inside the Park. The Park will function based on Visitor carries Waste principle as adopted in many international level National Parks. An EcoDeposit (Rs. 50/- or as decided by the Department of Forest) will be collected from the visitors who have to declare the plastic items polythene, bags, beverage bottles, etc. carried by them, at the VOFNP entrance gate. This deposit will be given back to them once they return back and show that they are carrying back the waste. This waste can then be deposited in the nearest large iron cage waste collection pit proposed near the VoF / Hemkunt trek path junction on its south-east side. These cages should be airy, should not spill, and neither should weather out in a season (plastic cages were not recommended due to the reason of these getting brittle in sun and may get damaged early, these would not be as airy, and would be susceptible to fire as discussed in Chapter 5 on Environment Management Plan). B. HEMKUNT DEVELOPMENT PLAN Heritage Conservation & Landscape Proposals Hemkunt has an ancient temple dedicated to Lord Ramas brother, Lakshman that had been revered and visited by local people for long. Any new structure in this area should come up for meeting the infrastructure gaps only and its architecture/design should appropriate with the climatic conditions. Conservation of the Lokpal temple is an integral part of the plan. As part of conservation measures, for further high altitude species including Brahmakamal, etc. another small garden / germplasm bank site (about 0.25 ha) could be developed at Hemkunt area on the land of Forest Department. Hemkunt and Ghangharia-Hemkunt Route Development Proposals
Planned Works

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

Upgradation of Ghangharia-Hemkunt Sahib Trek/Pedestrian Path. Construction of Folding Bridge near 13 km milestone point after Ghangharia settlement over the Lakshman/Hem Ganga. Construction of a Helipad at Hemkunt (as PHHL is planning for direct helicopter services, and has conducted inspection of the site for helipad as well) It is proposed that the trek path from Ghangharia till Hemkunt be widened as far as possible (average 6 ft. wide to accommodate the common path for mules and pedestrian use) as the hill slopes are steep and current alignment of path at many places is almost one over another in a zig-zag pattern. Minor cross drainage is also suggested at regular intervals. Little widening of Trek path base will be in CC (1:2:4) Stone Kharanja/Masonry work with top surface upgraded as CC surface with grooves. Construction of MS railing (painted in dark green) along the trek path in addition to Construction of Helipad at Hemkunt are proposed. Wherever, path widening is not possible by cutting upper hill slope, same may be done by constructing RCC floor slabs on stilts on the lower hill slope, if feasible.

Trek Path-New Proposals

Tourist Amenity Cluster

It is proposed to develop amenity clusters at regular intervals to facilitate tourists who are proceeding towards Hemkunt from Ghangharia. The cluster types will have the following mix of amenities: Cluster A: The components of Cluster A are Snacks/ Fast food centre (4 in no. of 20 sqm each), A multi-purpose room functioning as tourist information desk and first aid centre (10 sqm), Shauchalaya (2 toilets each for men and women on pay & use facility), Covered Rest Shed (1 no. of 15 sqm with 5 benches), Mule Shed, large waste collection pit (iron cage), etc. The trek path between the cluster A is proposed to be partially covered. Cluster B: The components of Cluster B are Snacks/ Fast food centre (2 in no. of 20 sqm each), Drinking Water Facility, Shauchalaya (2 toilets each for men and women on pay & use facility), Covered Rest Shed (1 no. of 15 sqm with 5 benches), Mule Shed, etc. The trek path between the cluster B is proposed to be partially covered. Cluster C: The components of Cluster C are Drinking Water Facility, Covered Rest Shed (2 in no. of 15 sqm with 5 benches), etc. Approximately Cluster A will be provided near 1.5 km, 3.5 km, 5.35 km points after Ghangharia settlement towards Hemkunt; Cluster B near 2.5 km & 4.5 km; Cluster C will be near 1 km, 2 km, 4 km, & 5.75 km from Ghangharia.
Signages

Informatory, Eco-Awareness, Locational, Nature Interpretation and Warning Signages are proposed as part of the plan. Corner sidewalls of temporary cluster facilities that are open to view from trek path may also be used for painting/display of information/eco-signages. Directional/Locational &

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

Informational signages are with dark green background with white text, while Nature Interpretation signages would be as per the current pattern followed by DoF.
Electric Supply
It is proposed to provide Street lighting from the junction of route to Valley of Flowers / Hemkunt Sahib till next 1.5 km cluster of facilities on the Hemkunt route to facilitate safe return of visitors in this last stretch (13 km to 14.5 km point after Ghangharia) which may get dark sometimes due to bad weather/after sunset around 6.00 pm, if the visitors are late on return, and these should be switched off once the visibility improves or after 7.00 pm by which hour it is expected that all pilgrims/trekkers would have returned to Ghangharia. Telecommunications One PCO Local Call/STD/ISD booth at Hemkunt Sahib Complex connected to Satellite Telephone Exchange of Ghangharia. Wireless connectivity to EDC members & Gurdwara Managers. One Satellite Telephone PCO Local Call/STD/ISD booth to be provided at 3 km point (at one of the Amenity Cluster A) between Hemkunt Sahib and Ghangharia for emergency needs.

Sewage & Toilets at Hemkunt


Proper sewage disposal system through soak pit, etc. at Hemkunt Sahib for Kitchen/Langar wash waste which currently falls into Lakshman /Hem Ganga stream. Separate Community Toilet (Pay & Use) to be provided for mule operators/porters/palki carriers at Hemkunt Sahib complex. Upgradation of Public Toilets/Bathrooms/Change Rooms at Hemkunt Sahib complex with a new Shauchalaya of 4 toilets each for men and women.

Solid Waste Management

Waste Bins (turntable) are to be placed every 100 m in the path. One solid waste compression equipment unit is to be placed at Hemkunt. Waste collection area to be managed more scientifically with arrangements for stacking the compressed bags (in Iron Cage pits that can easily contain some 50 or more bags/sacks) and in no case these should be stacked near the Sarovar or streams. These cages should be airy, should not spill, and neither should weather out in a season (plastic cages were not recommended due to the reason of these getting brittle in sun and may get damaged early, these would not be as airy, and would be susceptible to fire. Compressed plastic waste is transported down and used for reprocessing. Contracts for purchase of this waste can be given so that government cost of collection and transportation can be reduced. Better incentives are to be given to the waste collectors. Mule excreta are also collected in sacks by the sweepers as mule organic matter. Separate coloured/marked sacks can be provided to the collectors. Vermi-composting is practiced at collection sites so that this excreta can be converted into manure. Mule owners are educated about collection of this excreta and its conversion. Remuneration to mule owners for collecting and supplying such excreta at collection centres is given. Special arrangements may be made at Hemkunt site to collect the kitchen (Langar) waste and decomposed in a biogas plant. This waste when plenty can be converted in a biogas plant to generate fuel for heating / cooking purposes. Note: It is proposed to maintain a uniform character of the cluster amenities/toilets. All the structures proposed are temporary in nature (except the small plinth bases required for shops/toilets) and would need to be assembled before every tourist season and disassembled & stored at Ghangharia after tourist season. All the structures are to be painted in dark green on exteriors (to blend with the environment).

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

C. MANAGEMENT/ INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES Capacity Building It is very essential to develop education/information centres that are run by locals. Souvenir shops will also be developed marketing the destination. Revival of Friend of Valley of Flowers programme is planned after paying the nominal fee of Rs. 5/- for the slide and video shows, and will get benefited by becoming a recipient for updated information on Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region through a computerised database and an interactive website where brochures/guide maps/e-postcards etc. can be accessed. Also to fund/sustain the EDC resources, the government in mutual discussion with various departments & stakeholders shall levy a nominal eco-fee per head payable by all the tourists. Department of Forests officers/staff should have state of art education in all the parameters listed above (Pollution management, solid waste management, conservation management, biodiversity management, animal health etc.). Listing and site mapping of all the threatened bio resources of the Valley of Flowers National Park; Need to harness energy potential of waterfalls, streams etc; Need to look for other sources of household fuel source will be examined and undertaken. Research and Monitoring: The information regarding plant communities like Taxus baccata (for cancer medication), etc. of restricted occurrence need to be better understood and documented in spatial, qualitative and regeneration terms. Resource Inventory and annual census works will be carried out with local participation. Monitoring Patrolling forms a regular feature of the management. Department of Forest may need to increase the patrolling staff. In the patrolling activity local community/EDC members will also be associated. High altitude gears and necessary equipments like high power torch/ tents/ sleeping bags are some of the most essential item for protection patrolling. Village biodiversity register will be maintained. Sensitisation of Tourists & Visitor Information Service Sensitisation-cum-training workshops will be held at the start of the tourist season (from the month of June) at division level and in the regional level. In these workshops mule owners/ porters/ palki carriers/transporters/ Hotel and lodge owners/ Restaurant and shopkeepers will be involved so that they can be properly apprised with the law and be motivated to guide the tourist. Many more personnel from the local host community need to be trained for nature interpretation services / eco-guide work. Decentralised training camps on various kinds of Forest and Wildlife laws will be arranged throughout the year.

Environmental Awareness
A 5-minute awareness training will be conducted to all the visitors to the Valley of Flowers at the entry point where they will also be provided with an indicative map of Valley of Flowers trek path-cum-flower composition and a coloured brochure/booklet of major species along with the entry ticket. Also, the existing nature interpretation-cum-information centre at Ghangharia available in the FRH complex should be supported by another temporary sloped roof structure of 20 sqm area for information provision / nature interpretation & orientation purposes with the help of EDC trained eco-guides/nature interpreters. Gurdwara at Govind Dham &
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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

Hemkunt Sahib shall also play an important role and after each ardas (prayer) the Manager & Granthi of the Gurdwara should take the responsibility to announce a special request (Vinti) to all the visitors about the cleanliness and environmental conservation issues in this eco-sensitive region, and the Gurdwara premises should also prominently display the Dos and Donts about cleanliness and environmental conservation issues, to be followed by Gurdwara staff as well as the visitors.

7.

DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS AT BASE SETTLEMENTS

The base settlement for the Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt in the upper valley is Ghangharia. Govind Ghat serves as the other base & terminal settlement for the overall trip. A. DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR GHANGHARIA
Accommodation

The key issue is absence of quality accommodation, shortage of rooms, no booking facility, space carrying capacity limitations, sensitive land use and land ownership pattern etc.

The proposals for accommodation at Ghangharia are Land Pooling/ Land Merger of the few shops towards the Valley/ Hemkunt side to develop 2 temporary tented resorts in a participative manner by private entrepreneurs of local community on rent/lease. The existing accommodation is proposed to be regularised with grading, standard of accommodation, facilities offered, rentals and per tourist space. Development Control Regulations are proposed based on the character of the region and its environmental sensitivity, such that any construction, new or refurbished, shall not go beyond 2-storey high (G+1). All the new amenity spaces are proposed to be of temporary structures (except for the small plinth bases for these amenities/toilets, wherever necessary). It is proposed to maintain a uniform character of the new amenities/toilets. This will be maintained by following temporary sloped roof steel truss structure with corrugated GI sheet roof & wall all painted in dark green (to blend with the environment). Any development proposal needs multiple approvals from a joint committee of stakeholders. No new land is proposed to be brought under new physical construction. However, land pooling and redevelopment may be considered for further development without cutting any more trees. To meet additional requirements some Forest Land after Ghangharia and some Van Panchayat Land at Kanjila may be rented per day or per season/leased for short term only for temporary tented resort accommodation by private entrepreneurs of local community. A complete ban on use of wood of sensitive trees, like Taxus baccata etc. in Ghangharia is proposed.
Refreshment Stalls and Commercial Establishments

Quality Assurance and regularisation of stalls will be undertaken. A character shift is proposed for these shops with overhanging roofs on steel trusses. Department of Health may assist in certifying / monitoring the quality of food and overall hygiene of the services. The EDC will audit and monitor the water usage, wastewater and solid waste management of the shops. Selling of cheap plastic raincoats is proposed to be banned in the project region. Instead, good quality raincoats may be made available on rent with a returnable fixed deposit payment.
Information Services

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

It is proposed that a tourist information service desk of area 20 sq.m be opened at the GMVN TRH at Ghangharia. This centre will also co-ordinate with the local guides. Also, the existing Information Centre at FRH complex shall be upgraded with another similar temporary sloped roof building to facilitate display and sale of pictures, souvenirs, etc. and used as an interpretation & orientation centre.
Recreation Facilities

In addition to the Germplasm Bank / Shadow Garden / Demonstration Nursery, development of Landscaped Recreation Plaza is also planned on the way from Ghangharia to the bifurcation point of Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt routes, near the Lakshman / Hem Ganga waterfall, where temporary sloped roofed structured relaxation decks are proposed.
Other Tourist Facilitation

In addition to the above tourist amenities, a Cloak Room of 50 sq.m is proposed to be developed at Ghangharia. Signages will form an important part of the visitor experience enhancement and education and will comprise of informatory, directional and interactive signages. Directional/Locational & Informational signages are proposed with dark green background & white text, while Nature Interpretation signages would be as per the current pattern followed by DoF.
Tourist Safety

It is proposed that a small Police Chowki with sufficient personnel/logistics be stationed at Ghangharia in view of the sudden influx of tourists during the four months of tourist season in a temporary sloped roof building of 50 sqm area.
Health Care Facility

It is recommended to have a proper First Aid Centre-cum-small Trauma Care Clinic equipped with essential instruments with treatment area spread over 50 sqm. This health centre will also sell essential medicine kits for those who wish to carry it for their trekking and will include 4 beds for nursing the patients. This improved facility is to be housed in a temporary sloped roof building and can move down to Pulna during the offseason to benefit the local village community. Department of Health shall assist in setting up the same.
Mule Sheds, Cheap accommodation, Fodder and Food Arrangements

It is recommended that proper Mule Sheds made of temporary sloped roof structures be built to station at least 200 mules at a time. These mule sheds will have parallel running drinking pits and waste cleaning pits at the back, and Mule Waste collection and disposal infrastructure. Fodder shall be made available at the mule sheds at a reasonable cost. Cheap dormitory accommodation (to provide stay at night for 150 persons) and pay & use toilet facility - made of temporary sloped roof structures are also proposed to be built for the mule operators, porters, palki carriers and EDC cleaning staff.
Veterinary Clinic

Though the main veterinary clinic is proposed at Govind Ghat, it is recommended that a small such clinic made of temporary sloped roof structure spread over 25 sqm be opened at Ghangharia for treating emergency cases.
Trek Paths

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It is proposed that the paths be upgraded by laying CC 1:2:4 over stone kharanja (RR masonry) with grooved top surface along with a central drain and maintained before start of every season. At Ghangharia settlement, the infrastructure services like water supply is proposed to be laid parallel to the paths independently for usage on both the sides of the path without crossing the drain, while the storm water drain is proposed to be constructed in the centre of the path covered with removable RCC slab drain covers with grated openings and storm water to get disposed across the trek path & beyond building portion through hume pipes at regular intervals towards lower slopes. Also, recently PHHL has worked out plans to operate Helicopter services from Agustmuni to Ghangharia (using Army Helipad).
Water Supply

The existing planned project by Jal Sansthan is proposed to be implemented by start of 2004 season, and the same should be taken up on priority. In the year when the Phase-II starts, it is proposed to develop a proper water supply scheme with covered storage tank and water purification plant providing ample and safe water for the tourists and local community alike.
Sewerage Disposal System & Toilets

The group of hotels, which do not have any kind of sewerage disposal system to have septic tanks, if grouping is possible. This would ensure that no sewerage reaches the river/ directly to the environs. Another public toilet made up of temporary slope roof structure of the same size as the one constructed at the entrance of Ghangharia is also proposed at the end of Ghangharia.
Electricity Supply

The recommendations for electricity supply for the region, in addition to above initiatives are urgent repair works for the turbine plant to ensure high efficiency of turbines and Upgradation of street lighting at Ghangharia.
Telecommunications

BSNL CellOne Services is also planned to be started from next season onwards. The targets are Mobile connectivity to be ensured by start of 2004 season and Better connectivity and more number of PCO Local Call/STD/ISD booths at Ghangharia.
Solid Waste Management

It is recommended that Very evident and attractive turntable solid waste disposal bins are proposed to be placed at different points at Ghangharia (@ 15 m interval). 1 Solid waste compression equipment unit is proposed to be placed at Ghangharia. Waste collection area is proposed to be managed more scientifically with arrangements for stacking the compressed bags in Iron cage pits that can easily contain some 50 or more bags/sacks. These cages should be airy, should not spill, and neither should weather out in a season (plastic cages were not recommended due to the reason of these getting brittle in sun and may get damaged early, these would not be as airy. Compressed plastic waste is proposed to be transported down and used for incineration/recycling. Contracts for purchase of this waste could be given so that government cost of collection and transportation can be reduced. Mule excreta is also proposed to be collected in bags by the sweepers as mule organic matter. Separate coloured bags can be provided to the collectors. The mule excreta will

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Executive Summary

also be collected from the mule shed at Ghangharia and taken to Bhyundar/ Pulna for vermi-composting. A demonstration be planned at Ghangharia by the officials, where fertilisers be provided in the newly proposed education/training centre/EDC store. Mule owners are to be educated about collection of this excreta and its conversion. Remuneration to mule owners for collecting and supplying such excreta at collection centres can be given as an incentive. B. DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR GOVIND GHAT Development Control Regulations are proposed based on the character of the region and its environmental sensitivity, such that any construction, new or refurbished, shall not go beyond 2-storey high (G+1). All the new amenity spaces are proposed to be of temporary structures (except for the small plinth bases for these amenities/toilets, wherever necessary, and the hotels which require larger spaces). It is proposed to maintain a uniform character of the new amenities/toilets. This will be maintained by following temporary sloped roof steel truss structure with corrugated GI sheet roof & wall all painted in dark green. Any development proposal needs multiple approvals from a joint committee of stakeholders.
Roads & Pathways

Repair Work of Govind Ghat-Ghangharia-Hemkunt Sahib Trek/Pedestrian Path and Valley of Flowers Trek/Pedestrian Path is proposed by the PWD. Tourism Bureaus Parking Proposal comprises of construction of additional parking facility at Govind Ghat. Additional parking facility is suggested as discussed in Chapter 8.
Water Supply

Uttaranchal Jal Nigam is already working on a scheme for meeting the drinking water demand at Govind Ghat with a horizon period of next 15 years. Jal Nigam is preparing a scheme for providing piped water supply via Pulna to Govind Ghat.
Sewerage Disposal System & Toilets

It is to be ensured that no sewerage reaches the river Alaknanda/ directly to the environs. For this, the group of hotels, which do not have any kind of sewerage disposal system to have septic tanks, if grouping is possible. A public toilet complex (Pay & Use) is to be built for the trekking tourists near the starting point and a separate Sulabh Shauchalaya/ Community Toilet (Pay & Use) all made of temporary sloped roofed structure is to be provided for mule operators/porters/palki carriers.
Telecommunications

It is proposed add few more Local Call/STD/ISD PCO booths and to provide wireless service between the Gurdwara at Govind Ghat, Ghangharia and that at Hemkunt for emergency connectivity, with due permissions from the concerned government authorities.
Solid Waste Management

An incinerator plant with a project cost of Rs. 25.00 lakhs planned by Tourism Bureau has been sanctioned for installation at Govind Ghat. Proper sewage disposal system be provided through soak pit, etc. at Govind Ghat Gurdwara and other private establishments for Kitchen/Langar/Restaurant wash waste which currently falls into river Alaknanda. Very evident and attractive turntable solid waste disposal bins to be placed at different points at Govind Ghat (@15 m interval). 1 Solid waste compression equipment
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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

unit to be placed at Govind Ghat. Two iron cage pits for waste collection are also proposed at Govind Ghat.
Accommodation

Few quality hotels with capacity of 300 beds (low-rise 2 storeyed structure only) are proposed to be developed at Govind Ghat. There is a need for regularisation of accommodation facilities. Based on the standard of accommodation, facilities offered and the per tourist space, hotels/ lodges will be graded. Booking facility for hotels/lodges is proposed to be made available.
Refreshment Stalls and Commercial Establishments

The recommendations for the refreshment stalls are Quality Assurance and Regularisation of these stalls. Department of Health may assist in certifying / monitoring the quality of food and overall hygiene of the services. The recently formed EDC, Govind Ghat will inspect and monitor the water usage, wastewater and solid waste management of the shops.
Information Services

It is proposed that a nature interpretation-cum-tourist information centre of 30 sqm area be opened by the DoF/DoT at FRH complex, Govind Ghat. The Gurdwara will also help in creating environmental awareness session with all the religious tourists to Hemkunt Sahib.
Other Tourist Facilitation

In addition to the above tourist amenities, a Cloak Room made of temporary sloped roofed structure of 100 sqm is proposed to be developed at Govind Ghat for the tourists who do not wish to carry their entire luggage during the trek. Directional Signages are proposed to be provided at Govind Ghat right from the Badrinath road junction. Directional/Locational & Informational signages are proposed with dark green background & white text, while Nature Interpretation signages would be as per the current pattern followed by DoF.
Tourist Safety

It is proposed that, as a safety measure, some police personnel stationed at Govind Ghat may be attached with the Patwari. They can patrol the trek route during the four months of tourist season.
Health Care Facility

PWD Proposal: At Govind Ghat for a Medical Relief Centre Rs. 4.12 lakhs were sanctioned in Dec 1997, the balance fund in this has to be requisitioned again. Department of Health shall assist in setting up the same.
Mule Sheds, Cheap Accommodation, Fodder and Food Arrangements

Registration of Mules, Porters, and Palki owners/operators with EDC, Govind Ghat. Most mule owners/operators are from Nazibabad, Ramnagar, Haldwani etc. and the porters and palki carriers are mostly from Nepal, who cross from Nepal through near by districts for employment. Proper Mule Shed made of temporary sloped roofed structure may be provided for a handling capacity of 300 mules at a time with proper Mule Waste Disposal infrastructure. These mule sheds would have parallel running drinking pits and waste cleaning pits at the back. Fodder may be made available at the mule shed at a cost.

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Executive Summary

Cheap dormitory accommodation (to provide stay at night for 200 persons) should also be built for the mule operators, porters, palki carriers and EDC cleaning staff and pay & use toilet facility for the labourers all made of temporary sloped roofed structure.
Veterinary Clinic

A main veterinary clinic was proposed at Govind Ghat during the study. This is one of the main developments required at Govind Ghat in view of the 800-1000 mules presently operating from Govind Ghat and back. This will also ensure good health of mules so that they are able to carry tourists without jeopardising the safety of tourists. At the time of revision of this report, the Director, NDBR informed that a veterinary camp service has been started at Govind Ghat from the 2004 tourist season.

8.

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR FACILITIES ENROUTE

Transportation Plan: Govind Ghat to Ghangharia There is growing need to cater to the increasing Indicative Trek Path Alignment demand for parking in the 3 Valley of Ghangharia Kms Flowers hill settlement of Govind 4 Kms Ghat. Also, there is a 6 Kms Proposed Motorable significant need to enhance Hemkunt 6 Section Bhyundar Village Shrine Kms access to the tourist spots / Trek PathPulna Village 3 Kms local community enroute by ( reducing the actual distance Govind Ghat to be trekked on foot by extending the reach of motorable road. The need of an investigation on the proposal for the road from Govind Ghat till Pulna as requested by the then Union Minister of Tourism & Pulna Community Members for providing basic road accessibility for emergent needs of the community and controlling the tourist vehicular traffic load near Govind Ghat, was communicated to the consultants by the DoT, Uttaranchal. Thus, possibility of extension of Motorable Road was examined. The trek can be broken up into multiple legs on the basis of the intermediate settlements. The entire area besides being a reserved forest and a bio-reserve is extremely ecologically sensitive. A detailed ecological impact analysis of the area has to be conducted before any option of extending a road on the entire trek route up to Ghangharia is considered.

Options for Motorable Road to Pulna


A motorable road to Pulna Village connecting it with the road to Badrinath could be laid along two alignments, details of which have been explored by the Uttaranchal Public Works Department earlier in the year 2000 as part of the larger proposal up to Ghangharia. Alignment I: Pandukeshwar (from start of access road on Badrinath motor road to Yogdhyan Temple) to Pulna (5 km long road) Alignment II: Govind Ghat to Pulna (6 km long road) In alignment Option-II, the provision of a bridge at Govind Ghat also makes is difficult and costlier option because it is situated at the confluence of two rivers and the

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

surrounding geological structures are susceptible to the simultaneous cutting by two rivers. Also, the mountain slope opposite Govind Ghat is particularly steep at this location and may require more number of hairpin bends. Overall alignment Option-I is reported to be more feasible by PWD and a proposal already exists from them for road till Pulna on this alignment.

Impact on Settlements
The impact on Pulna from the socio-economic environment point of view is examined. There will be an increased need for space for parking, need for ancillary infrastructure, demand tourist facilities in the village and increased pressure on waste disposal and management in the Village. The shift of the last motorable point to Hemkunt from Govind Ghat to Pulna via Pandukeshwar may significantly impact the importance of Govind Ghat as the central focus. In view of these, it has been proposed that if the road be built till Pulna, no private vehicles be allowed beyond Govind Ghat/Pandukeshwar and only environment friendly public transport ferries will run till Pulna thereby reducing the pressure on Pulna as well as generating local employment in eco-friendly means of transportation.

Trek Path
It is proposed that the trek path till Ghangharia be widened to about 10 ft in Stone Kharanja/Masonry work. Separate trek path for Mules (4 ft. wide), Pedestrians (6 ft. wide) from Govind Ghat-Pulna till Ghangharia is proposed. The pedestrian path is proposed to be 10 cm above the mule trek path. The top layer of the trek path would be in CC (1:2:4) with grooved top surface. Construction of MS railing (painted in dark green) along the trek path Minor cross drainage is also suggested at regular intervals.

Installation of Ropeway from Govind Ghat to Kanjila (near Ghangharia)


Possibility of installation of a ropeway from Govind Ghat to Kanjila (near Ghnagharia as suggested by DoF has been examined, with an analysis of positive and negative impacts. A preliminary examination showed that the proposal is not very viable from the demand and cost perspective. However, suggestions have been given on possible aspects that government should weigh, and it may undertake a separate techno-economic feasibility study to identify the option being plausible or not, and subsequently if plausible, undertake a DPR.

Tourist Amenity Cluster


It is proposed to develop amenity clusters at regular intervals to facilitate tourists who are proceeding towards Ghangharia. The cluster types will have the following mix of amenities: Cluster A: The components of Cluster A are Snacks/ Fast food centre (avg. 8 in no. of 20 sqm each), Souvenir Shop (1 in no. of size 20 sq.m run by Mahila Mandal with First Aid Box), Shauchalaya (2 toilets each for men and women on pay & use facility), Covered Rest Shed (1 no. of 15 sqm with 5 benches), Mule Shed (to accommodate 30 mules at a

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

time), large waste collection pit (made of iron cage as discussed earlier), etc. The trek path between the cluster A is proposed to be partially covered. Cluster B: The components of Cluster B are Snacks/ Fast food centre (avg. 6 in no. of 20 sqm each), Drinking Water Facility, Shauchalaya (2 toilets each for men and women on pay & use facility), Covered Rest Shed (1 no. of 15 sqm with 5 benches), Mule Shed (to accommodate 15 mules at a time), etc. The trek path between the cluster B is proposed to be partially covered. Cluster C: The components of Cluster C are Drinking Water Facility, Covered Rest Shed (2 in no. of 15 sqm with 5 benches), etc. Approximately Cluster A will be provided at Pulna (3 km point), 6 km point, and at 9.60 km point; Cluster B will be at 1.5 kms, 5 km, 7.2 km, 8.5 km, 10.95 km and 12 km from Govind Ghat; and Cluster C will be at 1.05 km, 2.10 km, 2.6 km, 3.9 km, 4.3 km, 6.75 km, 8 km, 10.3 km, 11.35 km from Govind Ghat. At Pulna, a mule shed to accommodate 150 mules at a time is proposed in the event of a motorable road. All the amenity cluster spaces are proposed to be of temporary structures (except for the small plinth bases for cluster amenities/toilets, wherever necessary). A uniform character is proposed for the cluster amenities/toilets. Chemical toilets/Dry toilets are available in international markets, and may be similar ones can be explored/developed locally too. This will be maintained by following temporary sloped roof steel truss structure, with corrugated GI sheet roof & wall all painted in dark green on exteriors (to blend with the environment). All these structures would be disassembled at the end of tourist season and kept in EDC Stores at Ghangharia, Bhyundar and Pulna as per the nearest location for these structures, and would be reassembled before the next tourist season.
Mule Shed

Proper Mule Shed made of temporary sloped roofed structure may be provided for a handling capacity of 150 mules at a time with proper Mule Waste Disposal infrastructure at Pulna.

Signages

Standardised Signage Boards are proposed at regular intervals, all deviations, informatory signages about altitude, location, ecology etc; nature interpretation signages (in various languages), warning boards of landslide/ avalanche areas etc. Directional/Locational & Informational signages are with dark green background with white text, while Nature Interpretation signages would be as per the current pattern followed by DoF.
Water Supply

Uttaranchal Jal Nigam is preparing a scheme for providing piped water supply via Pulna to Govind Ghat.
Electric Supply

The proposals include provision of Street Lighting from Pulna till Govind Ghat (from 3 km to Suspension Bridge end), from Kanjila till Ghangharia entrance, Upgradation of Street Lighting at Pulna and Bhyundar, power supply through grid via Govind

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

Ghat/Pulna be further extended to Bhyundar, Kanjila and till the entrance of Ghangharia, re-erecting the broken poles, etc. and having a process in future to maintain this on a regular basis after every tourist season.
Telecommunications

A new Satellite Telephone Exchange is proposed at Pulna to provide better connectivity to Govind Ghat, Pulna and till 6 km point between Pulna and Bhyundar. One Satellite Telephone PCO Local Call/STD/ISD booth each is proposed at Pulna, one at 6 km point between Pulna and Bhyundar, Bhyundar and near Kanjila Helipad area connected to the existing Satellite Telephone Exchange of Ghangharia for villagers and tourists enroute.
Health Care Facility

A Medical Trauma Centre is proposed at Pulna. First aid box is proposed at Cluster A and B to be managed by EDC/Gurdwara members or Sevadars from Ghangharia to Hemkunt and by Mahila Mandal/Yuvak Mandal members between Govind Ghat and Ghangharia.

Management Controls
Regularisation of Development is envisaged through development control regulations, restricting character and type of development, ownership with locals, approval from EDC/joint management committee, ban of use of sensitive wood, timings of trekking, compulsory eco-fee (amount as decided by the government in mutual discussion with various departments & stakeholders) from all tourist trekkers, incentives etc.

Tourist Circuit and Growth Centres Nearby


The region nearby has many tourism spots and growth centres, which could attract more tourists to the whole region is projected as part of the regional circuit. The important tourist attractions and growth centres nearby are Badrinath, Auli, Kagbhushandi Lake, Khiron Valley, Khunt Khal, Joshimath, etc. that can be integrated with 4-month tourism season at Valley of flowers-Hemkunt destination.

9.

HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

Hazard mitigation refers to any action taken to reduce or eliminate the long - term risk to human life and property from hazards. Disaster Management Plan addresses the management and actions/ measures to be adopted in the event of a disaster. Emergency Response System deals with the immediate response mechanism in the event of a disaster, the effectiveness of which would primarily determine the life and property saved. Need of an Emergency Response System in Project Area The project area including Valley of Flowers, Hemkunt Sahib and Govind Ghat to Ghangaria, is a highly fragile eco system, which has a very sensitive geological structure and biodiversity. In view of this and the high tourist visitation during the four months of tourist season, it is very important to have an emergency response mechanism in place to avoid and minimise casualties in the event of any disaster. The possible hazard scenarios in the project region are Landslides, Avalanche falls, Earthquake Proneness, Heavy Monsoon, Stampede, Threats due to Sick Porting Animals, Attack of Wild Animals etc.

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

Hazard Mitigation Plan and Emergency Response System The Hazard Mitigation Plan for Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt Sahib region addresses the issues of disaster management and emergency response system including the following components: Planning and Land Use Management Emergency Response Cell Warning System Evacuation Mechanism Institutional Responsibilities Bio Diversity Risk Mitigation Community Participation.

10.

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

Summary of Proposed Investment The proposed project investments would be implemented in two phases of two years each. It is presumed that every year hardly 3-4 months may be available for plan implementation to be undertaken in the region along trek route (including 1 month before tourist season, 1 month during Aug.-Sep. which is the leaner part of tourist season, and another 1.5-2 months post tourist season till end of Nov.). At Govind Ghat and Pulna, however more time would be available for implementation. Hence, a 4-year phasing is recommended to complete all these infrastructural/developmental works. Majority of the works are to be implemented by the DoF, where in they may take assistance of agencies like EDC / PWD /others, under DoF guidance and permissions. The private entrepreneurs of the local community can also take up some of the components, like temporary tented resort accommodation, proper furniture & appliances for running their shops/kiosks, procurement of raincoats & bags, etc. Total Estimated Project Cost for the implementation of this Master Plan amounts to Rs. 2584.61 lakhs or Rs. 25.85 crores. The phase wise summary of new proposals is delineated in the following tables.
Proposals New Proposals Existing Proposals (Pending Sanction)* TOTAL *Refer Chapter 10 for details Amount (Rs - Lakhs) 2552.91 31.70 2584.61

External Assistance/ Funding Modalities

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt

Executive Summary

For the implementation of the master plan, there is a need to arrange for finances over and above plan allocations. International financial institutions contribution would be required for the mobilisation of resources. Loans can be obtained from multilateral and bilateral lending agencies under heads of various socio-economic development schemes, provided benefits of tourism are widely spread in society and that the local host communities & poor benefit from tourism development.

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Executive Summary

Table: Summary of New Proposals


Sr. No. DEVELOPMENT AREA Destination Development Cost (Rs. in lakhs) Land Cost (Rs. in lakhs) Cost excluding Land Cost (Rs. in lakhs) Funding (Phase I-Rs. in lakhs) MoT Public Pvt. MoT Public Pvt.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Enroute Govind Ghat to Ghangharia Valley of Flowers Hemkunt Sahib Ghangharia Bhyundar Pulna Govind Ghat

918.32 589.17 417.51 274.24 7.99 34.92 310.77

918.32 589.17 417.51 274.24 7.99 34.92 305.83

617.88 258.12 351.83 130.54 5.72 15.32 51.12

8.00 0.00 1.50 3.50 1.50 1.50 3.00

31.69 0.00 15.00 49.36 0.00 0.00 12.49

220.94 331.05 14.06 2.50 0.77 3.10 9.99

1.50 0.00 21.13 38.99 0.00 15.00 3.37

38.31 0.00 14.00 49.36 0.00 0.00 230.79

4.94

TOTAL 2552.91 4.94 2547.97 INVESTMENTS (Rs. in lakhs) TOTAL INVESTMENTS (AGENCY WISE - Rs. in lakhs) TOTAL INVESTMENTS (PHASE WISE - Rs. in lakhs)

1430.52

19.00 1558.06

108.54

582.41

79.99 994.85

332.46

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Multiplier Effect of Tourism Tourism in the Valley will be a tool for the socio- economic development. Other than direct benefits from tourist expenditure, indirect benefits also accrue to the economy. This is because tourism has strong backward, forward and lateral linkages with other sectors of the economy. Institutional Framework and Roles & Responsibilities The roles, responsibilities and structure of the main institutional stakeholders are defined, these cover the Eco-Development Committee (EDC), Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust (GSHSMT), Trade Community, Mahila Mandal, Van Panchayat/Forest Council, Gram Sabha/Village Council, Zila Panchayat (ZP), Department of Forests, Department of Tourism, Public Works Department, Jal Nigam and Jal Sansthan Departments, Electricity Departments, Department of Telecommunications, Department of Health, Department of Revenue, and Role of NGOs.

11.

HRD AND TRAINING


Multi-Skilling Restaurant/Dhaba owners Snacks/ Chaat sellers Fruit & Juice Kiosks Porter-cum-Ecoguides Souvenir makers/Handicraft hawker Printing & Publishing Work (Booklets/ Brochures/ Pamphlets /Post Card sellers) Horticulture Home-based Workers Souvenir makers/Handicraft hawker Toy Seller Tea shops Beverage/Ice cream vendor Plantation Activities

The areas of training identified are:


Fresh Training Tea/Coffee/Snack shops Beverage/Ice cream vendor Photographer/Albums/Film Rolls/Film Slides Souvenir makers/Handicraft hawker Printing & Publishing Work (Booklets/ Brochures/ Pamphlets/ Post Card sellers) Guide / Nature Interpreter

Horticulture

Rentals: Trek Equipment Shoes, Stick, Raincoat; Binoculars Paramedics for First Aid/Trauma Centre Hired cycles All terrain bikes

Floral extracts

Prasad / Offering shops Paramedics for First Aid/Trauma Centre Mechanic/Repair shops Toy Seller Floral Extracts Mason-cum-Fitter (Temporary Structure work) Environmental Patrolling

Environmental Patrolling Printing & Publishing Work (Booklets/ Brochures/ Pamphlets/ Post Card sellers) Paramedics for Aid/Trauma Centre First

Cobblers Mechanic/Repair shops Toy Seller Floral extracts Mason-cum-Fitter (Temporary Structure work)

The other specific training measures identified are:


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Training of women for their participation in Tourism Formal Training of Students Travel and Tourism Course Basics of Computers Course in Financial Management Spoken English and Hindi Travel Agents Course Hotel Management Course Guide Course

Entrepreneurship Development Programme In addition to these Training to Other Stakeholders like Local Governments and Tourism Boards, Tourism Industry, NGOs etc. are also planned. Detailed training curricula can be prepared on a pilot basis and be refined while imparting training/as the training programs progress.

12.

VISITOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The primary components of Visitor Management System (VMS) comprise of plans for Promotion, Hospitality, and Marketing. The objective of any promotion is not to increase the number of tourists, instead it is to provide the necessary information on all aspects and to aid in better visitor management. The activities include preparation of self guiding brochures, promotional material, advertising in select media, running documentaries/ short films on Television and a specific Public Relations programme. It is proposed to develop a web enabled Visitor Management System (VMS) for Valley of Flowers - Hemkunt Belt. This can be developed separately or can be integrated with the Uttaranchal tourism portal. The main objectives of this web enabled VMS would be to make available a database of all information pertaining to Valley of Flowers, Hemkunt Sahib and the nearby tourist attractions; database of tour operators and transportation facilities, data base of accommodation and other tourist infrastructure (services and facilities) to the interested/potential tourists and information seekers, e-postcards, etc. In addition to this, database of tourists would also be captured. The VMS would also be a helpful tool to monitor the visitor management by systematic collection of data. Over the longer run, the system could take the shape of a portal through which tourists can book the lodges/ hotels as well as prebook their entry to the Valley. In case, in future, Uttaranchal state goes in for regulating religious tourism through a policy, and recommends limiting the number of tourists to Hemkunt Sahib, the portal could be used for reserving entry from Govind Ghat.

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.2 Background
Valley of Flowers also known in Hindu mythology as Nandan Kanan meaning Garden of Indra in Paradise is a relatively smaller part of a valley spread over about 10 sqkm part of the large Valley of Flowers National Park (VOFNP), which blooms especially with a riot of enumerable flowers and flora of variety of species and colours apart from alpine meadows, forests, and sparse but special Himalayan wild fauna. The valley portion of the Park runs in the east west direction along the banks of river Pushpawati. It is believed that Lord Hanuman picked Sanjeevani Buti from this region for treating the wounds of Lakshman, the brother of Lord Rama during the war with Ravana in Lanka. It is a place of escape from the hussle-bussle of todays city life. One would have to descend in winter to warmer and less snowy levels, but for nearly 4 months those in search of beauty and solitude can find peace in the Valley of Flowers.
Abutting Valley of Flowers on a branch route to its south-east is Hemkunt Lake on the banks of which it is said that Lakshman had meditated, an ancient (though little known outside) Hindu Temple Lokpal dedicated to Lakshman exists. However, Hemkunt region is better known for Hemkunt Lake and a magnificent Sikh shrine Hemkunt Sahib on its banks for which maximum tourists/visitors arrive. Though only about 5000-6000 tourists visit Valley of Flowers at present, keeping in mind the natural beauty and historical/religious significance of this overall region and the perspective of eco-tourism, it is imperative to study the eco-determinants that could (or should) limit tourism development of this region and issues of ecological and environmental conservation vis-vis existing/future tourism development, including community benefits, which would get impacted adversely if not analysed and planned in a proper manner. The term eco-tourism and the concept is fairly recent and was first used by Hector Ceballos-Lascurain, a Mexican architect, environmentalist, eco-tourism and cultural tourism expert in 1983 with its preliminary definition to differentiate it from mass tourism. He defined eco-tourism as travelling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals as well as any existing cultural manifestations (both past and present found in these areas). His modified version of this definition has been officially adopted by IUCN The World Conservation Union headquartered at Switzerland in 1996 as environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas, to enjoy, study and appreciate nature (and accompanying cultural features both past and present), that promotes conservation, has lower visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socioeconomic involvement of local populations. While, The International Eco-tourism

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Society (TIES) had defined eco-tourism as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well being of local people and which is widely accepted. In fact, the year 2002 was declared as the year of the International Eco-tourism by United Nations during which in May 2002, World Eco-tourism Summit was held at Quebec, Canada and this definition was also adopted by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). While closer home in Asia, the Institute of Eco-tourism, Bangkok, Thailand defines eco-tourism as nature based, sustainably managed, inclusive of social and cultural aspects, and education to tourists. So, by and large, the concept of eco-tourism embraces tourism that is environmentally friendly, community-based, market friendly, and is developed on the concept of sustainable development. Also as part of Forest Policy 2001 of Uttaranchal, ecotourism is identified as one of the main strategies for creating opportunities for selfemployment and eradication of poverty. Similarly, in the action plan of Tourism Policy 2001 of Uttaranchal, development of eco-tourism is an important activity.

Thus, the Department of Tourism (DoT), Government of India (GoI), has engaged Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) Limited to prepare the Master Plan for Development of Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers Hemkunt Belt of Chamoli District, Uttaranchal. The consultants undertook a Participative Planning approach involving all Stakeholders in the process and most importantly the local host community. The site visits were done in a two-phase study manner, staying at the project area and extensively travelling within and outside the project area. Participative consultations were done at different forums with the local community, Department of Tourism, Department of Forests, GMVN, Departments of Water Supply, UREDA, the 3 Gurdwara officials, tour operators etc. Qualitative surveys were conducted among the tourists to both Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt destinations. Individual surveys and group discussions (NGT - Nominal Group Technique) were deployed with the local community involving representatives of all walks of the local people including the representatives of EDC, trade and business community, guides, doctor, telecommunications, youth, women, etc. The draft report on the master plan were submitted to the Department of Tourism and Department of Forests, Government of Uttaranchal for their review and feedback. The master plan report was also presented to various stakeholders in a meeting chaired by the Chief Secretary, Government of Uttaranchal at the State Secretariat, Dehra Dun. The comments received in these forums have been duly analysed and incorporated in the final report submitted herewith. An indicative list of those interacted during the study by the consultants is provided for reference in Annexure - A."

1.3
Scope

Scope and Terms of Reference (TOR)

The scope of the assignment would be to carry out an initial environment impact assessment with a view to bring out the factors affecting the environs of Valley of
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Flowers. In terms of physical area to be covered under the assessment, the scope would be limited to the geographical spread of Valley of Flowers Hemkunt belt in Chamoli district, Uttaranchal. Terms of Reference (TOR)
Following shall be the Terms of Reference for the study:

Assess the impact of tourism activity on the flora and fauna of the region. Design measures for mitigating effect on flora due to increased visitation and presence of mule as essential mode of transportation Provide measures for conserving the flora & fauna of the region. To identify specific growth centres in the vicinity and possible involvement of local community in the development activities. To explore the possibility of external assistance for this project. Prepare a detailed site management plan specifying the following:

Capacity management & eco-tourism plan. Accessibility to major tourists circulation network and proposed transportation facilities. Hazard mitigation plan and improving safety. Maintenance and upkeep of treks and trails. Design institutional measures for Waste management. Environment orientation of mule owners and other service providers. Detailed land use plan in consonance with carrying capacity of the area indicating generalized land use system and various types of activities and requirements in the immediate vicinity including the transport network and conceptual service plan for water supply, sewerage, drainage, electrification and garbage. Landscaping proposals and general improvement plan. Training local guides. Project phasing.

1.4

Structure of the Draft Report

This Draft Report illustrates the detailed understanding of the study and recommendations, and consists of twelve Chapters, including this chapter, and four Annexures.

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Chapter 2 presents situational analysis of the tourist development in the region. Chapter 3 describes the environmental impact assessment in the region due to various factors. Chapter 4 elaborates the environment development strategy to address the concerns/issues. Chapter 5 sets out the environmental management plan for the region. Chapter 6 illustrates the development plan for Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt. Chapters 7 and 8 contain recommendations for development proposals at the base settlements and enroute the trek path respectively. Chapter 9 describes a hazard mitigation plan. Chapter 10 sets out the implementation plan with funding modalities and phasing of work components. Chapter 11 presents initiatives required on community participation and human resource development. Chapter 12 describes components of a visitor management system.
Annexure A contains References section that lists various stakeholders, experts, literature and data sources referred.

Annexure B contains an indicative list of signages to be implemented. Annexure C lists the details of work items and costs for new proposals. Annexure D provides an indicative list of individuals and organizations that can provide information on tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt.

2. TOURISM DEVELOPMENT A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS


This chapter details the understanding of the Valley of Flowers Hemkunt Region, current facilities/amenities available, existing tourism scenario, and any ecodevelopment initiatives being undertaken in the region.

7.1

Valley of Flowers National Park - Hemkunt Belt

Located in the Chamoli district of the State of Uttaranchal, Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt area are amongst the nine zones or part of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) in Himalayas, which is spread across an area of 5860.69 sqkm. A brief description of this region is presented below. 2.1.1

Valley of Flowers

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Though it is reported that Colonel Edmund Smythe, an Explorer and Education Officer in the then Indian Army, first visited this valley in 1862, barring the contentions who visited the valley first, it is the later accounts of British Mountaineer Frank S Smythe published in a book The Valley of Flowers which made the valley famous. Frank S Smythe incidentally reached this valley lost in thick mist along with colleagues R L Holdsworth and Eric Shipton after an expedition to Mount Kamet in 1931 and fascinated by the valleys beauty and grandeur Frank S Smythe named it Valley of Flowers. He revisited the valley in 1937 to collect the specimens and published the book The Valley of Flowers the following year. The valley portion of the National Park runs in the east-west direction along the banks of river Pushpawati. Local pastoralists have for long grazed their livestock here through summers and know of it as Bhyundar Valley (the place of fairies and nymphs, and now they just call it Phoolon ki Ghati). A stone laid bridle track winds through the valley, which was long ago used by the Marchas, a Garhwali tribe, as a trade route to Tibet. Excessive human intrusion over the years has seriously threatened the valleys wealth and may already have robbed it of some of its hidden secrets. In recognition of valleys fame and floral wealth and with the intention of preserving the ecology and conserving the floral diversity, the Government of Uttar Pradesh (as Chamoli district was earlier in Uttar Pradesh) created The Valley of Flowers National Park as per Notification No. 4278/XIV-3-66-80 with effect from September 6, 1982, the intention having been declared under Notification No. 5795/XIV-3-66-80 of 1 January 1981. After notification of the Park the villagers have shifted their grazing activities to the lower and side valleys away from the National Park viz., Kanjila (to the south of Ghangharia), and Roopdhunga, Semartoli, and Rajkharak (towards west from Bhyundar village). The Valley of Flowers National Park is one of the core zones of NDBR. 2.1.2

Hemkunt Sahib

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Sikhs come to the sacred shrine of Hemkunt Sahib (the only Tap Asthan) in remembrance and prayer to see the place where their tenth guru, Guru Govind Singh meditated and realised his oneness with God in his earlier birth in Sat Yug along the banks of lake Hemkunt, which means the 'lake of solace'. It is fed by few small streams, and rainfall and glacial melt water which spills down the mountainside on the far shore. Though described in the Bachitar Natak (an autobiography attributed to Sri Guru Govind Singh himself) and Dasam Granth, Hemkunt Sahib was discovered in 1934 by Sant Sohan Singh (a retired Granthi from the then British Army) after relentless effort, and a small Gurdwara (which became the Gurdwara at the highest altitude) was developed with initial assistance of Bhai Vir Singh in 1935-36 (including enlarging the ancient Hindu Lokpal temple dedicated to Lord Lakshman). In February of 1939, Sant Sohan Singh passed away, but not before entrusting Modan Singh, a retired Havaldar from the Survey Department of the Indian army with his mission to continue the development of Hemkunt Sahib. Inspiration for building a larger Gurdwara at Hemkunt Sahib came from a woman who was given the mission to lay its foundation stone in a vision of Sri Guru Govind Singh, sometime in 1959-60. Later in 1968 the construction for the present Gurdwara (designed with the image of an upside down lotus flower as envisioned by Modan Singh earlier) began (after the motor road was extended by BRO to Govind Ghat and beyond to Badrinath along the river Alaknanda) and which got completed with upper storey in 1993. The Gurdwara has a hexagonal perimeter and its base measures 110 by 110 feet, while doors on the five sides symbolically welcomes pilgrims from every faith and direction. At a time in 1950s when their yearly pilgrim group was only about 200 strong, Modan Singh told the other trustees that one day people would come to Hemkunt Sahib in their thousands from all over the world. Lakshman's other name was Lokpal, the 'protector of the world' or the sustainer as referred to Lord Vishnu in the Hindu Trinity of Creator (Lord Brahma), Sustainer, and Destroyer (Lord Shiva). It is said that Lokpal is not traditionally associated with the names Sapatsring or Hemkunt. Nonetheless, it was these clues, which helped the first Sikhs to locate and identify Lokpal as Hemkunt/Parbat Sapatsring. It is said that Lord Lakshman meditated here or performed penance, and hence the river issuing from the lake became Lakshman
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Ganga, which later became to be also known as Hem Ganga. It is said that for three hundred years the local Garhwali people have followed a tradition of visiting the Lokpal temple on the shore of the lake on three annual festivals held during the summer season: Rakshabandhan, Janam Ashtami, and Durga Ashtami (locally known as Nanda Ashtami). The sacred journey was made primarily by women, both Garhwali villagers from the valley below Lokpal and villagers of Bhotia (Indo-Tibetan) ancestry from neighbouring valleys, like Mana. The religious and sacred flowers of Brahmakamal (Saussurea obvallata) are collected by local people on some auspicious days (including after Nandashtami, the annual fair held in August) to offer to the Gods and Goddesses. All who went to Lokpal recognised it as a sacred place. It is said that out of respect for the purity of the water and the surrounding landscape, they made the steep ascent barefoot, clad only in white cotton dhoti (an unstitched garment). The women left their clothes and shoes behind at a halting place in the forest (which was earlier full of pine, taxus baccata, etc). This halting place became the site of what is today Ghangharia or Govind Dham, named after the Ghaghara (petticoats) which the pilgrims would leave there. The women would spend the night singing songs of the goddess, and at dawn they would set out to climb the slope to the lake. When they reached Lokpal, they would make offerings of coins, coconuts, Brahmakamal flowers, and prashad (a sacrament made from Ghee, flour, and sugar). They would bathe in the cold water, and pray to Lakshman for the blessing of a son, a better future, the health of their men folk, or a cure for sickness. In 1988 the Lakshman temple was enlarged still further with the help of the Indian Army. At present the sacred place of Hemkunt Sahib attracts maximum number of tourists in the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region, virtually making this region a dominant religious tourist destination. Sikhs consider water of the Hemkunt Sarovar as holy water, referred to as amrit or 'nectar, and hence carry the same on return (Sarovar water is filled in small plastic bottles/cans that are sold in the shops enroute. Also pilgrims often take some token of the journey back home, e.g. a souvenir purchased from one of the shops which could be a saropa (length of cloth) or prashad presented by one of the Granthis, or Brahmakamal flower plucked from the surrounding meadows, etc. as treasured reminders of the journey. However, plucking of Brahmakamal (Saussurea obvallata) flower, which is specie, found only at high altitudes from its natural growth surroundings is not a correct action from the perspective of biodiversity conservation.

7.2

Location & Setting

The locational and topographical details of The Valley of Flowers National Park region are as follows:

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District Setting Altitude

: Chamoli, Uttaranchal : Latitude 30o 41 30o 48N and Longitude 79 o 33 70 o 46E : Altitude of Park Ranges from about 3200 m to 6700 m above MSL (Valley of Flowers itself is at about 3658 m altitude, and Hemkunt Shrines are at an altitude of 4,329 meters, being one of the highest temples in India)

Park Area

: 87.50 sqkm

Main Valley & Topography The Valley of Flowers in Garhwal Himalayas is an alpine valley, and has been formed by the retreating glaciers whose periodic advances pulverised hard rocks, resulting in a smooth U-shaped valley, which was later colonised by numerous plants. The valley remains covered by snow from October to April but when the snow melts it gets invaded by a profusion of colours. The main valley is Bhyundar Valley, which is surrounded by panoramic view of snow clad Mountain peaks - Gauri Parvat (6,590 m) and Rataban (6,126 m) tower to the east, Khunt Khal (4,430 m) in the west, Saptsring (5038 m) in the south and Nilgiri Parvat (6,479 m) in the north. The river Pushpawati, emerging from Tipra Glacier, cuts through the Valley in east-west direction and divides it into two sectors. The area of the main valley is about 10 sqkm. The North and South slopes of the main valley are gentle at the base and rise to merge with the snow clad rocky slopes of Nar Parvat in north and Saptsring peak in south. The major portion of the Valley is on its right bank (in the direction of flow of river Pushpawati)/Northern slopes, Base and central meadow are at an altitude of 3658m above MSL and are a paradise for trekkers. Many streams flowing from glacial deposits in and around the Valley irrigate it and merge finally into the river Pushpawati. While exploring the Valley, the smaller streams can be easily crossed by wading across but the larger ones need to be crossed on log bridges. In May-June, some thick glacial bridges across the Pushpawati stream are also used for crossing over to access both sides of the main valley. After entering a gorge, the valley widens and can be seen in its entirety from the east. This place is locally called Bamani Dhaur ('Cave of the Brahmin'). According to legend a Brahmin once lived here, telling visitors their fortunes and drawing their horoscopes (Kundali). He did this by observing shadows on the long meadow across the river. At what time and on which day the shadow was to be observed depended on the person's date of birth. This meadow was therefore called Sri Kundalinisen ('Meadow of Horoscopes'), which is seen as a long meadow on the opposite bank of the Pushpawati River. From Bamini Dhaur, another remote trek path bifurcates from the Valley of Flowers trek path, which
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via Khunt Khal (in south-west), passes towards Hanuman Chatti on Badrinath road route. Within the main Valley, there are many smaller valleys carved out by streams of melting glaciers. On the banks of these valleys, one can encounter the most exciting pattern of flowers. One such valley exists along the Donagair Garh, the last of many streams. Some of the most magnificent plants flower on its banks. Birch and rhododendron forest are also observed in the main valley. On the left bank of the river Pushpawati, are several chunks of flat land. One of them is called Nag Tal, literally the place of the venomous serpent - the Nag. It is believed to be infested with poisonous flowers. These flowers are said to cause harm when plucked, crushed or smelt. However, since the Nag Tal area is not readily accessible due to lack of proper bridges across Pushpawati, no visitors were observed on that side. The Nag Tal valley area is also predominantly covered with dominating species like Polygonum polystachyum, apart from Birch forest growth along Pushpawati bank and on the higher portion of the peak range on eroded soil/boulder debris. The Hemkunt Lake is nestled among rocky peaks, high above the tree line. Lakshman / Hem Ganga stream issues from the lake to flow south-west, falls 14 m before Ghangharia creating a beautiful waterfall, meets river Pushpawati near Ghangharia and further flows as Bhyundar Ganga for few miles to join the river Alaknanda below at Govind Ghat, which subsequently is one of the tributary of the holy Ganges.

7.3

Climate

The climate of the Valley of Flowers is moist temperate and alpine type, with short cool summers and long severe winters influenced by southwest monsoon in the summer, and western disturbances in winter. During the snow period the vegetation survives under snow with the help of tubers and rhizomes. Based on the altitude aspect and the climatic conditions the vegetation of the Park is divisible into 3 broad climatic zones: Sub-alpine zone (Altitude 2800 m - 3500 m above MSL) Lower alpine zone (Altitude 3500m - 3700 m above MSL) Higher alpine zone (Altitude > 3700 m above MSL)

Snow Period : 7 months (early October to late April). On higher altitudes (> 5000 m above MSL) the snow fall continues throughout the year. Growing/Flowering Season: 3-4 months or about 15-20 weeks (June to September) Rainfall Period: 3 months (mid June to mid September, while July & August are wettest months with almost daily rainfall, maximum being about 47.1 mm in mid-August, 1993-94 data)

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Humidity

: Average humidity of the area is high during summer and ranges


between 80%-100% (days are usually very cloudy and the visibility

is often reduced by thick mist) Temperature : 7 0C 24 0C (May - September)


The Bhyundar valley is surrounded by snow clad mountain peaks. There is a small opening that opens the way to clouds to enter the valley through Pairra from the subalpine zone of Bhyundar valley. These clouds collapse at Gauri Parvat and Rataban to cause rainfall in the valley portion of the National Park.

7.4
2.4.1

Accessibility
Airfield

Nearest air field, after which one can start the road journey to Valley of FlowersHemkunt Region is the Jolly Grant Airfield at Dehra Dun, the capital city of State of Uttaranchal. There were no regular flights to Dehra Dun at the time of the study, however, at the time of revision of this report, daily to-and-fro afternoon flights are operational by Air Deccan at present from New Delhi to Dehra Dun. A small airstrip has also come up at Gauchar (111 km by road before Govind Ghat), but is yet to be operational. A little less than a km before Ghangharia base settlement is a place called Kanjila, where the terrain is little flatter, a Helipad in a grassy field exists attached to the local Army unit near the Bhyundar Ganga. Joshimath also has a large Helipad facility of the Army. At the time of revision of this report, it was reported that Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam and Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd. (PHHL) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to commence air services to some of the major tourist destinations in Uttaranchal. PHHL has put to use the US manufactured Bell 407 helicopters to conduct air services from Agustmuni (located in Rudraprayag District at a distance of 18 km from Rudraprayag on Rudraprayag-Kedarnath route) to Ghangharia at present to provide access to Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt Sahib, apart from other priority sectors of Kedarnath, and Badrinath. Further plans are reported to be underway to start air services from Gauchar where an airstrip already exists. Fixed-wing aircraft can easily land at Gauchar and chartered flights from Delhi can be initiated after due clearances from relevant authorities.

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The Agustmuni to Badrinath / Ghangharia and return helicopter ride is of 35 minutes with a carrying capacity of maximum 5 passengers per ride and air fare worked out on charter as well as per seat basis is Rs. 12,000/- per head (minimum 5 passengers required). As per PHHL conditions, booking charges will be Rs 500/- (non refundable in case of cancellation) and the air ticket will be have to be collected 16 hours before departure time from Agustmuni. The other conditions for the helicopter services are: The services are subject to weather conditions and serviceability of the helicopter. PHHL would provide helicopter to Badrinath / Ghangharia on the day there is no booking or having only one or two confirmed sorties for Kedarnath Dham. The helicopter would remain at Badrinath after dropping the passengers. The helicopter will bring the Badrinath passengers back to Augustmuni after their having darshan, which would approx. take 2 hrs. The charges per passenger would be Rs. 12,000/- provided there are minimum 5 passengers. GMVN is required to arranged priority darshan for Badrinath passengers. In case number of Badrinath passengers is less, then the charges would be proportionately increased/divided amongst number of passengers travelling. While, the fare per passenger for dropping only at Ghangharia would be Rs. 12,000/- if number of passengers travelling were minimum 5. If these Ghangharia passengers would like PHHL to pick them up next day, the charges would be the same i.e. Rs. 12,000/- per passenger for minimum 5 passengers available. In case, number of Ghangharia passengers are less than 5, then the charges would be proportionately increased/divided amongst number of passengers travelling. In case the flight does not materialise due to weather or any other reason beyond PHHL control, charges will be as per actual time flown.

2.4.2

Railhead

The road into the Himalayas in the State of Uttaranchal begins along the banks of the river Ganges at Haridwar, the 'gateway to God'. The nearest broad guage railhead is Rishikesh (about 271 km), while Haridwar railhead is at a distance of about 295 km by road from Govind Ghat. Other railheads are: Lalkuan / Haldwani/ Kathgodam Ramnagar

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Kotdwar

These are connected to Govind Ghat by roads passing through various towns of Kumaon and Garhwal as shown in the next section. 2.4.3

Roads

From Haridwar the accessibility is by a pucca road (Rishikesh-Mana National Highway), which passes through Rishikesh and into the upper hill region. It winds northward through the valley along the Ganges, past the Panch Prayag, the five sacred confluences where major tributaries join the river. Past Joshimath, the road continues along the river Alaknanda, tracing the ancient pad yatra (walking pilgrimage) route to Badrinath. Located near the river's source, Badrinath is the most important Hindu shrine in the Indian Himalayas. Because of its proximity to the Indo-Chinese border, the Indian army has gradually extended the motorable road since 1968, easing pilgrims' journeys. About 25 kilometres before Badrinath, and nearly 295 km beyond Haridwar, the road reaches Govind Ghat, the base of the trek route to the Ghangharia base settlement and from where subsequently one can trek to Hemkunt Sahib and the Valley of Flowers. The pucca road stretch in this hilly region is maintained by the BRO and is normally 5 m wide and in good condition, as it is being widened right from Rishikesh to Mana since it was declared NH. However, there are quite a few stretches, which are landslide prone and cause some traffic jams every day. Also to control the traffic on this treacherous road between Joshimath and Badrinath, one-way timings are applicable for release of traffic in either direction. BRO has provided traffic signs and safety awareness signage boards at many locations along the road and also major portion of the road stretch has stone masonry /cement concrete pillar barriers. Alternative approaches to Govind Ghat from other Railheads are as follows: Lalkuan / Haldwani/ Kathgodam Bhowali Khairna Ranikhet Dwarahat Chaukhutiya Gairsain Simli Karnaprayag Chamoli Joshimath Govind Ghat (about 331 km: deduct 16 km if traveling from Haldwani or 21 km if travelling from Kathgodam) Ramnagar Mohan Bhatrojkhan Ranikhet Dwarahat Chaukhutiya Gairsain Simli Karnaprayag Chamoli Joshimath Govind Ghat (about 345 km) Kotdwar Gumkhal Jwalpa Devi Pauri Srinagar Rudraparayag Gauchar Karnaprayag Chamoli Joshimath Govind Ghat (about 296 km)

2.4.4

Trek Trails

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The ascent to the Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt Sahib by trek begins from the small settlement of Govind Ghat (1828 m), which is 19 km beyond Joshimath (1845 m altitude) accessible through a pucca motorable road en-route to Badrinath. Govind Dham/ Ghangharia is the junction settlement on the bridle path/stone kharanja type trek trail, a little ahead of which, after crossing the Lakshman/ Hem Ganga stream, one trail goes towards Valley of Flowers and another steep trail to Hemkunt Sahib. Though the trek trail on the Govind Ghat Ghangharia Hemkunt route is about 6ft wide in average width, for Valley of Flowers its relatively much narrower (3 ft. or less) for most of the trek stretch. The condition of these trek trails is not very good in most of the stretch and is very uncomfortable to walk on in general and not safe in steep gradients when the trail surface is moist near thick tree cover/foliage. The aesthetic value of the trail is also very low in most of the stretch due to extreme unevenness of the surface, mule dung & urine and the resultant stink in the air all along the route from Govind Ghat to Hemkunt. This trek trail from Govind Ghat is maintained by the PWD. The brief of trek trail route is given below in Table 2.1. Grade: The grade of trek trail for Valley of Flowers is relatively easy compared to trek stretches like from Bhyundar to Ghangharia, or that for Hemkunt Sahib, which are much steeper. Table 2.1: Salient Details of Trek Trail Route
From Govind Ghat (1828 m) Pulna To Distance 2.6 km Route Remarks The tourists start in the morning, after crossing a suspension bridge over the river Alaknanda. The path zig-zags up a steep hillside for over a km, then levels out. After 2.6 kms of trek one reaches Pulna village, the first place near which -basic facilities for tourists exist. Gradient of trek 1:28 (approx.) Most part of the trek along the Bhyundar Ganga is punctuated with waterfalls on right side (4 in no. with a fall of 180 m, 75 m, 120 m, 60 m respectively in sequence)/ wild flowers/ forests/ beautiful landscapes. Bhyundar village is the migratory settlement of Pulna villagers in

Pulna (1920 m)

Bhyundar

6.15 km

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From

To

Distance

Route Remarks the summer and tourist season. The area is named after the river and is surrounded by dense broad leaf moist temperate forest where one can take little rest. Small wayside tea stalls run all across the route and young and enthusiastic tourist guides are available at Bhyundar village. Gradient of trek 1:20 (approx.) To the east of Bhyundar village, the trek trail to Kagbhushandi lake branches out across the Bhyundar Ganga river. This trail is about 27.5 km long starting from Bhyundar (about 14.25 km upto Kagbhusandi lake) and with another exit access via Painka village near Vishnu Prayag (about 13.25 km from Kagbhushandi lake). One has to take a prior permission from the DFO, Joshimath, and pay an ecofee/deposit to trek on this route.

Bhyundar (2239 m)

Govind Dham / Ghangharia (3048 m)

3.75 km

Though ascent on this route is gradual in the beginning, the last stretch from Bhyundar is steep & ascent to Ghangharia is much harder. This stretch also has 2 waterfalls on left side. Night Halt is at Ghangharia, which has accommodation facilities of FRH/GMVN TRH & Private Lodges/ Gurdwara. Total Trek Travel Time 6 to 7 hours by walk and 4 to 5 hours by mule from Govind Ghat to Ghangharia. Return trip is relatively shorter by about 2 hours. Gradient of trek 1:5 (approx.)

Valley of Flowers Route Ghangharia / Govind Dham (3048 m) spread over along trek path from 12.50 km to 12.75 km point Valley of Flowers (3658 m) 3.25 (Bamani Dhaur point) after Ghangharia and main valley extends another 2 km Travel beyond Ghangharia is on foot since the entry of ponies is prohibited. The trek is subject to strict ecological discipline and the trekker is expected to be concerned about the ecosystem of the region. After crossing a temporary metal bridge over the stream Lakshman / Hem Ganga which is 0.5 km from Ghangharia, the route to the Valley of Flowers separates from that going to Hemkunt Sahib, and one has to pay an entry fee at the VoF Entrance Checkpost. About a km ahead, the river is crossed over to its right bank on another proper steel truss bridge and this trail goes up to the Valley of Flowers along river Pushpawati. Some portion of trek trail is landslide prone and there is a small glacier around 2.25 km. The main valley starts from the 3 km point and is accessible upto another 2 kms. Beyond which

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From

To

Distance

Route Remarks remaining stretch of valley of flowers is inaccessible due to lack of proper trek path. Camping/Night Stay is not permitted at Valley of Flowers. Total Trek Travel Time 6 to 7 hrs from Ghangharia to Valley of Flowers and back to Ghangharia. There are no side tracks for viewing colonies of flowers away from the main track so one may either try to wade through knee-deep flowers and foliage (this would mean crushing some flora on the way) or stay on the single track running through the length of the valley without seeing the best OR one may stand on a raised vantage point to get a better view of the flowers all around. The valley also offers great view of majestic snow peaks around. Gradient of trek 1:12 (approx.) To the south-west of the Valley of Flowers at the 3 km Bamani Dhaur point inside the Valley of Flowers, the trek trail via Khunt Khal Pass branches out and exits near Hanuman Chatti on Badrinath road. This trail is about 8.5 km long from Bamani Dhaur to Hanuman Chatti. One has to take a prior permission from the DFO, Joshimath, and pay an eco-fee/deposit to trek on this route.

Hemkunt Sarovar/Hemkunt Sahib Shrine Ghangharia/ Govind Dham (3048 m) Hemkunt (4329 m) 6.25 km after Ghangharia Visitors should leave early morning and take steep ascent to Hemkunt Sarovar, Hemkunt Sahib Shrine & Lokpal Temple, and should try to return back before evening. About nearly a km ahead of Ghangharia, river Lakshman/Hem Ganga falls with a 14 m drop and offers excellent view. Once can also take about 1200 or so steps that comprise the last kilometer of the trek through an alternate route to Hemkunt Sahib. It is important to note that only these steps are accessible in early June before the snow covering over the longer stone rubble path has melted by end of June, and hence till then mules cannot go past the place where the snow begins/ahead of base of the steps. Staying is not encouraged at Hemkunt Shrine due to low level of oxygen at that altitude/non-acclimatisation of visitors and hence one has to return to Ghangharia / Govind Ghat for night stay. Total Trek Travel Time 2 to 3 hours by mule & about 5 hrs by walk from Ghangharia to Hemkunt and 3 to 4 hrs on return by walk and about 2 hours by

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From

To

Distance

Route Remarks mule. Gradient of Trek 1:5 (approx.)

Exhibit 2.1: Map Showing Route to Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt Region

N
VALLEY OF FLOWERS
Ghangharia

HEMKUNT SAHIB
Bhyundar

Motorable Route Trek Route

To Rishikesh 2-62

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7.5

Geology & Soil

Geologically the Valley of Flowers region falls in the Zanskar range of the Himalayas. The rocks are primarily sedimentary with mica schists and shales. The hills slopes are steep rocks as well as soil/boulder debris deposits along the slope at many places enroute, starting from Govind Ghat itself. Also, at many places, the area is highly prone to land slides / avalanche given the nature of rocks, topography, and their geological structure. The soil is acidic in nature (pH 4.5-6.1) as observed in the results of chemical analysis conducted by the consultants on various soil samples collected in this region. The pH of 7.3 was observed in the sample collected from the sides of the other trek path, which had soil covered with swept mule excreta. The percentage of organic Carbon in the lower slopes ranges from 4.29 - 33.84 as reported in study by Dr. C. P. Kala. Such a wide range of carbon in the soil along a diverse topographic gradient is not unusual.
7.6 Inventory of Flora

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The variation in the altitude within the Valley of Flowers National Park (VOFNP) provides a great diversity of landscape and microhabitats. The wealth of flora and its species reported is described below. To highlight the beauty of one of the small beautiful flower Primula, Smythe writes in his book on Valley of Flowers - "In all my mountain wanderings I had not seen a more beautiful flower than this Primula. The fine rain drops clung to its soft petals like galaxies of seed pearls and frosted its leaves with silver". Although the main valley starts after about 3 km from the entrance gate near Ghangharia to Bamani Dhaur point, flowers and foliage in exotic varieties apart from forest of pine, taxus baccata, birch, and rhododendrons can be spotted throughout this 3 km route. Immediately after crossing the Lakshman / Hem Ganga, colonies of blue Hackelia uncinata, commonly known as Forget me not, can be seen in the midst of shrubs and foliage along the roadside. Primulas, morinas, wild roses and many other species are found in abundance. On reaching the banks of the Pushpawati, a rich formation of blue poppies, sunflowers, ligularia and pink androsace can be seen between the rocky stretches near the bridge abetment. Further on, near the main valley, are gorgeous varieties of wild roses, rhododendron, geranium and the killer/dominating plant species like Polygonum polystachyum and also Impatiens sulcata, which has been offsetting the floral composition of the valley. A large variety of ferns like epiphytic, maiden- hair and oak fern can be seen. The valley is rich in herbal plants, many of these are flowering plants - bergenia, wood lily, are the popular ones. At several places, the dense growth of the flower and non-flowering plants makes the valley look like a thick carpet that has been splashed with several colours. A forbiddingly beautiful plant is Arisaema costautum, popularly known as arum. Its head resembles that of a cobra. The plant grows in shady recesses, often in isolated family groups. Anemones, white dwarf Rhododendrons, Primulas and Anaphalies give a white background to the valley. The violet Iris kumaonensis, Primula denticulate in purple and Potentillas in red, yellow and pink can also be seen. Along the riverside there are small patches of land between scattered boulders, which have become the natural habitat of a majestic flower - the blue poppy. Known as Meconopsis aculeata to botanists, it is a solitary flower and has the colour of the sky at dawn. Like most poppies, it is open and wide, droops slightly, has golden stamens, and is so fragile that its petals are detached merely by
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brushing against them. It protects itself with sharp spines arranged on the stem and buds. The lily like Nomocharis exypetala, a rare plant, looks beautiful on the well warmed, well-drained meadows of the valley. The rose-coloured Cypripedium himalaicum has, earned the popular title of ladys slipper and there are a number of them in the valley. The pinkish glow of the valley can be attributed to the large colonies of androsace, marsh orchid, geranium, pedicularis and thymus. Splashes of golden lily and creamy tell- shaped codonopsis are also seen. The pink pedicularis gives way to its yellow cousin the mainstay of the August bloom. The potentillas are the first to appear and last to disappear from the valley. Thus, a variety of flowers grow at the same place one at a time indicating short life cycles (from germination to flowering to seeding) in this limited 3-4 months of flowering season. Hence, one as a visitor to the Valley of Flowers should not come with an undue expectation of finding all the varieties at one time. Refer Table 2.2 for the specie-wise period of bloom in the Valley of Flowers region and Exhibit 2.2 for distribution of major Flower Composition in Valley of Flowers.

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Table 2.2: Some the major species of plants/flowers and their period of bloom in Valley of Flowers National Park
Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Botanical Name of Plants Rhododendron arboreum Primula denticulate Caltha palustris Fragaria nubicola Arisaema coastautum Dactylorhiza hatagirea Fritillaria roylei English Name Marsh marigold Strawberries Her b 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Iris Kumaonensis Lilium oxypetala Rosa macrophylla Thermopsis barbeta Anemone obtusiloba Cypripedium himalaicum Hackelia uncinata Phlomis bracteosa Delphinium roylei Geranium wallichianum Geum elatum Impatiens sulcata Ligularia amplexicaulis Meconopsis aculeate Pedicularis hoffmeisteri Golden Lily Wild Rose Anemony Wind flower Ladies Slipper Orchid Forget me not Craness bill Balsam Blue-poppy Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Purple Blue Cream yellow Red Purplish White & Blue Pink Jun-Jul Jun-Jul Jun-Jul Jun-Jul Jun-Aug Jun-Aug 3000-4000 3000-3500 2000-3200 3000-3500 2400-4500 3400-3700 Habit Colour of Flower Red Purple Yellow White Yellow Green Bloom Period Feb-Jun Apr-Jul May-Jul May-Jul Jun-Jul Jun-Jul Jun-Jul Altitude (in m above MSL) 1200-3200 2200-3600 2500-4000 3000-3600 3500-4000

Tree Herb Herb Herb -

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb

Blue Purple Purple Yellow Blue Yellow

Jun-Aug Jun-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Aug

3000-3500 2000-3500 3200-4000 3500-4000 3000-4000 3000-3500

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Sr. No. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

Botanical Name of Plants Rheum australe Saxifraga roylei Anaphalis triplineruis Aster albescens Cremanthodium ellisii Morina longifolia Potentilla atrosanguinea Thalictrum reniforme Aconitum hookeri Arenaria griffithii Bistorta affinis Campanula latifolia Codonopsis affinis Corydalis junecea Cyananthus lobatus Epilobium latisperma Erigeron multiradiatus Gaultheria erichophy Gentiana ornate Heracleum pinnatum Inula grandiflora Nepeta connata Polygonum molle Saussurea obvallata Sedum ewersii Selinum tenuifolium/ Selinum Candollii Silene setisperma Senecio jacquemotiamus

English Name Rhubarb Cinquefoil Meadow-reu Bell Flower -

Habit

Colour of Flower Pink White White Pink Orange Red Green Purple Blue Blue Yellow Yellowish White Red White -

Bloom Period Jul-Aug Jul-Aug Jul-Sep Jul-Sep Jul-Sep Jul-Sep Jul-Sep Jul-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep Aug-Sep

Altitude (in m above MSL) 2700-3500 3000-3300 3000-4500 3200-4000 3000-3500 2400-3200 3000-3700 2200-3500 2800-3300 3600-4500 3000-4500 2000-4000 -

Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb -

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Sr. No. 51. 52.

Botanical Name of Plants Stachys sericec Swertia hookeri

English Name -

Habit

Colour of Flower -

Bloom Period Aug-Sep Aug-Sep

Altitude (in m above MSL) -

Source: Display Board at the entrance of VOFNP and Wildlife Institute of India (Report: RR98/003)

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Exhibit 2.2: Flower Composition Pattern at Valley of Flowers

Source: Divisional Forest Officer (DFO), Joshimath

2.6.1

Distribution of Vegetation in VOFNP by Alpine Zones

The details of the vegetation in the Park as falling under various categories of alpine zones is listed below: Sub-Alpine Zone (Altitude < 3500 m above MSL) The sub-alpine zone is characterised by typical high altitude forests dominated by those below, which terminate at the tree line: Acer caesium Abies pindrow Betula utilis Rhododendron campanulatum Taxus baccata

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Euonymus fimbriatus Syringa emodi Sorbus lanata. Arisaema jacquemontii Boskniakia himalaica Corydalis cashmeriana Polemonium caerulium Polygonum polystachyum Impatiens sulcata Geranium wallichianum Helinia elliptica Galium aparine Morina longifolia Inula grandiflora Lilium oxypetala Anemone rivularis Pedicularis pectinata P. bicornuta Primula denticulate Trillidium govanianum, etc.

Some of the common herbs in tree line eco-tone are:

Lower Alpine Zone (Altitude 3500 m - 3700 m above MSL) The vegetation of lower alpine zone consists of dwarf shrubs, cushionoid herbs, and grasses. The major shrub species in the lower alpine zone of the park are: Juniperus communis Rhododendron anthopogon Salix sp. Lonicera myrtillus Cotoneaster microphyllus Rubus foliolosus

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The herbaceous flora of this zone represents a spectacular array of multicoloured flowers during the growing season, for instance: Saussurea obvallata (Brahmakamal) Polemonium caeruleum Primula involucrate Aquilegia pubiflora Lilium oxypetala Epilobium latifolium Corydalis meifolia.

They also exhibit an interesting cycle of growth within a short period giving way to subsequent communities during different seasons. The dominant herbs of this zone are:

Potentilla atrosanguinea Geranium wallichianum Fritillaria roylei Lilium oxypetala Dactylorhiza hatagirea Campanula latifolia Corydalis govaniana Epilobium latifolium Cortia depressa Impatiens sulcata

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Polygonum polystachyum Angelica arch-angelica Selinum vaginatum etc.


The common grasses in the lower alpine zone are:

Kobresia royleana Carex nubigena.


The major sedges in the lower alpine zone are: Danthonia cachemyriana Calamogrostis emodensis Agrostis pilosula Trisetum spp.

Higher Alpine Zone (Altitude > 3700 m above MSL) The vegetation of higher alpine zone is rather sparse, dotted with moraines, boulders, and rocky slopes. The stable slopes on southern aspect typically represent: Kobresia sedge meadows. In northern aspects and certain sheltered areas extensive patches of shrubs are found, for example: Rhododendron lepidotum Cassiope fastigiata Juniperus communis. Kobresia royleana Trachydium roylei Danthonia cachemyriana.

The dominant species in the higher alpine zone are:

In addition several colourful flowering herbs are found on the slopes, for example:

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Geum elatum Saussurea obvallata (Brahmakamal) Saussurea simpsoniana Sedum sp. Bistorta affinis Bergenia stracheyi Potentilla atrosanguinea Trollius acualis etc.

Systematic work on the flowering plants and detailed ecological study of the National Park was taken up by Dr. C. P. Kala in 1993-94 as part of the long-term project titled Montane Grassland Project of the Wildlife Institute of India. Satellite imagery was used to study the natural land use distribution in the Park. In all, a total of 521 species of vascular plants were recorded in the Valley of Flowers National Park, of which 499 are flowering plants (Angiosperms), 4 are non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) and 18 are ferns (Pteridophytes). The ratios of monocot and dicot families, genera and species were 1:4.1, 1:3.5 and 1:4.3 respectively. Fifty five new flowering plants were first records from this valley, of which 5 species were also first record for the entire Uttaranchal Himalayas. These 5 species are: Saussurea atkinsonii Duthiea bromoides Lycopodium selago Herminium joshephii Salix calyculata.

Although the National Park constitutes only 1.3% of the total geographical area of the Chamoli district, it contains almost 25% of its flora. 2.6.2

Endangered & Medicinal Plants

Of 31 rare and endangered plants found in the Valley of Flowers, 13 are medicinal plants and 11 species are already listed in the Red Data Book (RDB) of Indian Plants. Most of the rare plants grow in unusual habitats such as rocky slopes, forest edges, and marsh meadows.

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The species are rare because of restricted habitats, small population size, narrow range of distribution, and over exploitation by people for medicinal uses in the recent past. 2.6.3

Flora around Hemkunt Belt

Around Hemkunt Sahib can be seen profuse flowering of the Brahmakamal (Saussurea obvallata) and Blue poppy, both of which are surprisingly not very common in the Valley of Flowers area.

7.7

Inventory of Fauna

The density of wild animals in the Valley of Flowers region is very low. A total of 13 wild mammal species are found within the Park and its vicinity. Of these only 9 species were sighted by Dr. C.P Kala during the research work, directly viz.:
Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) Himalayan musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) Mouse hare (Ochotona roylei) Himalayan black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus) Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) Himalayan weasel (Mustela sibirica) Common langur (Presbytes entellus) Flying squirrel (Petaurista petaurista) Himalayan yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula).

According to the local people other wild animals also found in the Park are:
Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos) Bharal or blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) Serow (Nemorhaedus sumatrensis)
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Snow leopard (Panthera uncia).

Blue sheep droppings were found only once close to a high pass near Bhyundar Khal. Also Common leopard (Panthera pardus) was sighted close to human settlements in Khiron Valley and buffer zone of the National Park. The species of birds reported in the region are:
Monal pheasant Koklas pheasant Kaleej pheasant Lammergeier Himalayan griffon Common kestrel Golden eagle Himalayan snowcock Snow partridge White-throated dipper Snow pigeon.

Several accentors, Wagtails, Finches, Warblers breed during summer (May-August). Apart from birds, one may also find different kinds of insects and butterflies.

7.8

Local Human Settlements Economic Activities

&

There is no settlement within the National Park. Four settlements viz., the tourist settlement of Ghangharia, villages Bhyundar and, Pulna, and the tourist settlement/village
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Govind Ghat exist between the Park fringe and the motor road. The local population at present is about 79 families/households (about 375 persons in 2003) in Pulna, the winter settlement. Except the school going children and few elderly people, these villagers migrate to Bhyundar and Ghangharia, the summer settlements from May to early Oct. While women stay back at Bhyundar with small children, the men folk move further 3.75 km to Ghangharia, which is the central place/base in upper valley for tourist activities for 4 months from June September every year.

2.8.1

Tourism based Economy

Commercial Establishments and Tourist Accommodation Numerous tea/snack shops-cum-temporary rest sheds have come up between Govind Ghat, Pulna, Bhyundar, Ghangharia, and Hemkunt to cater the needs of tourists during summer. Earlier almost each family had an average of 45 such temporary shops scattered haphazardly along the route. Now these commercial
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establishments have recently been registered and regularised by a local NGO body known as Eco-Development Committee (EDC), Bhyundar under the aegis of the Department of Forests (created under the provisions of State Governments Joint Forest Management Rules and funding made available from the World Bank Forestry Project to create revolving fund) and the numbers of such establishment enroute has drastically come down to 63 shops from Govind Ghat to Ghangharia and 15 shops from Ghangharia to Hemkunt Sahib, while at Ghangharia itself some 43 private establishments of lodges/restaurants/photo studios/souvenir shops, etc. are registered. These establishments erected on Private/Nap land are called Chak and those on Forestland are called Chatti and these are either run by the villagers themselves or given on rent (it was observed that such rent varied from Rs. 5000/- to 17000/- depending upon the suitability of the locality for business) per tourist season. Govind Dham Gurdwara is the largest building complex established at Ghangharia on the land where long ago a small
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Dharamshala of 3 rooms of Baba Kali Kamali Trust, Kolkata existed as the only means of accommodation at Ghangharia. Due to its high accommodation capacity that is free apart from free food arrangements (Langar), majority of the visitors who are mainly on pilgrimage to Hemkunt Sahib avail the Gurdwara facility. Thus, the nature of visitation in this region being predominantly for a religious tourism and with the availability of free facilities of Gurdwara, the economic flow in favour of the local communities is highly affected. The government provided accommodation like GMVN Tourist Rest House (TRH) and Forest Rest House (FRH) charge relatively high and fixed tariffs, the private lodge owners hardly get Rs. 200/- per bed in peak tourism season or Rs. 50-100/- per bed in Sep. i.e. nearing end of tourist season due to fierce competition between 20 odd private lodges to get high occupancy by providing cheap accommodation to the extent possible. Moreover, the overall spatial development and growth of Ghangharia has already happened in a haphazard manner after felling numerous trees, while structures have poor architectural
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aesthetics/construction quality with no proper water supply or solid waste disposal system in place, along with the unresolved controversy of whether it is developed on Reserve Forest land or Van Panchayat land or Revenue land. These establishments are thus, basically encroachments without any prior approval from Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF)/ Central Government, on a land which is part of the biosphere, and which was never meant for creating permanent structures for accommodation/commercial use and was never under any permanent occupancy for residential/commercial use of the local community of Pulna/Bhyundar, since generations before the Valley of Flowers was found or when they trekked to Lokpal Temple and Sarovar for years, much before the sacred relevance of this place as Hemkunt Sahib as well was discovered. The owners of these establishments who are also the local villagers as well as members of village community/EDC/Van Panchayat are trying to get the land of Ghangharia declared as Revenue land from the district/state administration so that after such declaration all
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the structures/encroachments with their land holdings can get regularised and get individual ownerships registered with the Department of Revenue. As per the provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, the encroached land in Ghangharia has been surveyed by the Dept. of Revenue, Joshimath in Nov. 2002 as a prerequisite to the proposal of regularisation. This revenue survey map was in draft state during this study with a record of 53 establishments (including the trek path area as circulation space within the Ghangharia base settlement) spread over an area of 2.638 ha. It is observed that of these 53 survey units/plots, 52 came into existence before end of 1980. However, as per the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, in no case any of those encroachments which have taken place after 24/10/1980 should be regularised, and any regularisation can be considered only if government had taken any decision with reference to some eligibility criteria (in accordance with local needs and conditions) for regularisation before 25/10/1980. Hence, the regularisation in the present case of Ghangharia is expected to be a difficult issue.
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Currently, EDC collects Rs. 2500/- as eco-fee from Hotels/Lodges/Restaurants at Ghangharia while Rs. 1500/- is collected from Chattis and only Rs. 750/- is collected from Chak Stalls in two installments for the 4-month tourist season for environmental management along the trek path. Guide/Nature Interpretation Services Some of the EDC members from the village are also trained guides in nature interpretation services and hence apart from their businesses they can earn additionally Rs. 500/- per day per guide through this activity. Mules/Porters/Palki or Dandi Services
Most of the mules that operate in the tourist season here are from the lower/southern areas of Uttaranchal/adjacent areas of UP, like Nazibabad, Bijnor, Ramnagar, etc. Even the persons that command the mules, the porters, and palki/dandi carriers are mostly from Nepal or the nearby hilly regions or adjacent areas of UP. Thus, almost all the earnings from these services goes to outside persons. Only, an eco-development fee of Rs. 20/- per mule is charged on this trek path near Govind Ghat and at Ghangharia for Hemkunt Sahib trek and return from Ghangharia for cleaning of trek path. Also at present no fee is charged for the temporary mule shed facility erected by mule operators during the tourist season on the vacant government land, by Zila Panchayat at Ghangharia.

Even for the household/commercial use goods to be carried by mules villagers normally pay per one-way trip about Rs. 50/- from Govind Ghat to Pulna, Rs. 100/- to Bhyundar, and Rs.

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150/- to Ghangharia, and Rs. 250/- to reach establishments enroute Hemkunt Sahib. Commercialisation of Grasses The entire Bhyundar Valley in earlier days used to be a summer grazing ground for migratory pastoralists. According to the local people every year two or three flocks (tolis) of sheep and goats would camp in the valley from early June to late September. Each 'toli' contained about 700-1000 sheep, goats and a few horses. Besides, buffaloes and cows of Bhyundar village numbering about 40-50 would also be left in the valley. The shepherds used two routes viz., one from the present entrance to the valley via Pairra and another from Hanuman Chatti (from Badrinath side) to upland valley of Khunt Khal from where they would descend to upper slopes and further down to the centre of the valley. The major camping sites were Bamini Dhaur, Khunt Khal, Bistoli, Lower Drunager, Tipra and Sewachand. The shepherds would use about 5 ha area at each place where their livestock would halt at night and let loose to roam freely on the slopes or flat lands during the day hours. After notification of the VOFNP since
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1981-82 the villagers have shifted their limited grazing activities to the lower and side valleys away from the National Park viz., Kanjila (to south of Ghangharia), and Roopdhunga, Semartoli, and Rajkharak (which are towards west from Bhyundar village). Now these families keep about 4-5 milch cattle (cows/buffalos) per household and each of them hardly produce 2-2.5 litres of milk, while goat herds are hardly kept due to grazing issues (except the local village community of Govind Ghat which has some goat herds). Also, very few households in Bhyundar/Pulna village keep mules and there would be hardly 8-10 mules in the village. Thus, most of the 800-1000 odd mules that are reported to operate in the peak tourist season here are from the outside areas, as mentioned earlier. Earlier, the grasses were collected and stored for feeding of own livestock mainly during the winter season, but now after early 1980s there has been a shift in grass collection pattern from domestic use to commercial utilisation. At Govind Ghat, the mules mostly feed on hay (which is brought from Ramnagar/Haldwani markets) and some jaggery and gram (chana).
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But, to meet the feed requirement of these mules/ponies when they trek from Govind Ghat Ghangharia - Hemkunt Sahib and return, local people from these villages collect and sell grasses to the contractors who in turn sell these grasses to prospective buyers (mostly mule operators) at Ghangharia. Due to migration of manpower to Bhyundar and Ghangharia in tourist season, and due to inhospitable climatic conditions around the Bhyundar valley, the option to harvest grasses when it is available in abundance in this region (starting from Aug. when grasses become mature and attain maximum height) is also limited for short period of time. Not all the households get involved in the collection and sale of grasses. Women folk are mainly responsible for collecting these grasses initially from nearby mountain slopes (Aug.Sep.) and later they gradually proceed to distant locations like Pulna (Oct.-Nov.) to cover as much area till the beginning of snowfall. This involves tremendous hard work (women spend about 3 4 hours daily on this grass collection activity) and risk as every year few women are injured and reported even
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dead due to fall from the mountain slopes. Most of the collected grasses become dry, as they are collected during the end of the season, however, if the grasses are green they are sun dried and stored, as green grasses fetch lower prices. Introduction of tested high yield can save the women folk from the drudgery of time-consuming grass collection activity, so that they can be gainfully involved in other economic activities (like various activities discussed in Chapter 10 & 11 in which during the study Mahila Mandal has shown interest) as well as being a provider of nutritional grasses will improve milch cattle yield. Improving the breed /health management of cattle is also an area of concern that needs intervention and assistance from the states Department of Animal Husbandry. Since the grasses are collected from the Van Panchayat land, Rs. 3000/- is charged from each interested household per Aug.-Nov. period of availability of grass. While Van Panchayat may also donate/share such amount collected with the Gram Sabha in a ratio decided as per mutual understanding in a particular grassharvesting year, for the purpose of welfare
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works in the village. In practice, these families/households sell their rights to the contractors by bidding and the contractor with highest amount in the bid is granted the contract, and these families may earn additionally about Rs. 10000-15000/- in this activity. The current rates reported are given below:
The villagers sell dry grass at Rs. 7/- per kg to the contractor, while the contractor in turn sells it to mule operators at Rs. 10/- per kg at Ghangharia. The villagers sell green grass at Rs. 4/- per kg to the contractor, while the contractor in turn sells it to mule operators at Rs. 6/- per kg at Ghangharia.

Telecommunication Services There are 3 PCO Local Call/STD/ISD booths at Ghangharia connected to a Satellite Telephone Exchange of Department of Telecommunications. At Govind Ghat also few PCO Local Call/STD/ISD booths exist connected to Satellite Telephone Exchange at Pandukeshwar. These booths are good source of earning due to presence of large number of tourists and limited number of such booths. Such facilities do not exist enroute the trek path or at Bhyundar or Pulna.
2.8.2

Agro-based Economy

Agricultural Harvests
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Unfortunately, there is a scarcity of fertile agricultural land and the feasibility of growing crop species are also reported to be low in this valley. Thus, people of Bhyundar/Pulna have very low agricultural land holding per household (about 1/2 ha or less). At Bhyundar by Sep. end wheat is sowed in villagers owned fields across the river Bhyundar Ganga and the small plant shoots of the crop get covered under snow from Nov./Dec. and again starts growing in Mar./Apr. after snow melts and is ready for harvesting in Jul. after which some vegetables are grown on these field and later these fields are left vacant during snow till next Mar./Apr. While the fields (that remain vacant during snow) near the village settlement are sown with potato in Mar./Apr. and get harvested in mid-Sep. and after that in these fields wheat is sown in Sep. end to be harvested in next Jul. This cycle of growing only one crop in either of these fields and leaving them vacant on alternate season basis continues every year, with the exception that those households who have very small holdings and get hardly an yield of wheat would normally prefer to grow potato in both
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seasons. This traditional variety of potato that grows here has a good demand outside this valley. Similarly, at Pulna village the agricultural fields of the villagers are only on one side of the river Bhyundar Ganga, i.e. at the village settlement side of the valley. Here potato is sown in Mar.-Apr. and harvested in Sep. After that, by Sep. end either wheat is sown or vegetables is sown and later the fields are left vacant when under snow and grow in next year Chaulai/ Mandwa/ Rajma as per the need of the household in May-Jun. and harvest the same in Nov. Flour is prepared from Chaulai grains (called Ramdana) and from Mandwa grains (called Koda-black seeds). The snow falls from Jan.-Feb. till Mar. and wheat is harvested in Jul. Other lentils and spices are bought from market from Joshimath, etc. The residual of agricultural crops is not sold in market and is rather stored for own domesticated animals for winter, which is the lean period as far as fodder, and feed is concerned. Horticultural Harvests

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To supplement the agricultural income, villagers have started planting fruit trees near their homesteads/fallow land/land not suitable for crops. The market for local fruits and vegetable has also grown at Bhyundar/Pulna and in markets of Ghangharia & Govind Ghat village, and during the tourist season, tourists absorb fruits like pears, plums, and apples and these are available in few stalls. Apart from potato, vegetables like onion, garlic, cabbage, beans, chilli, coriander is grown in summers and good quality cabbage, mustard, and spinach is harvested in winters before snow period. Thus, agro-forestry which suits to the local settings and which do not hamper the basic crop yield may be promoted in these villages of Bhyundar/Pulna or in vacant Van Panchayat lands. This activity will also result in availability of another avenue of fodder and fuel to individuals mostly from their own fields to save them from the drudgery of fodder and fuel wood collection and thereby to reduce pressure on the nearby reserve forest areas.
2.8.3

Fuel Type & Usage

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Cooking Fuel Cooking fuel is normally used for cooking, heating water for bathing/washing, and lighting fire to get warmth in cold nights. Though 80% of the households of Pulna/Bhyundar village have LPG connections, the share of LPG as cooking fuel is about 3540%, while the consumption of fuel wood (fallen wood branches/twigs collected by women from Van Panchayat land or Forest land) is about 55-60%, and rest about 5% share is of kerosene as cooking fuel. Women normally collect fuel wood twice a week and wood collected in one 6-hour effort lasts about 3 days. One LPG cylinder also gets consumed within a month. During the tourist season, most of the tea/snack stalls enroute and at lodges/restaurants at Ghangharia use LPG and Kerosene. Gurdwaras have more Kerosene stove burners than LPG burners. Kerosene costs about Rs. 20/- per litre while LPG cylinder costs Rs. 250/- at Govind Ghat. When transported through mules, the LPG cylinder costs approximately Rs. 300/- at Pulna, Rs. 350/at Bhyundar, and Rs. 400/- at Ghangharia.
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Similarly, Kerosene per litre costs approximately at Rs. 22/- at Pulna, Rs. 27/- at Bhyundar, and Rs. 30/- at Ghangharia. For these commercial establishments the percentage share of kerosene as cooking/heating fuel is again high and would be about 60%, while 30-40 % share would be of LPG. Some wood is also used for lighting fire to get warmth at Hemkunt Sahib Shrine, and in cold nights by labours/porters. Generator Fuel Gurdwaras at Govind Ghat, Ghangharia and Hemkunt Sahib are the main establishments that use diesel generators for getting sufficient power. These consume about 800 litres of diesel in 2 days (about 400 litres at Govind Ghat, 300 litres at Ghangharia and 100 litres at Hemkunt Sahib). Some other establishments also keep small 5 KV generators run on kerosene. Usage of wood and diesel fuel adds to some air pollution in the Bhyundar valley, but the level seems to be low enough to be absorbed by the nature. As the money has started flowing in this valley due to arrival of large number of tourists, the impending desire to earn more money has also
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increased amongst the local community. Their character has turned into a typical business community, which does not want to loose any knocking opportunity, due of availability of market for various activities/services during the tourist season. This has also affected in turn their educational growth and most of the youngsters discontinue further education after high-school level due to pressure to earn more and as early as possible from the tourist season. Thus, the dependency of these local communities has shifted from marginal farming, indigenous agro-forestry and rearing livestock to tourism based economy to a very high extent. Each family is able to earn in this tourist season approximately from Rs. 40,000/to Rs. 1,00,000/- based on the tourism business they undertake, which even with the help of limited agricultural produce/residual fodder or sale of grass on contract for mule consumption during tourist season is not able to ease the difficulty in providing an average quality of life. So, in off-season months either these men folk support agriculture, herd cattle, or work as civil contractors, masons, labourers, etc. to earn additionally so that they can live an average
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quality of life. Very few people are there who are employed in defence, or other full time professions.
7.9 Current Tourist Circuits and Routes
Some of the existing tourist circuits to visit in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region and other nearby tourism centres are listed in Table 2.3 below: Table 2.3: Current Tourist Circuits and Routes
Sr. No Entry Airport / Rail Head DDun / Haridwar & Rishikesh Entry Point Govind Ghat Dehra Dun/ Haridwar / Rishikesh Rudraprayag Gaurikund KedarnathGaurikund Rudraprayag Joshimath Govind Ghat Badrinath/Mana Govind GhatGhangharia- Valley of Flowers GhanghariaHemkunt GhanghariaGovind Ghat Joshimath Rudraprayag Rishikesh /Haridwar/ Dehra Dun Note: Combined Tour possible from mid-May to September Dehra Dun / Haridwar / Rishikesh Joshimath Govind Ghat Ghangharia -Valley of Flowers Ghangharia Hemkunt Ghangharia - Govind Ghat Badrinath/Mana Govind Ghat Joshimath Rishikesh / Haridwar / Deharadun Rishikesh Joshimath Govind Ghat Ghangharia -Valley of Route Exit Point Govind Ghat Exit Airport / Rail Head DDun / Rishikesh & Haridwar Near by Tourist Centres Rishikesh, Kedarnath, Badrinath/ Mana, Pandukesh -war, Auli Ski Resorts Total Duration (Days) 10 (excl. Auli)

1.

2.

DDun / Haridwar & Rishikesh

Govind Ghat

Govind Ghat

DDun / Rishikesh & Haridwar

Rishikesh, Kedarnath, Badrinath/ Mana, Pandukesh -war, Auli Ski Resorts

7 (excl. Auli)

3.

Rishikesh

Joshim ath / Govind

Govind Ghat / Joshim

Rishikesh

Panch Prayag, Badrinath/

8 (incl. Auli)

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Sr. No

Entry Airport / Rail Head Entry Point Ghat

Route Exit Point Flowers Ghangharia Hemkunt Ghangharia - Govind Ghat Badrinath/Mana Joshimath Auli Joshimath - Rishikesh Delhi Haridwar Rishikesh Joshimath/Auli Govind Ghat Ghangharia - Valley of Flowers Ghangharia Hemkunt Ghangharia - Govind Ghat/ Badrinath/Mana Joshimath/ Auli Rishikesh Haridwar Delhi Delhi Haridwar Rishikesh Joshimath Govind Ghat Ghangharia -Valley of Flowers Ghangharia Hemkunt Ghangharia - Govind Ghat Badrinath/Mana Joshimath Rishikesh Haridwar - Delhi Delhi- HaridwarDeoprayag- SrinagarGhat- Ramni- Jhenjipani - Pana- Dhakwani- Kuari Pass - Auli- ParsariJoshimath- Govind Ghat- GhanghariaHemkunt Sahib Govind Ghat Badrinath/ManaGopeshwar- RishikeshDelhi ath

Exit Airport / Rail Head

Near by Tourist Centres Mana, Pandukesh -war, Auli Ski Resorts

Total Duration (Days)

4.

Delhi (By Road)

Joshim ath / Govind Ghat

Govind Ghat / Joshim ath

Delhi (By Road)

Panch Prayag, Badrinath/ Mana, Pandukesh -war, Auli Ski Resorts

10 (incl. Auli first or last)

5.

Delhi (By Road)

Govind Ghat

Govind Ghat

Delhi (By Road)

Panch Prayag, Badrinath/ Mana, Pandukesh -war, Auli Ski Resorts

9 (excl. Auli)

6.

Delhi (By Road)

Ghat/ Govind Ghat

Govind Ghat

Delhi (By Road)

Ghat, Ramni, Jhenjipani, Pana, Dhakwani, Kuari Pass, Panch Prayag, Badrinath/ Mana, Pandukesh -war, Auli Ski Resorts

20 (incl. Trek from Ghat to Auli and to Joshimat h)

Based on ones tour plans and time availability and interests, some more destinations in Chamoli district like, other Panch Badris, other Panch Kedars, Nanda Devi Sanctuary (A National Park and core zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere

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Reserve (NDBR), Bedni Bugyal, Ali Bugyal, Roopkund, Homkund, etc. can also be explored mostly by long treks.

7.10 Tourists/Visitors Arrival


The tourist season begins from 5th of June every year after the snow period is over and road accessibility on Badrinath route for Govind Ghat is open by end of Apr. Gurdwaras at Ghangharia and Hemkunt Sahib start getting ready from last week of May for the coming tourist season. The visitation to this area normally ends by 5th October when the Hemkunt Sahib Durbar closes and 8th Oct. when the Govind Dham Durbar at Ghangharia closes before the start of oncoming snow period. The numbers of pilgrims to Hemkunt Sahib have been steadily multiplying from the time of its discovery in the 1930's until today. It is reported that in 1977, there were only about 500 odd visitors. The incredible growth of the sacred journey in a short time, and the way the newly discovered sacred place achieved legitimacy in the minds of the pilgrims, are fascinating subjects of study in themselves. The tourist flow in this area within the short 4-months of tourist season has increased significantly over the years, as listed in the Table 2.4 below. The visitation to Valley of Flowers as per the 15th Sep 2003 figures from the Forest Range Check-Post shows a record visitor arrival of 6321 persons with the average annual growth since 1993 being 27.2%. However, the major share of the visitors goes to Hemkunt Sahib and the share has been increasing from 85% in 1993 to 98.4% as per the figures of 2003 season. In the 2003 season till end of September month, 388108 persons visited the Hemkunt Sahib Shrine, thus the average annual growth of visitors since 1993 being 65.4%.

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Table 2.4: Tourist Arrival figures in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt in past one decade
Year IND 2033 1345 1052 934 1094 340 503 804 1959 3250 64 435 1307 471 973 5316 233 3116 1672 295 Valley of Flowers SDS GOS FOR 171 150 38 66 384 89 11 151 49 88 33 267 7 277 13 851 134 0 713 41 5 0 23 5 133 16 552 10 10 116 0 889 11 16 86 770 18 88 1 15 Total 2204 1495 1090 1473 1305 461 777 1094 2944 4004 69 463 1456 1033 983 6321 260 3972 1778 311 Hemkunt Sahib IND FOR Total 12500 125 12625 10200 0 10200 15222 143 15365 16231 89 16320 72157 34 72191 101378 98 101476 109246 52 109298 327550 0 327550 210980 0 210980 340578 0 340578 148252 0 148252 95258 0 95258 80623 0 80623 12200 0 12200 4245 0 4245 388108 0 388108 162297 0 162297 83246 0 83246 80245 0 80245 62320 0 62320 Ghangharia Base IND FOR Total 14550 350 14900 12300 150 12450 13590 0 13590 Govind Ghat Base IND FOR Total 49000 25 49025 48814 156 48970 50005 143 50148 50454 89 50543 225600 142 225742 108372 145 108517 109923 102 110025 180890 40 180930 62763 41 62804 86091 66 86157 48266 15 48281 18517 12 18529 10466 12 10478 8240 15 8255 602 12 614 164566 84 164650 68232 12 68244 28462 16 28478 37642 52 37694 30230 4 30234

1993 1994 1995 1996* 1997* 1998* 1999* 2000* 2001* 95482 40 95522 2002*^ 179301 52 179353 Jun 102460 0 102460 Jul 50212 8 50220 Aug 15631 18 15649 Sep 9432 8 9440 Oct 1566 18 1584 2003** 279462 68 279530 Jun 120322 16 120338 Jul 65240 20 65260 Aug 45260 22 45282 Sep 48640 10 48650 Note: The main source for tourist arrival data in general is Tourist Bureau, Gopeshwar & Joshimath. However, the figures for Valley of Flowers is cross checked with DFO, Joshimath (as in "The Landscape Management Plan of NDBR"). * 1996-2001 data for Valley of Flowers is from "The Landscape Management Plan of NDBR" collected from DFO, Joshimath. *^ 2002 data (from Jun to Sep) for Valley of Flowers is obtained from Conservator & Eco-Tourism Officer, Dehra Dun, while for Oct it is added from Tourist Bureau, Gopeshwar. ** 2003 data for Valley of Flowers is obtained from Forest Range Office Check-Post at Valley of Flower Entrance & it does not include Govt. Officials as visitors and last updated data available is till 15th Sep 2003. For other visitors to Hemkunt Sahib, or staying at Ghangharia and Govind Ghat the figures till Sep 30 as available with Tourism Bureau Office, Joshimath. Other blank cells indicate data being not available.

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7.11 Tourist Infrastructure


2.11.1 Transportation From Hardwar/Rishikesh/Dehra Dun, buses (State Roadways/GMOU for about 11 hours ride to Joshimath and further 1 hour ride to Govind Ghat) and shared taxis (for 9 hours ride to Joshimath and further 1 hour ride to Govind Ghat) are available till Badrinath through Joshimath and Govind Ghat from where the trek to Valley of Flowers Hemkunt region starts. Note: From Joshimath to Govind Ghat buses and shared taxis are allowed from 6:30 am to 4:30 pm (in intervals) as per the "gate system" and the gates remain closed after 4:30 pm for all vehicles. Every day in the tourist season, this is done to regulate traffic as one way for a period in either direction and regulating traffic flow on the treacherous route. For Govind Ghat to Joshimath, the gates open at 7:50 am (in intervals) and last time at 5:45 pm. Also, there are no buses from Rishikesh to Joshimath or vice-versa after 9.00 pm, since vehicles do not ply on these roads after dark.
Trek path improvement was taken up after Rs. 30.00 lakhs was sanctioned in Dec 1998 and in 2001-2003 about 90% of the amount has been spent by PWD on cement concrete work in stone kharanja, new side walls, repair of side walls, slip repair, stone benches, MS railing, etc. from the Govind Ghat cable suspension bridge end to 7 km point. Shelter sheds were also planned in this budget but could not be constructed.

2.11.2 Guides, Porters, Mule, & Palki/Dandi Services From Govind Ghat ponies/mules, porters, and palkies/dandies can be hired. Though the charges for transport services on trek trails are fixed by Zila Panchayat, Chamoli, they are normally negotiable and can vary depending on the destination for which these services are hired, like from Govind GhatGhangharia, Ghangharia to Valley of Flowers, Ghangharia- Hemkunt or Govind Ghat-Hemkunt and back. Mules are generally available from midway also. About 800-1000 mules operate on this trek path in peak season (about 500-600 at Govind Ghat and 300-400 are available from Ghangharia). Palkies are available at about Rs. 5000/- charge to and fro from Hemkunt Sahib. If the mules are hired from Govind Ghat, or Ghangharia to Hemkunt Sahib or return to Govind Ghat, the operators have to pay an eco-fee of Rs. 20/- when starting from each such location at the respective EDC Check-posts. Refer Table 2.5 for the rates for hiring porters/mules/palki services fixed by Zila Panchayat as applicable for tourist season in year 2002-2003.

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Table 2.5: Rates fixed for Hiring Mules/Porters/Palkies or Dandi in 2003


Sr. No. A. 1. 2. 3. B. Particulars of Trek Weight (kg) Labour Charge (Rs.) Service Fee (Rs.) Total Fee (Rs.) Night Rest Charge (Rs.)

Govind Ghat to Hemkunt Sahib & Back to Govind Ghat Porter Mule/Pony Palki/Dandi Carried by 4 Person Palki/Dandi Carried by 6 Person Govind Ghat to Ghangharia and Ghangharia to Hemkunt Sahib & Back to Ghangharia Rates are same Porter Mule/Pony Palki/Dandi Carried by 4 Person Palki/Dandi Carried by 6 Person Ghangharia to Valley of Flowers & Back to Ghangharia Porter

Up to 50 > 50 Up to 60 > 60 Up to 60 > 60

520.00 780.00 780.00 1040.00 3250.00 4940.00

20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00

540.00 800.00 800.00 1060.00 3270.00 4960.00

100.00 100.00 200.00 200.00 300.00 400.00

1. 2. 3. C. 1.

Up to 50 > 50 Up to 60 > 60 Up to 60 > 60

325.00 455.00 390.00 585.00 1560.00 2600.00

20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00

345.00 475.00 410.00 605.00 1580.00 2620.00

Up to 50 390.00 20.00 410.00 > 50 520.00 20.00 540.00 2. Palki/Dandi Carried by 4 Person Up to 60 455.00 20.00 475.00 Palki/Dandi Carried by 6 Person > 60 650.00 20.00 670.00 Source: Zila Panchayat, District Chamolis Rate Display Board at Govind Ghat. (Separate charges for return from Ghangharia to Govind Ghat is not mentioned in the above display board, and the normal rates charged are Rs. 100/- by porter, Rs. 150/- by mule, and Rs. 1500/- by palki, excluding Rs. 20/- as Service Fee).

Mules are however are not permitted for trek travel in Valley of Flowers National Park. For Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt nature visit, EDC trained guides from local community (of Bhyundar/Pulna village) are available for a charge of Rs. 500/- per day.

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Mule Sheds and Food Arrangements


There are no proper mule sheds enroute. There were hardly 1 or 2 instances where the concerned stall enroute had provided a polythene sheet canopy across the stall for mules to rest. At Govind Ghat / Ghangharia / Hemkunt Sahib mules rest in temporary sheds with walls and roof cover of polythene sheets with kutcha floor filled up with stinking dung & urine. At Ghangharia, the vacant government land is utilised by Zila Panchayat and since the infrastructure is not developed on this land, mule operators do not pay any fees for this temporary mule shed facility at present.

Each mule consumes per day about 0.5 kg of jaggery and 2 kg of gram (chana), 810 kg of local grass and about 10 litres of water. The mule operators buy the grass from local contractors at Ghangharia at the rate of about Rs. 10/- per kg of dry grass, and green/wet grass at about Rs. 6/- per kg. A Note on What to Carry, while Trekking? Always carry a torch or flashlight if you are out walking after sunset or before sunrise. Also carry one when you go up to Hemkunt Sahib. You may need it on the way back down. For many people, the journey takes much longer than they expect, and they end up walking after dark. Matches and candles are available in for purchase, but consider bringing some with you as well, as no path lighting arrangements exist in last stretches when trekking near Ghangharia or Govind Ghat during dark/bad weather. Carry a mix of sweets, chocolates, dry fruits, and nuts for consumption, as you would need high energy on the trek. Make certain each person carries his or her own in case your group becomes separated on the path. And do not forget to carry water. It is easy to become dehydrated during strenuous exercise, and the local water supply is not reliable/hygienic at present to drink. Beverages like, tea, coffee, cold drinks, and bottled mineral water, while available along the trail, are quite expensive and prices vary as one treks up. Consider bringing some extra sweets to hand out to those others along the way who may need them. But remember to throw any wrapper/plastic waste only in waste bins or try to keep with yourself and carry them back to plains. In no case you should litter the trek path/surroundings. Using a walking stick will help you to keep your balance and your rhythm while you are walking. These sticks are available at Govind Ghat and Ghangharia base settlements. Bring some first aid supplies and medicines with you for headache, fever, cold, asthma, vomiting, dizziness, other painkillers (gel/spray), antibiotics, cough medicine, indigestion, dehydration, antiseptics, cotton/gauze, tape, bandages, etc. Though there are medical clinic/dispensary facilities available at Govind Ghat and Ghangharia, and an Army hospital in Joshimath, one should be aware that medical care in the region is very basic and limited.

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Precautions: Altitude sickness is a very serious risk along the journey to higher altitudes like, Hemkunt Sahib. Try to spend as much time as possible in the hills before going all the way up to Hemkunt. Your body adjusts to the altitude slowly. Don't let yourself become chilled or dehydrated. Dress in warm, dry clothes and drink plenty of beverages - tea, water, juice, or soft drinks. Try not to become over-tired. Watch for the following symptoms of altitude sickness: headaches, difficulty breathing, cold extremities, dizziness, disorientation, vomiting. If you or members of your group have these symptoms, please go back down where more oxygen is available in the air to get alleviation from these symptoms and getting relief. Altitude sickness can be life-threatening.

2.11.3 Accommodation & Food Arrangements Accommodation for Visitors Enroute & at Base: Sikh Gurdwaras, managed by the same trust that oversees the operation of the pilgrimage to Hemkunt Sahib, offer food and lodging at Haridwar, Rishikesh, Srinagar, and Joshimath enroute to Valley of FlowersHemkunt Region. For night stay Joshimath has GMVN TRH facility (2 TRHs) available. Govind Ghat also offers a Gurdwara, few private lodges and forest rest house for night stay. Ghangharia is the base settlement offering accommodation facilities to the tourists for night halt either for onward travel to Valley of flowers and Hemkunt Sahib or return travel to Govind Ghat. At Ghangharia the accommodation facilities are: Forest Rest House GMVN Tourist Rest House (lodging facilities on pre-reservation) Private Lodges: Room Tariffs vary as per the facilities and in-flow of tourists. Govind Dham Gurdwara: Open to all, but one has to sleep on floor (mattresses and blankets provided) with other fellow travellers/pilgrims. Own tents can also be pitched in vacant (flat/terraced) Van Panchayat land at Kanjila (a hew hundred meters before Ghangharia) by individual tourists / tour groups on a nominal fee to Van Panchayat.

Though the accommodation in rest houses/lodges has attached bathrooms/toilets with piped water supply (direct/continuous intake from Lakshman / Hem Ganga stream and supplied through pipes provided through own arrangements of these establishments), hot water that is must at these cold temperatures is unavailable through piped means. But water separately heated on large kerosene/gas stoves are provided by these establishments at a cost of about Rs. 20.00 per bucket for the needy.

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At Site: At Valley of Flowers, being declared the National Park night stay is not permitted. Similarly, at Hemkunt Sahib accommodation facilities are only for Gurdwara Staff and Lokpal staff in the Gurdwara and small Dharamshala respectively and they do not encourage general stay for those who are not acclimatised to staying at such heights due to conditions of severe cold and relatively low level of oxygen. Hence, visitors need to return back and stay at nights in Govind Dham Gurdwara/other accommodation at Ghangharia. Facilities for Holy Bath (Ishnan) at Hemkunt Sarovar: The Sarovar water is frigid/cold. The bathing space for men and women are completely different and separated. Men take bath by the side of the lake behind the Gurdwara. There is a roofed structure with sides open by the side of the lake where men change clothes. For women, a small diversion from the Sarovar passes through a small room (totally covered and within the lower storey it is a part of Gurdwara itself) providing water where women take bath and change clothes, and which cascades down the slope joining Lakshman /Hem Ganga which flows downstream towards Ghangharia. There were no lifeguards observed, however the Gurdwara staff (many of them young volunteers/sevadars) were expected to take care of emergency requirements.
The existing accommodation capacity is listed in the Table 2.6 below.

Table 2.6: Existing Accommodation Capacity


Sr. No. Settlement Facility Type No. of Facility No. of Rooms incl. Dormitory No. of Beds

Base Settlement on Trek Route* 1. Govind Ghat** Gurdwara^ Private Lodges/Hotels FRH Sub-Total 2. Ghangharia Gurdwara^^ Private Lodges/Hotels GMVN TRH FRH Sub-Total Total Base Settlement on Motor Route 1 20 1 1 Small & Big Halls 220 15 2 1 10 1 Small & Big Halls 119 2 6000 414 4 6418 3000 651 62 4 3717 10135

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Sr. No. 1.

Settlement

Facility Type

No. of Facility 1 45 1 1 1

No. of Rooms incl. Dormitory

No. of Beds

Joshimath

Gurdwara Private Lodges/Hotels GMVN TRH (New) GMVN TRH (Old) FRH

408 20 20 3

1126 68 68 6 1268

Total

Note: * Pulna (about 3 km from Govind Ghat) and Bhyundar (about 9 km from Govind Ghat) are the only villages, which can offer shelter (by local residents sharing their dwelling units) in an emergency of trek path getting blocked or Camping in tents is provided with the permission of DFO, Joshimath through EDC assistance, if on Forest land of the non-core zone area. ** Though Govind Ghat is also on motor route, it is the settlement from where normally the trek starts in the morning during onward journey to Ghangharia/Hemkunt Sahib and the return treks end at Govind Ghat in the evening. ^ Gurdwara at Govind Ghat can accommodate upto 6000 persons comfortably. ^^ Gurdwara at Ghangharia can accommodate upto 12000 visitors in rush season (Jun-Jul). All the visitors have to sleep on floors for which enough mattresses and blankets are available, even to meet the needs of rush season.

Rest Shelters Enroute


There are no rest shelters enroute. Only very few stone masonry benches exist. One normally rests at various Chak and Chatti stalls enroute, if required.

Eateries & Other Facilities for Visitors Numerous small teashops, snack bars, and temporary sheds have come up between Govind Ghat, Pulna, Bhyundar, Ghangharia, and Hemkunt Sahib to cater to the needs of tourists during summer. Food is also available at many restaurants at Govind Ghat and Ghangharia, while the Gurdwaras at Govind Ghat and Ghangharia offer free food at the Langar facility. Similarly at Hemkunt Sahib free hot khichri & tea and prasad is served to all the visitors. For quenching thirst with hygienic drinking water one has to mainly depend on the packaged mineral water or soft drinks (mostly in plastic bottles, with exception of tetra packaging for thicker fluids like fruit drinks/juices). Accommodation for Mule Operators/Porters
Mule operators/porters live in temporary sheds with walls and roof cover of polythene sheets with no toilet facilities. Food is normally said to be provided free from the Gurdwara Langar facility.

its Garhwal region, one can contact GMVN Head Office at Dehra Dun, Yatra Office at Rishikesh, many District Tourist Bureau/Offices within Garhwal region of Uttaranchal

For various facilities/services provided by Department of Tourism, Uttaranchal State in

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State, and many Public Relations Offices (PROs) within India. (Refer websites http://ua.nic.in/uttaranchaltourism/index.html and www.gmvnl.com) 2.11.4 Solid Waste Management System In more than past two decades, till the year 2002, the cleanliness of the trek path and solid waste collection was done by various agencies, like by the State Department of Health (DoH) and by Zila Panchayat with some contribution from Mahila Mandal/Pulna village for a distance of some 6 km from Govind Ghat upto 3 km before Bhyundar in Oct-Nov, and Youth Valley Development Committee (YVDC)/Yuvak Mandal till 1999-2000 before the EDC took over cleaning task since June 2003. However, much more concerted efforts were felt necessary and after EDC took over the task of collection of solid waste and its temporary disposal, it has done a commendable job by collecting more than 4000 sacks of non-biodegradable/harmful waste (i.e. all plastic waste, batteries, etc.) in Jun-Jul 2003, which included lot of uncollected waste accumulated over many years, and has stacked them near Forest Rest House at Govind Ghat. But at the Govind Ghat itself its the Zilla Panchayat that has been responsible for cleanliness at the time of the study. During the study, one could easily see lots of plastic waste littered along the banks of river Alaknanda at Govind Ghat. However at the time of revision of the report, the Director NDBR has informed that EDC, Govind Ghat was formed since 2004. EDC cleaning staff continues to collect about average 2-3 sacks of nonbiodegradable and harmful waste per day per km for the Govind Ghat Ghangharia Hemkunt stretch. Attempts are being made to bring down all of these to Govind Ghat on regular basis through mules on contract (these are those mules which normally bring food/ration supplies for various establishments from Govind Ghat and when returning they carry non-biodegradable waste sacks to Govind Ghat). For instance, each mule carries about 5 sacks and charges Rs. 150/- per mule from Ghangharia to Govind Ghat (20-25 such trips are made per day) and Rs. 250/- per mule is charged from Hemkunt Sahib to Govind Ghat (12-15 such trips are made per day). However, at the end of the tourist season it was observed that these were not enough and some sacks are still lying around the trek path, Ghangharia and Hemkunt Sahib apart from additional litter which is still to be collected in sacks (which got littered in few days after EDC stopped cleaning the path by end of Sept 2003) and needs to be picked up for bringing them down to Govind Ghat. Bio-degradable solid waste is currently disposed off at Hemkunt Sahib by dumping behind the Gurdwaras Langar facility and also from the kitchen/utensil cleaning area it flows down from the pucca open drains and falls into the Lakshman/Hem Ganga stream. One can easily see non-biodegradable plastic waste litter in this water stream near the water intake at Ghangharia, and many locations downstream. At Ghangharia bio-degradable waste is disposed

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off by dumping in open pits/lands by respective establishments like Gurdwara, GMVN TRH, FRH, restaurants, etc. either within their premises or just outside the premises. At the village settlements of Bhyundar/Pulna the bio-degradable solid waste is normally consumed when mixed with cattle feed and the waste from kitchen/utensil wash flows down through open drains to small local pits. While at Govind Ghat, bio-degradable waste is disposed off by dumping in open lands and kitchen/utensil cleaning area it flows down from the open drains from respective establishments like Gurdwara, restaurants, etc. behind their premises at the banks of river Alaknanda. Solid waste is assumed to be generated at the rate of 0.5 kg. per person per day and about 10 kg per pair of mule per day. For proper collection of solid waste in the first place, EDC has provided either small canisters or empty fuel drums/paint cans throughout the trek route from Govind Ghat-Ghangharia-Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt Sahib. For small waste collection canisters / empty drums & paint cans waste bin signage is painted shabbily in blue or yellow coloured background with text in red colour. Another area of concern to be addressed is the provision of proper/affordable accommodation for the EDC cleaning staff during the tourist season. Planned Management Initiatives EDC, Govind Ghat under the provisions of States Joint Forest Management Rules and as part of the biosphere management. During the study, Revenue sharing arrangement of EDC was expected to be increased to 60% for EDC, Bhyundar share and only 20% for Zila Panchayat till EDC, Govind Ghat was formed. So that about 5-10% savings could be possible to utilise as revolving fund (apart from some funds made available through the world bank Forestry Project) - for vocational training/ education/ exposure in tourism industry for the EDC, Mahila Mandal, and other members from the local host community of Bhyundar/Pulna for onseason and off-season employment. Community based tourism training is being planned by DFO (may take 15-20 days to facilitate, document the training needs, and getting feedback before finalising the training content) EDC/Forest Department is constructing many waste collection pits of random rubble stone masonry in various sizes (e.g. 4 ft x 4 ft x 1 m deep, 4 ft x 8 ft x 1 m deep, etc.) depending upon the space available enroute the trek path from Govind Ghat Ghangharia Hemkunt Sahib.

2.11.5 Water Supply System Govind Ghat Govind Ghat has shortage of water supply. Currently Govind Ghat gets piped water supply through gravity from a tank across river Alaknanda. Bhyundar/Pulna village
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Bhyundar has an old covered water tank system for piped water supply through gravity from a stream source upstream of village. The water from Bhyundar Ganga is mostly fetched for regular use. Similarly, piped water supply (2 dia. pipeline and later 1 dia.) through gravity exists from a stone masonry pit water tank, which collects water from a stream at a distance of about 4.6 km upstream of Pulna. These pipes run underneath the trek path. Water posts with taps are erected at some places enroute the trek path and at present the water supply is free. Pulna has a ground storage tank (RCC CWR) of about 50 KL capacity. Ghangharia Jal Nigams water supply arrangement is not operational at Ghangharia. This facility currently has a stone masonry water tank about 300m up from Ghangharia on Hemkunt route and 2 x 2 & 1 x 1 GI pipeline is already laid from this tank till the first embankment of broken bridge on Lakshman Ganga near Ghangharia. The current system of supply in use is temporarily laid and managed by local establishments themselves. The intake system currently is few GI pipes of 3& 1-1/2 sizes directly connected at one end to the Lakshman / Hem Ganga stream and other end pours through a rusted strainer into 2 small rusted drums and one open small square shaped stone pit about 200 m away and the head would be about 50 above the Ghangharia settlement. From these drums and the pit few GI pipes of 3, 2& 1-1/2 size supply water through gravity to various local establishments. These pipes are running over the ground till the start of Ghangharia settlement and thereafter over the trek path/along the open drains within the Ghangharia settlement/market. There is no provision for treatment of this water before supply.
Also there is distinct possibility of contamination of this piped water, as it is exposed to stagnated dirty water/effluent (storm water/tap water/surface overflows from small streams getting mixed with mule excreta & urine, other solid waste litter, etc.) in many places either when underneath or along the trek path at many locations enroute.

2.11.6 Sewerage Disposal System & Toilets Govind Ghat Sewage is mostly disposed through individual septic tanks and soak pits. Other effluents from kitchen/utensil wash flows down through open drains along the slopes into the river Alaknanda. Just at the start of the Main Parking on the road before entering Govind Ghat a new Toilet complex (2 seat & 2 urinals for men and 2 seat for women) has been built, but it was not yet operational during the study period. Pulna/Bhyundar Sewage is mostly disposed through individual septic tanks and soak pits. Other effluents from kitchen/utensil wash flows down through open drains along the slopes. However, hardly 40% of the households have in-house toilets at Pulna,

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while at Bhyundar only 20% of the households are reported to have access to inhouse toilets. Rest of the populace uses open fields for the daily routine. Ghangharia One public toilet building (2 seat for men and women each) is under construction near the entrance to Ghangharia. Sewage is mostly disposed through individual septic tanks and soak pits. Other effluents from kitchen/utensil wash flows down through open drains along the slopes into open pits/rock pits. Hemkunt Sahib

At Hemkunt Sahib, it was reported that provision exists for a 5-unit toilet and an urinal for men, and a 5-unit toilet for women as well, though not in very hygienic conditions. Sewage is mostly disposed through individual septic tanks and soak pits. Other effluents from kitchen/utensil wash flows down through pucca open drains along into Lakshman /Hem Ganga. Urine & detergent for washing linen/ bags & bathing by female visitors and Hemkunt staff also adds (as observed) to some pollution in the Lakshman /Hem Ganga stream, and its difficult to digest the fact that this happens at a place that is supposed to be sacred and this Lakshman / Hem Ganga water flows down and gets used for water supply at Ghangharia/Bhyundar/Pulna.
Toilets Enroute EDC has installed 5 urinal toilets (for men) made up of pre-fabricated wooden board body fixed on thin MS angle frames. The floor and roof panels are empanelled with metal sheets. Each unit has only one temporarily hand made GI sheet funnel shaped urinals, fixed in the cabin. Though the water
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supply pipe is fixed to the cabin there is no connection or taps for the same and no flushing mechanism as well. In some toilets on the Hemkunt Sahib route even the urinals were missing and the entire floor of the toilet was filled with defecated filth. The State Department of Health (DoH) has also installed urinal facility with natural stone/earth base (no urinal/WC seat) and wall enclosure on three sides as that that of poly sack material shabbily painted as a urinal facility. These facilities are provided enroute from Govind Ghat to Ghangharia and Hemkunt Sahib, as well as at 2 locations within Valley of Flowers (as the only toilet facility). This facility is neither aesthetic nor maintained hygienically at all, as visitors defecate in the same, while there is no disposal mechanism.

2.11.7 Electricity Supply System Govind Ghat The Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust has also made arrangements for 5-diesel generator sets to meet the electricity requirements, which consumes about 400 litres of diesel in 2 days (i.e. it adds to some air pollution), though the metered power supply through state electricity grid is available at Govind Ghat. The common complain is low voltage and insufficient hours of supply. Pulna Metered power supply through state electricity grid is available till Pulna. However, the voltage is low and power supply is also inconsistent. The electric poles and wire line further extend towards Bhyundar/Ghangharia but is damaged due to avalanche at few locations leading to discontinuity of power through grid in those areas for quite sometime. Pulna has its own pole mounted small electric transformer, and few streetlights. Bhyundar Power supply through state electricity grid is not available. The power line is broken at various places due to avalanche points near Bhyundar. Five solar streetlights are installed by UREDA at Bhyundar for community use of which one is not functioning at present. Bhyundar has its own pole mounted small electric transformer. Similarly, at the end of Kanjila at 12 km point another pole mounted small electric transformer exists before Ghangharia. Ghangharia Power supply at Ghangharia is through a Micro-Hydel Power Plant (commissioned in 1992-1993) which generates power, being connected to the piped water head of the Lakshman / Hem Ganga stream. There is one 15KL water tank about 300m above Ghangharia settlement, which needs to be filled up
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from Lakshman / Hem Ganga stream whenever direct water pressure is less in the pipe normally in May-Jun months before the rains. Two turbines, each of 50 KW capacities are installed and alternatively run, while one acts as a standby. This plant was set-up by UREDA and handed over to the Gram Sabha for operating, undertaking preventive and minor breakdown maintenance, and collection of revenue from the consumers. The estimated load per day is 30 KW for the Ghangharia market/commercial establishment, while Govind Dham Gurdwara and the small telephone exchange requires about 12 KW load. Hence, the load is reported to be sufficient by UREDA, while the Gurdwara complains the shortage of power and hence the justification to use diesel generators (4 generator sets) most of the time for their power supply requirements, thus adding to some air pollution (as they consume about 300 litres of fuel in 2 days). The supply is currently not metered, and the charges are collected monthly from consumers as Rs. 35/- per bulb point connection. Minor preventive maintenance is done by Gram Sabha staff (who is trained by UREDA) every day before starting the turbine and any post-breakdown maintenance (e.g. damaged bearings, couplings, etc.) is also done and the cost is adjusted in the revenue collected from the consumers. Full season (4 months) contracts are also done by Govind Dham Gurdwara for Rs. 80,000/- if it wants to receive power fully from the above micro-hydel plant. Hemkunt Sahib The Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust runs its own micro-hydel power generation system of 15 KW capacity, complete with piped water supply head and turbine. The Trust has also made arrangements for a diesel generator to meet the electricity requirements for the cold environment, which consumes about 100 litres of diesel in 2 days (i.e. it adds to some air pollution). Street Lighting Path/Street Lighting: UREDA has installed 22 Solar Street Light Systems for lighting of trek path and establishment complexes from Bhyundar to Ghangharia. Bhyundar has 5 lights (1 faulty at present), 1 light at 10 km point near steel bridge, 2 lights at the entrance of Ghangharia and GMVN TRH complex, 2 lights at GMVN TRH, 2 lights at FRH Complex, 4 lights at Govind Dham Gurdwara, 3 lights between Govind Dham Gurdwara to broken bridge on Lakshman / Hem Ganga, and 3 lights near Valley of Flowers Checkpost/entrance (2 faulty at present). Each solar street light unit includes 2 pole mounted PV panels each of 37 W, a 12W 75AH battery, and 1 CFL of 11W, which can glow for 12 hours from the daily solar charge. Each street light unit costs approx. Rs. 24,700/- in Uttaranchal on which Govt. of India gives a subsidy of Rs. 11,000/-.
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While at Pulna and Govind Ghat, few conventional streetlights connected to state electricity grid are available.

2.11.8 Telecommunication Govind Ghat Telephone connectivity at Govind Ghat is through the Satellite Telephone Exchange at Pandukeshwar. A few PCO Local Call/STD/ISD booths also exist and operate only during the tourist season. However, connectivity is poor at times. Pulna Telephone connectivity at Pulna is through the Satellite Telephone Exchange at Pandukeshwar. About 10% of the households have telephone connectivity, but there is no PCO Local Call/STD/ISD booth. Moreover, connectivity is poor at times. Bhyundar No telecommunication connectivity exists at Bhyundar. Ghangharia A Satellite Telephone Exchange has been set up by Department of Telecommunications at the GMVN TRH complex. There are 3 PCO Local Call/STD/ISD booths at Ghangharia connected to this exchange and operate only during the tourist season. These booths are good source of earning due to presence of large number of tourists and limited number of such booths. However, connectivity is poor at times. Planned Management Initiatives Ghangharia: BSNL CellOne Services is also planned to be started from next season onwards. Valley of Flowers - Hemkunt Sahib No communication facility exists at present for visitors However, the staff of Forest Range have access to wireless communication facility and which can be utilised for communication in cases of emergency. 2.11.9 Health Care Facilities

Govind Ghat Govind Ghat Gurdwara has 1 dispensary and 2 ambulances. As part of awareness programme,
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apart from giving the message of keeping the trek path clean, Gurdwara management have reported that they announce after every ardaas (prayer) that all those who are children below 10 years age, patients with Asthma/Cardiac problems, persons above 70 years of age, physically handicapped should avoid to travel on this trek path to minimise medical emergencies.
In cases of any deaths along the trek journey, the Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust facilitates and bears the cost voluntarily for carrying the body down to Govind Ghat on a palki/dandi, informing Patwari at Pandukeshwar through phone/wireless to arrange for post-mortem and inform Police Chowki at Govind Ghat for any assistance required, and providing facility of Gurdwara Ambulance to carry the body to the place of choice of their relatives within India, irrespective of the deceased person belonging to any faith/nationality. There were some 23 casualties reported for which Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust had provided assistance during the last tourist season in year 2002. This season (year 2003 during the study) the number of mishaps were reported to be significantly less.

Two Private Clinics-cum-Chemist shop also exist in the Govind Ghat market. Ghangharia Govind Dham Gurdwara: A 24 hours facility of 1 dispensary room, with 1 doctor and 2 beds for nursing the patients are available. The Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust replenishes medicines, as required. 3 cylinders of Oxygen and Glucose/Saline are also available. Normally visitors may suffer from altitude sickness, breathlessness, physical enervation, dehydration, etc. Chances of cardiac arrest in old persons/those with fear of high altitudes, or any accidents due to mule/persons falling down on trek path due to slippery surface, minor land slides/snow avalanche, etc. also exist. Govt. Dispensary: 1 small govt. dispensary with 1 doctor exists near the Govind Dham Gurdwara in a temporary tin shed room provided by Govind Dham Gurdwara. For this dispensary within the Gurdwara an additional room with 3 beds is provided for nursing the patients.

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Hemkunt Sahib There is a first aid centre at Hemkunt Sahib with a doctor providing emergency medicines. Mostly people face altitude problems, enervation, etc. The Gurdwara also keeps additional blankets for people for use in severe cold at that altitude. Bhyundar No medical facility available. During tourist season, most of the Pulna villagers migrate to Bhyundar and they avail the facilities at Ghangharia. Pulna

After the tourist season is over in early Oct., the government dispensary gets re-located at the dispensary premises at Pulna. During the tourist season those elderly villagers/schoolgoing children that remain at Pulna, avail the medical facilities available at Govind Ghat.
2.11.10Veterinary Hospital /Clinic

No such facility existed in Govind GhatGhangharia region/route during the study. It is reported that about 800-1000 mules operate every day during peak of the tourist season. It seems since local vegetation is not allowed for grazing, only grasses are available for mules apart from little jaggery and grams for food. Most of the sickness of the mules is reported to be related to stomach problems and there is high rate of casualty (in year 2002 about 150 mules reportedly died in the 4month tourist season) amongst mules due to lack of veterinary treatment facilities. However, the
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Director, NDBR recently informed that a veterinary camp service has been started from the tourist season of year 2004.
2.11.11Security Infrastructure

Govind Ghat One Police Chowki exists, but it does not have jurisdiction in Valley of Flowers Hemkunt region (which basically falls under the jurisdiction of Patwari, Department of Revenue based at Pandukeshwar). Any accident happening in Valley of Flowers Hemkunt region is to be attended/recorded by the Patwari and the Police Chowki at Govind Ghat is only informed for any assistance, if required.

Ghangharia One Police Chowki (housed in a temporary tin shed room provided by Govind Dham Gurdwara) exists and which works under the jurisdiction of Patwari, Department of Revenue based at Pandukeshwar. Department of Forests also has its Beat staff deployed in the region under the local charge of Forest Ranger with wireless facilities and they are based at Ghangharia and Govind Ghat FRH complexes. 2.11.12 Management Regulations for Access and Facilities for National

Park

Following the establishment of the Valley of Flowers National Park, access to the region is controlled at the entrance to the gorge just above Ghangharia, either for

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the purpose of the visit or collecting samples for botanical research. Access is prohibited for livestock, and visitors pay a nominal entry fee (Rs. 40/- for Indians for 3 days and Rs. 350/- for 3 days for foreign tourists) at Forest Rangers Check-post. There are no charges for non-professional cameras, while professional cameras / filmmaking requires charges and security fee to be paid. Refer Table 2.7 for details of entry fee charges applicable at Valley of Flowers. Table 2.7: Entry Fee Structure for Valley of Flowers
Sr. No. 1. Description a) Entry Fee per person for first three days b) Entry Fee per person for additional three days 2. Camera Fee a) Still Camera (non-professional) b) Still Camera (professional) c) Movie / Video Camera (non-professional) d) Movie / Video Camera (professional) 3. Filming Charges a) For Feature Film per day b) For Documentary Film per day 4. Security for Filming Charges a) For Feature Film per day b) For Documentary Film per day 50000.00 25000.00 100000.00 50000.00 20000.00 2500.00 20000.00 5000.00 Free 100.00 Free 100.00 Free 100.00 Free 100.00 Indian Tourists (Rs.) 40.00 Foreign Tourists (Rs.) 350.00

No camping is allowed within the valley beyond the VOFNP entrance point and for any study or research prior permission is to be applied to/obtained from the Chief Wild Life Warden (CWLW), Department of Environment & Forests, Dehra Dun as per Sec. 28 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, who also intimates the same to Conservator of Forests & Director, Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR), Gopeshwar and Divisional Forest Officer, Nanda Devi National Park, Joshimath. The Secretary, Department of Environment & Forests, Govt. of Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun is also to be informed if a study or research is being undertaken. Signage Enroute and in Valley of Flowers PWD has put masonry signage milestone to indicate the distance till Hemkunt Sahib but the same is not visible in many locations. The Department of Forests and local NGOs have put up signages to make tourists aware of the ecosensitivity of the region and solid waste disposal issues. These signages are formal (painted mild steel sheet display boards & walls of stone masonry pits) as

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well as informal (at most of such signage location, information is shabbily painted on rock faces). Some overhead cloth banners put up by the Department of Forests and EDC, Bhyundar were also observed. It was observed that green/red mild steel boards painted with white text exist at many places indicating botanical names of the flora at the beginning of trek to the Valley of Flowers, but inside the main valley such boards are insufficient making it difficult to relate to the species around, in the absence of any coloured pamphlets/brochure that may be carried by visitors. Also, there is no signage to indicate the way to Ms. Joan Margrett Legges grave, which is an important spot in the Valley of Flowers. In 1939, Joan Margrett Legge from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England visited the Valley of Flowers for plant collection. Unfortunately while collecting plants she fell off a cliff and died on July 4th. The scripture at her tomb `I will lift up mine eyes unto the Himalaya from whence cometh my help' raised by her sister in 1940 reminds us of her faith in the Himalayas. This tomb was vandalised over the long period and was rebuilt recently, though not very aesthetically, as any pucca construction in National Park is banned. The visitors entering the Valley of Flowers National Park will have to abide by the following rules and regulations in general: The visitors as individuals/teams shall ensure that the necessary clearances from the competent authorities have been obtained. Entry will be restricted to holders of valid permits. All visitors shall travel along the permitted route only and no deviations will be allowed. Staying overnight inside the national park is not allowed. The visitors shall ensure proper disposal of garbage and also ensure to bring back non-biodegradable waste with them. They must also refrain from polluting the waters with human and any other kind of wastes. The visitors shall not enter the national park with weapons which can injure, harm or kill any wild life or indulge in hunting and poaching of animals or

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kindle fires or leave burning embers, or destroy or remove any wild life, trees, herbs, shrubs, sign-posts, etc. within the National Park area. Existing Code of Conduct for Visitors / Dos & Donts for visiting Valley of Flowers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Do not camp or stay for the night inside the park. Do not destroy, trample, collect or remove any plant and animal specimen whether live or dead or any geological specimen. Do not carry and introduce any alien seeds or propagation material of any plant species and dont carry and introduce any exotic animals or pets. Do not kindle fire, throw lighted matches, and cigarette or bidi butts. Dont go for mountaineering, climbing, swimming, or any type of adventure activity. Dont carry instruments, implements, tools, arms, firearms or chemicals harmful to wildlife and vegetation. Dont shout, hoot, play audio /videotapes or transistor/radio inside the park. Dont try to feed any wild animal. Dont damage, break or distort the facilities provided by the park authorities. Dont deface, put signboards, write or paint on the tree trunks / rocks, or any infrastructure (boundary walls / boundary pillars).

Any onward treks from this Govind Ghat- Valley of Flowers route like, the trek from Bamani Dhaur in Valley of Flowers to Khunt Khal pass to Hanuman Chatti on Badrinath motor road or the trek from Bhyundar village to Kagbhushandi Lake to Vishnu Prayag motor road via Painka village, would be governed by the general rules of ecotourism in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve as given below. Such trekkers would have to take prior permission from the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO), Joshimath and go through the slide show presentation on awareness to Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve at the fully equipped nature centre in DFOs office complex. Some of the simple rules of eco-tourism in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve are: The party contacts the local DFO first to get the permit and the names of the guides/porters and for the payment of eco-fee before undertaking the trek. A fee of Rs. 50/- (Rupees fifty only) per head, applicable for the number of party members and guides / porters going along is charged as eco-fee from the party in form of bank drafts and this money is directly deposited in the bank accounts of Different EDCs. Care is taken that if 2 or more villages fall in the same route in which a particular trekking / expedition party is set to go,

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then the eco-fee is equally divided in all the concerned EDCs and in case there are more visitors/more teams the fee will be given to EDCs on rotation basis. In case of mountaineering a security deposit of Rs. 10000/- (Rupees ten thousand only) is taken from the party in the form of Bank Draft. This security is returned to the party when they ensure and prove that they have brought back all the solid waste generated during the trip. The Reserve being situated in the border area in many treks inner line permissions are required. The local intelligence and local district authorities will issue inner line permits, only after the party gets permission letters from the DFOs office. For this good liaison will be maintained with the local police and Department of Revenue. The visiting trekkers will not be allowed to go inside the Core Zones of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve until they get special permission from the competent authorities and in no circumstances mountaineering activity will be allowed inside the core zones. The party which has been granted permit to go to a particular site / mountain hires guide / porter from the local villages which fall in the trek route. In no circumstances hiring of guides or porters from outside are allowed. The party should bring adequate warm and dry clothes and ensure that staff and porters have proper trekking/mountaineering gear. They should wear good hiking shoes or boots as trails could be slippery and rocky. Dont go off the trail as it leads to soil erosion. The party/Team Leader or Liaison Officer deputed by the Indian Mountaineering Federation / State Govt. / Local DFO will have to keep strict vigil on the activities of the porters. Any breach of rule by the porters will be the responsibility of the Team Leader and the Liaison Officer. The party should plan days for proper altitude acclimatisation when ascending, should know how to identify and treat high altitude illness, and how as to provide/seek emergency rescue. The party will have to follow only the approved route. No deviation will be allowed. The mountaineering expeditions on return will have to give a small report about their experience, giving details of the halting places to the local DFO. The party should get their entire list of articles they are carrying checked by the local EDC. They should deposit a list of all non-biodegradable items and other items with EDC, and on return should again get the carried back items checked.

In the code of conduct for trekkers/mountaineers, the following directives are highlighted:

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The party will have to avail all village based infrastructural facilities (boarding, lodging, and transport) available with the local people throughout their expedition. The tents are permitted for pitching only when the place of halt is away from such village-based facilities. These rural facilities should be paid for a required fee (as decided/fixed by the Department of Forests/local EDC) so that the locals can be benefited. They should pay fair prices for lodging, food, and services. The tourist will be told that buying local products benefits the local economy, but buying any antiques/artifact robs Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve of its culture. The party should take responsibility for hired staff by providing them adequate warm clothing, sleeping cover, shoes, snow gear, food/cooking stoves & fuel, and should periodically train all staff in first aid, guide responsibilities, sanitation, etc. They should use established campsites and kitchen sites, and avoid trenching around tents. They should not make fires for cooking/warmth, even from fallen wood. The party will have to abstain from using fuel wood and only use LPG cylinder/kerosene oil for the cooking purposes and should religiously avoid any damage to the environment or local population during their treks. They should follow safety rules when carrying, storing, and using kerosene and gas. They should practice conservation by avoiding cooking fuel-consumptive menu items (e.g. baked foods & large menu selections), repackage food into re-usable plastic containers to reduce waste, and reduce waste in general by de-and re-packaging. They should be respectful towards others peace and should speak quietly on the trail and at overnight stops. They should dress properly, and have respect for local beliefs, people, and religious sites. When visiting sacred spots, they should not talk loudly, smoke or litter. The party should not carry any firearms and will have to abide by all National and State level Forest / Wild Life Conservation Acts & Rules. They should not give anything to begging children, as it teaches them poor habits. All expeditions shall ensure that the solid waste that they generate are removed by them and they shall undertake to abide by such terms and conditions as may be stipulated by the Department of Forests for this purpose. Should carry a bag for collection of solid waste and other litter. Pack

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out all non-biodegradable waste, burn papers carefully, should not drop cigarette buts candy wrappers, and set a good example for children. The brought back waste can be deposited at designated trash sites or for recycling from base stations/towns. The party should not leave plastic mineral water bottles in the mountains, and should use iodine to treat drinking water in re-usable bottles. Also, properly treat the uncooked vegetables. They should teach all staff about personal hygiene, sanitary, kitchen, and camp routines. They should use toilets wherever available, and where not, they should use toilet tents on all treks set-up in an environmentally sound manner so as to avoid any pollution of water sources (at least 100 m away). Also, only use biodegradable soaps and bury all toilet waste and paper.

Valley of Flowers Information Centre at Ghangharia One fully equipped nature interpretation-cum-information centre at Ghangharia is available in the Forest Rest House complex. At this nature interpretation centre, regular (30 minute) slide shows on Valley of Flowers and wild life are held in the evening hours (from 6:00 pm 7:30 pm) throughout the 4-5 months of tourist season. Currently this slide show is conducted by few nature enthusiasts / interpreters / guides from the EDC members/local host community of Bhyundar / Pulna village trained by the office of the DFO & Deputy Conservator of Forest, Nanda Devi National Park, Joshimath. A nominal fee of Rs. 5.00 per person is charged for this show and these trained guides are available for hire by visitors while visiting the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region at a charge of Rs. 500.00 per day.

Planned Works The above nature interpretation show fee of Rs. 5.00 is planned to be associated with a visitor information/interaction programmee known as Friends of Valley of Flowers in a formal way from next tourist season onwards. Short Documentary Films are also planned to be introduced from next tourist season onwards for nature interpretation shows.

Nature Interpreter / Guide Training Program Under the aegis of the Department of Forests, initiative has been taken to train the members of EDC and other members of the local host community for nature interpretation/guide services, so that they can actively participate in nature

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interpretation activities either at the Department of Forests Valley of Flowers Information Centre at Ghangharia as well enroute to & at site of Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt region. Four of the EDC members from the village are trained guides in nature interpretation services, but they take up this activity only partially, as they have their businesses (photo studio, lodges/restaurant) also to look after as other means of livelihood opportunity, which can be taken-up during the tourist season to compensate for the slack in the remaining/off-season months. Publicity/Information Services on Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt It was observed that the publicity of this Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region is not very widespread. Moreover the Brochures/pamphlets currently available with the Department of Forests are basically copies in black & white and not prints in colour or of very high quality design/appeal. Since, the destination is attractive purely for sightseeing interest and pilgrimage in a limited tourist season, its topology and lack of proper infrastructure could be the other reasons for the low visitation to the region.

7.12 Disaster Management Plan


No disaster management plan for Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region exists per se. During the tourist season, which is part of the monsoon season, the likelihood of some small-scale disasters like minor landslides, rolling over of large stones along slopes, etc. is not ruled out. In such cases of emergency and rescue enroute the trek path between Ghangharia and Govind Ghat, based on the nearest village from the site of incident, the tourists are normally requested to be accommodated by Villagers of Bhyundar / Pulna for shelter till the path is cleared by the PWD staff/local host community/Forest/Army and other local support.

7.13 Land-use
Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt Destination

Of the 87.50 sqkm area of the Valley of Flowers National Park, Satellite Imagery data reports following break-up: 63.58 sqkm under perpetual Snow and Glaciers (72.66%) 05.29 sqkm under Forests (6.04%) 18.63 sqkm under Alpine Meadows (21.30%)

Refer Exhibit 2.3 for Vegetation & Habitat Types in Valley of Flowers National Park Region. Based on the altitude, aspect and climatic conditions the vegetation of the park is divisible into three broad climatic zones as discussed in section 2.6 of this chapter. While, at Hemkunt Sahib complex, the total somewhat levelled land area including and around both the shrines/related facilities would be about 2-2.5 ha.

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Exhibit 2.3: Vegetation & Habitat Types in Valley of Flowers National Park

Source: Wildlife Institute of India Report (RR-98/003) Ghangharia The development at Ghangharia has happened in a haphazard manner over a period of more than past three decades. The development in about 2.638 ha (area of current developed land under encroachment) has mostly happened in a linear fashion along the trek path within Ghangharia settlement. Department of Revenue Joshimath has conducted a survey of the land holdings in Nov. 2002 and has prepared a revenue map of Ghangharia settlement a step towards the process of regularisation for diversion of land with forest cover, as per the requirements of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. This survey map was in the draft state at the time of this study. It is observed that nearly 50 percent of the current developed land is under the claim of private holding. Private holdings mostly relate to the development of hotels & lodges, restaurants, small tea/snack stalls, other shops like - souvenirs, photo studios, woolens, telecommunication booths, etc. These private establishments account for the 85 percent ownership of the total 53 survey plots. The next biggest land/survey plot holder is the Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust, which manages the Govind Dham Gurdwara complex covering 23.5% of the developed land. GMVN TRH Complex and Department of Forests FRH Complex covers 10.3 percentage and 4.5 percentage of the developed land respectively. While, the state government has about 8.4 percent of vacant land and about 2.4 percent under trek path. Utilities like water supply and electricity supply are over the trek path, and UREDA micro-hydel plant is main utility that covers about 1.5 percent of the developed land. Refer Table 2.8 for the Land-use break up at Ghangharia and Exhibit 2.4 for Land-use map at Ghangharia settlement. Table 2.8: Land-use Break-up at Ghangharia Category Survey No. No. of Units / Area Percentage

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Master Plan for Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt Establishments State Govt. Land Vacant Land Trek Path Dept. of Forest Land GMVN Land UREDA Land Gurdwara Land Other Commercial Establishments Total 3 46 15 6, 11, 12 43 45 1-2, 4-5, 7-10, 13-14, 1642, 44, 47-53 1 1 1 3 1 1 45 53 0.220 0.063 0.120 0.273 0.040 0.620 1.302 2.638 (Ha)

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8.3 2.4 4.5 10.3 1.5 23.5 49.4 100.0

There are 10 more plots surveyed (survey No. 54 to 62) as encroachment spread over 0.13 ha, but were reported not to be considered for regularisation. However, this land may be considered for regularisation and pooled/retrofitted with existing vacant Govt. land to provide some future proposals with temporary tin slope roof structures, like community toilets, cheap dormitory for labour, EDC Store-sum-Education Centre-cumDisaster Relief Shelter, Medical Clinic, Veterinary Clinic, mule sheds, etc.

Exhibit 2.4: Land-use at Ghangharia Settlement

Forest

Forest

3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF TOURISM


The present chapter discusses the environmental quality of the regionNot along to with Scale an initial assessment of environmental impacts of the tourism developments.

Forest
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3.1

Introduction

The purpose of the current initial environmental assessment is to assess and ensure that development is environmentally sound and sustainable, and that any environmental consequences are recognised early and taken into account in project design. It also includes avoiding, mitigating or compensating for adverse impacts. Environmental analysis has to be integrated with all stages of the eco-tourism project life cycle, to facilitate incorporation of the findings into selection of sites, designs and implementation plans. Environmental review includes monitoring the projects environmental performance and compliance with relevant conditions. After implementation, evaluation of the impacts that actually occurred and the effectiveness of mitigation measures should be done. Integration of IEE (Initial Environment Examination) and EIA with feasibility studies and planning work at the master plan level is essential so that alternatives, which might be desirable from an environmental viewpoint, can be considered realistically. Thus the objective is to influence or modify project planning so that the project will, within the limits of feasibility, avoid environmental damage and use positive measures to offset unavoidable damage. The feasibility of the project should be determined based on an assessment of all costs, including the specific provisions needed for minimising or offsetting the adverse effects on the environment. A detailed impact analysis could be carried out by a reputed scientific agency like the Wildlife Institute of India, National Botanical Research Institute etc. All necessary clearances under the Forest (Conservation) Act 1980, Indian Forest Act 1927, Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 must be sought and allied rules from the MoEF, Govt of India and the Hon. Supreme Court of India should be considered before implementing any development proposal in the region.

3.1.1 Methodology Adopted in the Study


The study was carried out as detailed below:

Secondary literature to find the status and major issues in the valley and related areas. Field trip - Detailed investigations including observation, discussion with locals, sampling, digital recording etc. were carried out. Laboratory analyses of the samples of water, soil, organic matter collected from the site. Some GPS observations were attempted at the study site. Various parameters including microbial cultures to assess microbial load were also examined.

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Discussions with officials of the Department of Forests, Tourism, Water Supply, Telecommunications, UREDA, EDC, Mahila Mandal, Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust, etc. Surveys and interviews with locals at various spots enroute to Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt region. Brain storming sessions organised at Dehra Dun with experts who have been doing research in the Valley and surrounding region to get expert opinion on state of affairs, opinion on controversial issues, etc. Suggestions of those who have done research over years were obtained. A gist has been included in the report.

3.1.2 Selection of the Sites for Ecological Sampling

The sites selected for study were in settlements at Bhyundar, Pulna, Ghangharia; Valley of Flowers (four sites in Valley of Flowers); Hemkunt and ten points enroute. The sites selected for water sampling, microbial sampling and soil sampling are given in respective table of analyses of water samples.

3.2

Identification of Stress Areas

The stress areas have been identified and rated in terms of priority. The causes and dimensions of identification of stress are: 3.2.1

Stress mainly due to Environmental Specificity

18. Sensitivity of the eco-region in terms of biodiversity 19. Biodiversity loss or disturbance in the biodiversity set up 20. Disturbances in the ecosystem due to Tourism 21. Uniqueness of biodiversity in the region and need for its protection 22. Abundance of medicinal plants that are either rare or in great demand. Since these plants are not available at other places, there is an added attraction to steal these from this region due to good market available for these resources. 23. Remoteness of the region where proper surveillance throughout the year is not possible 24. Steepness of slopes prohibiting provision of broad roads or trek paths, separate mule paths, motor-able roads etc. 25. Risky paths, treks, steep slopes prohibiting tourists to wander in the open. 3.2.2 Stress due to pressure on Specific Points 26. Hemkunt Sahib site is an attraction for religious sentiments and hence is under greater stress in terms of tourists.

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3.2.3

Stress due to Environment Concerns

27. Environmental hazard to the local ecosystem; risk of pollution including odour pollution 28. Health hazard to the tourists and the locals due to contaminated water, waste left by the tourists, waste dump sites, other forms of pollution 29. Excessive use of mules in a specified path or region 30. Visual annoyance to the tourists, any factor that may become deterrent to tourism 3.2.4 Stress due to Management Concerns 31. Disposal of waste is a major stress area. With number of tourists increasing every year and likely to increase further in the coming years when ecotourism will become a major attraction of the region, this problem will assume an alarming dimension. This waste includes: Degradable mule excreta Degradable organic waste Non-degradable plastic & other waste Degradable human excreta

32. Ecological disturbance due to the large number of visitors. Though the vast area of Valley of Flowers has tremendous scope to accommodate more tourists than the current numbers, the same will be feasible only if the ecology is managed properly. The thumb rule is that nothing carried from outside is left in the park area and nothing is carried from park area to outside (except any waste generated during such visits). However, in the present case, food, bottles, waste is being brought from outside and left in the area. Movement of plants and other things from the area has been checked effectively to a great extent, yet there are unconfirmed reports of plants being taken away in off seasons when guarding is not as strict or not there. Dumping of mule excreta and other waste into the environment is another area that needs management. Solid waste dumping and disposal needs to be addressed. 33. Water availability through stream source is not a problem, however risk of water getting polluted due to improper collection, current storage and supply is a stress area. It was observed that water supply pipes criss-cross the area especially over the trek path and where toilets are located. This has to be managed immediately to avoid any outbreak of disease due to possibility of water getting contaminated.

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34. Limited number of tourists to Valley of Flowers compared to the importance of the area. These numbers can be increased with additional recommended activities, better publicity, better management, more vista points, and better education in terms of awareness and orientation to environmental protection and conservation. This will promote eco-tourism if principals of eco-tourism are adopted. However, the focus is not to increase merely the number of tourists to Valley of Flowers; instead it is to create awareness among environment lovers and researchers, thus focusing on the sensitised tourists. Status The status of stress has been discussed in relevant sections. Water and soil have been examined and data given in tables. The water and soil analyses showed that there is no stress of pollution at this stage. Other stresses have been assessed from number of tourists per day and per season as well as number of mules per season.

3.2.5 Mitigation of Stress


Suggestions for mitigation of stress are given in the respective sections. The management of tourism and tourists has to be addressed in terms of:

Fragility of biodiversity Sustainability of ecosystem Empowerment of locals to benefit from the eco-tourism Utilising the devotion of Hemkunt Sahib amongst tourists for educating about environment and biodiversity and thus promoting eco-tourism Health of the tourist, locals, animals etc. Ecological issues that have long term impact such as growth of dominating species (like Polygonum polystachyum, impatiens sulcata, etc.), variability in abundance and density of natural plants, agro-biodiversity of the region, promoting horticulture in the lower belts to support population and tourism. Modifying the natural ecosystem to eco-tourism worthy ecosystem on scientific and sustainable principles. Following norms of CBD, Biodiversity Act of India (2002), and Plants varieties and Farmers Rights Act of India (2001).

3.3

Identification of Ecological Parameters & Impact of Tourism: Current scenario

As mentioned earlier Valley of Flowers National Park (VOFNP) is one of the core zones of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve and is located in Chamoli district of Western Himalayas and spread across 87.50 sqkm area.

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3.3.1 Route & its Ecology


Govind Ghat located at 1828 meters from the sea level is the last motor able station from where visitors start trekking to the valley after crossing a cable suspension bridge over the river Alaknanda. The path is zigzag piercing through an ascending valley. One can enjoy the view of fields typical of hill sites on the way. The picturesque beauty is bewildering. Informal clusters of tea/snack stalls at a small village settlement named Pulna offer a good resting point after which one can have glimpse of snow - clad peaks and rocky mountains. Bhyundar is the next village after Pulna that can be reached after trekking for another 6 km and after another 3.5 km one reaches Ghangharia, which is the base camp for onward treks to Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt Sahib. Enroute one can find water falls and Bhyundar Ganga stream in some small stretches, is flowing close to the trek path offering beautiful view. The impressive Hathi Parvat can be glimpsed from Bhyundar on clear days. Ghangharia is located at an altitude of 3048 meters above sea level. It is usually cold particularly in wet months like Aug-Sep. There are few lodges to stay apart from Government Tourist Rest house (GMVN) and Forest Rest House. Since camping and overnight stay is not allowed in the Valley of Flowers, Ghangharia is the logical base camp for this trek. Mules are not allowed after Ghangharia in Valley of Flowers and hence one has no other option but to trek to VoF. One has to be aware of the concerns of the ecosystem beyond this point as restrictions are implemented seriously. After crossing a temporary bridge over the Lakshman Ganga, 0.25 km from the end of Ghangharia settlement, and after trekking another 0.15 km the route of the Valley of Flowers separates from that going to Hemkunt Sahib. After crossing the Forest Rangers Check-post at the entrance of Valley of Flowers, the trek continues along river Pushpawati. At 0.9 km point ahead, the river Pushpawati is crossed over to its right bank on another steel truss bridge and this trail goes up to the Valley of Flowers. The Guru Govind Singh Gurdwara at Hemkunt Sahib located at an altitude of 4329 m above MSL is currently the major attraction located at a trek of 6 km from Ghangharia; and is an internationally recognised tourist-cum-pilgrimage destination.

3.3.2 Tourism & Trekking


Most of the tourists to the Valley of Flowers as well as Hemkunt trek the rigorous path with excitement, dedication, and fun. The trekking has been facilitated by many ways such as mules that carry the luggage as well as the visitors, starting from Govind Ghat. There are about 800-1000 mules plying on this path during the peak season. Sufficient numbers of porters are available to facilitate the visit. Those who are not able to trek can make use of carrying carts or Dandi (Palki),

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which are rather expensive but provide easy access and avoid the tough trekking for those who are not able to trek. The trek path presently is uneven, rough, and is a bridle path paved with stone kharanja. There are many resting points in the form of tea/snack stalls all along the way where one can get refreshments. The tourists usually carry their own water bottles, as they do not rely on the quality of piped/stream water as available at these stalls. There is a helipad in a grassy field maintained by army officials. This is located at Kanjila, which is less than a km before Ghangharia. The Valley of Flowers lies between the main valleys of Alaknanda and Dhauli Ganga in the Zanskar ranges of the Garhwal Himalayas in Chamoli district of Uttaranchal. River Pushpawati, which flows through this valley, has its source in the Tipra Glacier, which extends up to Gauri Parvat peak. The most convenient and easy entrance to the valley is from the south where the river Pushpawati flows through a deep gorge. Besides, there are two more approaches /outlets, but preferred by shepherds and other mountaineers. The one on the western side leads to Hanuman Chatti (a small hamlet on Badrinath road), through Khunt Khal Glacier Pass, and the other on the eastern side goes to Ghamsali via Lakshman pass. Both these places are of 3 days-trekking distance from the valley. The river Pushpawati meets the river Lakshman Ganga that originates from Hemkunt (Lokpal / Hemkunt Sarovar), at Ghangharia (Govind Dham), where it takes the name Bhyundar Ganga and which later joins the river Alaknanda at Govind Ghat. During the trekking from Ghangharia to the main valley in the Valley of Flowers, the path climbs steeply and the vegetation changes to tall massive conifers Abies pindrow, and Taxus baccata and the smell of decaying leaves of broad leaved mixed forest is replaced by the warm incense of resin. The lower forests up to 2100 m are full of insects while the upper forests are known for their silence. The villages of Pulna/Bhyundar and their establishments enroute and Ghangharia have been catering to the tourist needs, but in a haphazard manner, and the developments at Ghangharia are encroachments basically that came up in 1960-70s as the visitation started to grow up from just few hundred visitors.

3.3.3 Local Initiatives


The uniqueness of this area is that villagers are quite aware about the sensitivities of their region including the need of conservation. Forest officials with the help of local villages of Bhyundar/Pulna have established an EcoDevelopment Committee (EDC) since 2001 (as per the provisions of state governments Joint Forest Management guidelines and some funding assistance from The World Bank Forestry Project). Prior to EDC another local organization Youth Valley Development Committee (YVDC)/Yuvak Mandal was working for the cause since 1999 and provided dustbins, sign posts and facilitated solid waste

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cleaning along the path, apart from workers of Health Department and local Mahila Mandal members. EDC, Bhyundar is working as motivators to motivate the villagers and the tourists to keep the environment clean especially of Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region. With the help of the Forest department, EDC members organise slide shows informing the tourists about flora and fauna of the Valley of Flowers. NCC cadets have also worked in the area, as is evident from certain sign boards displayed by them for convenience of the tourists. Though the development along the trek path and Ghangharia did not happen in a regular manner, off late, the Forest officials of the region have brought sea change in the attitude of the local people, awareness about fragility, uniqueness of the environment, and some regularisations of establishment control in the form of Chaks and Chatties. There is a change in the way the area is viewed today. However, since the tourists in this region visit mostly for the pilgrimage purpose, and are very well aware of the sacred value of the destination, orientation to environmental education/awareness, protection and conservation is quite lacking.

3.3.4 Sanitation and Ecological Concerns: Limiting Factors


Several temporary toilets have been installed by the health department and recently by EDC. There are several temporary dustbins placed all along the path to Valley of Flowers as well as Hemkunt, though not at regular/frequent distances. The tourists use not all of these toilets and waste bins properly. Often the toilets are very dirty and many waste bins were found damaged. People carry plastic bottles and litter the same all along the path. On several occasions, these bottles are thrown into the valley / stream, by visitors and even some stall keepers. Visitors also throw the plastic wrappers of the foodstuff in the valley or on the way. There was plenty of solid waste littered on way to this pilgrim destination. Cheap quality plastic raincoats (which get easily torn during travel) used frequently by tourists to protect themselves and their luggage from rain, are also littered after use or when torn. EDC workers and sweepers collect the solid waste and bring it down to dumpsite at Govind Ghat covering a length of one km of trek path by the individual cleaning staff/sweeper. However, quite an amount of such waste is remaining to be collected that is stacked & dumped behind the Hemkunt Gurdwara Langar facility, and which slowly keeps falling & gets mixed with the Lakshman / Hem Ganga stream that emanates from the holy Hemkunt Sarovar. The sweepers collect non-biodegradable waste material only and sweep the biodegradable solid waste or mule excreta along sides of the trek path.

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3.3.5 Number of Tourists


The number of tourists each year to Hemkunt Sahib has grown and it exceeded in the study year (2003) to over three lakhs eighty eight thousand in the four months period from June to September. However, despite been made famous by the writings of Frank S Smythe, it seems that Valley of Flowers is still not popular enough to attract tourists. Those who are curious to visit, do so but only/hardly half way up to the glacier point (about just over 2km) due to the hectic/narrow & relatively steep pathway and risk of landslide along the entry path itself as the main valley starts only after 3 km point (Bamani Dhaur) and continues till another 2 km, accessible by a narrow (about 3 ft wide) bridle path. Though the valley extends further but is inaccessible for tourists due to lack of proper bridle path and spread of boulder debris ahead. Lack of shelter for visitors to stay for a while and to take rest or hide them from rain, which is very common every day in monsoon period (Jul. - Sep. are quite wet months), further prohibits visitors from frequenting the Valley of Flowers to the fullest extent.

3.3.6 Pollution Status


A lot of solid waste is produced by the tourists, either at the base of settlements or along the trek path. This is in the form of plastic bottles (mineral water or beverages), wrappers (toffees, chocolates, wafers, plastic carry bags etc.), which are frequently used by the tourists. Other than the packaged plastic products, the disposable cheap plastic raincoats are a major source of waste dumped on the way. People prefer these raincoats due to their cheap cost and easy availability. These are thrown away after use or when torn along the path itself or after reaching base establishments such as Ghangharia and Govind Ghat. The urinals remain very dirty as there are poorly designed and have poor arrangements to flush/clean them. The urinals are misused as toilets as there are insufficient arrangements for toilets. These render the urinals stinky and dirty forcing the following visitors to urinate anywhere and at places other than the designated ones. There is poor cleanliness in such toilets and they present a sorry state of tourism to the excited visitor venturing into the Valley of Flowers or on Hemkunt pilgrimage, not to mention the foreign tourist who is very cleanliness conscious. These toilets also do not have any septic tanks, and the effluent is disposed through underground waste pipes and flows down the slope. With nearly 4 lakh tourists, urine waste is a considerable enough to call management concern. It is also observed that pilgrims as well as Gurdwara staff urinating in river Lakshman / Hem Ganga instead of using the designated toilet facility at Hemkunt Sahib or washing using detergents in Lakshman / Hem Ganga.

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Mule excreta are another major problem on the face of this beautiful site. Though there is a routine, where the mule owners make their mule to urinate in between the trekking path or where the mules can rest and ease themselves, however it is not a friendly sight (where many a times the whole width of the path is covered by accumulated mule urine and one has to walk through it) and smell for the tourist who has come to enjoy the virginity of nature. The odour emerging from the mule excreta and urine is annoying. It is common all along the path as mules are companions to the tourists facilitating their journey. It becomes a necessary evil. On a common sense ground, the mule excreta is degradable and should not cause any harm, however, in a sensitive ecosystem as this one and with nearly 4 lakhs tourists per season, it assumes a dimension that calls for concern. There are no vehicles or source of noise pollution in the upper valley area beyond Govind Ghat. The sounds of nature can be heard in the VoF and surrounds. This itself is an indicator of near zero noise pollution. Noise pollution is a physical pollution, while odour pollution is a chemical pollution. There are a large number of tourists visiting Hemkunt site but the noise pollution models do not consider the noise from humans (pilgrims or curious tourists) or animals a cause of serious concern. The only sound (rarely) heard at Ghangharia is from the loudspeaker at Hemkunt Sahib shrine, as well as some sound is generated from the diesel generators used at Ghangharia / Hemkunt Sahib Gurdwaras. Analysis of Soil, Water & Air The soil and water samples were collected during September 2003 season from various places in and outside of the Valley of Flowers and Ghangharia, and were analysed. The soil analyses were undertaken to monitor extraordinary increase in pH, salinity, sodium levels, nitrates etc. It was also monitored to see if there is an alarming decrease in microbial biomass. The results are presented in the Tables 3.1 to 3.5 below. Table 3.1: Chemical Analysis of Soil Samples Sr. No . 1 2 3 Sample Site Bistoli Garh Composite sample S-1 PH
EC in s/cm

Na in ppm 8.97 11.26 9.17

K in ppm 11.48 8.92 6.39

Available Phosphate in g/gm 1.753 1.699 -

Nitrat e in ppm 0.378 -

MBC in g/gm 436.36 472.72 181.81

6.1 4.6 4.7

52.9 40.3 18.64

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Sr. No . 4 5 6

Sample Site S-2 Mule Excreta G-2

PH

EC in s/cm

Na in ppm 11.4 10.18 9.21

K in ppm 4.08 36.53 10.43

Available Phosphate in g/gm 0.73 16.89 16.27

Nitrat e in ppm 0.893 0.011

MBC in g/gm 181.81 763.63 181.81

4.5 7.3 6.6

22.3 160.9 39.9

Table 3.2: Chemical Analysis of Water Samples from various Sites Sr. Sample No . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TW-1 Bistoli Garh TW-2 G-2 Dev26 Lakshma n Ganga HW-1 HW-2 PH EC in s/c m
17.70 21.60 13.77 19.90 21.30 16.35

Cl in pp m
ND ND ND 97.4 ND ND

Fl in PO4 pp in m ppm
0.03 0.06 0.04 0.04 ND ND

NH 3 in pp m
ND ND

Total alkalinit y in ppm


10 20 10 10 20 20

Hardnes s in ppm
30 35 30 20 20 20

6.64 6.48 6.43 6.67 5.88

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND

6.37

6.46 17.21 7.0 13.18

0.21 ND

ND ND

10 10

25 30

Table 3.3: Primary Water Quality Criteria for designated Best Use Classes Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 PH EC PO4 Cl NH3 NO3 Total Hardness Parameter Water Quality 6.5 - 8.5 2250 ms 0.25 ppm 250 ppm 1.2 ppm 45 ppm 300 ppm CPCB India / IS 10500: 1991 IS 10500: 1991 CPCB India CPCB India IS 10500: 1991 IS 10500: 1991 IS 10500: 1991 IS 10500: 1991

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Table 3.4: Total Bacterial Counts from Water Samples of various Sites Sr. No . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S-1 S-1(II) S-II Garh V of 2 GPS-II (near stream) Mule excreta
Sample site

Total bacterial count in CFU per gm 7.0 x 104 2.6 x 105 2.0 x 105 1.6 x 106 4.0 x 105 9.0 x 106 2.9 x 108

Valley of Flowers GPS

Table 3.5: Total Bacterial Counts from Soil Samples of various Sites Sr. No . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pushpawati H.K.1 H.K.2 LXG LG1 G-2 TW1 TW2 DEV26(GPS) Pulna Sample Site Total bacterial count in CFU per gm 12.0 x 105 5.6 x 103 2.4 x 104 5.1 x 102 13.1 x 104 5.7 x 104 1.7 x 102 6.0 x 103 3.8 x 103 3.7 x 104

So far, the level of pollutants is found within the safe specified limits and the water was not found to be graded as polluted, though visible pollution in the form of plastic litter mixed with stream water can be observed at many locations enroute.

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The water analyses also indicate that the water quality is within the threshold limits (limits provided as per CPCB IS 10500: 1991). No alarming changes were observed in the soil. As is indicative of a rich forest site, the data indicate that the area is fertile enough to nourish natural vegetation. The Consultants team have monitored many other forest areas where the data are alarming and the sites can be classified as fragile, however, the VoF sites (six) where sampling was done are yet quite stable. Higher salinity or substantial decrease in microbial biomass would indicate a condition where the site may not be able to support its traditional vegetation. Dominating species/weeds start invading such site as the natural vegetation density alters. The indicators of soil data do not point to the direction that the soil is not able to nurture its traditional vegetation as at this stage. Soil samples collected from the Valley of Flowers and other places were found to be fertile enough to nourish wide variety of organisms. The microbial biomass of the mule excreta was quite high. Bhyundar Valley is in it self a sufficient natural unit that is fertile enough to nourish its vegetation. The air quality in the region is well within thresholds. The typical air pollution generating components like vehicles and very large generators are totally absent in the region. In absence of vehicular pollution and pollution by generators, the only other causes could be burning of wood or incineration etc. The area is well managed by the Forest Department, EDC volunteers etc in terms of uncontrolled burning of wood in the forest or burning of plastic. The air sample was analysed from the air sample brought from the site. It had SOx, NOx and Total suspended Particulate Matter far less than the threshold. These were rather negligible. Hence there is no problem of air pollution. Gas analysis is done by on-line monitoring thereby gases are absorbed in the solution viz. Tetrachloromercurate for SOx, and 0.1N NaOH for NOx. These gases get fixed in the solution and can be analyzed calorimetrically by using UV Vis Spectrophotometer. The method is universally adopted and approved by CPCB, India. For TSPM (Total Suspended Particulate Matter) filter paper number GF/A 2000 manufactured by Whatman is used. This is designed to adsorb most of the TSPM. Table 3.6 shows the standards for air quality approved by Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi and the air sampling results. Table 3.6: Standards for Air Quality Sr. No. 1 2 SOx NOx Parameter Threshold 80 ppm in ambient air 80 ppm Sampling Results Traces 10 ppm

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Sr. No. 3

Parameter TSPM

Threshold 150 ppm

Sampling Results Not detected

No SOx was detected as there are hardly any pollutants that will produce SOx. Minor quantity of NOx could have been produced by microbial and forest decomposition activity. It was a rainy period when the samples were taken, also there are few causes of production of particulate matter as there are no vehicles, no soot and hardly any wind turbulence. Pollution due to gases, noise, odours are minimal. Thus, no gaseous pollution was found in the area that may warrant and alarm even in the projected state as long as the current status is maintained. However, if the sources of pollution such as generator number increases (due to insufficient availability of electricity through micro-hydel means or non-restorability of electricity supply through grid), one has to monitor the gaseous pollution, as it will then become a critical factor. The Lichens that are indicator species were quite profuse in their growth; lichens are usually considered as indicators of air pollution. When air is polluted, lichens show the effect in the form of damages in their morphology.

3.4
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Identification of Ecological Factors Affecting the Area


Environmental Issues Biodiversity Issues & Conservation Strategy Conservation Status Pollution Issues Flora And Fauna Water Management Solid Waste Management Carrying Capacity Tourist Vista Points Special Issues Such as Health of Animals Capacity Building Developmental Issues Hazard Mitigation Plan & Safety Measures

The issues identified to be addressed as crucial to the area:

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3.1.1. Environmental Issues


The area cannot be called polluted from the yardstick of settlement effected pollution, as very few inhabitants are located here and the local management has also taken sufficient steps to guard that off. However, certain issues need immediate debate and remedial measures for the following reasons:

The area currently is and is being developed as a eco-tourist attraction When state of the art alternatives are available, this must be translated to this prime site of attraction as well as cultural heritage of Hemkunt destination.

The local management consists of: Local community institutions refer here include: EDC, Bhyundar and proposed EDC, Govind Ghat (already formed at the time of revision of this report), Van Panchayat, Gram Sabha, Mahila Mandal, Zila Panchayat, Department of Forest officials, District Administration, with assistance from other Local Community & Gurdwara Volunteers/Sevadars , Training staff, etc. Organic Debris

Organic debris is left due to tourism. The fact that the almost entire pilgrims eat at Hemkunt, Ghangharia, and Govind Ghat Gurdwara sites; a lot of waste that is mainly organic in nature is generated. This waste generated can be classified in the following categories: o Waste food normally dumped behind Langar halls. Kitchen drains have their outlets to river Lakshman Ganga (at Hemkunt), to an open pit behind utensil wash area within Govind Dham Gurdwara complex (at Ghangharia) and to river Alaknanda (at Govind Ghat).

This waste can be usefully employed for generation of energy and scientific disposal at the waste generating site/village sites itself. o Waste at toilets etc. This has been covered under Pollution category. o Waste left by tourists on trekking path. This waste is minor like fruit peels, litter of cooked food, biscuits, dry fruits carried by tourists, empty beverages tetra packs, empty paper cartons from shops or stalls etc. and is usually clubbed with other waste and is not separated for conversion. o Waste of mule excreta, which is a hazard as it emits a bad smell (odour pollution), is littered on the way and is swept and dumped on the sides, into the valley and the forest area along the trek path. A good portion of this would reach the rivers. Though decomposable, proper management of this debris can be a resource; and a relatively clean look can be provided to the visiting tourist. Mules cannot be prohibited as that is the only easy way for tourists who cannot walk

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through the route. (This aspect has also been covered under Pollution category). Plastic Waste

Plastic bottles, wrappers, rain coats, carry bags, storage bins and other waste generated mostly due to tourism, and some by local inhabitants. The mode of disposal, their quantum (would increase tremendously with increase in tourism), the current modes of piling at specific site and final disposal including utilization have to be addressed. (Suggestions for management have been given in Solid Waste Management Section 3.4.7).

Pollution Air Pollution

Air pollution is not a matter of concern in the valley. The ambient air quality is good and does not call for any immediate measures. There are no motor vehicles in the region. Power is provided by electricity either through main grid or through local micro-hydel scheme, but the supply is insufficient with low voltage. A few generators of large capacity (being used mainly by the three Gurdwaras) and some small 5 KVA capacities by in use by the local establishments were observed. Power supply should be improved so that people are discouraged from extensive use of diesel or kerosene fuel based generators. There are no major issues related to air pollution in the area except Odour pollution. It is major nuisance in the area. It is mainly due to mule activity and the same needs better management. There are no laws that govern the quality or quantity of odour pollution. However this mode of pollution is indeed a source of concern particularly for this area since it is a tourist area and also a pilgrimage area, which should be free of pollutants including odour pollution. Odour Pollution is a matter of serious concern. Odour emancipating from mule excreta and other waste is annoying. Suggestions have been given in other Section 3.4.4 to mitigate this problem. It is not a matter of concern in the valley. The tourists, so far, are disciplined in this respect as, majority of tourists are pilgrims (to Hemkunt) and naturalists (to Valley of Flowers). However, during peak season when, on an average 50 to 100 persons might visit Valley of Flowers in a day, it is reported that a cacophony of some visitors due to awe inspiring beauty may be of some concern to those who would prefer serenity and want to enjoy the
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Noise Pollution

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beauty in a much quieter way. Loud speakers are placed at Gurdwaras, this acts as a strength and inspiration for trekking pilgrims. This noise pollution is not found a major issue as the area has a large capacity to absorb this noise. Minor noise is generated by diesel generators as well. Water Pollution

This problem is not alarming as there is plenty of natural water yet, there are several issues observed that need attention. Almost all the pilgrims who visit Hemkunt Sahib carry the Sarovar water back home. When the water is revered and carries that importance, any pollution of water for use downstream even of the minor nature is alarming. o Drinking water system is unstructured. Even with such large and pure resources available in plenty, drinking water system needs to be better managed. Pipes carrying drinking water and wastewater have to be separated. The cold months do pose a major problem when pipes burst, and may need to be laid underneath or re-laid before next season. o These problems are compounded in areas like Hemkunt, Ghangharia and not particularly in Valley of Flowers.

A proper lay out plan of water supply system plan needs to be prepared. Special attention is to be paid to avoid wastewater and drinking water pipes getting closer to each other. The microbial load at several places was more than the standards provided. The increase is not alarming but needs care, as increase in number of tourists will compound this problem. Management of toilets/urinals is an immediate concern. People urinating openly and near water bodies especially, the stream originating from Hemkunt, which ultimately the Ghangharia & village settlement downstream use for drinking water has to be checked immediately. This can be done by providing more efficient urinals and toilets, as well as awareness education. People going to Hemkunt Sarovar should clean themselves before taking a dip. Though instructions exist, yet these are not followed. Urinals waste / kitchen waste / utensil wash waste should be managed so that the disposal does not mix with system openly. It is a major problem identified in the area. Suggestions have been given in Solid Waste Disposal section 3.4.7.

Plastic pollution

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Health Concerns

The stalls serving tea and snacks are not being managed as per standards expected at a prime tourist place. Though most of the items sold there are packed or bottled, yet a minimum standard of quality in terms of preparation of eatables like tea and coffee, cleanliness of utensils and serving cups, healthy handling of supplies etc. is expected. It is obligatory that the stall owners are trained and model canteens are set up so that, there is a choice for tourists, as well as, examples are set for healthy handling of eatables that takes care of health of tourists.

3.1.2. Biodiversity Issues & Conservation Strategy

The area has a variety of species that are endemic to the area. Many of these are endangered, at risk of exploitation and in the threatened category. The Division of Department of Forests, Joshimath (DFO), and Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve Authorities have taken good care and management is cognizant of the fact that there is no further depletion, however, this issue needs scientific inputs. Biodiversity is the real attraction for the Valley of Flowers and the Ecotourism in this region partially depends on this aspect (apart from the revered Hemkunt site attraction). National Bureau of Plant Genetics Resources (NBPGR) has undertaken surveys and has partially accessioned some of its biodiversity; however a complete accessioning with conservation objective would be an ideal proposition for the site. It is proposed to put up a shadow garden / demonstration nursery, which simulates species of Valley of Flowers at other sites nearby Ghangharia, and which will be a good demonstration of the biodiversity of the Valley. This demonstration nursery can be named as Germplasm Bank of Endangered Species of VoF (as suggested by Chief Wildlife Warden, Uttaranchal or be known by any other name by DoF as felt appropriate). Refer Section 6.2.2 under Chapter 6 on Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Development Plan for details of this proposal.

Biodiversity & its Accessioning

Germplasm Bank of Endangered Species of VoF (ex-situ conservation)

Educational Component

It is a principal of eco-tourism that there has to be good educational material support for the eco-tourist. Even when the tourist visits as a pilgrim and not an eco-tourist, he or she is mentally ready to imbibe information when exposed. Thus, this is an important component. Although there are efforts to

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initiate this activity through various means as listed below, much more needs to be undertaken: o Camps of NCC or other organisations - Here not only the cadets have been educated but they in turn have tried to educate others (However, the efforts are casual and not in a structured way; the signage displayed on rock surfaces are not aesthetically good). o The local organisations have been sensitised and educated. o Very few guides, who are also EDC, Bhyundar members have been trained and sensitised. More guides need to be trained for the purpose. (Yet published information, displays, slide shows, CDs and other forms of visual information like colour pamphlets/brochures/booklet, etc. will enhance the tourist activity as well as help in conservation). o There are displays of list of plants at the entrance of the valley displayed prominently.

A good garden has to be having an educational component. Though the names have been shown with the plants at the demonstration garden, we recommend a complete booklet (preferably in colour to have a good visual effect) that gives information about the plants, salient features, possible use, traditional uses and other information associated with the plants, conservation status and efforts made by the Authority to conserve, multiply and promote the concerned plants. This is cardinal to the concept of ecotourism. Forest Department has listed the names of the species that occur in the area, however these could be displayed more aesthetically, with colourful booklets, brochures and pictures that can be sold at commercial scale. The products can be supplemented with CDs, Floppies, Film strips, not of pictures only but information generated on scientific lines and for all target audiences such as schools, colleges, amateurs, entrepreneurs and professionals. The brochures, CDs and other forms of educational material should cover as much information as possible, including the controversial issues like that of control of dominating species as mentioned earlier. Currently, some population studies have been undertaken by Dr C. P. Kala and others through research programs of the Ministry of Environment & Forests as well as through independent efforts of Universities and institutes. Many of these works have been published too. However as proposed, a multi-institutional sponsored program that will provide convincing solutions followed by brain storming meeting to reach a consensus based on scientific evidence and hypothesis.

Population Studies

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A population study has to be undertaken where population of the concerned plants in the Valley are studied with indices of distribution so that evaluations can be made from time to time about their status and remedial measures can be taken. This will be useful for eco-tourism as well as for conservation of the site. The studies already in progress should be promoted and supported. However, it is recommended that instead of solitary studies, a co-ordinated effort should be made involving more than one institutions and brain storming meetings be organised to chalk out the plan of study and establish milestones. Issues of dominating specie growth should be debated and tackled with the best of expertise available in the country. The dominating species have to be defined into various categories: 1. Plants of the region that have overgrown in proportion and assumed weedy growth as compared to a situation few years ago when grazing was permitted in the region. These plants belong to the local population and the ecosystem and thus are in tune with the local environment. These are not detrimental to growth of the other plants unless these overgrow the smaller and less dominant species. These plants have to be managed so that the sustainability of the system is maintained. The controversial issue if these plants are weedy or not needs attention and scientific assessment. The issue was discussed at length in brain storming meetings organised during the course of this study by inviting experts on the subject area. There were opinions that these plants grow big only when associated plants have flowered and seeded and hence these are not weedy. It was opined that earlier this aspect was noticed and it is only now that we are observing this and hence it is not an issue. There have been no studies on if these plants are weedy, what species have been suppressed by these dominating plants, if at all. Others pointed out that these plants only grow on the fences and margins and hence it appears that the whole are has been taken over by them, but once one gets deeper into the valley, the situation is different. However others opine that these dominating species have grown all over and need to be addressed. Actions to remove these species by up rooting were stopped since that can cause erosion and do more harm than good. Moreover, such species are dominant and come up again vigorously once the area is cleared. Efforts were done to prune these species to reduce their impact.

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Refer Section 6.2.1 of conservation plan on flora and fauna of the study region. 2. Dominating species that do not belong to the region and ecosystem but have crept into the ecosystem. These are dangerous and harmful species and/or weeds. Ecologists are aware of Parthenium hysterophorus and Lantana weeds. Lantana has taken over lower hills and is spreading into higher altitudes. Cuscuta europaea specie has been reported from the region. References of other weeds have also been cited in this report. These weeds need immediate check and studies for the reasons for their emergence need to be undertaken. Tourists carry food items and other belongings, which are not quarantined. It is not practically possible to quarantine all the belongings and food items carried into the region but awareness of the problems can lead to partial check. Also early detection, monitoring and reporting of such incidence can lead to appropriate studies and remedial measures. Many times introduction of such weeds is due to change in ecology of the region, which automatically invites weeds. For example, complete denudation of the land, disturbance due to activities such as road construction etc. invites other plants that are weedy as these are vigorous and compete with the locals and take over. There are no such major disturbances, however caution must be taken while constructing new roads and paths when excavation or removal of topsoil is undertaken. This is one reason why there should be no up rooting of the existing plants even when these assume weedy growth. 3. The third category is of certain plants that may increase in number due to managed ecosystem where grazing or other disturbances are checked. Certain plants may grow in number or density. This may happen at the cost of others plants whose density or abundance may decrease. No such studies have been undertaken at the valley sites. Also even if minor changes of this category take place, it should be left to the ecosystem to adjust and manage and human intervention may not be good unless it is supported by long-term field studies based on population analyses and population dynamics studies.

3.1.3. Conservation Status

Medium to long-term conservation of seeds or propagules of all the species must be ensured. Some of the species are being multiplied in tissue culture or

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other modes at Almora, High Altitude Centre Garhwal and other institutes. These should be promoted. However, it is a crucial point to note that there are varietal differences in the plants and Valley enjoys a unique position. Plants obtained from valley should be multiplied and restored when and where necessary. This will come under the Global Strategy for Conservation of Endangered or threatened species; and several from the valley fall in this category. In certain cases, the plant species as such may not be threatened, as the same species exist at other places in Kashmir etc. However the genotypes and phenotypes that valley supports are unique and must be conserved either in-situ or ex-situ (as proposed above in the form of Germplasm bank / demonstration nursery near the Valley of Flowers site at Ghangharia or other possible sites).

Listing of species that are threatened, endangered, or extinct in the region with respect to their distribution in the country (similar habitats in Himalayas) or in the world should be undertaken and published. There have been efforts by Himalayan Institute and others to raise in-vitro cultures of some of the endangered species. Such species and studies have to be recorded and made use of in Conservation strategies. National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknow has launched a program on Investing in Nature where Botanical Gardens are developing a mandate to conserve the -dwindling diversity. Nearly 31 species are listed in literature that are endangered or threatened in VOFNP. It calls for immediate assessment of the diversity. Studies should be undertaken to assess the -dwindling diversity and measures taken to counter the same. Currently several institutions like that at Almora, Wild Life Institute of India, H. N. Bahuguna University and others are undertaking laboratory studies yet the following arrangement in a structured and planned way should be initiated; Accessioning of diversity with IC (Indian Collection) numbers Listing of endangered and threatened species with references from red data book (international as well as regional prepared by BSI though Ministry of Environment and Forests). Outsourcing information and protocols from existing institutions on invitro culture status of plants of Valley of Flowers (H. N. Bahuguna University has several thousands of Pycrorhiza plants). Getting endangered plants cultured in large number by providing mother plants from Valley of Flowers area and not sources from other places.

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Reintroduction of cultured plants in the areas where depleted following population biology protocols and principals. Development of Germplasm Bank / Demonstration Nursery Undertaking population studies to assess the role of dominating species and endangered species Undertaking studies on grazing and impacts.

Locals and migratory pastoral communities often view the Alpine meadows as important grazing resources. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve authorities have taken this issue seriously and are managing the problem. However institutional studies to monitor the impact will find better answers to the vexed problem. This may appear controversial but once accessioning has been done, plants have been multiplied in sufficient numbers in nurseries outside Valley, these can also be provided to concerned institutes and industry for developing products and processes so that bio-prospecting can be ensured. Mere conservation without development will not lead to economic development. Protection of geographical site preference of Valley of Flowers should be protected from IPR exploitation. It may be stated here that Basmati rice has been patented with minor modifications. Many have patented Vedas term. Similarly protection of the site under geographical site protection may be useful in the long run. As pointed out earlier, the varieties or chemovars or ecotypes of Valley be identified and highlighted so that tourist can appreciate the uniqueness of the Valley or adjacent areas. Literature search, opinion of the experts, scientific examination can be undertaken to arrive at this uniqueness with authentication. The official VoF web site and other means information must highlight the conservation status of the Valley and adjacent areas.

IPR & Bio-prospecting

3.1.4. Pollution Issues


Issues

There are nearly 4 lakh tourists visiting Hemkunt and taking a dip in the Holy waters. Water pollution need to be addressed. The facilities for natural calls of the tourists are insufficient and need further inputs. The number of tourists to Valley is still below optimal and the issue of their being supra optimal was not observed at this stage. (The current numbers of

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tourists to Valley of Flowers is too small as compared to similar facilities at other places in the world; looking to the importance of the education available at the site, population of the country, and interest in biodiversity of the nation, prospects of ecotourism in the region, potential to revenue that can be generated by way of ecotourism; and number of tourists that go to Hemkunt and not visit Valley of Flowers)

Pressure of tourists in the lower areas was supra optimal looking to the facilities available on the way. There are no issues of air pollution as the management has taken good precaution, there is no pressure of petroleum use, and the area enjoys natural vastness to accommodate minor pressures. There is no pressure of sound pollution. Odour pollution is a concern and must be addressed to as apart from nuisance, the cause can also be a health concern.

A study was made of water quality at Hemkunt site. No major pollutants were observed in the water as sampled from various sites and the results are discussed in earlier sections (refer Tables 3.2 - 3.4 in earlier section).

Facilities for urinals and toilets are a matter of concern. Urinating near the water bodies or sites frequented by other persons can be a health hazard apart from visual pollution. The current urinals are tin funnels that get stinky from frequent use and poor cleanliness. Unmanaged disposal is a serious concern as water pipes cross the village sites and often these are not managed properly and get infection from the urinals and latrines. Several of such points were observed which could be the possible source of infection for the villagers and unprepared visitors. Poor hygiene at the site compels the tourists to carry water bottles, as they cannot depend upon the natural water otherwise available in plenty at the sites. The stalls serving tea and snacks are not being managed as per standards expected at a prime tourist place. Though most of the items sold there are packed or bottled, yet a minimum standard of quality in terms of preparation of eatables like tea and coffee, cleanliness of utensils and serving cups, healthy handling of supplies etc. is expected. It is obligatory that the stall owners are trained and model canteens are set up so that there is a choice for tourists as well as examples is set for healthy handling of eatables that takes care of health of tourists. Mule excreta are a very prominent source of pollution. Though there are arrangements for its cleaning by the sweepers arranged by local authorities but the arrangement neither reduces odour pollution nor is ecologically
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sustainable since all the dried or mulled excreta is thrown all around the natural forest. A protected forest in the true sense should be least disturbed. However, 800-1000 odd mules excreta is sprayed along the trek path and establishments in the Bhyundar valley and rivers for good four-five months.

It is an expensive suggestion to collect all the excreta yet it is a resource that is rich in organic matter. It can be utilised as manure in the nearby agriculture fields if collected and processed. It is strongly recommended since it is causing odour pollution and a nuisance on the way where tourist is trekking. Since it is not practically possible to train mules to leave excreta at specified points (although designated rest points with disposal pits may be planned), a scheme of incentives may have to be introduced where the sweepers or mule owners are encouraged to collect excreta along the trek path and deposit at designated sites. These sites should have arrangement for vermi-composting or manuring. This fertiliser can be utilised in the proposed gardens or agriculture fields. Help of local community volunteers may have to be sought. Management of mule excreta will solve ecological disturbance, odour pollution, excreta trashed on the trek path, and utilisation of organic resource.

3.1.5. Flora and Fauna


As per the conservationists and forests officials, the biodiversity of valley including more than 521 vascular plant species out of which 499 are flowering species, is under threat. Recent efforts of the Department of Forests have created great awareness among locals as well as visitors yet the ecosystem is fragile and needs conservation measures. Issue of Dominating Species/Weeds The issue of occurrence of dominating species has often been debated. There are contradicting reports that protection of grazing causes occurrence of such species. On the other hand naturalists argue that the weed the critics are pointing out is a part of natural vegetation and is not limiting the growth of species; and is thus not endangering any of the species. Dr. C. P. Kala who has surveyed the area and is studying for the last several years claims that he has not observed loss of any species due to the so called weeds. This issue was discussed in the brain storming sessions specially convened for this study. It was suggested that the growth of dominating species comes up after the species have flowered and thus does not shadow the species in its vicinity. Moreover the dominating specie of Polygonum polystachyum grows only on the sides of the valley and not all over the valley. It looks very prominent because of its tallness, however is not overtaking the entire valley. The critics propose that controlled grazing should be allowed to keep such dominating species in check,

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otherwise there is a risk, they believe, that near extinct plants may have their resurgence. It is recommended that grazing may not be allowed and this aspect be studied in the form of sponsored project in a multi institutional mode since it is not difficult to observe the spread of a dominating specie and the dangers it may cause in a controlled study. The Dominating Species Polygonum polystachyum and pinkish Impatiens sulcata take over the parts of valley in the month of September. These species are supposed to suppress the growth of other flowering species. Polygonum polystachyum, which is commonly called, as Saran tends to suppress some of flowering herbs and hinders a good view of the flowers. Polygonum grows mostly at an elevation of 3,300-3,500 m on disturbed habitats such as eroded slopes, boulder areas, avalanche prone areas and fragmented tree line zones. Flowering plants, on the other hand, dominate stable undulating areas and slopes. From the views of guides and earlier researchers the mode of dispersion of seed is quite unique and if not disturbed, remain as such on its location forever. Details of the vegetation in the Park as falling under various zones are described earlier in Chapter 2.

The Tree-line
This is the most prominent ecological boundary in the Himalayas where the subalpine forests terminate. The forests below tree line are classified as under sub alpine forests of Betula utilis and Rhododendron campanulantum. The sub-alpine forests have been further divided into western Himalayan sub-alpine birch-fir forests (Betula Abies) and eastern Himalayan sub-alpine forests (Champion & Seth, 1968). Generally the fir birch community develops on the morainic environs while the birch rhododendron community comes mainly on the rocky substrates. The alpine meadows develop mainly on the smooth and stable slopes between 3500-4500 m above MSL. A large number of herbaceous communities e.g. Potentillageranium, Cortia-Ranunculus, Kobresia Carex etc.develop in the alpine region depending upon the stability of the slopes, soil depth, biotic pressure and exposure. The meadow vegetation is quite often a mixture of stunted, much branched, tufted herbs and shrubs spreading close to the ground and forming matted cushions with deep penetrating rootstocks and perennial underground stems. The continuous herbaceous vegetation is interrupted only by outcrops of rocks, mountain streams, marshlands or other terrain types. This compact and herbaceous vegetation does not continue beyond 4500 + 100 m above MSL as it is replaced by more xerophytic communities such as members of Crassulaceae, Saxifragaceae, lichens, and mosses.

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Alpine meadows are locally known as `Bugyal in Garhwal and Kumaon regions of Uttaranchal. These areas are well known for their scenic beauty, floral diversity and repositories of a number of valuable medicinal herbs. Apart from the flowering, alpine meadows also include the wild variety of nonflowering ones such as Osmundaterm clatoniana. Apart from these there are several ferns, lichens, fungi and algal species that also need intensive study, inventorisation, digitisation, and conservation. A few studies exist on the ecology of alpine meadows in the areas adjacent to the Indian Himalayas. Prompted by these needs, Wildlife Institute of India (WII) conducted an ecological study in the Valley of Flowers National Park (VOFNP) and adjoining, areas of Garhwal Himalayas. The National park status of the Valley of Flowers grants total protection to the area and provides an opportunity to collect the base line data on the various attributes of alpine vegetation, which can be monitored on the long-term basis to see the effect of protection. Climatic Zone Sub-alpine Lower alpine Higher alpine Altitude Range 2800 - 3800 m 3525 - 3800 m 3880 - 4650 m Soil pH Acidic Acidic Acidic Species Diversity Index 3.23 2.86 1.88

Source: Wild life Institute of India, August 1998(Report: RR-98/003)


The alpine meadows in the Valley of Flowers appear to be more diverse. Right from the start of trekking from the Ghangharia to the valley the forest is covered with tree species such as Acer indicuum, Pinus species, Taxus baccata, Betula species. Grazing Livestock grazing although has been banned already but some researchers justify grazing practice. They claim grazing as an essential part to maintain species diversity. However, livestock grazing and its impact on alpine meadows of Valley of Flowers has been a subject of considerable debate among ecologists. It has been reported that livestock grazing may encourage the growth and distribution of certain species including dominating and less desirable herbs. Grazing animals affect plant communities in several interrelated ways, including plant defoliation, nutrient removal and redistribution through excreta and mechanical impacts on soil and diversity through trampling.

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During recent years some authors opined that live stock grazing is necessary to maintain the floral diversity in alpine areas because it suppresses the over growth of a few opportunistic herbs such as Osmenda claytoniana, Impatiens sulcata and Polygonum polystachyum. Department of Forests once initiated uprooting the dominating species like Polygonum polystachyum, but soon it was stopped because the roots of this herb go deep inside the soil and act as a good soil binder, and uprooting these could lead to soil erosion. Since then National Park authorities are trying to suppress this herb from selected areas by cutting the grass to restrict its growth. Tourists also damage some plants by trampling and otherwise like, by plucking to collect as souvenir or so as observed by the consultants during the site visits. Thus, education of the tourists to sensitise them to the environemtn is the best remedy. Wild life (Valley of Flower-Hemkunt Region) The National Park is full of faunal diversity. Himalayan pit viper and cobras are some of the reptiles that can be seen frequently. Himalayan Bear are common; leopard is also sometimes observed; and it is suggested not to go any where at night because evening is the time of maximum wild life movement. Environmental Awareness and Education Tourism as such may not pose any direct impact on the Ecology of Valley of flowers. There is no need to reduce the number of tourists visiting the valley at present, rather they should be given awareness as it is a means of education, vacation, income for locals and necessary part of civilisation. However, this should be managed in a controlled/regulated manner for handling the visitation load in the Valley of Flowers & through proposed Germplasm Bank / Demonstration Nursery reducing future pressure on the Valley. The Nature Interpretation Centre at Ghangharia is run by the trained guides and the workers of EDC (Eco-Development Committee) who inform the interested tourists by showing slide show presentation. However, a better equipped and innovative centres and systems need to be developed and tourists should also be educated about the protection and conservation issues.

3.1.6. Water Management


Water is in plenty in the region and as such this should not be an issue, however, two aspects are worth consideration:

Maintaining the status of water in the region, & Making clean water available to the tourists. Pollution of water by visiting tourists by throwing solid waste
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Pollution of water due to release of human and animal waste into streams such as toilets waste drained off without processing; animal waste let off without management etc. Polluting Hemkunt Sarovar water by bathing without washing, releasing waste by way of cleaning clothes, utensils, mixing of stacked solid waste behind Langar facility, etc. which subsequently affects Lakshman / Hem Ganga that emanates from the Sarovar.

Details of these aspects have been covered under various sections. Management of urine and toilet waste of about 4 lakh visitors camping at various sites (refer Table 2.4 in Chapter 2 for details of number of tourists visiting the region), regular staff at Gurdwaras, villagers of Pulna, Ghangharia and Bhyundar and other floating population of various establishments including mule owners, and that of about 800-1000 mules is an identified area that needs attention. Similarly drinking water needs of all these people have to be addressed in such a way that tourists should be able to get clean drinking water (with a purity confidence) at the sites rather than to carry drinking water bottles from the base camps (and then in turn litter the plastic bottles on the way). Refer Environment Management Plan for wastewater - Sec 5.2.5 for details of recommendations.

3.1.7. Solid Waste Management


There are several issues related to solid waste management pointed out in the report above. Following measures are proposed. Existing Solid Waste Management System Refer section 2.11.4 in Chapter 2 for the description of the existing scenario of the Solid Waste Management in the region. Solid Waste Management Main Concerns How to dispose of the significant amount of non-biodegradable waste already collected and brought down at Govind Ghat till Jul 2003, and which further continued to litter till the closure of this season? How to collect the non-biodegradable waste that is littered but not collected during the tourist season and which got accumulated including that littered in the early month of Oct 2003 after the EDC services for cleaning the path was stopped by end of Sep 2003? How to improve inadequate remuneration, supporting infrastructure, etc. offered currently to the cleaning staff? Can all the tourist traffic of which the religious tourism is anyway expected to have a majority share be charged, say a nominal/total/per visit ecodevelopment fee per person at the 1 km point EDC Check-post after Govind
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Ghat for trekking enroute to Ghangharia-Hemkunt Sahib and staying at Ghangharia? Definition of clear roles of various agencies working in this area henceforth like, EDC, Mahila Mandal, Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust, Department of Forest, Van Panchayat, Gram Sabha, Department of Forests, Department of Tourism, etc.?

Valley of Flowers Some of the tourists/visitors and peoples perception reports that in the recent years there are fewer flowers and that species diversity is decreased in the valley of flowers. In the absence of quantitative data from the past studies it is not possible to infer whether species diversity has increased or decreased after the declaration of the park and resultant ban on livestock grazing since 1982. The issue of control of growth of dominating species (like Polygonum polystachyum, Impatiens sulcata, etc.) or its removal is still a sensitive subject. Proper environmental orientation / eco-awareness amongst all those who visit is also an issue w.r.t. the protection of the natural heritage and proper solid waste disposal. Hemkunt Lake & Shrine Each year, the four-month yatra to Sri Hemkunt Sahib brings more than 3-4 lakhs people to the Bhyundar Valley. Along with these visitors come some serious environmental impacts to this remote mountainous region. Refer Environment Management Plan for solid waste management: Sec 5.2.4 for details of recommendations on the same.

3.1.8. Carrying Capacity


Carrying capacity depends upon the resource available, number of consumers dependent upon the resource and capacity of the system to replace the lost resources. In this case, both water and space are in plenty in the region, however, the fragility of biodiversity is the concern. Valley of Flowers The area currently available for tourists is very limited and all the components of this spot are precious. Any trampling, removal or damage is limiting to the system. Not that the system is not capable of replenishing it but the replenishment of the lost species is usually not with the same and similar species but usually with more aggressive and competitive species. In such a case, the structure of the community will be different if the lost components (species in this case) are continuously replaced by dominating species or components or associations different from the natural or original ones. Already there is a concern of growth of dominating species due to restrictions on grazing. There is a debate on if grazing should be allowed as in past so that the such species are kept in check. However, we strongly feel that grazing will also
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remove other components that are rare and may be lost with grazing or trampling due to grazing activity. Even trampling and plucking of flora by tourists may be detrimental. Thus, tourists path need to be defined with movements restricted. Number of tourists has increased as compared to previous years. The growth of domestic tourists had been 63% in 2003, however it is observed very limited (nearly 1.17 % in 2002 and 1.63 % in 2003) number of persons visiting Hemkunt Sahib visit Valley of Flowers. A 10 sq.km area of the main valley that is visible cannot stand lakhs of tourists moving on a limited pathway space of 0.6 ha / 1.5 acres in a small season of four months. Its carrying capacities dont permit that. The physical space for tourists to move around in the Valley of Flowers is limited and higher the number, more chances of damage to the precious biodiversity components. At present the numbers of tourists visiting the Valley of Flowers are quite below the carrying capacity and these numbers can be increased by proper management and education as elaborated in other sections of this report. Kindly refer Chapter 6 for further details. Hemkunt Sarovar This site has nearly four lakh visitors in a season. This site is somewhat better managed in terms of organisation of space for Gurdwara, bathing area, toilets, Langar facility, etc. Details of these impacts have been discussed in other chapters. Refer Chapter 6 for details.

3.1.9. Tourist Vista Points

Vista points be developed which are clean, have sitting space, give a good look of the landscape, have telescopes, arrangements for digital photography (may be on cost) and have detailed educational information. This place can also be used to educate on the efforts of the management to keep the area clean and other notices. Cost for such services can be fixed on no profit-no loss basis. Calculating the possible number of users, depreciation costs etc., the local authorities can fix cost per shot. Normally it should not exceed Rs. 5 so that it remains attractive to use this facility. Usually hill stations have telescopes installed at such points to visit far off peaks etc. Refer Chapter 6 & 8 for details of proposals on Vista Points.

3.1.10.Health of Animals
Mules in the region are not healthy, are sick, several die per year as per the observations during this study.

Mule diet is not balanced and they are fed only to get work.

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Their diet must include sufficient fibre, green and should be balanced. Arrangement to grow green fodder and providing the same is to be made. This will avoid unmanaged grazing and give good health to the mule. The mule operators buy green or dry grass from contractors who get contract to cut grass from the wild and sell. Health check of mules should be mandatory. Sick mule is not allowed to ply in the area. Mule Stand in the area is full of their urine and filth. Healthy clean areas for mule be developed. This is also important for health of the persons who use mules, sit on them, and touch the mules. Mule urine, particularly at trained urinating spots be collected in pits and cleaned by passing the urine through cleaning tanks containing gravel, sand or as recommended for such cleaning. This will reduce the risk of urine contaminating water bodies and soil in the area. Two temporary structure - Veterinary clinics should be provided in the tourists season, one each at Ghangharia and Govind Ghat keeping in mind the large number (800 to 1000) mules operating in the region. This number may increase as the tourist number increases.

3.1.11.Capacity Building
It is very essential to develop education centres that are run by locals. These centres should be equipped, have organised training where scientific information is provided in simpler language and resources be provided for continuous education and training to local community members, EDC members, Mahila Mandals, mule operators, establishment owners, etc. Initially a batch of local community members/stakeholders can be trained by the Department of Forests and the Department of Tourism, at the Centre for Eco-tourism and Sustainable Livelihoods, Chunakhan (Ramnagar) under Department of Forests or fully equipped interpretation facility at the office of the DFO, Joshimath. NGOs working in Uttaranchal state can be invited to train these locals/share their experiences from time to time, along with the Defence Authorities, Forest Staff, etc. who can train for the requirements /preparation for emergency response & rescue system. Refer section 6.4.1 under Chapter 6 and Chapter 9 for details.

3.1.12.Development Issues
Development of Toilet Clusters It is very essential to develop toilet clusters and individual toilet facilities. The yardstick is that any place where more than 25 persons are supposed to stay at a given time must have a toilet. These structures are critical at Hemkunt Sahib, all

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rest places, rest/guest houses and village sites. Details have been given in relevant sections under Chapters 6 - 8. Facilities at Ghangharia This place is an important settlement. It must have all necessary facilities in terms of health care, toilet facilities, market, medicines, animal health care (veterinary) centre, information on environment regulations, biodiversity conservation centre, tourist information, souvenirs etc. Mule Sheds This point has also been detailed in Chapters 6-8. Mules that are about 800-1000 in number in a peak season is a good enough number to have proper sheds with sanitation facilities, mule waste collection centre etc. Rest/Rain Shelters These are just spots at present and do not facilitate the tourist. Shelters where more than 15-20 persons can rest or protect themselves from rain, and shelter with toilet facilities should be developed at regular intervals, say nearly every 1 to 1-1/2 km of the trek path. There may be very few such but smaller shelters within Valley of Flowers till 3 km point of difficult terrain. These can be combined with tea stalls/kiosk clusters (excluding in Valley of Flowers area). Tea stalls Clean and large tea stalls or canteen at planned clusters should be developed, as has been developed at Vaishno Devi site. These canteens should have clean food, proper washing facility, toilet, rest area where people can also eat from their own eatables (carried by them), waste disposal arrangement, waste compressing arrangement etc. These are important requirements and many tourists measure the facilities from availability of eating-places. These should also carry fixed prices displayed properly, have healthy food, ecological sustainable packing, degradable supplies (as far as possible), filtered water so that people can rely on the quality of water and need not carry their bottles. These can function as resource centres with education, displays about things they are going to visit, dos and donts. Upgradation of Trek Path The trek path definitely needs improvement. In the Valley of Flowers, people were seen walking over plants since the trek path was not clear and demarcated. The trek path in VoF has to be upgraded/relayed wherever required in dry stone kharanja including the surface of vista points clearly demarcating the area of movement. Similarly, the trek path has to be widened/ugraded with cement concrete (1:2:4) and with side railing protections in rest of the trek route. It

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should also have proper displays through standardised signages (that blend with the environment) and not casual writings about facilities ahead, toilet sites, site for disposing waste, compression sites, dos and donts, etc. Parking The facilities of parking at Govind Ghat base camp are not adequate. Proper facilities need to be developed so that tourist comes with a confidence and there is an order even in small details. Development of Demonstration Gardens Need for demonstration gardens / Germplasm bank to reduce pressure (act as a more resilient site/area) on Valley of Flowers, help conserve bio-diversity, help in better education (even to those who dont go to Valley of Flowers and visit only Hemkunt), research, etc. are suggested. This will become an interpretation point. It can be used for education of the tourists. Interpretation is a major pout in eco-tourism. Managers of eco tourism sometimes omit this important requirement of interpretation. A termite mound can be seen and appreciated as such but an interpretation note on its age and its properties can help disseminate the information. It can also be used to convey biodiversity information. The same cannot be done at the original VoF, were even pitting a sign board will go against sustainability. If the site is developed at a relatively convenient site where more tourists can be encouraged, it will help cover higher numbers to educate pilgrims about biodiversity without pressurising VoF area. The suggestion is to support education about VoF. It is our duty and commitment to educate people, in this case, pilgrims on Biodiversity, provide an alternative venue which not only serves conservation but education. We are committed to educate people on biodiversity. People travel miles to see museums, on the other hand, this site becomes a favoured spot as many tourists are visiting this site and to avoid the general religious segment (who are not serious eco-tourists) from disturbing the Valley. Also, need to combine horticulture with tourism is advocated. This will give additional revenue and vocation to the locals particularly in off seasons. This will also help in eco-tourism. However all such activities have to be state of art, organic and need based. There is a great scope for cultivation of medicinal plants, ornamental plants, dehydration of plants to develop the same as souvenir, etc.

3.1.13.Hazard Mitigation Plan & Safety Measures


The Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region is prone to landslides, avalanche, etc. Moreover it falls in the higher range of Seismic Zones as well. Refer Chapter 9 for details on Hazard Mitigation Plan.

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4. ECO-TOURISM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY


This chapter details the eco-tourism development strategy for the proposed developments in the Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt region.

4.1

Emerging Issues

The major emerging issues are summarised below in the Table 4.1 to arrive at an ecotourism development strategy.

Table 4.1: Major Emerging Issues in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt


Sr. No. Issue Type Issue / Impact VALLEY OF FLOWERS 1 Ecological Issues 2 Development Related Spread of dominating specie Polygonum polystachyum Growth of other dominating plant species like, Impatiens sulcata, other weeds, etc. Risk of reduction in flora and medicinal plants Illegal removal of ripe plant seeds/ biomass/ medicinal herbs by members local community immediately after the tourist season No proper trek trail after 5 km No smaller trails to flowering patches & elevated rock points and to reach the same visitors trample the vegetation No signage to indicate way for Ms. Legges Grave/old Helipad (as reported) No safety railings where trek /trail path is very steep Limited Nature Interpretation signages No Warning (like, landslides) signages Wrong Siting of Toilets & Improper Design No Proper View Points No Rain Shelters-cum-Rest Sheds Waste collection bins are neither easily evident nor attractive No proper bridges on smaller streams in the beginning of the trek like over Gushadhar Garh, and in the main valley like, over Dev Mangri Garh and Bistoli Garh No bridge on river Pushpawati near main valley to access the other areas of the main valley (e.g. Nag Tal area) where Mr. Smythe had camped during his detailed study of the Valley of Flowers.

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Sr. No. 3

Issue Type Tourists Related Plucking of flowers

Issue / Impact

Littering waste (incl. non-biodegradable waste) Dirtying the temporary urinal toilets with human excreta Creation of cacophony and noise by some of the visitors (reports of such noise observed in past) which disturbs those who want quite solitude while enjoying the beauty of Valley of Flowers Trampling the plants/flower species to access natural view points/rocks for view and rest to enjoy the beauty of Valley of Flowers Defacing of tree trunks/rocks by engraved writing/writing in paint Damaging whatever waste bins are currently provided Vandalising Ms. Legges grave, and this has already destroyed the original grave stone as commemorated by Ms. Legges sister in 1941 No Warnings/ Compulsory Orientation of Tourists, porters, etc. No Proper System to check safe return of all tourists Not many trained guides/nature interpreters available Strict patrolling is difficult after tourist season is over / during extreme winters HEMKUNT SAHIB COMPLEX

Management Related

Ecological Issues

Pollution of Lakshman/Hem Ganga stream at Hemkunt Sahib through wastes from kitchen, other solid waste, detergents, nonbiodegradable wastes, sacks stacked behind Langar hall, and activities like urinating by the visitors and Gurdwara staff. Plucking of Brahmakamal (Sassurea obvallata) a high altitude flower of Himalayas, for puja/after Nandashtami. Use of diesel generator at Hemkunt Sahib Gurdwara complex (about 100 litres of diesel fuel is consumed every alternate day in the extremely cold weather, while the micro-hydel plant capacity at Hemkunt becomes insufficient Toilets Facility not in hygienic condition for visitors No community Toilet Facility for mule operators/porters/palki carriers No proper Shower/Changing facility for men and women near the Hemkunt Sarovar with the message/signages to orient visitors to take shower before and after taking dip in the Hemkunt Sarovar to maintain hygiene or safety of bathing areas No bio-degradable solid/kitchen & utensil wash waste disposal mechanism Non bio-degradable waste is stacked in sacks behind the Langar hall, which with wind breeze keep falling in the Lakshman /

Development Related

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Issue Type

Issue / Impact Hem Ganga stream channel below No Safe Drinking Water Facility No proper Mule Sheds No Rain Shelters-cum-Rest Sheds No visibly attractive, turntable, easy to use Waste Bins Lack of Nature Interpretation signages No Telecommunication Facilities Plucking of Brahmakamal flowers at Hemkunt Littering waste (incl. non-biodegradable waste) Dirtying the temporary urinal toilets with human excreta Urinating in the Lakshman / Hem Ganga stream No Safety Warnings/ Compulsory Orientation of Tourists to take shower before and after taking dip in the Hemkunt Sarovar to maintain hygiene and safety of bathing areas Lack of life guards in case of emergency of a visitor drowning in the Hemkunt Sarovar (instances of deaths have been reported in past) No Proper System to check safe return of all tourists Not many trained guides/nature interpreters available Strict patrolling is difficult after tourist season is over / during extreme winters

Tourists Related

Management Related

GOVIND GHAT - HEMKUNT TREK ROUTE 1 Ecological Issues Much lesser vegetation/flowering species remains along in the beginning till Pulna as well as later in many stretches of the trek path Mule excreta is normally swept to the sides of the path, while urine remains on the trek path or flows down the slopes without any soak pit filtration Human waste including urine from temporary toilets gets disposed directly along the slopes Poor Condition of Trekking trails/path Safety railings are provided at bare minimum locations and missing at places where path is very steep Mules path and trekkers path are same Paths full of mule excreta at most of the places and urine at some places No proper Mule Sheds Fodder available only at Govind Ghat (brought from Ramnagar/Haldwani markets) and at Ghangharia (bought from local contractors who get the same from local villagers with rights to cut and sell grazing grass from Van Panchayat lands)

2 Development Related

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Issue Type

Issue / Impact No proper Toilets/Soak Pits & Improper Design/Mechanism for disposal No Safe Drinking Water Facility Lack of high quality restaurants/dhabas/stalls enroute No aesthetics/pleasing architecture of the structure enroute No Rain Shelters-cum-rest sheds (tea stalls/dhabas premises provide places of rest) No Visibly Attractive , turntable, easy to use Waste Bins No Telecommunication Facilities No Directional/ Informatory signages No Warning (like landslides/avalanche) signages Shabbily painted eco-awareness signages over rocks Damaged provisions of electricity supply through grid Littering especially Plastics all through the trekking path Damaging whatever waste bins are currently provided Defacing of tree trunks/rocks by engraved writing/writing in paint Plucking of Brahmakamal flowers enroute to Hemkunt Dirtying the temporary urinal toilets with human excreta No Emergency Response System GHANGHARIA BASE SETTLEMENT

Tourists Related

Management Related

Ecological Issues

Destruction of valuable trees for Construction leading to receding tree line at Ghangharia Use of diesel generator at Govind Dham Gurdwara complex (about 300 litres of diesel fuel is consumed every alternate day). Other establishments also use small 5 KVA generators as the electricity supply is reported to be insufficient from the Ghangharia micro-hydel plant Poor Condition of Trekking trail/path within the Ghangharia settlement Mules path and trekkers path same, paths full of mule excreta No proper Mule Sheds Lack of high quality Accommodation & Restaurant facilities No aesthetics/pleasing architecture of the structure in the settlement No proper Community Toilets for mule operators/ porters/palki carriers No Safe Drinking Water Facility No Visibly Attractive, turntable, easy to use Waste Bins

Development Related

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Issue Type

Issue / Impact No Directional/ Informatory signages Insufficient Telecommunication Facilities No bio-degradable solid/kitchen & utensil wash waste disposal mechanism Insufficient electricity Littering especially Plastics along the trek path in Ghangharia Improper self-behaviour in a public location as the limited telecommunication facilities have heavy load at Ghangharia Most of the establishments in Ghangharia are encroachments. The structures have been constructed in a haphazard manner along the 8-10 ft. wide trek path in Ghangharia settlement No Warnings/ Compulsory Orientation of Tourists towards environmental conservation and safety No Emergency Response System, however some free treatment/patient beds is possible in the Gurdwara dispensary or on payment in Government dispensary (for which the additional patient beds facility is provided in Gurdwara complex). GOVIND GHAT BASE SETTLEMENT

Tourists Related Management Related

Ecological Issues

The non-biodegradable and bio-degradable solid waste is observed finding its way directly to river Alaknanda and polluting the same About more than 4000 sacks of non-biodegradable waste collected from the entire trek path during the study season (2003) was still piled up near the Govind Ghat Forest Rest House Impact of blasting in the nearby mountain slopes to widen the roads and parking Use of diesel generator at Govind Dham Gurdwara complex. About 200-250 litres of diesel fuel is consumed every day here. Other establishments also use small 5 KVA generators as the electricity supply is reported to be insufficient from the grid Insufficient Parking Facility arrangements especially during peak season Lack of high quality Accommodation & Restaurant facilities No aesthetics/pleasing architecture of the structure in the settlement No proper Mule Sheds No proper Community Toilets for mule operators/ porters/palki carriers Lack of Proper Drinking Water Facility Lack of proper Toilet Facility (the one near the Main Parking Facility is not yet operational)

Development Related

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Issue Type

Issue / Impact Insufficient Telecommunication Facilities Government Dispensary building is still not operational No Visibly Attractive , turntable, easy to use Waste Bins No Directional/ Informatory signages Lack of trained guides/nature interpreters No bio-degradable solid/kitchen & utensil wash waste disposal mechanism Insufficient electricity Littering especially Plastics along the trek path in Govind Ghat During the study in 2003 Govind Ghat was maintained by Zila Panchayat, and recently in 2004 EDC, Govind Ghat has become functional No Compulsory Orientation of Tourists at the start of trek from Govind Ghat towards environmental conservation and safety No Registration of Mules/ Structure of Operation/Control over what is charged by the mule operators/porters/palki carriers During an emergency, some free treatment is possible in the Gurdwara dispensary or on payment in local clinics. Gurdwara provides free ambulance services. GENERAL ISSUES

3 4

Tourists Related Management Related

Management Issues

Registration of Services (like guides, mule operators etc) and Eco-certification Management of Religious Tourism at this destination. VoFHemkunt region has limited capacity it could handle in the 4 month season, hence a guideline required on this. This should be part of a larger religious tourism policy that the Govt of Uttaranchal State need to develop.

4.2

The Development Considerations

The Development Strategy takes into consideration the environmental, social, economic and administrative aspects of the region that create either opportunities or constraints for the development of tourism and defines the macro-level policy. The Tourism Development Strategy emphasises on:

developing Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt destination in a sustainable manner, and

region as a quality eco-tourist

developing tourism to ensure the overall development of the region.

The following principles underpin the Tourism Strategy for Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt region as outlined below.

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4.2.1 Conservation of the Environment


Tourism needs to be sustainable. Any long-term diversification strategy requires careful consideration of the environmental and social effects, such a strategy will have on the amenity of the area. Tourism is not different in this respect than any other industry.

Conservation of Environment

If eco-tourism is to thrive in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region, it is essential to consider the impact on the environment, while suggesting developments to be planned ones and ensuring that the tourist visitation is regulated. This is one of the most important considerations given the ecological sensitivity of the region.

Categorisation of Areas & Eco-certification of Services

To plan the development of the region, the tourist destinations should be categorised into activity zones. Also different identity should be maintained for the zones/ clusters along the trek path and at the destination. Hierarchy of environmentally sensitive and least development spaces need to be maintained like inside Valley, not any new physical development to take place. All these structures for the cluster facilities should be temporary in nature and which should be disassembled and stored after the tourist season is over in early Oct. and re-assembled just before June when the tourism begins, every year. However, a few GI sheet structures at Ghangharia (like toilets for labour community, cheap dormitory accommodation, health acre/veterinary clinic, etc.) within the area of land pooling may not necessarily be required to be dismantled. The service providers should be registered and attempt should be made to certify eco-tourism products/services they offer. The eco-certification should be a result of participatory process involving local community and community-based organisations (e.g. EDC), tourism business, NGOs, government departments (e.g. Forests and Tourism), etc. To start with, the International Eco-tourism Standards (IES) may be followed to get a basis for assessing baseline environmental management performance standards for eco-tourism products & recognising the best practices. The eco-certification is expected to help in the following ways: Provide tangible benefits to tourism service providers & means for tourists to choose freely. Provide tangible benefits to the local community and to conserve the nature and culture. Sets minimum standards and encourages best practices. Recognises establishments for technical/financial assistance. Provides motivation for continual improvement both of the service/product or firm certified.
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Conservation of Cultural Heritage Formulation of Development Plans

The local community culture should be carefully protected and showcased.

A tourist destination should have attractions, good facilities, infrastructure, accessibility, information availability and hospitality. These aspects need to be developed for a site to become a tourist destination especially by tourist facilitation. These are described subsequently.

Standards for Maintenance of Environmental Balance

The implementation of standards for the planning, layout, and design of pathways, accommodation or facilities will optimally blend these developments with the surroundings and minimise any degradation of the environment. This should be done keeping in mind the sensitive environment of Valley of FlowersHemkunt region and it being part of a Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) as well.

Formulating Circuits

As there are lots of tourist destinations outside the region and nearby, potential of developing circuits with Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt belt needs to be explored. This would help in attracting more tourists to Valley of FlowersHemkunt region and increasing their duration of stay. Circuit(s) should be developed in a way that tourists can choose the circuits they want to visit depending on the duration of their stay.

4.2.2 Boost to the Economy


Employment for Locals.
Tourism is a service industry. When travelling to sensitive natural areas, the responsibility of improving the welfare of the local people is as important as conserving the environment, from the perspective of eco-tourism. Training locals and providing incentives to the local community for entrepreneurship would meet this requirement. The locals should also be provided platform for exhibition and sales of their craft produce, orchard produce, running stalls, etc.

4.2.3 Unique Selling Proposition


Tourism is about uniqueness and attractiveness of the destination.

Market Positioning Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt region already have unique attractiveness.

The region positions itself as a specific religious tourism segment as well as a high quality eco-tourist destination. This would position itself well with an advantage in the target segment.

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Perspective Vision for Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt regions Tourism Development Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt region needs to develop a vision for its tourism development from a long-term perspective. This perspective vision would envisage the overall developments for making Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt region an ideal and sought after eco-tourist destination.

4.2.4 Quality Experience


Tourism is also about quality experience. Creation of a High-quality Product Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt regions speciality is in its natural resources. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a mechanism to ensure that good quality services are offered to tourists. Hence, with the creation of brand equity for the product, a high-quality product will have to be created which is environmentally sensitive and community driven from the eco-tourism point of view. The provision of a quality experience requires very fundamental attention right from the basics itself, whether it is the quality of infrastructure that is durable*/safe/hygienic/well presented, quality of food, quality of linen/cleanliness or tourist friendly behaviour/assistance. Tourism industry is highly sensitive toward quality of products being offered.

4.3

Development Strategy
Tourist Facilitation in a Visitor Experience Enhancement Objective Conservation of Nature with Community-based Tourism

The Eco-Tourism Development Strategy is two sided:

For example, when concreting the trek path, using rounded pebbles/aggregates is one of the fundamental causes (apart from actual mix ratio followed, consistency, curing, etc.) which does not provide adequate binding properties, thus leading to quick damage to the concrete surface with regular use by the pedestrians & mules, as could be easily observed from the trek paths where such upgradation had been undertaken earlier. 5-163

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Management Options
The various management options which the consultants have analysed for the ecotourism management plan of Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt are:

Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) Visitor Impact Management (VIM) Management by Objectives (MBO) Benefits-Based Management (BBM)

Limits of Acceptable Change Model Limits of Acceptable Change model has been adopted for analysing the various development alternatives and in the decision making process for the sustainable development of the region. The 9 steps to LAC process as illustrated in Exhibit 4.1 are: Exhibit 4.1: Limits of Acceptable Change Model

1. Identify area issues and concerns 2. Define and describe opportunity class

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3. Select indicators of resource and social conditions 4. Inventory of existing resource and social conditions 5. Specify standards for resource and social indicators for each opportunity class

6. Identify alternate opportunity class allocations reflecting area issues and existing socio-economic conditions
7. Identify management actions for each alternative 8. Evaluate and select a preferred alternative 9. Implement actions and monitor conditions.

4.4

Objectives and Management of NDBR & VOFNP

The development strategy takes into consideration the NDBR and VOFNP guidelines, which are detailed below: Principle & Objectives of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve In India, 12 Biosphere Reserves have been formed of which the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve is the second one in India formed in 1988, the first one being Nilgiri. It is also the oldest reserve in the Himalayas with a basic objective of maintenance & conservation of social, ecological, anthropological, cultural, and religious heritage of the whole area and the respects the national/international objectives as well. The Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve has identified the following objectives for its functioning: To ensure the conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species, and genetic variations not only in the two core areas but also in the buffer and transition zone areas. To encourage the traditional resource use systems in the buffer area. To promote at the local level, economic development which is culturally, socially, and ecologically sustainable. To develop the strategies leading to improvement and management of natural resources in the buffer area. To provide support for research, monitoring, education and information exchange related to local, national, and global issues of conservation and development. Sharing of knowledge generated by research through site-specific training and education.

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Development of community spirit in the management of natural resources, keeping alive the traditional knowledge and experience. Encourage community owned/based tourism in the buffer area in general and also in the core areas (in a very restricted and regulated way).

Aim of Popularising Eco-tourism in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve As discussed earlier in Chapter 1, eco-tourism refers to ecologically sound tourism that seeks to balance the goal of biodiversity conservation with culturally sensitive, community-based tourism. It is thus by and of the people and encourages a decentralised tourism that does not require much infrastructure development. The aim of the eco-tourism activity in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) will therefore be to achieve the following basic objectives: Increase environmental awareness of hosts and visitors such that it results in a clean and green environment. Provide the visitors full information about Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, its significance and importance in the regional, national, and international context. Give the visitor an enjoyable and safe visitor experience through a strategic approach to visitor management consistent with protection and promotion of Reserves values, while maintain the privacy. Make a positive contribution to conservation of nature, natural, and cultural resources and stimulate private conservation efforts. Promote local development and sharing of economic benefits in a fair manner at national, regional, and local levels. Empower local communities to manage eco-tourism and generate incentives for conservation through alternate and additional livelihood options. Provide management support fees to the local committees like EcoDevelopment Committee (EDC) and where these committees are yet to be formed in those villages the Mahila Mandal/Yuvak Mandal who take the responsibility of the eco-tourism in the areas, which are situated nearby their village or for those areas in whose route their village falls. Give rise to employment generation for the local employed youths. Through eco-tourism activity all the infrastructures and private houses, which are not being gainfully used throughout the year, can be used for this activity and in return it gives some economic benefit to the owner.

For achieving the above mentioned objectives and for practising all the inherent principles of eco-tourism, the NDBR management has plans/taken various steps

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and has devised & implements rules/regulations/code of conduct for visitors/dos & donts for visitors, controlled access to National Parks, site planning improvement of quality of visitor experience, etc. Objectives of Valley of Flowers National Park

The objectives of the Valley of Flowers National Park are:


Though there are many valley of flowers reported in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, but it is the Valley of Flowers that is located ahead of Ghangharia along river Pushpawati surrounded by many peaks, which offers much more natural beauty and rare bio-diversity. Medicinal herbs and rare gene pool need to be conserved. Address the issues of sustenance of people residing in this area, to find their dependence other than on forests and forest produce. Portraying Valley of Flowers as tourism attraction magnet for the overall Nanda Devi Biosphere Eco-Tourism Zone. To ensure that the eco-sensitivity and abundant beauty of Valley of Flower is not endangered, and which has also been nominated as a World Heritage Site, awaiting UN recognition.

Current Management of Valley of Flowers National Park

The management of the Valley of Flowers National Park by the Department of Forests has been based on the following objectives and considerations:
Keeping control on the extent and wide spread growth of the fast growing and pioneering flowering herb the Polygonum polystachyum. Development and upkeep of the trek route within the tourism zone of the park. Maintenance of the park and keeping it free from any kind of polluting material. Providing impetus to the tourism and providing local employment. Strict control on illicit removal of herbs and on poaching. Infrastructure development.

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The habitat management works and other patrolling and related works are carried out from the funds received under management of Parks and Sanctuaries from the Department of Forests every year.

5. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN


This chapter discusses the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for various factors like Spatial Development, Products and Services, Waste Management, Water & Waste Water, Sanitation, Energy, Air & Noise Pollution, Environment Orientation, Monitoring, etc.

5.1

Environmental Management Plan - An Overview

Environment Management Plan (EMP) is an action plan prepared to ensure that the recommendations for enhancing positive impacts and limiting/preventing negative environmental impacts are implemented during the life cycle of a project. Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region presents a unique scenario with rich, yet highly sensitive environment on one side and two distinct seasonal tourism attractions on the other. Only about 2% of the visitors to the region are hardcore environment lovers, hence there is a need for a structured and institutionalised Environment Management Plan so that the other 98% of the visitors could also be partners in the development of responsible, environment friendly tourism in the region. A sustainable eco-tourism master plan is critical to ensure overall environment improvement in the region. This master plan was developed and is planned to be implemented in collaboration with all the stakeholders in a participatory manner. Environment criteria is being incorporated into the master plan in terms of land use, planning, building and construction, facility operation, solid waste management, tourist facilitation, protected area management, visitor management, etc. The master plan also emphasizes creation of environmental awareness among the visitors, the host community, and other stakeholders that support the tourism like mule operators, porters, Gurdwara staff, etc. as one of the most important sub-aspects of the overall environmental management in the study region.

5.1.1 Objectives of EMP


The objectives of preparing an EMP for the Eco-Tourism Plan of Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt region are: To set out the mitigation measures and environmental specifications which are required to be implemented for all phases of the project in order to

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minimise the extent of environmental impacts, to manage environmental impacts and where possible to improve the condition of the environment To provide management solutions to improve the environmental status To develop the region through participatory management involving the local host community.

5.1.2 Methodology
An Environment Management System (EMS) helps to evaluate, manage and reduce the environment impacts of the development measures by providing a methodology to integrate environment management into tourism operations in a systematic manner. The steps involved in the same are:

Conduct an Environment Status Review to identify all resource characteristics, inputs and outputs particularly on the pollution front Establish environment objectives Implement EMS through an environment management programme Establish environment procedures performance monitoring and data collection

Internal environment communication, delegation and training Environment-related communication to visitors.

Refer to Chapter 3 for the Environment Status Review and Environmental Impact of Tourism. An environment management programme for tourism typically consists of the following action areas:

Reducing waste output & managing solid waste Purchasing environment-friendly products Reducing water use and wastewater output Lowering energy consumption Lowering air and noise pollution Internal communication, delegation and training to local stakeholders Environment education/orientation to visitors Monitoring and documenting the changes.

The Environment Management Plan is structured across EMP for Spatial Development, EMP for Products and Services, EMP for Waste Management, EMP for Water & Waste Water, EMP for Energy, EMP for Air & Noise Pollution, Environment Orientation and Environment Monitoring.

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5.2

EMP for Spatial Development

Spatial Management is a critical area in ensuring sustainable environment management. This is particularly true about the project region as it is widely spread from Govind Ghat to Ghangharia and to Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt with varying conditions, topography and sensitivities. Hierarchy of environmentally sensitive and development oriented sub regions is identified and environment management measures suggested specific to each sub region with respect to spatial development. The 5 sub-regions identified for specific strategies are: Valley of Flowers Hemkunt Sahib and Ghangharia-Hemkunt Stretch Govind Ghat to Ghangharia Ghangharia Govind Ghat

The Environment Management Plan for Spatial Development covers the following:

EMP for Land Management EMP for Built-up EMP for Construction of Roads/Parking/Trek Paths

5.2.1 EMP for Land Management


The guidelines for land management in the sub regions are: Valley of Flowers

Maintain Spatial Spread of Flora and Fauna Retain most of the existing paths, make minimum inpaths (the only one being the path to Ms. Legges grave site) No change in the land use pattern from the entry gate onwards.

Hemkunt Belt

Highly sensitive geology, hence not to be disturbed, no cutting of rocks for amenity development with minimal cutting may be undertaken for trek path widening. Essential tourist facilitation services to be provided enroute Hemkunt with minimal impacts on environment.

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Better spatial management at Hemkunt. Clusters of tourist facilities to be developed enroute Ghangharia and Hemkunt at optimum intervals subject to availability of land. Minimal cutting may be undertaken for trek path widening Minimal disturbance to the agricultural land use of the settlements (avoid the agricultural land conversion for creation of any support infrastructure and minimise land conversion for ferry parking at Pulna if the road from Govind Ghat to Pulna is built) Land organisation and regulation of development for better experience to tourists No new land to brought under construction Land organisation for increase of parking and other facilities Minimal disturbance to the agricultural land use of the settlement.

Govind Ghat to Ghangharia


Ghangharia

Govind Ghat

Refer Chapters 6,7 & 8 for details of proposals at the above regions.

5.2.2 EMP for Built-up


Sustainable design involves buildings that need fewer natural resources and materials to build, occupy and maintain, and are more comfortable and healthy to live and work in. In the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region, this impact is significant in terms of its disturbance to topography, vegetation, use of materials, resource depletion, etc as part of the National Park as well as Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. Tourism service buildings need to be regularly repaired and refurbished due to the intensity of use, varying extreme climatic conditions and seasonality of usage, and which involves further impacts. Site Selection Site selection is the first step in the sustainable design process. The site must be compatible with the purpose of the proposed development and be suitable for building. A multi-disciplinary approach with input from planners, ecologists, architects, construction engineers and environment specialists tried to determine the appropriateness of the sites for enroute and other base settlements development. Site selection for any physical development was examined taking into consideration the following factors:

Ecological characteristics of the site

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o Geology of the site o Rate of soil erosion and if soils are stable enough for building o How fragile and valuable is the topography o Extent of disturbance to environment o Present and planned land use.

Special Socio-Cultural Significance of the site Is the site of cultural, religious or archaeological significance? Will there be social conflicts if the land is used for the proposed development? To what extent can existing structures be preserved and enhanced by the proposed development?

Alternate Land Use Given the ecological and cultural significance of the site, should it be used for the proposed development? Advantages and Disadvantages of the site vis a vis other alternatives How will future land-use plans for the areas surrounding the site influence the proposed development?

Is the site near existing infrastructure such as roads, power lines, water supply and waste disposal sites? This question is crucial to determine the multiplier impacts. If the site is remote from existing infrastructure, what will be the impacts of extending essential infrastructure to it? Can the proposed development be built as a self-contained unit in terms of water, energy and waste disposal?

What is the state of the environment of the site? o Waste Management status o Presence of any sensitive vegetation o Does the vegetation on the site show any signs of stress?

The amenity clusters are recommended at distances, which have relative availability of land/ better siting prospects with minimal environmental impacts. Building Placement Once the site is identified and ways to minimise environment impacts analysed, the placement of the building assumes significance.

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o They need to be placed responding to the tourist travelling path. o Placing should take advantage of natural land formations. o The building might be terraced to suit natural grading patterns, rather than having the site flattened and levelled. o They can be placed to maximise aesthetic views, but still provide privacy and security, if required even on stilts. The exteriors of this stilt component shall be painted in dark green to blend with the environment. o Some pucca/permanent structures may be allowed at the Govind Ghat settlement for tourism purpose, while most of the structures proposed would be temporary structures at Hemkunt, Ghangharia, Bhyundar, Pulna, Govind Ghat and along entire trek route. Along the trek route only slope roofed temporary structures with corrugated GI sheet roof & wall all painted in dark green would be permitted. All these structures would be disassembled at the end of tourist season and can be kept in EDC Stores at Ghangharia, Bhyundar and Pulna and would be reassembled before the next tourist season. o No permanent construction shall be permitted beyond Govind Ghat till Valley of Flowers/Hemkunt Sahib (except the requirements of the village community developed on its village land). Tourism Amenities Consideration is given to providing visitors, the opportunity of optimising the visual attributes of the scenic landscape. This is proposed to be achieved through the establishment of view sites and visitor information centres at strategic locations along the route. Refer Chapter 8 for details on the number, location and type of these sites along the travel path within the region. 5.2.3 EMP for Construction of Roads / Parking / Trek Paths / Ropeway Direct impact of road projects results from construction, maintenance and traffic use. The most significant construction-related impacts are those related to clearing, grading or roadbed construction, loss of vegetative cover, foreclosure of other land uses, modifications of natural drainage patterns, soil erosion, air pollution, changes in groundwater elevation, and interference with movements of wildlife. Socio-economic benefits provided by the road include all-weather reliability, improved access to markets for local produce and products, access to new employment centres, employment of local workers on the project itself, better access to health care and other social services and strengthening of local economics.

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The development proposals on accessibility and movement pattern broadly cover motorising the road from Govind Ghat till Pulna, subject to a detailed techno/socio-environment feasibility and improvement to trek paths throughout by possible widening and overlaying the existing path with cement concrete surface (in a similar way as already planned in PWD proposals), drainage, safety measures, etc. Installation of an aerial ropeway from Govind Ghat till Kanjila (near Ghangharia) has been considered by the NDBR as an alternative to the 12.5 km trek portion. An initial examination into by Consultants showed that the project is not feasible (Refer Chapter 8 for details of same). However, a detailed techno-economic as well as socio-environment feasibility study have been proposed before arriving at a final conclusion. Certain aspects have been suggested to be weighed by the government for the feasibility study, as discussed in Chapter 8. If found plausible in consideration of the technical expectations and the containment of the environmental impact, the feasibility study need to be followed with a detailed project report (DPR) that would explore the technology options. Such design report would be dependent on alignment, slope length, vertical rise and fall, span distance, capacity, wind performance, terminal/angle points also based on alignment, architecture, etc. It would also determine specifications for safety/rescue/emergency response mechanism, which are necessary. It would also include the geological feasibility, availability of power/accessibility for ropeway construction & construction modes (i.e. either using helicopters or creating a parallel material ropeway for carrying construction material). The environmental impacts would also be necessary to be known apart for the requirement of diversion of Reserve Forest Land & Van Panchayat Land (created out of Reserve Forests) for setting up of ropeway system (poles, terminal/intermediate points & other related utilities, rescue evacuation access paths/space), like impact on species of flora for which this valley is famous, disturbance to fauna, air/water/noise pollution during the construction (with relatively longer duration of construction period), air/noise pollution near the terminal/intermediate points during operation due to use diesel generator sets and the capacity/power of ropeway drives, etc. Refer Chapter 8 for details of transportation proposals. The various issues that could arise at various stages and the mitigative measures for the same are as follows: Earthworks and Layerworks As far as possible, steep or unstable slopes as well as areas of high erosion potential identified along the route should be avoided in determining the final road alignment, as well as the location of any toll plazas, eco-fee counters, access/haul roads, construction camps and borrow pits/quarries.

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Extensive cuts into side slopes should be avoided as far as possible since these cuts are difficult to rehabilitate naturally and can be visible from great distances. Spoil from cut areas should be used in the construction of the road (where appropriate), for the in-filling of existing erosion gulleys, or in the rehabilitation of borrow pit sites. Spoil Areas Where possible, spoil sites should be identified and approved during the design phase. In determining the appropriate location of these spoil areas, cognisance must be taken of sensitive and no-go areas, particularly within the new sections of the route. Spoil areas should not negatively affect surface drainage, nor should they alter the topography to the extent that they become visually intrusive. Spoil areas must be re-vegetated and rehabilitated. Site Camps The final design of the road must include the appropriate siting of all construction camps (i.e. site camps and worker accommodation camps, where required). In determining the location of these construction camps, cognisance must be taken of sensitive and no-go areas, particularly within the new sections of the route. It is proposed that all the site camps will be to temporary construction only without much clearing of land.

Drainage from the Road Surface Effective storm water control measures are required in the design of the road and should be installed and maintained along the road route throughout the life cycle of the project in order to minimise potential impacts on hydrological systems. The proposed road, as well as access/haul roads should be designed such that surface water reaching the road from upslope areas is contained and dispersed in erosion proof channels, and allowed to discharge slowly and naturally. Storm water flow detention should, however, be provided where positive drainage is required, and where the presence of the new road will increase natural (existing) flows by more than 10%. The effect of the road may include the catchment area of any cutting or embankment as well as additional catchment areas intercepted by the road. This must be determined during the design phase. Drainage under/across the Road

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In designing culverts along the proposed route, it must be ensured that drainage systems are kept as natural as possible. Natural drainage should be retained, and normal flow ensured at all times. Erosion Control Measures The road design should include appropriate erosion control measures in order to reduce flow velocities to prevent the loss of topsoil. In addition, drainage systems should be kept as natural as possible, and no erosion should occur at the storm water inlet point of rivers/streams. The terminal stations, angle points/towers should have proper foundations and properly embanked in case of ropeway installation if the project takes off at a future date. Cut and Fill Slopes Slopes should be cut to gradients that will ensure stability, as indicated by a full slope stability analysis. Areas in which such an analysis will be required must be defined and specified in the detailed design stage. All new cut and fill forms should be rounded on the edges to allow them to blend with the surrounding landforms, and should, as far as possible, reflect the natural form of the landscape to reduce visual intrusiveness. Slopes with a constant gradient from top to bottom and across the face must avoid the so-called butter-knife cut. Cut slopes must be self-sustaining. Where it is necessary to use retaining structures or gabions they must be designed to minimise visual intrusiveness. In areas where the road intersects ridges or spurs, the exposed rock face and soil must be stepped back in a manner that mimics natural rock faces as far as possible. Cut and fill slopes will be minimised. Access across the Road Though not much chances of provision in the route, if at all access across the road is required to be provided for communities, landowners and/or livestock, it should be done without excessively hindering the current movement patterns. Safety Features Trek path design and road design (if built till Pulna) should include safety features such as fencing of the road reserve, appropriate signage, guardrails/stone masonry barriers/ CC Pillar barriers, etc. along the entire length of the route. In addition, lighting and traffic calming measures (such as solar powered/electric - traffic signages/amber lights or stop streets) should be provided. No tourist traffic movement will be permitted beyond 8 pm in PulnaGovind Ghat stretch and beyond 7.00 pm on other stretches (while returning to Ghangharia). Dust Control Management Measures

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Appropriate dust control management practices and procedures must be defined during the design phase to ensure the effective suppression of dust during all future activities. The road shoulder on both sides should be made pucca (CC or rough tarred sub base) to avoid damage to the road edges and as well as any opportunity for open ground shoulder to generate dust. Dust control measures should also be adopted when constructing the ropeway terminal and angle points / towers (if the project takes off at a future date). Noise Impact Management Measures Road/Parking/Trek Path widening/Ropeway construction (if found feasible) with any blasting activity and use of heavy machinery creating noise should only be taken up in the tourism off-season periods. Post-construction additional plantation activities (of the local species) should be taken along the path/hill slopes for improving the stability of slopes, increasing the green cover as well which acts as a noise/pollution absorbent. Visual Quality Site-specific management measures may disturb areas or natural features in the immediate vicinity that might have a high or unique visual quality.

5.3

EMP for Products and Services

Environment management programme is proposed for purchasing environmentally preferable products and services as well. Along with waste management, purchasing is an easy and visible area to start environment action. Using environmentally preferable products demonstrates the regions commitment to environment, tourists, and it helps avoid and reduce waste. The objectives are:

Implement environmental purchasing policies Give preference to environmentally certified products and those with ecofriendly packaging Give preference to stronger, longer-lasting products Invite suppliers to suggest environment-preferable alternatives Make efforts to reduce paper and other office materials

In the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region the following management action points are proposed: Ban on sale of raincoats made of cheap plastics Presently the raincoats being sold are made of cheap plastics (Rs.10-20 per piece) and are a major contributing factor to the non bio-degradable waste spread throughout the region. Instead, it is proposed that rain coats of good quality be made available on rent (with security deposit of Rs. 250/- which would be
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refunded on returning the rain coat and showing the receipt, and Rs. 10/- can be deducted as service charges to clean for reuse). To discourage any idea of not returning the raincoats, the raincoats could be specially procured with the Valley of Flowers and Sri Hemkunt Sahib logos embossed on the front and message of Keep Valley of Flowers Hemkunt Region Clean printed at the back. These could be on sale also for those interested in buying them. Ban on use of Cheap Plastic Bags Eco-labels are of particular interest given the nature of tourism and the region. Visitors can deposit any cheap plastic/polythene carry bags and can avail the facility of Carry Bags/Hand Bags woven out of Ringal grass/Jute bags (jute may be procured from outside but bags shall be crafted by the local community) to carry lighter belongings/food items. It is advised that local trade community/ EDCs/ local management may work out the actual amount of security deposits based on the procurement costs, service charges, and any penalty charges in built for loss/damage, at the time of implementation of the above proposals.

5.4

EMP for Waste Management

Waste Management is one of the most critical areas in the total Environmental Management Plan. The waste generated in the region is dealt with in the environment status review. This can now be used to identify products that can be: Replaced with alternatives, which avoid waste or generate less waste Reused for the same or another purpose Sorted and collected for recycling under waste recycling schemes / incineration Used for longer periods.

Waste management follows the following hierarchy: 1. Avoid 2. Reduce 3. Reuse 4. Recycle The recommendations are:

On an average a trekker consumes about 2 litres of water a day, and if this is packaged mineral water then it means 2 bottles of plastic waste generated every day and if he/she stays 3 days in this region it means 6 plastic bottles discarded. In addition there is the question of cost. 6 bottles of mineral water

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at an average cost of Rs. 15-20 per bottle in this Govind Ghat to Hemkunt trek region would cost 100 rupees, and so money goes out of the region to further down to plains. While boiled and filtered water may cost a fraction of this and iodine may cost about Rs. 15-20, which is enough to purify 50 litres of water. So, the money saved by an individual/ family/ group could instead be spent on souvenirs/ handicrafts/ local produce made/grown by the local host community, thus contributing to their economy. Hence, tourists should be encouraged to use more environmentally sound methods of treating eater such as iodine for carrying potable water or use boiled and filtered water from local establishments/stalls, and for which these local establishments/stalls should be encouraged to make such an arrangement of providing potable water. Wherever, electricity is available the local establishments may also install water-purifying arrangements like Aquaguard, etc., if centrally treated water supply is not available.

The solid waste compression equipment units are placed at several points in Govind Ghat, Ghangharia, Hemkunt and at other village sites such as Pulna as well. It is proposed to provide 1 waste compression equipment unit each at Govind Ghat, Ghangharia, Pulna and Hemkunt site. The waste may also be sorted at these locations as required for plastic waste disposal or organic waste composting. Waste collection area is managed more scientifically with arrangements for stacking the compressed bags in Iron Cage pits that can be easily assembled, maintained, facilitate easy removal, and contain some 50 sacks or more. Iron cages were preferred from the plastic cages from the perspective overall durability. Plastic mesh cages are susceptible to get damaged as they would get brittle in open over time and may also get burnt in accidental fires, if somebody throws a lighted match stick or cigarette/beedi. The MS iron cage pit will be made of mesh with 2 x 2 holes with MS angles on the corners/sides to provide support. The size of the cage pit will be 4 m long x 1m wide x 1 m high. The cage will be kept on a 1 m high platform of masonry in such a way that on one side the bottom of the cage is at level with ground so that the person can walk to the level of the cage and lower the bags into the container, while on the other side, the cage will have a window of the size of 3 ft. x 2 ft. at the bottom of the cage and at 1 m above the ground level so that the sacks/bags can be easily taken out and put on the kandis/any other holding arrangement tied to mules. The gradient of the land has to be such that on one side it is nearly 1 m high as compared to the lower side or else to facilitate loading on higher side, steps/earth or stone filled ramp can be created. Once sack can contain about 70-80 compressed - plastic bottles/other wastes weighing about 3 - 4 kg. Refer details of locations of such waste collection cages in Chapter 6, 7, & 8.
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An Incinerator is already planned to treat the waste at Govind Ghat (in no case the location of the incinerator be shifted up in the valley towards Ghangharia) and the same has been sanctioned for a project cost of Rs 25 lakhs. The consultants presume that the issue of likely impact of gaseous emissions and handling residue released is already studied by the agencies/authorities, at the time of proposing the requirement of the incinerator at Govind Ghat. It is also presumed that since most of the waste collected enroute is expected to be plastic waste, environmentally sound conditions would be ensured for the incineration of plastics, under high temperature and the appropriate abatement techniques for flue gases have been thought off. Also, incineration with the aim of energy recovery may be preferred as plastics waste has calorific value higher than that of coal, as compared to landfilling or incineration without energy recovery. With nearly four lakh tourists already visiting this region, at an average of 1-2 plastic bottles/other plastic waste expected per day, such compressed waste load on an average per day would be about 70 80 sacks or over 280 kg at Govind Ghat. With the expected incineration capacity of 25 kg/hr, the incinerator will have sufficient waste load per day for a minimum eight-hour operation. While, any excess load can be auctioned for recycling to clear any accumulation of waste at Govind Ghat, at the end of tourist season. Feasibility of an incinerator at Ghangharia / Bhyundar was checked as that would ease out the trouble of carrying all waste down. However, this was rejected due to the following reasons: o Ghangharia / Bhyundar being located/surrounded in a valley itself, an incinerator here may result in stagnation of some gaseous pollutants in the air and the issues of handling residues so close, which may affect the quality of environment at Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt Sahib destinations which are near Ghangharia and at higher altitudes in rather narrow valleys. Some of the gaseous pollutants like, dioxin are particularly worrisome pollutants because they can cause or aggravate a wide variety of extremely serious health effects, are toxic at very low levels of exposure, and are ubiquitous in the environment. o No suitable land is available due to the land belonging to Reserve Forests/Van Panchayat land (created from Reserve Forests) till Ghangharia, and any possibility of land away from Ghangharia is only near Bhyundar, but it was observed that most of the vacant flat land near Bhyundar village falls in snow avalanche prone zones.

Waste that should and should not be incinerated in the Govind Ghat incinerator is to be segregated at the time of collection of waste from the trek path/waste bins itself along the route or those of the establishments/stall enroute. Refer Table 5.1 for the indicative details of types of plastic waste and

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recommendations for disposal. Due to most of the plastic waste being a good fuel and has non toxic outputs (except PVC and polystyrene - foam items and plastic items that handle food) for incineration that burns the impurities at high temperatures, which leads not only to the increased efficiency of the incineration as well as leads to hardly a 10% of ash residue with low harmfulness that can be easily landfilled for final disposal. Metal containers or glass items also should not be meant for incineration but for recycling. The non-combustible plastics items, metal, glass, etc. have to be separated and their bags should be marked for recycling before transporting down. . Toxic items like, batteries etc. should also be separately sorted, accumulated and disposed at the retail battery centres. While, any minor food waste collected from the trek path/waste bins should be separately collected and marked & contributed for vermi-composting to produce manure near village sites/agricultural lands. Codes to identify plastic types (polymer/resin content) are generally moulded into plastic product and are often found on the bottom of the plastic product/container within the chasing arrows triangle. This plastic coding system is a voluntary coding system accepted internationally, like by The Society of Plastics Industry (SPI), USA which introduced its coding system in 1988 and which is adopted by Canada (Canadian Plastics Industry Association - CPIA), Japan, New Zealand (Plastics New Zealand since early 1990s), Australia (Plastics and Chemical Industries Association PACIA since 1990), Hong Kong (Environmental Protection Department since late 1990s), etc. Europe also follows similar coding systems for plastics but not identical, though the British Plastics Federation (BPF) and the Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME) recommend the use of SPI coding system since mid 1990s. This notation does not necessarily indicate that the product can be recycled, unless claimed. While, the empty notation with only the triangle indicates that the product is made of recycled waste. However, Cleaning Staff/Incinerator Staff/EDC Members, etc. should be trained to understand these notations and to identify those which do not have these notations through literature available, to help them facilitate segregation of plastic waste by type from trek path/waste bins along trek path & those with local establishments/stalls enroute (in our case which is collected at source itself and can be sorted/segregated too either enroute or at waste compression location). For segregation, sacks with separate colour marks can be distributed to the EDC staff like, red colour mark may mean waste for incineration, green colour mark may mean waste for recycling, brown colour mark may mean waste for vermi-composting, and yellow colour mark may mean sack for toxic waste disposal like, batteries. The whole waste management will function on the principal that handle waste only once, and segregation at source/ collection will help in this.

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Major plastic types with their chasing arrows type voluntary notations accepted in many countries are illustrated below to help EDC staff when trained to identify those plastics that can be incinerated:

The huge amount of waste (more than 4000 sacks) that is already transported down and accumulated at FRH Complex, Govind Ghat without any segregation, may be auctioned for recycling to clear the site, and tenders may be called for the same. It is proposed any recycling from the plastic wastes shall be strictly undertaken as per the specifications of the Bureau of Indian Standards provided in IS 14534: 1998 Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics.

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Table 5.1: An indicative list of Plastic Waste that can be incinerated at Govind Ghat / to be Recycled
S. No. 1. Plastic Type Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE or PET) Products/ Applications Beverage/food containers: Plastic soft drink/ sports drink/ mineral water bottles, mouth wash bottles, butter, salad dressing containers, biscuit trays, Ovenable foils or film/ preprepared food trays, audio & video tapes Properties/ Features Clear, tough, barrier to gas & moisture, solvent resistant softens at 800C Clean & recycled PET flakes/pellets are in great demand High cost plastic Density = 1.39 g/ml Suitable fuel for incineration plants and increases the efficiency of waste incineration 2. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Containers for milk / juice/ water/ ice cream/ liquid detergent & fabric softener & chemicals/ shampoo/ laundry soap/ motor oil, trash/ freezer bags, crinkly shopping/ retail bags (stiff type that crackles, buckets, soft drink/ Stiff/Tough to semi-flexible, resistance to chemical & moisture, permeability to gas, waxy surface, opaque butt easily coloured, softens at 750C Low cost plastic Density = 0.95 to 0.97 g/ml Recycling through remelting, although there is a quality loss Can be incinerated with heating value equivalent to kg of Means of Disposal Recycling Can be incinerated with heating value equivalent to kg of oil Environmental Impacts On incineration mainly water and carbon dioxide are produced, leaving trace levels of ash with low harmfulness, which can be safely be disposed off in a landfill. The amount of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) generated by its combustion is not significantly different from that formed during combustion of any other fossil fuel. Recommendations Recommended for incineration at Govind Ghat, though ideal for recycling/reproces sing to recover costly PET resin. Any excess waste beyond the capacity of incineration at Govind Ghat should be auctioned for recycling. End-use if Recycled Fibre for carpet/ pillow/ sleeping bag filling, tote bags, clothing (geotextiles/ polyester), soft drink bottles, furniture, mouldings

On incineration only water and carbon dioxide are produced, leaving trace levels of ash which can be safely be disposed off in a landfill

Recommended for incineration at Govind Ghat, though good for recycling. Any excess waste beyond the capacity of incineration at Govind Ghat should be auctioned for recycling.

Liquid laundry detergent containers, oil bottles, buckets, vitamin bottles, recycling/ compost bins, benches, floor tiles, drainage pipe, outdoor plastic tables/lumber, traffic cones

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S. No.

Plastic Type

Products/ Applications milk crates, rigid agricultural pipes, childrens toys

Properties/ Features Suitable fuel for incineration plants and increases the efficiency of waste incineration Versatile, tough to flexible, can be clear, resistance to grease/ oil/ chemicals, solvent welded, softens at 800C Low cost plastic Density = varies Not a suitable fuel for incineration plants

Means of Disposal oil

Environmental Impacts

Recommendations

End-use if Recycled

3.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC or V)

Vegetable oil bottles with handles, transparent containers for nonfizzy drinks (squashes), cosmetic containers, electrical conduit, cable sheathing, medical transparent tube, blood bags & tubing, surgical spirit, watch straps, shoe soles, plumbing pipe & fittings, garden hose, blister packs, wall cladding, roof sheeting, flooring, wrapping film Carry-out sacks, wrapping foil for packaging, lids for food containers, plastic bag (soft type that does not crackle), bread bags, frozen food bags, dry

Recycling Incineratio n is the worst option with heating value equivalent to kg of oil

When PVC is incinerated strong hydrochloric acid emanates, and an incomplete combustion can develop poisonous dioxin. Also it significantly increases the amount of leachate from, and leachable salts in, the resulting residues to be landfilled.

PVC wastes have only to be sent/auctioned for recycling and is not at all recommended for incineration at Govind Ghat. Diverting PVC from incineration always leads to environmental improvements.

Packaging, binders, film & sheet, panelling, flooring, cables, hoses, floor mats, mud flaps

4.

Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)

Tough, flexible, easy to seal, barrier to moisture/ most organic solvents & chemicals (except ones with aromatic or chlorine content), waxy

Recycling through remelting, although there is a quality loss Can be incinerated

On incineration only water and carbon dioxide are produced, leaving trace levels of ash which can be safely be disposed off in a landfill

Recommended for incineration at Govind Ghat, though it can be recycled. Any excess waste beyond the capacity of

Compost bins, Carrier bags/ trash can liners, trash cans, panelling, pallet sheets, outdoor plastic lumber, garden furniture

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S. No.

Plastic Type

Products/ Applications cleaning bags, squeeze bottles, garbage bags/ bins, black irrigation tube, ice cube plastic bag

Properties/ Features surface, translucent, scratches easily, softens at 700C Low cost plastic Density = 0.92 to 0.94 g/ml Suitable fuel for incineration plants and increases the efficiency of waste incineration

Means of Disposal with heating value equivalent to kg of oil

Environmental Impacts

Recommendations incineration Govind should auctioned recycling. at Ghat be for

End-use if Recycled

5.

Polypropylen e (PP)

Curd/ margarine/ spread/ ice cream containers or tubs, hand cream dispensers, potato chip bags, straws, lunch boxes, blue packing tape, garbage bin, suit cases kettles, medicine bottles, rope, childrens toy bins

Tough but still flexible, Versatile, resistance to chemicals/ grease/ oil, barrier to moisture, waxy surface, softens at 1400C Low cost plastic Density = 0.90 to 0.91 g/ml (lowest in density amongst other plastics) Suitable fuel for incineration plants and increases the efficiency of waste incineration

Recycling Can be incinerated with heating value equivalent to kg of oil

On incineration only water and carbon dioxide are produced, leaving trace levels of ash which can be safely be disposed off in a landfill

Recommended for incineration at Govind Ghat, though it can be recycled. Any excess waste beyond the capacity of incineration at Govind Ghat should be auctioned for recycling.

Bins, trays, brushes, pallets, flower pots, pipes, oil funnels, video cassettes, plastic wheels, ice scrapers, automotive battery case

6.

Polystyrene

CD

cases,

food

Versatile, clear,

Recycling

On incineration mainly

Recommended for

CD

case,

coat

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S. No.

Plastic Type (PS)

Products/ Applications service applications & plastic cutlery foam egg cartons/ cups/ glasses/ plates, spoons/ trays, foamed polystyrene hot drink cups, foam based protective or cushion packaging for fragile items, imitation crystal glassware, low cost brittle toys, cassette & video cases

Properties/ Features hard, brittle, insulated, light weight, energy absorbing, easily foamed, affected by fats & solvents, softens at 950C Low cost plastic Density = 1.05 to 1.07 g/ml Suitable fuel for incineration plants and increases the efficiency of waste incineration

Means of Disposal Can be incinerated with heating value equivalent to 1 kg of oil

Environmental Impacts water and carbon dioxide are produced, leaving trace levels of ash, which can be safely, be disposed off in a landfill. However, much of the foam will have been tinted, and some types of ink release the heavy metals cadmium and lead, both of which are toxic. Also, with the addition of chlorine donors as simple as table salt as part of that plastic product which handles food, it is inevitable that combustion of polystyrene in municipal solid waste incinerators will contribute to the formation of highly chlorinated polycyclic compounds like dioxins, furans, hexachlorobenzene, and chlorophenols.

Recommendations incineration (excluding foam items, and plastic items that handle food) at Govind Ghat. Any excess waste beyond the capacity of incineration at Govind Ghat should be auctioned for recycling.

End-use if Recycled hangers, coasters, light switch plates, rubbish cans, insulation, horticulture trays and plastic office accessories, white ware components, playground equipment, traffic signs, park benches

7.

OTHER (often mixture

a of

Citrus juice / ketchup/ water cooler bottles, rain

Includes all other resins and multimaterials (e.g.

Recycling Can be

On incineration mainly water and carbon dioxide are produced,

Recommended for incineration at Govind Ghat,

Custom products, brushes, scrapers, plastic lumber,

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S. No.

Plastic Type layers, may include PolyamidePA/Nylon, acrylic, etc.)

Products/ Applications proof cover, packaging, appliance parts, waste pipes, kitchen gadgets, electronics & computer cases, automotive parts

Properties/ Features laminates) Properties dependent on plastic resin or combination of plastic resins High cost plastic Density = varies Suitable fuel for incineration plants and increases the efficiency of waste incineration

Means of Disposal incinerated with heating value equivalent to kg of oil

Environmental Impacts leaving trace levels of ash which can be safely be disposed off in a landfill

Recommendations though it can be recycled. Any excess waste beyond the capacity of incineration at Govind Ghat should be auctioned for recycling.

End-use if Recycled automotive parts

Source: SPI Plastic Container Coding System, The Environment and Plastics Industry Council (EPIC), CPIA, Canada; The Plastic Identification Code, Plastics New Zealand; Plastics: Recycling and Marking Codes; Recommended by British Plastics Federation (BPF) and the Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME); Economic Evaluation of PVC Waste Management and The Influence of PVC on the Quantity and Hazardousness of Flue Gas Residues from Incineration A Greenpeace Brief on the Report, Published by the European Commission; www.designinsite.dk; www.services.juniata.edu; www.ejnet.org

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The plastic waste should be compressed and transported down for utilisation in recycling/reprocessing programs run by various companies and that provide an opportunity for poor/informal sector employment. The recycling unit should not be at the eco-tourism sites discussed above. Contracts for purchase of this waste can reduce government cost of collection and transportation. Better incentives may be offered to the waste collectors/cleaning staff. Also, each collector may be given less than 1 km (may be 0.750 km each person) stretch for waste collection while keeping the same wages as given for 1 km stretch. Also try increasing the number of persons of cleaning staff per km range. It should be two person for every quarter of km in the sensitive and busy areas preferably (e.g. 2 persons at Hemkunt, 4 persons at Ghangharia, 2 persons at Pulna, and 4 persons at Govind Ghat), at least 1 person each where waste compression equipment unit will be installed at above sites, and 1 person for operating the Incinerator (existing proposal) at Govind Ghat. Thus, the future strength of cleaning staff could be 40 persons instead of the current deployment of 20 persons (this includes the provision of cleaning staff as part of EDC, Govind Ghat later). The commission per bag may be increased substantially to say Rs 15 per bag for non-biodegradable waste & compressed waste and little higher for mule excreta waste (to be decided by EDC and local management under the advice of DoF). Separate toilets for males and females be arranged. Mule excreta should also be collected at several sites, particularly near villages, in bags by the sweepers as mule organic matter. Separate coloured bags to be provided to the collectors. Vermi-composting be practised at collection sites so that the excreta can be converted into manure. Vermi-composting in colder climates may be a problem. Appropriate worms and technology may have to be adapted. Institutional arrangements may have to be made to achieve this. Education be provided to locals, collectors, mule owners about conversion of this waste to fertilisers; and use of fertilisers for agriculture. A demonstration by officials may be planned at Ghangharia for this purpose. Mule owners be educated about collection of excreta and its conversion. Remuneration to mule owners for collecting and supplying at collection centres may be offered. They can collect mule waste and can carry the same on their mules, and can deposit if educated. Remuneration will be an incentive. Even if a remuneration of Rs 10 per bag is offered, it would be economical as the waste can be decomposed in planned way and the produce

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can be sold as fertilisers to the nearby farmers; or utilised by the Forests department in its activities.

Special arrangements may be made at Hemkunt site to collect the kitchen (Langar) waste and decomposed in a biogas plant. Even in the leanest season (September 2003) about 62000 pilgrims have visited Hemkunt at an average of 2100 per day eating one meal at Hemkunt. The numbers in the peak region is 5400 (June 2003). This will provide sufficient raw material (waste food) for a biogas plant at Hemkunt. If this waste is in small quantities, it could be converted into manure by Vermi-composting. Currently most of this waste is left to rot or pushed down the valley letting it mix with water stream at Hemkunt as well as at Govind Ghat. Trash collection bins should be large and of good quality that do not weather out in a season. Usually the bin should be of the size that never spills, and is airy too. It should have the capacity to accommodate more than 50 bags of litter.

Waste Sorting It is proposed that waste be sorted at source itself. Waste sorting is proposed in the shops as well as the rooms. The measures proposed for the same are: Place separate waste containers in hotel kitchens, restaurants, shops etc. Place bulk containers for separate waste disposal at Cluster A locations - 3 km intervals along the path till Ghangharia and 1.5 km intervals along the path to Hemkunt/may also use the stone masonry pits already constructed by the Forests department enroute. Place separate waste containers in rooms and request guests to use the containers as labelled. Request guests to sort out waste such as batteries for separate collection and disposal.

Composting Composting is the use of micro-organisms to break down organic waste (vegetable clippings, leaves, seeds, skins, shells, rinds, garden waste, etc) into inorganic form, which can then be used to improve the nutrient and water retention capacity of soil. Composting techniques range from simple backyard heaps to in-vessel systems. As composting waste is wet, backyard heaps need to be layered with dry bulking materials such as wood, sawdust, hay, leaves or shredded paper. Commercial compost activators can also be used. A small amount of nitrogen fertiliser can be

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added to increase energy content and speed up decomposition. Compost heaps need to be kept moist and thoroughly mixed to ensure waste breaks down rapidly. An unturned pile will become anaerobic (lack oxygen) and would smell. In-vessel systems allow waste to be composted in enclosed vessels, reducing composting time to less than 30 days. As the composting takes place in enclosed vessels, they can be installed indoors (in kitchens and corridors, for example) or outside without the problems of smell, space or leakage. These systems have loading and screening devices, computerised or mechanical aeration systems, and mixers to turn the piles. Most composting systems recommend that only 15% of the waste heap consist of meat, and in-vessel systems have partly overcome this disadvantage. Compostable Materials It is understood that the quantities of organics existing in the waste streams in India is higher compared to some of the developed countries. Quantities in the range of 40% to 45% have been quoted. The key issue will be how much of this compostable organic material is currently sent for disposal in the existing landfills. An attempt should be made to identify the compostable materials existing in the solid wastes of the base settlements and quantify them. The common compostable materials are paper, food wastes/kitchen & utensil wash waste, vegetation (including flowers and plant trimmings), wood, and mule excreta. Food Waste The methodology to utilise waste food is similar to biogas plants. However, since in this case majority of waste is food, one has to add farmyard manure, mule excreta and bacterial cultures to have enough inoculum to decompose the waste. There may be a problem of temperature since the place is cold and water has to be heated. A composite system where energy from this system can be utilised to heat up the system to the required temperature is required. Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) provide instructions based on the quantum of waste. Local MNES contacts of Uttaranchal state (UREDA) should be contacted to provide details. The department also has provisions to put up demonstration units as well as provide addresses of the parties who will not only install, but maintain the facilities. Waste Storage Depot As the incinerator is proposed to be located in Govind Ghat and as the distance to transport is large, transfer of waste is partially to take place between smaller collection units to bigger units, waste storage depot in the form of collection pits (presently few are constructed by Forests department). The collected waste is transferred from source to place of compression equipment unit (for non-

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biodegradable waste) and/or to waste storage cage/depot. Subsequently, the same can be transferred to the location of final disposal / treatment. Transportation of Solid Waste After effective and efficient collection of various segregated wastes, transportation assumes an important role in waste management. The wellpacked waste from the waste storage depot/ collection points would be brought down till Pulna on mules from where public service van would carry the same to the incinerator at Govind Ghat (only if the Govind Ghat - Pulna road is developed). Preparation of Waste for Recycling If waste is to be successfully prepared and used for recycling, it must be uniformly sorted and cleaned, and free from unwanted material like bottle-caps, metal, plastic, etc. Compactors/compression equipment units are proposed to be used to reduce waste volume at Ghangharia, Hemkunt Sahib, Pulna, and Govind Ghat. This lowers the space required to collect and store waste and increases its value as a recyclable material. Thin/cheap plastic (if not incinerated) and paper waste usually needs to be baled and compacted before collection for recycling. Advice needs to be obtained from nearest local municipal bodies/other well established EDCs/ZP for waste collection and recycling schemes, on the preparation of waste, use of compactors, baling specifications, and the market price for recyclables. The other waste disposal option is landfill, which has significant environment impacts in terms of inability of non-biodegradable waste to decompose over short-time and also food waste attracts the wildlife. In an effort to reduce landfill waste volumes, landfill levies and taxes have risen significantly over recent years and legislation aimed at restricting the building of new landfill sites is being enforced in many countries. In the light of these trends, recycling is expected to gain new ground in the future. As large generators of post-consumer waste, the hospitality industry has a key role to play in increasing recycling volumes and the market for recyclable products.

5.5

EMP for Water & Waste Water


Maintaining water source Managing water storage and distribution works Reducing water use Reducing wastewater output Purifying water Monitoring water consumption

Water management in tourism facilities includes:

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Reusing treated wastewater Maintaining water supply quality.

Most countries have water quality standards, and ensuring compliance with them is important. As discussed in the Environment Status Review in Chapter 3, the water tests conducted in the region show that water is within potable quality standards. However, there is a need to ensure better water quality and quantity in view of the waste mixing, drainage and water supply mixing, and human pollution into water, which were observed during the study. This calls for two activities: one to improve the water supply system in terms of quantity and safe supply, and second, awareness creation among users on respecting the water sources and ensuring that the water is purified at individual establishments/stalls that offer tourist services. The availability of potable water at these establishments/stall at regular intervals will facilitate avoiding the need to carry/disposal of mineral water bottles waste, which normally is a good part of the waste collected from these locations and trek path. Water Supply System An expansion is already proposed to the existing make-shift arrangement of water supply in the region. Ghangharia: At Ghangharia, Uttaranchal Jal Sansathan, Chamoli district has proposed a Repair/Upgradation of Water Supply Scheme under the Development Area of Joshimath region sanctioned under Border Area Development Programme-BADP to be completed in 2004. A part of this new arrangement has already been laid earlier by Jal Nigam and handed over to Jal Sansthan. This facility currently has a stone masonry water tank about 300m up from Ghangharia on Hemkunt route and 2 x 2 & 1 x 1 GI pipeline is already laid from this tank till the first embankment of broken bridge on Lakshman Ganga near Ghangharia. Pulna-Govind Ghat: Uttaranchal Jal Nigam is preparing a scheme for providing piped water supply via Pulna to Govind Ghat. This scheme will contain one French Well type intake in Bhyundar Ganga river about 300 m above Pulna and then a 1-1/2 diameter x 5.5 km long GI pipeline laid via Pulna and later along the trek path, which will flow down the water through gravity to a 30KL capacity cylindrical Clear Water Reservoir (CWR). This arrangement will meet the requirements of about 5000 persons per day for a horizon period of next 15 years. This scheme is targeted for completion by next season in 2004. Also, water supply system (intake water source and distribution) for supply to Bhyundar and Pulna villages needs to be upgraded for which Jal Sansthan should prepare schemes in addition to above scheme at Ghangharia. Some of the guidelines to be followed in general while water supply systems are:

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Storage tank openings, if any should be covered and protected from stones/dust, pests, and other sources of contamination Inlet and outlet valves should be placed to avoid the build-up of stagnant water Tanks should be cleaned before the beginning of every season, and exterior and interior scale build-up removed Tanks should be regularly checked for leaks and accumulation of stones/grit. Ensure regular maintenance of distribution pipelines to avoid leaks, spills and back siphonage between drinking and non-drinking supplies. Ensuring that distribution pipelines are laid away from drains/waste pipes. Funds for such recurring annual maintenance should be budgeted in the Jal Sansthans annual budgets.

Management of Drinking Water The pipes carrying drinking water should in no case be in contact with toilets and urinals or pipes carrying that waste from one place to another. Natural sources of drinking water should be provided with a tap with proper labels. There should be proper slopes for draining the wastewater so that it does not accumulate at disposal points. There should be periodic testing of drinking water provided through pipes at all places including the Gurdwaras. As mentioned earlier it should be ensured that all establishments that offer tourist services have arrangements to purify water (like, Aquaguard systems) and have separate, clean/hygienic & covered storage for potable water, and this should be regularly tested by Jal Sansathan / Department of Health officials every tourist season. Hemkunt Sarovar water should not be polluted at any cost. The following provisions should be made:

Cleaning feet and body before taking a dip Not to wash linen in the Sarovar water or use soap/detergent for bathing/washing linen Not to urinate in the Sarovar water Not to drain the food waste and other waste in the rivers Not to allow mule urine to drain off unmanaged (manage the mule urine in the same way human urine is managed)

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Not to let mule excreta drop near the vicinity of rivers while sweeping from the trek path (it has to be collected, carried and decomposed to make manure).

Reducing Water Use Good Housekeeping and Maintenance Options for Reducing Water Use

Repair leaks and dripping pipes Place plastic containers filled with water in toilet cisterns to reduce flush water volume Collect/Harvest rainwater for some non-drinking uses Place tent cards in bathrooms inviting guests to save water. Place volume reducers in toilet cisterns for half and full flushing needs/use water saving cisterns that have separate knobs/mechanisms inbuilt for half or full flush requirements Install pressure flush valves on toilets and urinals. This can reduce flush water by 30%-50% Install chemically purified urinals that do not use water especially enroute the trek.

Repair and Retrofit Options for Reducing Water Use

Monitoring Water Consumption Since water is directly linked to the level of occupancy/activity, it is best to monitor and benchmark water use on the basis of guest nights or visitor numbers. Water meters are essential for the monitoring of water use. Meter is suggested to be established at the Gurdwara, and all the lodges at Ghangharia including GMVN TRH and FRH. Different business establishments could be metered for the collection of more specific data. Purification of Water at Community Storage level
There are several environment-preferable techniques used for purification of water. Use of chlorine or other chemicals is the easiest one. Another technique is ionisation, the release of metallic ions (usually copper and silver) into the water. Before release, lowvoltage electricity is passed through electrodes to generate positive and negative ions. They kill algae, bacteria, and other micro-organisms. A small amount of chlorine (or other oxidiser such as bromine) is however needed to eliminate water-clouding elements such as suntan oil and dust, which are not affected by ions. Ionisation reduces chlorine use by almost 80%, and eliminates eye-sting and bleaching effects.

Another technique involves ozone, which has been used for many years in industrial water purification and wastewater treatment plants throughout the world. Ozone is a very reactive form of oxygen, which can destroy a variety of

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liquid waste materials, toxins, micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria, spores, and some chemical impurities. Every season, there will be a snap check conducted at the hotels and restaurant for checking quality of water. It is proposed that fine be imposed at those not complying standards and on second reporting, license to operate be cancelled. Reuse of Treated Wastewater Treating wastewater and reusing it is not a viable proposition in the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt study area due to spread point inputs of wastewater and the usability of the same.

5.6

EMP for Sanitation


Urine from urinals may not be allowed to drain into rivers or natural ecosystem of the protected area but a system of its purification should be an in-built option. The urine from urinals should be filtered through pits containing sand, soil and gravel mixed proportionately before the urine is drained out. Similarly toilets should be properly managed, cleaned frequently, should be made of material like China that can be cleaned efficiently. Chemical toilets/Dry toilets are available in international markets, may be similar ones can be explored/developed locally too. The toilet waste must go deep into pits where it can decompose rather than leave near the surface where it may join the water pipes that are quite frequent and run on the surface very close to the existing toilets. Caution has to be exercised to keep water pipes and waste pipes separate. It is an expensive suggestion to collect all the mule excreta yet it is a resource that is rich in organic matter. It can be utilised as manure in the nearby agriculture fields if collected and processed. It is strongly recommended since it is causing odour pollution and a nuisance on the way where tourists are trekking. A scheme of incentives may have to be introduced where the sweepers or mule owners are encouraged to collect excreta and deposit at designated sites. These sites should have arrangement for vermi-composting or manuring as discussed in the previous section. This fertiliser can be utilised in the proposed gardens or agriculture fields. Help of local volunteers may be sought too.

Technology to convert waste to manure using vermi-composting is well known. Earthworms are used for conversion of waste to manure. The waste is converted to good manure. The same can then be sold and used in organic cultivation in a sustainable way.

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Management of Urinals The urinal waste should not be let off to pollute soil and water, rather it should be cleaned before it reaches main stream. The urine should be passed through tanks of gravel and sand (e.g. 2.5 meters to 2 meters with a depth of 2.5 meters and capacity to hold 2 cubic meters) provided at various sites. These tanks can be covered, with a provision to clean these whenever necessary. The sand and gravel of these tanks has to be serviced, cleaned or replaced on periodic basis. This may add to the cost but clean the waste to a large extent and the waste going to streams and soil will not pollute the water. There can be several bacteria and contaminants that can cause havoc if mixed with drinking water. Management of Toilets Apart from providing sufficient toilets, the excreta from roadside toilets should be disposed in deep pits that have concrete lining (e.g concrete lining for 2 meters and a depth of more than 4 meters for waste to fall off). This should be mandatory since toilet waste can mix with water and can pollute soil as well as water.

5.7

EMP for Energy

The settlements/travel path in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region face shortage of electricity. As discussed in Chapter 2 and 3, the causes are many, including need to undertake regular maintenance of micro-hydel plant at Ghangharia, and its ancillary intake structures before/after every season, proper attention to be given to preventive maintenance of power line and poles (to avoid getting damaged due to avalanches in winters) to provide electricity through grid connection all along the travel path, limited success of solar lighting, etc. Environment Management Plan for energy becomes extremely significant in view of this energy dynamics in the region.

Energy efficiency not only reduces diesel / kerosene fuel (to run generators and heat water) and electricity bills, it also increases the overall comfort of the visitors. Proposals on Power Sector It is suggested to upgrade the existing Power line & Pole system connected with grid via Govind Ghat till Ghangharia, which can be easily maintained if proper attention is paid in time by Department of Electricity through some regular/documented process of preventive maintenance to avoid the system getting damaged at few places. The power supply system through grid becomes defunct just due to damage at few places to the power line and poles. It is proposed that proper attention is paid to dis-assemble the power line from avalanche prone sites (from start of Bhyundar village at about 8.75 km, 9.25-9.35 km point, 9.60-9.75 km point, and at 11.10-11.15 km point) after the end of tourist season and before the start of snow, to avoid the power line getting loaded with snow deposit making it susceptible to getting damaged during an avalanche.

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This power line can then be easily assembled before start of next season and the electricity supply can be restored till Ghangharia. This will also ensure that sufficient power is available along the trek path/ at Pulna/ Bhyundar/ Kanjila area and at Ghangharia, including the supply from micro-hydel plant, thus minimising the dependence/need of using diesel/kerosene generators that add to some air pollution at Ghangharia. Once this power supply system is restored, the street lights can be provided from the junction of route to Valley of Flowers / Hemkunt Sahib till next 1.5 km cluster of facilities on the Hemkunt route to facilitate safe return of visitors in this stretch, which may be dark sometimes due to bad weather (from 13 km to 14.5 km point and should be switched off by 7.00 pm by which time the traffic is expected to cease for the day), and from Kanjila till Ghangharia entrance (11.75 km to 12.5 km point) and these lights should be switched off by 9.00 pm, by which hour it is expected that all those staying at tented resorts would be back for sleep after having their dinner at restaurants in Ghangharia. Upgradation of street lighting at Bhyundar may be taken up. It is proposed that the trek path till Pulna be lit by streetlights (connected to main power supply system through grid) till late evening (till say 8.00 pm by which time the traffic is expected to cease for the day) during and even after the tourist season. This would facilitate the few tourists who prefer to trek down to Govind Ghat by end of the same day of their visit as also for the host community at Pulna. The proposed road from Govind Ghat till Pulna, if developed should also be lit by streetlights (connected to a new main power supply system through grid) till late evening (i.e. say 8.00 pm by which time the traffic is expected to cease for the day). Also, driving on this road in the night will not be permitted between 8.00 pm 6.00 am, unless it is an emergency requirement of village Pulna. The local host community - EDC members/Mahila Mandal/Yuvak Mandal, Gurdwara Sevadars, Forest department staff, PWD, etc. may share this responsibility for putting on & off these street lights. Also, funds for such recurring annual maintenance should be budgeted in the annual budgets of UREDA (for micro-hydel plant at Ghangharia) and State Electricity Board (for grid line connectivity upwards of Pulna till Ghangharia) while some initial funds are budgeted in the report for the project implementation duration. Maintenance or Good Housekeeping Options

Power shut down during the daytime may be observed. Shut down power in sections of the building that is not in use. This can be done through the use of Building Management Systems (BEMS), discussed later in this section.

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Insulate all hot water tanks, pipes and boilers. Seal gaps in walls, windows, doors, roofs and floor to control heating/ cooling loss and penetrating damp. Make visitors aware of the importance of energy conservation. Request them to switch off equipment and lights when not required. Train staff to use less hot water and to save energy by switching off equipment when not needed. Ensure boilers and beverage chillers are regularly serviced to maximise efficiency.

Repair, Retrofit and Refurbishment Options A number of repair, retrofit and refurbishment options are presented below:

Automatic load-shedding control systems Controls for Heating and Hot Water The right controls are crucial for the efficient operation of hot water and heating/ cooling systems. These include: o Room thermostats, which switch-off boilers when rooms are heated to a set temperature; o Hot water cylinder thermostats to switch off boilers when water is heated to a given temperature; o Storage water controls, used for storage or combination heaters: they include such features as automatic thermostats (to control heat storage and output according to peak demand loads and tariffs windows), convector-control room temperature thermostats, and external timers.

Sealing and Stripping Badly fitted doors and windows are a major source of heating and cooling loss, but are cheap and easy to repair. Sealing and stripping materials include silicon strips, blade seals, brush piles and fillers, and rubber, PVC and aluminium seals.

Controlled Ventilation While sealing and stripping is important, so too is controlled ventilation. There are several types of controlled ventilation suitable for tourism establishments: o Background ventilation systems such as trickle vents o Rapid ventilation systems such as extractor fans o Ducted systems including heat recovery.

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Low-Energy Lighting Low-energy lighting is easy to install and can reduce energy costs by 10-15%. Low-energy lamps include compact fluorescent light (CFL) tubes, and tungsten halogens.

Renewable Energy Options Renewable energy is a source of energy that can be produced at the same rate or faster than it is consumed, and therefore does not deplete natural resources. Renewable energy technology for tourism and hospitality includes solar water heating, photovoltaics (PV), mini-hydro systems, wind turbines, bio-fuels (explained later) and geothermal heat pumps.

Wall, Roof and Floor Insulation Around 80% of cooling and heating is lost through external walls. In conjunction with heating/cooling controls, wall insulation also reduces condensation and damp. Many recycled and more environmentallypreferable insulating materials are available and should be given preference. Formaldehyde should be avoided. The types and methods of roof insulation depend on the roof pitch (sloping or fl at), boulders, eves, rafters, weatherproof coverings, etc. The most commonly used insulation materials are plastic (mainly polystyrene) and mineral wool. Floor insulation is best done when floors are being replaced or extensions built. If insulation is laid above existing floors, care should be taken that the extra thickness does not affect existing fittings and skirtings. Floor insulation is especially useful to reduce heating and cooling losses in buildings with suspended wooden floors. Insulation materials include mineral wool, polystyrene and foam glass.

Bio-fuels In addition to addressing the issue of electricity in the region, energy options need to be considered of which bio-fuel is a feasible option in the project region. Bio-fuels include a wide range of energy resources derived from biomass all living matter and the many products and by-products that are derived from it. The main sources of bio-fuels are: Straw and Crop Waste Straw and corn waste burning systems can be used for cooking, and heating. The only processing required is drying and shredding the waste. It is critical that the waste is dried, as burning wet plant residues releases nitrous oxide - a major contributor to acid rain. In some countries these wastes are available as dried, shredded and compressed briquettes, which

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offer the added advantages of being easier to package, transport, and use, especially in smaller domestic heating systems. As wet waste, straw/crop residues can also be digested to produce biogas. Nursery, Garden and Kitchen Waste, Damaged and Surplus Food These wet wastes are good fuels for digestion and biogas production. They are an interesting fuel option for tourism, as kitchen and garden wastes can make up almost half the volume of a business waste output. It may be noted that many hospitality businesses can compost kitchen and garden waste and use the resulting residue as fertiliser. Slurry/ Mule Excreta Slurry (a mixture of animal bedding, urine, faeces and water) is an excellent fuel for anaerobic digestion as it is wet and rich in nutrients. However, as slurry is wet, and carries a strong and unpleasant odour, it is difficult to collect, transport and handle. If not managed carefully, slurry can run into surface water bodies and percolate into aquifers where the groundwater table is high.

Incineration with Energy Recovery Large-scale solid waste incineration with heat recovery is becoming a valuable waste to energy option for many countries. The heat generated by the incineration process is used for generating electricity. The residual ash is used in road building. The advantage of incineration is that it reduces the demand for landfill sites and landfill related environment issues. The disadvantages of incineration are that modern state-of-the-art incinerators are very expensive, and their operation needs to be very carefully managed to avoid harmful emissions of acids, metals, organic compounds and ash particles. Environment experts also oppose incineration at a large scale as a sustainable waste and energy option, as it drives down the impetus and viability of recycling programs/networks and removes the incentives for waste minimisation.

Energy Alternatives for Villages

Mostly during the non-tourism season i.e. from Oct. Dec. and Feb. May, the sky in this area remains free from cloud with intense & clear sunshine. This good source of solar energy can easily be harnessed by the help of solar cookers/solar lanterns/solar heaters. Training to individuals in the local host community for use of these equipments & maintenance can be provided by UREDA/NGOs, and funding through micro-credit to procure the same is a plausible option for harnessing the solar energy during the above period. A maintenance fund may be created through nominal deposits of the beneficiaries at the village level that can be managed by the Gram Sabha,

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which already looks after the maintenance of the micro-hydel plant at Ghangharia.

5.8

EMP for Air & Noise Management

As discussed in Chapter 3, the ambient air quality is good in the project region. However, environment management initiatives are required to ensure that there will be no air related pollution in the region in future also. Environment Management Programme for Emissions Control Emissions from tourism facilities expected in the region with the proposed development would be mainly from vehicles running till Pulna (if the ecofriendly ferry system is not in place) and from the burning of fossil fuels used for space and water heating, cooking, and generating additional electricity (at Hemkunt Sahib, Ghangharia, and Govind Ghat). It is proposed that environment friendly fuel vehicles (gas based or battery operated light motor vehicles) be deployed for ferrying the tourists till Pulna if the road is built. Presently any pollution due to the generators in operation at Ghangharia is expected to reduce/diminish with the proposed restoration of power supply system connected to grid. Regular maintenance checks should be conducted on boilers and generators. Filters and scrubbers should be fitted to exhaust fans, and be regularly cleaned and maintained. The use of vehicles, boilers and generators that can operate on ethanol blends and bio-diesel should be considered. Environment Management Programme for Managing Indoor Air Quality Indoor air pollutants including combustion gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides and hydrocarbons, tobacco smoke, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), asbestos, ozone, dust and particles, CFCs and radon need to be controlled to provide that extra clean experience to the visitors. Environment Management Programme for Noise Management Good housekeeping options for Noise Management

Use rubber mountings to soundproof isolated machines At night, switch off machinery located near guest rooms Ensure delivery and waste-removal vehicles switch off their engines while loading and unloading at Govind Ghat and Pulna (at Pulna only if the road is developed from Govind Ghat to Pulna) Ensure that ear protection is worn by employees involved in very noisy work like construction, etc.

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Ensure any construction/development work is only taken up in pre-tourist or post-tourist season only (this availability of such time period will also depend on the weather suitability) Install quieter motors and fans in equipment Encapsulate machinery with damping materials (e.g. elastic panel mounting) Install reinforced foundations for heavy equipment Install automatic door closing in guest rooms Install double-glazed windows Install quiet toilet-flush tanks (that also use less water).

Repair And Retrofit Options For Noise Management


Refurbishment options for Noise Management Together with architects and engineers, property design and construction improvements, such as:

Installing sound-absorbing inner walls, or insulating walls and floors; with mineral wool, fibreglass or rubber, and Use of sound-absorbing building materials may be considered.

5.9

Environmental Orientation

Sensitisation of tourists, local host community and other stakeholders like mule operators/porters/palki carriers, tour operators, NGOs working in the region, government departments, etc. towards environment preservation is very important to implement the sustainable management plan. Internal Environment Communication, Delegation and Training If an environment management programme is to be successful, EDC members and other volunteers like guides/porters, Mahila Mandal, local youth, etc. (including Gurdwara Sevadars who must be brought into this environment management fold) must be motivated and trained to integrate reducing resource use and waste into daily operating procedures. It is these people who are in contact with the tourists and the local host community, who create the experience, and who deliver the service. If they are well informed and motivated to achieve environment objectives and safety of humans/animals, this will reflect in their working practices and improve service quality. Communicating Environment Performance to Tourists The preliminary environment status review provides initial insight into the environment awareness and demands. The various means of sensitising the tourists and capacity building of other stakeholders are dealt with in the

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subsequent chapters and in Chapter 11. A few general communication methods are indicated below. Suggestions for Environment Communication Methods

Hang a framed copy of the environment policy statement in reception areas of each establishment whether a hotel/lodge/rest house or a small eating stall, etc. Include the environment policy and information about the on-going environment management programme in brochures, guest information packages, and on the in-house television channel Inform guests about the importance of saving water and energy, and proper waste management Provide information on local environment issues Invite guests to participate in local interactive sessions Stress on how guests might participate in maintaining and improving environment quality, both during their stay and when they get home (e.g. current regular slide shows/documentary film shows as planned in future at the Nature Interpretation Centre)

Assign Environment Responsibility Most tourism businesses appoint an environment champion, supported by an environment management team. The environment management team should include representatives from top management and from all departments. This will ensure that the environment burdens of the entire business are identified and included in the EMS. The environment champion, as a representative of EDC team, and the management team including Forest officials, Dept. of Tourism officials should have the skills to understand and implement the EMS.

5.10 Environment Monitoring


Monitoring and Documenting the Progress of the Environment Management Programme You cannot manage what you cannot measure. Monitoring and documenting ongoing environment, establishment, and individual service provider performance will enable the tourism business to:

Yearly Assess whether targets and objectives are being met after each season Identify action plans that are not being successfully implemented

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Identify the corrective and preventive actions needed to improve performance.

Monitoring should be regular. A standardised environment-monitoring format helps standardise data-collection and record-keeping across the organisation. This will form a mini Environment Monitoring Audit. Refer Chapter 6 for details on environment monitoring recommendations for Valley of Flowers Hemkunt region. Incentive/Reward Programs Based on the monitoring, at the end of season, incentives and rewards should be given to recognise those establishments and individuals who have been most successful in offering quality service (in terms of accommodation/food & potable water/guide service, etc.) to tourists; contribution to eco-awareness; contribution to environmental protection and conservation on their own in general as well as for any threatened flora/fauna; porter/mule operator/palki carrier those who provide best service/good behaviour or whose mules are best in health; cleaning staff whose stretch of trek path is most clean, best Sevadars, best para-medic & emergency rescue staff, best officials, etc.
Even tourists those who show exemplary behaviour in not indulging in any activity like throwing the waste on trek path/carrying back all its non-biodegradable waste/ not plucking or damaging the flora & fauna in the Valley of Flowers & enroute, not shouting/creating noise in the Valley of Flowers, etc. can be recognised as Eco-tourist and their eco-development fee be refunded as a goodwill gesture and their names highlighted in the Friends of the Valley of Flowers Programme website for all to know & emulate.

Also, those if found flouting the eco-rules whether tourists or local stakeholders should be penalised by imposing a fine for a tourist or revoking the registration license of the concerned local establishment/ stakeholder.

6. VALLEY OF FLOWERS & HEMKUNT DEVELOPMENT PLAN


The previous chapter outlined the overall Environment Management Plan. The present chapter outlines the specific management plan required for Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt region (including the trek from Ghangharia), which are the tourist destinations. The objectives of Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt Management Plan are: To improve visitor experience under eco-tourism framework

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To conserve the environment.

6.1

Sustainable Development and Carrying Capacity Concepts Minimisation of Impacts

Eco-Tourism incorporates sustainable development principles. Carrying capacity is fundamental to environmental protection and sustainable development. It refers to the maximum use of any site without causing negative effects on the resources, reducing visitor satisfaction or exerting adverse impact upon the society, economy and culture of the area or in other words depends upon the resource available, number of consumers dependent upon the resource and capacity of the system to replace the lost resources. The concept of carrying capacity relates resource use to environmental support. Reaching a carrying capacity for a population infers that there is a balance between the supply of resources and the impacts sustained as a result of that supply. It is true of all economic development that there is a carrying capacity, beyond which further development causes declines in resource availability and environmental integrity. In this case, pressure above carrying capacity will result in decline of the environmental balances disturbing the ecology and risking major hazards. It is not just the carrying capacity of a region that accounts for the resources utilised, but also mainly the overall management of much larger environment.

Similarly, for managing the regions such as Valley of Flowers, Hemkunt, Ghangharia etc. one has to account for not only the region confined by these three spots but the total area from where resources can be imported to these sites. Tourism carrying capacity includes physical, biological, social and psychological/ perceptual aspects of the tourism environment. There are three distinct types of aspects that need attention: Biophysical (ecological) - which relates to the natural environment, Socio-cultural - which relates primarily to the impact on the host population and its culture and Facility - which relates to the visitor experience. Carrying capacity is not merely about a number. It varies according to season and over time, factors such as the dynamic character of the environment, tourists behavioural patterns, facility design and management, and the changing attitudes of the host community.

6.1.1 Factors influencing Carrying Capacity


Volume of resources required Intensity of pressure on the resources Non renewable resources Utilisation of local resources Renewable resources like sun, water, wood, air etc. Flux of renewable resources

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Environmental loading Behavioural pattern of tourists Visitor Management at site and enroute Waste generation and disposal Ecological patterns Social changes Ratio of non-renewable energy to renewable energy, called an Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR) and provides an upper limit to carrying capacity Availability of support area (The carrying capacity indices are expressed as land area required to support an economic activity. This required area will called as support area.) Landscaping etc Purchased sources Services Local non renewable resources Imported non renewable resources (concrete, steel, fuel, electricity, furnishings) Imported renewable resources (potable water, vegetables, fruits, raw food) Local renewable resources (Water, wood, air, solar energy etc.) Fuel Electricity Labour Goods and material Potable water Food Animals & fodder Human resources

Resources required

The resources required are converted into energy as also cost in currency to calculate consumption per tourist and total load. This helps to calculate carrying capacity.

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The situational analysis of the tourism in the region (presented in Chapter 2); the Environmental Status Review and Environment Impact of Tourism (presented in Chapter 3) clearly suggests that the project region is unique. In this case, both ecology and tourism attractions are in the region, however, the fragility of biodiversity is the concern. The area currently available in VOFNP for tourists is very limited and all the components of this destination are precious. Any trampling, removal or damage is limiting to the system. Not that the system is not capable of replenishing it, but the replenishment of the lost species is usually not with the same and similar species, but usually with more aggressive and competitive species. In such a case, the structure of the community will be different, if the lost components/species are continuously replaced by dominating species or components or associations different from the natural or original ones. Already there is a concern of growth of dominating species like Polygonum polystachyum, etc. due to restrictions on grazing. There is a debate on if grazing should be allowed as in past so that such dominating species are kept in check. However, the consultants strongly feel that grazing will also remove other components that are rare and may be lost with grazing or trampling due to grazing activity. Even trampling by tourists may be detrimental, and thus tourists path need to be defined and restricted. Number of tourists has increased as compared to previous years. The growth of tourists to Valley of Flowers had been about 60% from 2002-2003, however, the percentage share of visitors to Valley of Flowers is very low - nearly 1.7 % in 2003 of nearly 4 lakhs total tourists to Hemkunt Sahib (it is assuming that all the visitors in this region during the tourist season visit Hemkunt Sahib and a part also visit the Valley of Flowers).

6.1.2 Valley of Flowers


Existing Scenario Valley of Flowers - Hemkunt region is part of a highly eco-sensitive zone. Following factors were considered while estimating carrying capacity and making recommendations:

The purpose of the visit is mainly eco-tourism or ecological study Valley of Flowers trek is basically 5 km long from Ghangharia up to the end of the main valley near Donagair Garh or stream. There is only a 3 ft wide trail that feeds this area for the tourist to trek (except the initial 0.9 km stretch that is relatively wider upto 6 ft wide). In addition to this there is a 0.5 km long & 3 ft wide trek path that leads to Ms Legges grave and to some old Helipad reported near the grave.

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Though the vast land in Valley of Flowers can be fancied for visit, the actual space for movement at the Valley of Flowers is very limited, in fact, nearly 0.6 ha or 1.5 acre only (covering the 5.5 km long trek path which is about 3 ft. wide with some more open space currently available where visitors were observed to reach and move around) as the tourists are not allowed to stray away for environmental reasons. River Pushpawati flows along the sides giving it a very pleasant view. In addition, there is a 2 km length of the main valley. This area has a limited carrying capacity for eco-tourists. Although, tourists demands for calculating carrying capacity in terms of use of non renewable and renewable energy resources is negligible as the tourists neither stay overnight nor utilise the resources present at the valley site, yet the factors such as space to move, flowers plucked on return, waste left at the site such as water bottles, used wrappers, trampling on the sides of the trek limit the pressure. Nearly one to two bottles of water may be consumed per tourist per day. Although the education system proposed to be imparted to the tourists and the fact that a majority of tourists at the Valley of Flowers are environmentalists or environment protection conscious, yet there is a risk that a good number will leave the water bottles, wrappers etc. Many tourists are found to disturb the ecosystem by stepping down to plants causing damage by trampling of plants in the urge to get better views or access places for relaxation on rock boulder tops. Sensitisation of tourists / eco-guide monitoring means to minimise such impacts is extremely essential. Proper interpretation boards and proper education of the significance of each point with ecological explanation to avoid damaging sensitive values, with the help of local eco-guides proposed to accompany a team can facilitate the tourist orientation. The visitation flow shall be restricted with guided tours, but at the same time guides should be trained to be visitor friendly while they control the visitor movement on well-defined paths & spots for panoramic view/relaxation, and during such accompaniment the guide service shall avoid a sense of control, while the tourists appreciate the point of interest. It is environmentally fragile as well as ecologically sensitive. It needs management to save ecological damages. These management issues have been elaborated elsewhere in the report. The main ones are: no dumping of waste bottles and wrappers (if dumped, proper immediate collection), no plucking of flowers or uprooting of plants, no trampling on the sides of the trek, no straying into the fields, no grazing in the protected area, no throwing of seeds such as those of oranges or other eatable, no throwing of peels such as those of banana or other eatable (there is a misconception and a tendency

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to throw eatable assuming that these are degradable and will not effect the system). An eco-deposit shall be taken at the time of entry to VOFNP, and refunded if the tourist carries back the wastes and plastics, etc. Also, the proposed management is through education, sensitisation prior to taking the trip, signboards along the path, education to guides and publication of booklets on environmental issues at Valley of Flowers.

An alternative site (a more resilient site/area) with similar pattern and components with attractions is proposed to be developed outside the Valley as a demonstration nursery/ shadow garden which could be named Germplasm Bank of Endangered Species of VoF (as suggested by Chief Wildlife Warden, Uttaranchal or be known by any other name by DoF as felt appropriate), the details of which are described in the following section. The name - Germplasm Bank gives a notion of more of being a conserved area and not an area where tourists can also visit. However if the purpose is well defined and clarified by DoF, this is a good proposal.

A 10 sq.km area of the main valley that is visible cannot stand lakhs of tourists moving on a limited pathway space of 0.6 ha / 1.5 acres in a small season of four months. Its carrying capacities dont permit that. The physical space for tourists to move around in the Valley of Flowers is limited as mentioned earlier and higher the number, more chances of damage to the precious biodiversity components. It is observed that the number of domestic tourists in the Valley of Flowers has grown from 2033 visitors in 1993 to nearly 5500 visitors in 2003, while the number of students/government officials/foreign tourists in the Valley of Flowers has grown from 171 visitors in 1993 to nearly 1000 in 2003. As the numbers of high quality/serious eco-tourists and researchers has been gradually increasing, and to ensure that the carrying capacity of the Valley of Flowers does not reach an optimal limit, it is imperative to attract preferably only the high quality eco-tourists in the main valley per se. The current numbers of visitation were observed to be an average of 128 visitors per day in one peak season month of July 2003. Increase in support area cannot increase the carrying capacity of the region. It is observed that maximum impact to environment was caused by the tourists behavioural pattern and lack of management controls and not based on the number of visitation. This suggests that it is not the number, which affects, in the present scenario, but it is the environment orientation and sensitisation of tourists and the local host community coupled with well-planned management measures within the Limits of Acceptable Change Framework, which will minimise the impacts in the Valley and would contain any erosion of its carrying capacity. The DoF/DoT/local management, etc. shall also ensure that only consistent information is displayed that is supported by the official line, whether it is

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through signages/information boards/print media/electronic media/internet media, etc.


A case study of Joshua Tree National Park, California, USA was done to understand the development and management of the same. This is presented in the following Box-1 along with a study of present status of Valley of Flowers from the visitation loading perspective.
Box-1: Case Study (2003 Season)- Valley of Flowers and Joshua Tree National Park

Valley of Flowers National Park, Uttaranchal, India


Legal Status: Human Visitation: Since ancient times by near by local communities the trade route trail to Tibet passed through this natural valley Discovered in Modern Times: 1931 by British Mountaineer & Expeditionary Frank S Smythe Declared National Park: 6 Sep 1982 Local Management: Under Department of Forests (DoF) and for eco-tourism by EcoDevelopment Committee (EDC) under guidance of DoF. The aim of EDC is to keep the trek trail clean, keep this valley region free from polythene/plastics, provide employment opportunity to rural unemployed, and conserve the environment of this valley region.

Joshua Tree National Park, California, USA Legal Status:


Human Visitation: Inhabited since 5000 years, but increased visitation due to explorers, cattlemen, miners, etc. began in 1800s Proclaimed National Monument: 10 Aug 1936 Designated as Biosphere Reserve: 1984 & later designated as National Park on 31 Oct 1994 Local Management: National Park Service, USA with a non-profit partner Joshua Tree National Park Association which is dedicated to assist with preservation, education, historical, and scientific programs for the benefit of the park & its visitors.

Salient Features: Gross Area = 789,745 acres Main Valley Area (as visible during the tourist Main Movable Area (approx. space season) = 10 sq km (approx.) along designated paved / unpaved Main Valley Area (approx. movable roads & trails for different activities, space* along designated trek path) = campsites) = about 600-650 acres 0.6 ha or 1.5 acres (derived out of data available on web) Altitude Levels: 3200 m 6700 m above Altitude Levels: 1000 ft. 5000 ft. above MSL MSL Tourist Season: Jun Sep every year Tourist Season: Throughout year (120 days) Number of Visitors: 1.26 Million Number of Visitors: 6400 (approx.) (approx.) Salient Features: National Park Area = 87.50 sq km
* Initial trek path of 0.9 km length till river Pushpawati bridge is approx. 6 ft wide, and thereafter remaining trek path (including the path till Ms. Legges grave) of about 4.6 km length is approx. 3 ft. wide, while view point/relaxation area proposed is an additional 175 sqm in area along the trek path. The additional uncovered benches provided to rest during the initial difficult trek cover an area of 26 sqm, while single unit toilet covers 1 sqm. Thus, total movable space is as follows: Total Movable Space (Area) = 900x1.8+4600x0.9+175+26+1 = 5962 sqm or 0.6 ha or 1.5 acres

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Box-1: Case Study (2003 Season)- Valley of Flowers and Joshua Tree National Park

Valley of Flowers National Park, Uttaranchal, India Nature of Park: Located in northern Himalayas, part of NDBR, high altitude, snowy region, gets abundant rainfall, with great diversity of flora & some fauna species accessible for only daily visitation permissible in limited period of 4 months Species of Flora: 521 [of which 499 are flowering plants (Angiosperms), 4 are non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) and 18 are ferns (Pteridophytes)] Endangered/Medicinal Species: 31 / 13 Species of Fauna: 13 wild mammal species, more than 11 bird species, & insects/butterflies Source of Water: River Pushpawati and numerous small streams/rivulets joining it Potential Hazards: Sickness due to difficult trek, landslides, seismic activity, illegal flora/herb removal (before/beyond tourist season), etc. Permissible activities: Only walking along the designated path and few defined open relaxation spots (if prepared as proposed) including photography (professional photography permitted at a charge); while camping/ night stay/cooking /mule service, etc. activities are not permitted Present Park Load: Capacity of persons per acre of area exposed to visitation = 2.6 (average per annum of tourist season)
Capacity of persons per acre of moveable space per season = 4267 (average per four months of

Joshua Tree National Park, California, USA Nature of Park: Located in parts of Mojave & Colorado (high & low) Deserts interspersed with rugged mountains, limited rainfall, with varying vegetation, fan palm oases, other desert vegetation accessible throughout year except for camping limitation from Oct-May Species of Flora: Joshua tree, Creosote bush, fan palm, spring wildflowers, other desert vegn. Species of Fauna: Numerous birds, mammals, insects, and lizards & snakes Endangered Species: 7 Flora & 9 Fauna Other Protected Items: 501 archeological sites, 88 historic structures, 19 cultural landscapes Source of Water: > 120 (e.g. springs, seeps, oases, wells, & one short perennial stream) Potential Hazards: Dehydration, Seismic activity (many fault zones in vicinity), flash floods after thunderstorms, fires, insect/snake bites, organic waste left cannot decompose, etc. Permissible activities: Movement along designated paved / unpaved roads with vehicles and identified trails for mountain biking / hiking / horseback riding /Nature Walks, Camping/cooking (carry fuel & water) etc. at 9 designated campsites (30 day limit) including stargazing & photography Present Park Load:

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Box-1: Case Study (2003 Season)- Valley of Flowers and Joshua Tree National Park

Valley of Flowers National Park, Uttaranchal, India


tourist season) Capacity of persons per acre of moveable space per season per day = 36 (average) Capacity of persons per acre of moveable space per season per day = 87 (average in peak visitation month in July)

Joshua Tree National Park, California, USA Capacity of persons per acre of area exposed to visitation = 1.6 (average per annum of tourist season)
Capacity of persons per acre of moveable space per season = 2016 (average per annum of tourist season) Capacity of persons per acre of moveable space per season per day = 5.6 (average) Capacity of persons per acre of moveable space per season per day = 13.5 (average in peak visitation month in April)

The case study shows that Joshua Tree National Park, CA, USA has only 5.6 visitors per acre of movable space per day. But it is a huge park with motor able roads paved & unpaved inside, with permissible vehicular traffic, numerous trekking trail / climbing routes, horseback riding at designated paths, and limited camping. In reality Joshua Tree National Park is a highly dynamic, constantly shifting ecosystem. Wind and rain have had the greatest effect in shaping this ecosystem. While wildfire and human caused factors such as air pollution and off-road vehicle use can change the landscape very quickly. The park is a dynamic living laboratory affected by natural forces & human activities in the Park, while the desert is immense and infinitely variable and seems unwelcoming in brutal heat of summers, yet delicate and fragile, and it thus has an extremely high safety factor (as the Park is within 3 hours drive away from an 18 million population) to handle within its capacity the additional future visitation load per person vis--vis movable space. Visitors are sensitised in visitor centres at multiple entrance/exit locations and waste/garbage generated is brought back by the visitors in plastic bags under the principle of Leave No Trace.
Most of such large parks have motor able roads and large area, facilities for removal of garbage, toilets and other amenities and can handle large visitation loads along designated paths at a time, except camping sites with limited capacities and for limited duration.

Source : www.nps.gov/jotr/index.htm www.joshua.tree.national-park.com www.joshuatree.org

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Carrying Capacity Approach & Calculation


The calculations of the carrying capacity load have been made on certain assumptions. As mentioned earlier, carrying capacity is the amount of activity that can be accommodated in a specific site without causing unsustainable impacts. It is a popular approach to visitor management and is an attempt at determining the maximum number of visitors that is sustainable in ecological and social conditions. Yet carrying capacity is among the most controversial topics in recreation management*. Too often tourism development adds to the environmental stress, crowding of the visitors and negative impact on the habitat. In particular when the development of tourism exceeds the carrying capacity of the tourist spot, it causes a variety of negative impacts. The carrying capacity is calculated not merely on the basis of space available but includes biological and sociological issues. The ideal definition of carrying capacity is a "level of recreational use an area can withstand while providing a sustained quality of recreation". A spatio-temporal approach has been adopted to estimate the optimum number of tourists in VoF. The details of options explored are as follows: Fluid carrying capacities: This model is used when resources can be replenished and regenerated. Fluid carrying capacities is an anthropomorphic view that carrying capacities can be increased by hardening a site or improving it's capacity through improved transportation or facilities. Fixed carrying capacities: Fixed carrying capacities, on the other hand, are used if the area is extremely vulnerable; if no information exists to define an areas potential carrying capacity; if visitor responsibility and awareness levels are low or unknown; or there are no resources to increase carrying capacity. If visitor demand exceeds an area's carrying capacity, then a quota or limit must be imposed to protect the site. Combinations of fixed and fluid capacities are used in many protected areas. However for VoF fixed carrying capacity has been recommended.
The objective of this rationing system is not only to physically manage the space available at VoF but also to see the diversity is protected and not tampered. Most of the computer models that are used to calculate the carrying capacity take into account physical access, transportation and pollution caused by the activity, etc. There are several models to calculate the carrying capacity, however on has to observe the tourist behaviour, tourist movement over the entire year (season) to put layers to develop the model. It was not in the scope of work to do that in-depth study due to limited project duration, and moreover the number of tourists at present is within the threshold limits.

Sustainable Tourism, F. D. Pineda, C. A. Brebbia & M. Mugica (Editors) , 2004, WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISBN 185312-724-8.
*

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The following criteria were considered to arrive at the optimum number that can visit the VoF area in a season: Use Levels: The actual use levels by the tourists of the facility at the VoF site are fairly low, and the tourists are not permitted to camp/stay at the VoF overnight. They only visit the site, enjoy the panoramic view and leave. The actual impact in terms of needs to cook, ease and relax is very minimal. The formulae to calculate carrying capacity where tourists have to cook, camp etc. include requirement of wood to cook and camping requirements including water & other amenities, pollution load due to excreta, etc. These have not been considered here. The VoF is too small and very fragile in terms of accommodating needs of tourists. In order to maintain the relationship of use levels the tourist number has to be rationed. Transportation to reach the Site: There are models available where pollution loads are calculated on the basis of vehicular pollution, horse/mule rides and, impact due to transportation to reach the site. Carrying capacity gets limited when the impact crosses threshold. As far VoF is concerned, this is not critical as there is neither vehicular movement possible nor mules are permitted, and tourists reach the site only on foot or palki/dandi. With respect to transportation to reach base station/destination, the main load is for Ghangharia & Govind Ghat/Hemkunt site. Recreation Opportunity: Recreation opportunity is density dependent. However, the VoF is not visited for recreation of the type that will warrant consideration of factors usually considered for purely recreational tourist sites. Hence, traditional models to calculate carrying capacity were not considered for this site. Desired Resource Conditions: The main criterion at VoF is sustainability in terms of impact of tourists to biodiversity, and the changes that impact of tourists may cause on biodiversity. Estimation of impact of tourists depends upon the number of tourists, their education, and sensitivities towards biodiversity and time period spent at the site. The proposed model of fixed carrying capacity is based on the assumption that time spent is negligible (no camping/night stay as discussed above), the sensitivities are moderate for only serious tourists visiting the site, and others are /further would be trained for a high level of sensitisation before they visit the VoF site, and there would be strict vigilance on the number of people going in and coming out of the VoF and their activities. The Acceptable Level of Impact: The limits of acceptable change recognises the value judgements involved in identifying appropriate levels of impact and use intensity. The area has special values, issues, and concerns. The unique and precious biodiversity needs special attention. The numbers have to be monitored on the basis of indicators of resource changes. The numbers can only be increased if there are alternative opportunity allocations. The numbers projected

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in carrying capacity are based on the space required for tourists to move around in such a way that there is no trampling, the tourists can gaze at the nature without physical impacts. There is a limitation in this model, the ecological behaviour and visitors (local community) if any during the off-season (when snow is still not there) have not been accounted for as enough data for that period is not available. However, intrusions of locals or visit of grazing animals during off-season is a distinct possibility, if forest patrolling is not sufficient enough. Parameter taken into consideration while arriving at the above suggestion S. N o. 1
Activity

Load

Remarks

Solid waste such as bottles

Average is 2 bottles per head per day

Minimally calculated in this case assuming that the visitors are trained and well sensitised

Excreta of visitors

Approx. 400 g per day per head Minimally calculated in this case assuming that the visitors are trained and sensitised, and the requirement of number of users may be very less Approx 1-2 liters a day 400 gm per day (waste) including plastic wrappers Considered as a load in the current calculations Not calculated in this case assuming that the visitors are trained and sensitised, and would carry back the waste Considered as a load in the current calculations Considered as a load in the current calculations Considered as a load in

3 4

Urination by visitors Food waste and plastic of food packets

5 6

Noise pollution Negligible Disturbance to diversity Removal of plants Chemicals Unexpected, but may be acute including trampling, plucking, removing and brushing Unexpected, but possible Negligible, but could effect

7 8

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S. N o.

Activity

Load

Remarks

(perfumes, odourants and others that come with human visitors) 9 Disturbance to animals

diversity

the current calculations

More tourists will scare away the animals visiting (naturally) the area

This parameter is considered as a negative effect of tourists as the serenity is disturbed when humans will frequent the area This parameter is considered as a negative effect of tourists as the serenity is disturbed when humans will frequent the area. Humans are scary of bees and insects and higher numbers can cause adverse effects.

10

Disturbance to birds and insects

More tourists will disturb the birds and insects. This being flowering and fruiting season, many butterflies and insects apart from birds will be common in the area, these insects are crucial as they help in breeding (pollination) of the flowers. Reduction in number can adversely effect the population of the insects and birds frequenting the VoF More visitors increase the risk of introduction of alien microbes More visitors increase the risk of introduction of alien weeds

11

Introduction of alien fungi and microbes Introduction of alien weeds

This parameter is considered as a negative effect of higher number of visitors This parameter is considered as a negative effect of higher number of visitors

12

Thus, out of above, major considerations are the impact on biodiversity. Load as in items 1 and 2 are minimally considered to the extent of contribution by less than 5% of visitors and item 4 is not considered as the visitors are expected to be trained, and well

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sensitised & informed before they visit. In case these are also to be considered in a situation of minimal sensitisation, then the VoF will be considered extremely fragile and the normal load will have to be calculated at a higher multiple instead of 10 as adopted now. Since the limited capacities are proposed at VoF, the option of extending prior reservation to visit the main valley site may also be thought off for quality visitors (serious nature enthusiasts, research scholars, etc.). Conclusions Valley of Flowers National Park, is a highly sensitive ecosystem due to its unique natural phenomenon of growth/seeding of a great diversity of flora without any human assistance in this phenomenon in a cyclic manner & in a limited period post snow times, and due to its physical location in fragile Himalayan geology, apart from Himalayan fauna as well. Though movable space is limited, due to its topography & ecosensitiveness its not possible/advisable to increase the movable space in the main valley, even if the climate during visitation is very pleasant. To maintain the present good quality of the environment with minimal levels of pollution load & ecological disturbance in the valley, the normal load impact per person in terms of space required in recreational mode is about 4 sqm and the same is proposed to be increased by 10 times factor* for the sensitive eco-system of Valley of Flowers, yet which also has a relatively static environment of snow cover for most of the year, with only dynamicity happening during very few months of summer-monsoon season. Thus, for the available movable space of 0.6 ha or 6000 sqm in the main valley, and at the sensitised per person load of 40 sqm, the number of persons limited for the visitation in the main valley at any point in time would be 150 persons (also due to movable space of just 1.5 acres this translates to a visitation limit of 100 persons/acre at any point in time). At any given point in time, the number of sensitised tourists inside the Valley should be limited to 150 persons at the rate of 100 persons per acre of the movable space. The Forest Department Personnel located at the VOFNP Entrance gate should take this into consideration before letting new groups in. Moreover, DoF may ensure that this limit is not exceeded, and especially during the peak visitation periods, any excess load flow per day shall be diverted from the main valley to the more resilient area of Germplasm Bank/ Shadow Garden/ Demonstration Nursery as proposed in the report. However, this number has no meaning unless effective sensitisation is done (visitors shall be well informed that they have to remain on fixed path, the behaviour expected from them w.r.t. when visiting such eco-system, and ensuring that they understand it very well and also are guided appropriately during visitation) and the tourists within the valley are quality environment lovers. Thus, with the present behavioural patterns, the carrying capacity could be much less. Also, it is emphasised that if the visitor is not sensitised extremely well, if the increased fuel consumption is not controlled (i.e. if electricity arrangements are not upgraded through grid line/properly maintained micro-hydel plant), if solid waste disposal
Normally a person takes nearly 4 sqm of space if he/her has to walk, take off coat and spread arms. At such an ecosensitive place where movable space is very limited /to minimize any eco-disturbance due to human activities/impact beyond hazard management abilities over visitors during visitation, etc., the human load is calculated 10 times higher. This accounts for the environmental and pollution loading of a person and more space requirement for enhanced visitor experience. Less than 10 times load in this context would create pressure on the ecosystem. Accordingly 40 sqm space per person factor has been adopted to derive the visitation limitation per day.
*

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mechanism/capacity is set in place at Govind Ghat (in terms of existing proposal of incinerator, and recycling auctions), if the forest patrolling specially before the start of tourist season (when the snow has almost melted in May) and after the end of tourist season (before the snow begins) as the area is still accessible to local communities and continued sensitisation of local communities in this regard, etc., then the safety factor of 10 times as mentioned above may not hold really good and may have to be increased further to ensure that the carrying capacity of the main valley is not eroded. Thus more visitors may be handled as mentioned above, only if proper management, education efforts, and adding of new demonstration nursery /Germplasm banks as elaborated in other sections of this report is taken up and sustained.

6.1.3 Hemkunt
The following observations are made for understanding the region:

The visitors go only for the day for few hours and return back the same day As this is a pilgrim destination, which is open for just 4 months, it is not easy to control and reduce the number of visitors; however proper visitor management is essential in improving the quality of the destination. At Hemkunt Sahib complex, the total somewhat levelled land area including and around both the shrines/related facilities would be a total of about 2-2.5 ha. The pressure is maximum at this point, reported about 15,000 during peak day.

Also, in the Hemkunt destination perspective, plucking of Brahmakamal (Saussurea obvallata) flowers is an issue. Several tourists were observed carrying Brahmakamal flowers in hand as a souvenir. Also it was reported that this flower is available for sale for worshipping as well as for sentimental reasons after Nandashtami (annual fair in August). Though there are plants at areas other than the valley and near Hemkunt site, yet the numbers are not inexhaustible. This has to be managed in several ways:

Educating people about its importance and need to avoid misuse at Nature Interpretation Centre & Govind Dham Gurdwara at Ghangharia Educating Hemkunt Sahib Gurdwara and Lokpal Temple staff not to allow persons to pluck the flowers and offer with prayers Souvenirs could be developed with flowers packaged. The technology to preserve the flower, its colour and shape could be accessed through government institutions like, NBRI. Cultivation of flowers for commercial purpose at sites other than the tourism area Removal of flower does not kill the plants. Need to protect (not necessarily conserve) the flowers from excessive exploitation and education to appreciate the flowers in nature and not hold for a few minutes.

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Main pressures are as below:

One to two bottles of water are consumed by an average tourist while trekking the path. Each waste bottle weighs nearly 50 gm when empty and thrown in the dustbin or thrown away. There is a load of nearly 100 gm of non-biodegradable waste per tourist (incl. other wrappers, boxes, biscuit packets) and with nearly 15000 tourists on a peak day; this load comes to 1500 kg per day. Human waste with consumption of 2 litres of water per day adds to the liquid and solid waste that the site has to carry and absorb in its system. Disposal of eatables, left over food, seeds and peels add to solid waste, which is not huge in terms of mass, but of concern since some of these can germinate in the area and others can cause pollution of water and foul smell. Animal waste at the rate of nearly a kg dry weight adds another dimension as the number of mules per day and number of trips per day is increasing with the increase in number of tourists. With nearly 2-2.5 hectare area available at this site, the number of tourists (even floating per day) needs management in terms of waste factors discussed here as well as in Chapter 5. These measures should particularly include: o Use of green alternatives for food, management of liquid and solid waste, management of waste of animals, removal of waste from trekking path to avoid visual repulsions and odour pollution, education to tourists so that they carry back their waste in the bags they have brought to the site. An ideal eco-tourism scenario will be no waste left at the site (all bottles and wrappers are carried back, no eatables are thrown or dropped, no seeds are left in the wild, no plants are plucked or trampled, the human waste is chemically reduced or decomposed in ecologically safe way, animal waste is converted into manure, the animal feed includes no weeds so that the seeds of the weeds are not thrown open to environment causing disturbance). The ideal situation can be realised to 75 percent possibility by proper management and education. o At the same time, the total environment load is not acute and hence in terms of energy requirement, the area has the necessary carrying capacity of the tourists as visiting currently as long as the waste and services provided are managed.

The visible impacts of tourists are: production of waste, crowd effect because of numbers or the mules in operation, lesser approach paths to the target site etc.

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Since, ratio of support area to developed tourist area is crucial for calculating carrying capacity, it is important to understand the intensity of tourist activity and plan managing the tourists, resources and the services. Management will reduce the intensity and thus lesser support area will be required thus enhancing the carrying capacity. All efforts should be focussed reducing the environmental loading ratio and thus facilitating a dynamic balance.

6.2

Valley of Flowers Management Plan

The Valley of Flowers management plan is a mix of Conservation Plan for the valley, management measures and minimal development measures.

6.2.1 Conservation Plan for the Valley of Flowers


Flora and fauna

Conservation of threatened flora and fauna is one of the important aims of the management plan. The threatened resources suffer from two types of threats, viz. over exploitation, illicit collection/ poaching and ecological changes and natural extinction whose number has drastically gone down in the wild. Conservation of those threatened natural resources, specially the medicinal herbs require special attention and care. There is a need to build up the general perception of the local community members about the threatened species & their importance in the ecosystems. It is recommended that grazing may not be allowed to address the issue of control of dominating species like Polygonum polystachyum, impatiens sulcata, etc. The overall conservation plan can be summarised as development of proper packages by: o Studying the growth pattern of such dominating species in a season (July-Sep for Impatiens sulcata, Polygonum polystachyum, Cuscuta europaea, etc.); the species that are getting suppressed; the seed behaviour of dominating species, so that time of pruning and extent of pruning be estimated etc o Prepare appropriate packages of practices based on scientific observations o Devise means where their spread is checked by reducing their biological population o Educate the locals about the issues in conservation o Find alternative means to utilise the pruned foliage.

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Polygonum polystachyum shall not be removed from the slopes and fresh soil erosion areas (that occur as result of glacial actions), as it is a good soil binder and can bind any such areas of erosion. A study is proposed to be commissioned to investigate Polygonums current impact on biodiversity, develop methods for monitoring that can be implemented by technical staff (of research/study group involving one or multiple institutions like Department of Forests, Wildlife Institute of India, High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre of HNB Garhwal University, etc.) and review the role and potential impacts of machine tools or other improved method of removal in place of physical removal for use in areas of high conservation status. It is proposed to undertake a study on the occurrence of Polygonum in the nearby areas/ valleys where grazing is practised and relation of sheep with spread of this particular shrub. The transition area needs to be developed with soil conservation measures to prevent soil erosion and one of the aims should be to encourage and extend visitors appreciation of the different landforms and landscape types in the reserve.

Soil Conservation Measures

Participative Conservation Local Community Participation

Joint Forest Management (JFM): Participatory consultation and planning in the Reserve Forest areas and Civil Forest areas as per the concept of Care and Share Philosophy in buffer & transitions zones (non-core zone areas) and under the States Rules on Joint Forest Management. Any local host community/EDC involvement in the core zones (VOFNP area) has to be in a very restricted and regulated way as decided and directed by the Department of Forests. Involvement of Local Community and Eco-Development Committee (EDC): All the soil conservation works and masonry works and even pruning of dominating species are labour intensive in nature. The local villagers of Bhyundar/Pulna and the EDC members must be involved to carry out the job. This will provide local job opportunity and will also win local goodwill and support. Involvement of local people for finding out the changes in the ecological pattern and the probable causes of depletion of resources (use of traditional knowledge).

VOFNP Management

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General Rule that may be added for abiding by Visitors to VOFNP

It is mandatory to hire at least one registered eco-guide/nature interpreter, unless the visitors have already availed/hired a registered porter-cum-eco guide option. Any group with more than 10 persons should hire one more eco-guide at every 10 persons. Porters who accompany tourists to the Valley will also have to compulsorily undergo a training session on environmental orientation. It will also be their responsibility to maintain the environmental balance and act as porter-cumeco guide in a limited way. Training to them will serve the twin purpose of increasing their remuneration and as well as to get them aware of environmental protection issues and this in turn will make the porter-cumeco guide to be responsible/accountable for environmentally aware tourist behaviour from tourists who they accompany. Modify existing Rule no. 2 as given in Chapter 2 as Do not destroy, trample, collect or remove any plant and animal specimen whether live or dead or any geological specimen Take only memories. Always walk on designated trek trail/path. Do not trample flora to climb rocks for rest or scenic view. Use designated toilets only. If required bury human waste and toilet paper about 30 m away from water sources (river Pushpawati and numerous big & small garhs/streams). Avoid using pollutants such as any soap/detergents in river/streams. Carry back all biodegradable waste and non-biodegradable litter. Batteries should not be thrown away and should be carried back for proper disposal. Patronise tour operators who think green. Listen to your guides and porters to follow conservation measures.

Items that may be added in existing Dos and Donts list for Accessing VOFNP: 1.

2. 3.

4. 5.

6. 7.

Revision of Entry Fee The basic entry fee applicable to access the VOFNP shall be revised and should include the cost of 1 coloured brochure/booklet (listing major 54 floral species and major fauna species with their pictures, bloom period, any other brief etc. printed on a glossy A-2 paper of size 18 x 23 printed on both sides and with 12 folds or any other suitable design) & 1 Trek Map with Flower Composition brief on one side and Dos & Donts/any other instruction on other side (printed on good A-4 sheet of size 9 x 11 in black & white or any other suitable design) per head, which must be provided to the visitor along with the entry permit at the

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VOFNP Entrance Gate Check-post. Cost for such informational material is initially budgeted for the 4-year project implementation period. Thereafter, the cost shall be borne by the DoF/EDC through its resources.

6.2.2 Development Measures


Landscape Proposals Germplasm Bank of Endangered Species of VoF (ex-situ conservation)

It is proposed to put up a demonstration nursery / shadow garden, which simulates species of Valley of Flowers at other sites, and which will be a good demonstration of the biodiversity of the Valley. Department of Forests has also put up a small demonstration site that has names of the plants displayed near the entrance gate of Valley of Flowers. However, it is very small in size/area and only symbolic and not a demonstration garden for eco-tourism purpose. The Valley of Flowers site is more than simply an eco-tourism site. It is a natures laboratory even for the trained botanist. A scientific demonstration nursery as a Germplasm bank of Endangered Species of VoF/ Demonstration Nursery should be built up at the site (about 5 ha of area is available as informed by the Director, NDBR) between Ghangharia and VOFNP gate. For further high altitude species including Brahmakamal etc. a small garden site (about 0.25 ha) could be developed at Hemkunt area on the land of Forest Department. The Germplasm Bank/ Demonstration Nursery would be similar in pattern and components, scientifically developed maintaining abundance, density, frequency and diversity indices of biodiversity. This site, as has been recommended, should also have a nursery for easy replenishments; replacements and refilling of lost material, and also have potential to provide certain plants that can easily be generated. This garden / nursery will have the following advantages: o Providing additional attraction for the tourists o It will be a manmade garden and will be a unique option to study succession and environmental impacts o It will be an educational garden o It will provide research data for controversial issues that can be researched here and the same can not be experimented at Valley of Flowers o It will provide an alternative site to visit and help understand population growth to the scientists /eco-tourists

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o Also this new destination would handle greater visitors outreach in terms of general tourists to enjoy biodiversity, without disturbing the main VoF thereby reducing possible future pressure on Valley of Flowers o Since we cannot manage the Valley to a great extent in order to keep the natural profile, the demonstration nursery / shadow garden can be managed to keep the desired population levels o It can provide a boost to entrepreneurs who may like to cultivate some of the plants for bio-prospecting o It will beautify the area o This will also be a unique conservation strategy, which looks like exsitu yet will be close to the site. o This garden can have labels, notes and information provided at the site while we cannot do the same manipulations in the protected Valley of Flowers site.

The proposed garden should not have only the flowering plants planted as in an exhibition but planted along with the associated plants, depicting the natural ecosystem keeping frequency, dominance, associations etc. as close to natural one as possible. The dominants and co-dominants should be brought out by their prominence and numbers. This will give a natural look. A garden as proposed can be designed and landscaped by ecologists or natural resource botanists. The proposed garden (or gardens at other vintage sites) should have names of the plants. The number of plants be grouped in a manner that it gives a picture of the valley (also provides a breeding population of the plants, for example 12 to 25 plants depending upon canopy and height of shrubs as well as availability of space) etc. This Demonstration Nursery/ Shadow Garden can be named as Germplasm Bank of Endangered Species of VoF as suggested by NDBR. It is proposed to carry out maintenance and partly laying the paths in dry stone kharanja (RR masonry) over soil/bridle path within the Valley. Where there are steep slopes, it is proposed that railing painted in dark green must be provided (about a total of 2.5 km stretch). PWD has already planned works with a project cost of Rs. 2.00 lakhs to be taken up on priority basis for safety and securing the trek path within 2 km stretch of landslide prone area between the VOFNP entrance and the 3 km point at Bamani Dhaur.

Paths/Trails

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Foliage that covers from both sides about 2/3rd of the already narrow path should be regularly pruned so that full 3 ft. wide path is accessible and visible in case some visitors find themselves lost which is a high possibility when they try to venture within Valley of Flower but beyond Donagair Garh.

Bridges The river Pushpawati already has a dark green painted permanent steel truss bridge at 0.9km point after Ghangharia. The deck of this bridge needs repair for which PWD has already planned works with a project cost of Rs. 1.5 lakhs.

Three other strong rivulets - Gushadhar Garh, Dev Mangri Garh and Bistoli Garh require folding bridges. PWD has already planned construction of a new folding bridge on Dev Mangri Garh near 3 km point at Bamani Dhaur with a project cost of Rs. 3 lakhs to be taken up on priority basis. Open Vista Points are proposed to be developed which are clean, have sitting space, give a good look of the landscape, have telescopes & arrangements for digital photography (may be on nominal cost, to be managed by EDC/ local community) with temporary small umbrella cover and have detailed educational/nature interpretation information (with small pictures & accompanying text) on painted MS angle/sheet framed boards. This place can also be used to educate the visitors/groups by guides/nature interpreters on the efforts of the local management (Department of Forests, EDC) to keep the area clean and conservation issues, and the responsibilities/contribution of visitors towards the same. 4 Open Vista Points located at higher elevation/offering good view are proposed in the Valley of Flowers one at 2 km point (near the small glacier) in 25 sqm spread and two more each in 25 sqm spread in the main valley (these could be at those current locations which have large rock boulders near which normally tourists trample flora to find places for relaxation/use as view points), and one around the Ms. Legge's grave by cleaning the immediate surroundings in a limited way (about 100 sqm) between these rocks and the existing trek path. This cleaned up portion can be laid with dry stone random rubble masonry surface, and fitted with dark green painted precast/welded mild steel benches. Temporary sloped roof structures (2.5 m wide x 4 m long) with steel truss frame and corrugated GI sheet roof/wall with 4 steel benches (2 ft. wide x 5 ft. long) arranged in U-pattern - all painted in dark green (to blend with the environment) and fitted on soil/bridle floor may be provided at every 0.5 km interval starting from the VOFNP entrance gate till the 3 km point only (at Bamani Dhaur) from where the main valley view can be enjoyed without any

Vista Points

Rain Shelter-cum-Rest Shed

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such visual obstruction. All these structures would be disassembled at the end of tourist season and kept in EDC Store at Ghangharia, and would be reassembled before the next tourist season. Additional set of 2 uncovered benches (2 ft. x 5 ft. size each) painted in dark green is also proposed to be provided along the trek path at an interval of 0.10 km distance after Ghangharia till the 2 km point in Valley of Flowers (as this stretch of path is relatively steeper and to ease the trek such additional amenities are suggested) and to be disassembled after tourist season. As part of capacity building measures train members of EDC / local youth to assist later in disassembling & storing of temporary structures at Ghangharia after the end of tourist season and assembling of the same before the start of the next tourist season.

Toilets

Only one toilet (unisex) for urinal/WC use may be built at the first vista point near the glacier (which is half way through the valley trek) towards the upper hill slope. The siting of this toilet should be done in such a way that it is away from sensitive flora and also not in the way of good view of the Valley. The visitor should be made aware of this in the introductory informatory session. This structure would not be permanent (except its plinth base), would be painted dark green (to blend with the environment) and should be disassembled at the end of tourist season. Refer Chapter 5 on Environmental Management Plan. It will be the responsibility of EDC to maintain the cleanliness of this toilet. The toilet shall have water saver cistern. Chemical toilets/Dry toilets are available in international markets, and may be similar ones can be explored/developed locally too. The effluent should be filtered through pits containing sand, soil and gravel mixed proportionately before it is drained out. The current temporary arrangement sited at good vista points if required should be relocated at the hillside back and not in between the trekpath and valley view. Effluents may not be allowed to drain into rivers or natural ecosystem of the protected area but a system of its purification should be an in-built option. The urine/effluent should be passed through tanks of gravel, sand, and soil (1.5 m long x 1 m wide x 2.5 m deep for individual urinals) provided at various sites. This tank can be covered, however with a provision to clean these whenever necessary. The sand and gravel of this tank has to be serviced, cleaned or replaced on periodical basis. This may add to the cost but it cleans the waste to a large extent and the waste going to streams and soil

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will not pollute the water. There can be several bacteria/contaminate that can cause havoc if they get mixed with drinking water.

Arrangements for cleaning this toilet should be made so that each tourist at each time gets a clean urinal/toilet. This is a basic facility that has to be provided. Factors like cost of use or maintenance can be worked out with the authorities of VOFNP site, EDC and survey of tourists in a test year.

Signages Signages will form an important part of the visitor experience enhancement and education. The following signages are proposed:

at each km point (5 boards) to indicate the distance within Valley of Flowers on both sides of the board at river crossings to indicate the name of streams/rivers (1 board each for Gushadhar Garh, river Pushpawati, Dev Mangri Garh, Bistoli Garh, and Donagair Garh) in Valley of Flowers at Bamani Dhaur Junction to Khunt Khal indicating the trek path bifurcation (including altitude at Bamani Dhaur) in Valley of Flowers at the junction of trek path to indicate locations separately to Ms. Legge's grave and to old Helipad Nature Interpretation/Information Board at 3 Open Vista Points in the valley with small pictures & supporting text (1.5 m x 2 m size) and 1 board at Vista Point near Ms. Legge's grave (1m x 1m size) made up of MS angles/sheets Small nature interpretation signages (of legible size) that merge with nature along with rare trees and flora on the way is proposed (Assuming 150 boards displayed alternatively as per the bloom cycle of flora at VoF including those at Germplasm Bank/ Demonstration Nursery / Shadow Garden between Ghangharia & VoF Entrance Gate, each of 0.45 m x 0.3 m size made up of MS angle/sheets). Standard Warning/Information Signage areas/Glacier (6 boards) along trek path. Board for Landslide prone

Directional/Locational & Informational signages are proposed with dark green background & white text, while Nature Interpretation signages would be as per the current pattern followed by DoF. Solid Waste Management

No Waste Bins are proposed inside the Park. The Park will function based on Visitor carries Waste principle as adopted in many international level National Parks.

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An Eco-Deposit (Rs. 50/- or as decided by the Department of Forests) may be collected from the visitors who have to declare the plastic items polythene, bags, beverage bottles, etc. carried by them, at the VOFNP entrance gate. This deposit will be given back to them once they return back and show that they are carrying back the waste. Plastic waste is not incinerated near the Valley, as the poisonous gases are harmful and should not be left in the sensitive ecosystem.

Other Physical Infrastructure


Other than maintaining/laying the paths and temporary rain shelters/toilets, and folding bridges, no other physical infrastructure like water supply pipelines, electric supply, and telecommunication network is proposed within the park. The Forest staff on patrol may use its wireless in case of any emergencies (like landslides, injury to visitors, etc.) to communicate/seek assistance from Ghangharia. Water can be collected from nearest stream/garh (strained at the time of collection itself) and be carried manually in canisters and filled up in flat FRP overhead tanks fixed underneath the toilet ceiling, regularly as per need. For details of the work items and costs refer Annexure C. For all the works inside the VOFNP area, the permission of Chief Wild Life Warden (CWLW), Uttaranchal under the provisions of Wild Life Protection Act, 1972 is necessary to be taken up by the Department of Tourism, GoI. If permitted, the Department of Forests, can then carry out these works, some which it may get it done through the assistance of PWD, like the trek path & bridge development work, directional signages, etc.

6.3

Hemkunt Development Plan

6.3.1 Conservation Plan for the Hemkunt Region


Heritage Conservation Hemkunt has an ancient temple dedicated to Lord Ramas brother, Lakshman that had been revered and visited by local people for long. An annual fair on Nandashtami in August takes place at this location. While, the holy place of Hemkunt Sarovar (a groundnut shaped lake spread across over 8 ha. area), where the Sikhs tenth guru, Guru Govind Singh meditated and realised his oneness with God, was discovered in 1934. The sanctity of this Hemkunt region should be maintained, and any new structure in this area should come up for meeting the infrastructure gaps only and its architecture/design should be appropriate with the climatic conditions. The Brahmakamal flower that grows at high altitudes of the Valley of FlowersHemkunt region needs to be protected. The flower is revered and offered for prayers.

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The Lokpal temple conservation and strengthening including painting and other works is also an important component in the initial years. A lump sum amount is budgeted for the same. The pamphlet to be distributed among the tourists will also focus on this temple, which existed much before Hemkunt Sahib was built. Landscape Proposals As mentioned earlier, and part of conservation measures, for further high altitude species including Brahmakamal, etc. a small garden / Germplasm bank site (about 0.25 ha) could be developed at Hemkunt area on the land of Forest Department.

6.3.2 Development Proposals for Ghangharia-Hemkunt Route & Hemkunt


Planned Works Upgradation of Ghangharia-Hemkunt Sahib Trek/Pedestrian Path (14 km to 19 km point) was proposed by the PWD in 2002-2003 for an amount of Rs. 211 lakhs. This amount is not yet sanctioned. The work item was cleaning and upgradation work over existing stone kharanja path in CC 1:2:4 with an average thickness of 18 cm. Rebuilding the damaged retaining walls within various stretches of the path from 14-19 km (Project Cost = Rs. 1.50 lakhs) is already planned by PWD to be taken up on priority basis. Construction of Folding Bridge near 13 km milestone point after Ghangharia settlement over the Lakshman/Hem Ganga (Project Cost = Rs. 1.00 lakhs) is already planned by PWD to be taken up on priority basis. During the study (in 2003), it was informed that Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd. (PHHL) plans to start helicopter services from Gauchar/Joshimath (subject to permission from government authorities like Army, etc.) to Hemkunt Sahib. At present there is no Helipad at Hemkunt Sahib. However, the PHHL team has identified a Helipad site at Hemkunt Sahib during their visit in Oct 2003 and has approached the Government of Uttaranchal to construct the same so that the helicopter services can be started in Sep 2004. This Helipad size could be of 30 m in diameter with H & Landing & Lift-Off Area (LLA) marked in highly reflective paint in the centre of the Helipad, public safety area restriction line marked on ground and other appropriate accessories like, windsock, CO2 type fire extinguishers, etc. shall be provided. However, the actual dimensions of the Helipad at the time of execution shall be compatible with the type of helicopter put in service. At the time of revision of this report, it was reported that under a MoU with GMVN and PHHL, helicopter services of PHHL (US manufactured Bell 407

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helicopters) have been worked out from Agustmuni (located in Rudraprayag District at a distance of 18 km from Rudraprayag on Rudraprayag-Kedarnath route) to Ghangharia since Sep. 2004. The Agustmuni to Ghangharia and return helicopter ride is of 35 minutes with a carrying capacity of maximum 5 passengers per ride and air fare worked out on charter as well as per seat basis is Rs. 12,000/- per head (minimum 5 passengers required). If these Ghangharia passengers would like PHHL to pick them up next day, the option is available, and the charges would be the same i.e. Rs. 12,000/- per passenger for minimum 5 passengers available. Trek Path-New Proposals It is proposed that the trek path from Ghangharia till Hemkunt be widened as far as possible (average 6 ft. wide to accommodate the common path for mules and pedestrian use) as the hill slopes are steep and current alignment of path at many places is almost one over another in a zig-zag pattern. For cross drainage 2 small culverts (for small seasonal stream lines observed) have been suggested. While, for cross drainage the trek path can act as a drain surface as well, and at regular intervals (approximately 10 cross drainage points per km) it is suggested to make small drops under the trek path portion as cross drainage chamber (1 wide x 6 long x 13 deep) and each chamber covered with three removable RCC slab chamber covers (16 wide x 2 long x 2 thick) with grated openings (openings should be small enough like 1-1/2 dia @ 4 c/c, so that mule toes dont get stuck and there is no danger of mule tripping over it) for water to drop and get drained across the trek path to the slower slope. The area affected for diversion of land for trek path expansion and construction of Helipad at Hemkunt is approximately 8500 sqm or 0.85 ha. Department of Forests may identify land for plantation in lieu of these diverted lands and can get plantation done with involvement of local community members like Mahila Mandal, Yuvak Mandal, EDC, etc. The development proposals for the same are:

Common trek path for Mules and Pedestrians in the Ghangharia to Hemkunt Stretch. Widening of Trek path base in Stone Kharanja/Masonry work (6250 m long by average 2 ft. or 0.6 m width as far as possible and 9" or 0.225 m deep) Pucca CC (1:2:4) trek path upgradation with dimensions 6250 m long x 1.8 m wide x 0.20 m thick. The top surface would have engraved grooves in herringbone diagonal / straight pattern with size of each groove pattern as length - 212 mm, width - 100 mm, and width & depth of groove as 12 mm each to provide grip for humans / animals while trekking. It shall be ensured that the quality of the materials used for concreting is appropriate as per

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design and the concreting work is of the highest quality, so that it does not get damaged easily due to regular use by the pedestrians & mules.

Construction of 1.15 m high x 6250 m long MS railing along one side of the trek path and 1.15 m high x 1000 m long MS railing along both sides of the separate pucca step path to reach Hemkunt all painted in dark green. GI Wire mesh (24 guage /144 mesh per sqm) bracing to hold hill side slopes up to 4' high along trek path edge (except portion upto 13 km point ahead of Ghangharia). Provision of 3 removable RCC 1:2:4 slab drain chamber covers (1 wide x 4 ft long x 11 deep) with grated openings as discussed above at approximate regular intervals of 10 such locations per km. Construction of small culverts (1 m x 0.5 m span) with minor retaining wing/support walls and RCC 1:2:4 slab (1 m x 1.8 m x 0.15 m size) for cross drainage from adjacent hill slopes at low-lying areas of the path, where water flow quantum may be more leading to accumulation and subsequent flow over the trek path (about 2 small stream lines observed where such small culverts can be provided). Upgradation of two culverts/minor bridges for cross drainage of the larger streams (till one and half km before Hemkunt including the Lakshman / Hem Ganga stream) Construction of Helipad at Hemkunt.

Note: Wherever the upper hill slope along the trek path side is very steep/almost vertical, where the widening of trek path by cutting the slope is difficult, there the trek path may be widened with RCC slabs supported on stilts on the down/lower side of hill slope, if feasible. The side exterior of this RCC component shall be painted in dark green to blend with the environment.

6.3.3 Tourist Amenities


Amenity Cluster
It is proposed to develop amenity clusters at regular intervals to facilitate tourists who are proceeding towards Hemkunt from Ghangharia. The cluster types will have the following mix of amenities:

Cluster A

Snacks/ Fast food centre: 4 in numbers, with a seating capacity of 15 people each (area of each unit = 20 sqm) A multi purpose room functioning as tourist information desk and first aid centre with paramedics (10 sqm)

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Shauchalaya with 2 toilets each for men and women on pay & use facility (4 m x 3 m). Covered Rest Shed 1 in number (area 15 sqm) with 5 benches (2 ft. x 5 ft. size) The trek path between the cluster to be partially covered (3m x 15 m). One large size waste collection pit (dark green painted MS iron cage that can be easily assembled & removed) to be used by EDC cleaning staff to dump the waste collected from trek path/sides & enroute establishments, before its transported down to locations where waste compression equipment units are placed for waste compression and/or to Govind Ghat for incineration/recycling. This would be located at 3 km point only after Ghangharia on Hemkunt route. Snacks/ Fast food centre: 2 in numbers, with a seating capacity of 15 people each (area of each unit = 20 sqm) Drinking Water Facility (1000 litre low density polythene moulded tank) Shauchalaya with 2 toilets each for men and women on pay & use facility (4 m x 3 m) Covered Rest Shed 1 in number (area 15 sqm) with 5 benches (2 ft. x 5 ft. size) The trek path between the cluster to be partially covered (3m x 10 m). Drinking Water Facility (500 litre low density polythene moulded tank) Covered Rest Shed 2 numbers (each of area 15 sqm) with 5 benches (2 ft. x 5 ft. size) in each shed.

Cluster B

Cluster C

Spatial Spread of Cluster Types


The location of the cluster has been decided based on the average trek distance coupled with the steepness of the gradient when a person may feel tired to take rest with smaller clusters located at frequent intervals of 0.5 km 0.75 km. The availability of any existing suitable land if very close by to a derived location is also considered, instead of creating any new space in the Forest/Van Panchayat area by cutting or filling.

Approximately Cluster A will be provided near 1.5 km, 3.5 km, 5.35 km points after Ghangharia settlement towards Hemkunt; Cluster B near 2.5 km & 4.5 km; and Cluster C will be near 1 km, 2 km, 4 km, & 5.75 km points from Ghangharia.

Additional set of 2 uncovered benches (2 ft. x 5 ft. size each) is also proposed to be provided along the trek path at an interval of 0.10 km distance after Ghangharia till Hemkunt (as this stretch of path is relatively steeper and to

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ease the trek such additional amenities are suggested) and to be disassembled after tourist season. Building Character and Control Regulations All the amenity cluster spaces are proposed to be of temporary structures (except for the small plinth bases for cluster amenities/toilets, wherever necessary).
It is proposed to maintain a uniform character of the cluster amenities/toilets. This will be maintained by following temporary sloped roof steel truss structure with corrugated GI sheet roof & wall all painted in dark green (to blend with the environment). All these structures would be disassembled at the end of tourist season and can be kept in EDC Store at Ghangharia, and would be reassembled before the next tourist season. Refer Chapter 5 on Environmental Management Plan.

As part of capacity building measures train members of EDC / local youth to assist later in disassembling & storing of temporary structures at Ghangharia after the end of tourist season and assembling of the same before the start of the next tourist season. Toilets Enroute

Proper arrangements of toilets (urinals as well as latrines) for both sexes must be arranged at the site in frequent numbers. Higher frequency (each at 0.5 km) of these facilities may be made for Hemkunt tourists. The structure of the urinals should be such that these cannot be used as latrines providing least scope for sitting at these sites. The toilets shall have water saver cisterns. Chemical toilets/Dry toilets are available in international markets, and may be similar ones can be explored/developed locally too. Arrangements for cleaning these urinals should be made so that each tourist at each time gets a clean urinal or toilet. This is a basic facility that has to be provided. This will be possible as it is to be operated on Pay & Use Model. The urinal waste should not be let off to pollute soil and water, rather it should be cleaned before it reaches ground water/stream. The urine should be passed through tanks of gravel, sand, and soil (2.5 m long x 2 m wide x 2.5 m deep at Cluster A, 2 m long x 1.5 m wide x 2.5 m deep at Cluster B, and 1.5 m long x 1 m wide x 2.5 m deep for individual urinals) provided at various sites. These tanks can be covered, however with a provision to clean these whenever necessary. The sand and gravel of these tanks has to be serviced, cleaned or replaced on periodical basis. This may add to the cost but it cleans the waste to a large extent and the waste going to streams and soil will not pollute the water. There can be several bacteria/contaminate that can cause havoc if they get mixed with drinking water.

Mule Shed

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Mule shed is one of the important components of the Enroute Development Plan for Hemkunt. These again would be temporary structures with the design as mentioned earlier. The proposals for the same include:

Mule Stand to accommodate 50 mules at a time to be developed at Hemkunt Sahib One Mule Shed each to park 20 mules at a time to be developed near Cluster A. One Mule Shed each to park 10 mules at a time to be developed near Cluster B.

These mule sheds shall be made of temporary sloped roof steel truss structure with corrugated GI sheet roof & wall all painted in dark green (to blend with the environment). All these structures would be disassembled at the end of tourist season and can be kept in EDC Store at Ghangharia, and would be reassembled before the next tourist season. These mule sheds are proposed to be equipped with facilities like drinking water (a long stone masonry/plastered tub of water parallel to the parking) and fodder for the mules. Mule urine at these sheds/rest places should be collected in pits and cleaned by passing the urine through cleaning tanks containing gravel, soil and sand, as recommended for human urinals. This will reduce the risk of urine contaminating water bodies and soil in the area. Signages Signages form an important part of tourist facilitation especially on a trekking path. The proposals for Signages on the Ghangharia-Hemkunt route are:

Standardised Signage Boards: at Lakshman/Hem Ganga bridge just after Ghangharia to indicate the name of river at Valley of Flowers - Hemkunt Sahib Junction after Ghangharia settlement to indicate the trek path bifurcation at each km point (6 boards) to indicate the distance from Ghangharia to Hemkunt and back on both sides of the board (cost estimates already included as part of total Enroute Development Plan) at the Hemkunt Sahib complex to indicate the location of Hemkunt Sahib (including the altitude), Lokpal Temple, Proposed Helipad, Hemkunt Sarovar, & Lakshman / Hem Ganga

Standard Eco-Awareness Message Signage displayed at Hemkunt Gurdwara premises

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Punjabi (1 Board each for2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) Hindi (1 Board each for2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) English (1 Board each for2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows)

Standard Information Signage Board at Lokpal Temple to provide brief history of the temple and Annual fair in August. Warning Signages indicating risks on the way like landslide/ avalanches prone areas, etc. (cost estimates already included as part of total Enroute Development Plan). Small nature interpretation signages along with rare trees and flora from Ghangharia to Hemkunt (assuming 50 boards) and at Hemkunt (assuming 50 boards displayed alternatively as per the bloom cycle of flora) each of 0.45 m x 0.3 m size made up of MS angle/sheets.

Corner sidewalls of temporary cluster facilities that are open to view from trek path may also be used for painting/display of information/eco-signages. Directional/Locational & Informational signages are proposed with dark green background & white text, while Nature Interpretation signages would be as per the current pattern followed by DoF. Electric Supply The Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust runs its own micro-hydel power generation system of 15 KW capacity, complete with piped water supply head and turbine. The Trust has also made arrangements for a diesel generator to meet the electricity requirements for the cold environment, which consumes about 100 litres of diesel in 2 days (i.e. it adds to minor air pollution but is expected to be absorbed by the natures vastness in the area). Installing a bio-gas plant as discussed later in the solid waste management section, based on langar waste could also provide gas for heating/lighting purposes. It is proposed to provide Street lighting from the junction of route to Valley of Flowers / Hemkunt Sahib till next 1.5 km cluster of facilities on the Hemkunt route to facilitate safe return of visitors in this last stretch (13 km to 14.5 km point after Ghangharia) which may get dark sometimes due to bad weather and after sunset normally at 6.00 pm. EDC/Mahila Mandal/Forest Dept. staff on cleaning/patrolling duty or Gurdwara Sevadars should switch off these lights once the visibility improves or after 7.00 pm by which hour it is expected that all pilgrims/trekkers would have returned to Ghangharia. Telecommunications

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One PCO/STD/ISD booth at Hemkunt Sahib Complex connected to Satellite Telephone Exchange of Ghangharia. Wireless connectivity to EDC members & Gurdwara Managers. One Satellite Telephone PCO/STD/ISD booth to be provided at 3 km point (at one of the Amenity Cluster A) between Hemkunt Sahib and Ghangharia for emergency needs. Proper sewage disposal system through soak pit, etc. at Hemkunt Sahib for Kitchen/Langar wash waste which currently falls into Lakshman /Hem Ganga stream. Separate Community Toilet (Pay & Use) to be provided for mule operators/porters/palki carriers at Hemkunt Sahib complex. Upgradation of Toilets/Bathrooms/Change Rooms at Hemkunt Sahib complex with a new Shauchalaya of 5 toilets each for men and women. These toilets should be properly/hygienically maintained by the Gurdwara Trust, unlike the conditions of present toilets.

Sewage & Toilets at Hemkunt

Solid Waste Management A main concern in the region is on how to manage collection and disposal of biodegradable and non bio-degradable waste. It is recommended that:

Very evident and attractive turntable solid waste collection bins be placed at different points from Ghangharia to Hemkunt (@ 100 m interval).. 1 solid waste compression equipment unit be placed at Hemkunt for compressing the non-biodegradable waste generated at Hemkunt. Waste collection area to be managed more scientifically with arrangements for stacking the compressed bags (large Iron Cage pits that can easily contain some 50 or more compressed sacks) and in no case these should be stacked near the Sarovar or streams. These cages should be airy, should not spill, and neither should weather out in a season (plastic cages were not recommended due to the reason of these getting brittle in sun and may get damaged early, these would not be as airy, and would be susceptible to fire as discussed in Chapter 5 on Environment Management Plan). Compressed plastic waste is transported down and used for incineration at Govind Ghat incinerator (existing proposal)/reprocessing by recycling of any excess load. Contracts for purchase of this waste for recycling could be given so that government cost of collection and transportation can be reduced. Also

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sacks if in good condition, should be re-used for collection and transportation of waste.

Better incentives be given to the waste collectors; also each collector may be given less than 1 km (may be 0.750 km each person). With same wages as given for 1 km. However, the Department of Forests/EDC etc. authorities may consider the following: Increasing the wages as per minimum rate as applicable in the State or as decided by the local management. Increasing the number of persons per km range. It should be one person for every quarter of km in the sensitive and busy areas, like Hemkunt route. The commission per bag should be increased substantially to Rs 15/- per sack for non bio-degradable compressed waste and Rs. 10/- per sack for mule excreta waste (to be decided by EDC and local management under the advice of DoF) Mule excreta are also collected in sacks by the sweepers as mule organic matter. Separate coloured/marked sacks can be provided to the collectors. These mule excreta are collected at several sites particularly near villages. Vermi-composting is practised at collection sites so that the excreta can be converted into manure. Education is provided to locals, collectors, mule owners about conversion of this waste to fertilisers; and use of fertilisers for agriculture. One demonstration can be planned at Ghangharia by the officials, and where fertilisers can be provided in the new proposed Ghangharia Education/Training Centre/EDC Store. Mule owners are educated about collection of excreta and its conversion. Remuneration to mule owners for collecting and supplying at collection centres is given. They can collect mule waste and can carry the same on their mules, and can deposit if educated. Remuneration will be an incentive. Even if a remuneration of Rs 10/- per sack is offered, it will be economical as the waste can be decomposed in a planned way and the produce can be sold as fertilisers to the nearby farmers or utilised by the Department of Forests in its activities. Vermi-composting at colder climate may be a problem. Appropriate worms and technology may have to be adapted. Institutional arrangements may have to be made to achieve this. Special arrangements may be made at Hemkunt site to collect the kitchen (Langar) waste and decomposed in a biogas plant. This waste when plenty

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can be converted in a biogas plant. Statistics show that even in the leanest season (September 2003) about 62000 pilgrims have visited Hemkunt at an average of 2100 per day eating one meal at Hemkunt, while the numbers in the peak season was 5400 persons/day (June 2003). This may provide sufficient raw material for biogas plant based on waste food. This gas can be used for heating/lighting purposes.

When this waste is in small quantities, it is converted into manure by Vermicomposting. Currently most of this waste is let to rot or pushed down the valley and that mixes with water stream at Hemkunt. Their diet must include sufficient fiber, greens and should be balanced. Arrangement to grow green fodder and provision of the same at Ghangharia and Govind Ghat should be made. This will avoid any unmanaged grazing and could give good diet to the mule. Health check of mules should be mandatory. Sick mule should not be allowed to ply in the area. Mules currently stand/rest in the area, which gets full of their urine and filth. Areas planned for mule rest should be developed in such a manner that they can be easily cleaned/drained and maintained hygienically. Mule urine, particularly at trained urinating spots/mule rest areas be collected in pits and cleaned by passing the urine through cleaning tanks containing gravel, sand or as recommended for such cleaning. This will reduce the risk of urine contaminating water bodies and soil in the area.

Health of Animals

6.4

Management/ Institutional Measures


It is very essential to develop education/information centres that are run by locals. These centres should have organised training where scientific information is provided in simpler language and resources be provided for continuous education and training to local community members, Mahila Mandals, mule operators, establishment owners, etc. Initially a batch of local community members can be trained at Center for Eco-tourism and Sustainable Livelihoods, Chunakhan (Ramnagar) run by the Department of Forests. These centres should have facilities (modern) for educating the tourists in terms of not only the history, flora and fauna, but also towards the environment protection and conservation issues. The centres should prepare the training in such a manner that it should become an attraction (slide &

6.4.1 Capacity Building

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video shows of bio-diversity, environmental conservation, Dos & Donts, Picture Post Cards, Photograph posters & with frames, Souvenir flowers/caps/T-shirts/win-cheaters with Valley of Flowers logo, etc.) to visit and get trained and not a compulsion to visit these centres. But those who visit this centre will become member of Friend of Valley of Flowers programme (which had earlier started) after paying the nominal fee of Rs. 5/for the slide and video shows, and will get benefited by becoming a recipient for updated information on Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region through a computerised database and an interactive website where brochures/guide maps/e-postcards etc. can be accessed.

The trained staff should carry special certificates so that tourists can appreciate that the staff and guides are well trained in modern tourism-cumenvironmental issues. A proper curriculum of training should be developed that has contributions from experts so that even trivial issues have a support of state of art information such as Biodiversity Act, Farmers Rights and Plant Varieties Act, Pollution norms, etc. Training modules should be prepared by DoF on a pilot basis and these modules should be available for NGOs / EDC / Mahila Mandal or others so that they can impart training to others. These modules should also be available at nearby institutions of formal education. Special trainings can be organised from time to time so that the motivation levels for eco-tourism (i.e. complying with principles of eco-tourism), updating the information and keeping the target groups appraised about recent developments, new norms, benefits or incentives, if any, etc. Also to fund/sustain the EDC resources, the government in mutual discussion with various departments & stakeholders shall levy a nominal ecofee per head payable by all the tourists as discussed in Chapter 8. The tourists in turn would get eco-guides and other support staff that have an "Eco-tourist trained staff" certificate. This certificate in the form of a badge/ID-card should be displayed by all trained staff, guides, volunteers, establishment owners, etc. Monitory fines should be imposed on those who do not heed to the ecoguidelines or notices of the EDC and Department of Forests. Provisions could be made for revocation of the registration of those staff, shops, establishments who do not comply with the eco-guidelines. Enhanced revenues can help pay better wages to cleaning staff, hiring local community staff for eco-patrolling or giving power to Mahila Mandals for the same till the Bhyundar stretch, for maintaining temporary building structures

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and facilities, for undertaking trainings, and maintaining stores to keep dismantled temporary structures, street lights, equipments, & use as training centre/disaster relief centre, etc.

Department of Forests officers/staff should have state of art education in all the parameters listed above (Pollution management, solid waste management, conservation management, biodiversity management, animal health etc.) The management of habitat and associated fauna must be integrated into an adaptive management approach that takes into account research and monitoring results as they become available during the life of the Plan. Preparation of site specific plans in local language using simple technology so that the field workers can understand and implement the plan. Listing and site mapping of all the threatened bio resources of the Valley of Flowers National Park. Onsite documentation of reasons for their depletion. Collection of seeds/ plants from the wild and efforts for their growth in the nurseries and their re-plantation in the suitable habitats. Involvement of scientists and researchers for finding out the causes of depletion of any particular species and means of their conservation. Good participatory documentation of the results of growing and marketing. Need to harness energy potential of waterfalls, streams etc. Need to look for other sources of household fuel source- solar cookers, solar heaters, smoke-less stoves, etc. and training programmes on usage of these. Research and Monitoring: The information regarding plant communities like Taxus baccata (for cancer medication), etc. of restricted occurrence need to be better understood and documented in spatial, qualitative and regeneration terms. There is a need to allocate money for research in the region, this could be packaged for multilateral or government funding. The environmental consequences of traditional firewood and grazing grass/fodder collection will be addressed as a priority. Resource Inventory and annual census works The technical staff and researchers from technical institutes will be engaged for a project for surveying the valley and inventorying the natural resources and the staff will give training and technical support for the field level staff.

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Appropriate census equipments will be bought and training given to the staff and local EDC members. Specialised equipments like light and powerful field glasses, cameras etc. will be required. Also for analysing the data, computers and statistical software will be required. The findings of census records will be discussed in public workshops so that people who have some other information of any other occurrence can be known. The resource documentation format and methodology will be developed in a workshop involving specialists, local people, officials from Department of Forests, etc. Creation of demonstration plots at public places so that people can be made aware about the issue of census work and peoples co-operation can be sought. To enhance the knowledge/general perception of the local community members about the threatened species & their importance in the ecosystems, Department of Forests/NGOs can conduct discussions in EDC meetings, discussions in local schools, Van Panchayat/Gram Sabha/Mahila Mandal meetings, etc.

6.4.2 Monitoring

Patrolling forms a regular feature of the management. Department of Forests may need to increase the patrolling staff. In the patrolling activity required in the non-core zones local community/Mahila Mandal/EDC members will also be associated and they will be given remuneration on daily work basis. This will create in them the feeling of involvement and inculcate a sense of owning the responsibility among the local people. High altitude gears and necessary equipments like high power torch/ tents/ sleeping bags, rucksacks, wind/water proof jackets or parka coats, trek shoes, snow goggle, arms are essential item for protection patrolling. Whether this high altitude patrolling is a short range (spread over 4-5 days) or long range patrolling (spread over 10-12 days of trekking), forest staff/guards should be provided with ration and high calorie food (like dry fruits) as well. As VOFNP is situated at a high altitude zone, proper high altitude gear needs to be supplied to the field staff so that they can patrol the remote areas with extremities of weather. They need to be provided with sleeping bags, rucksacks, wind/rain proof jackets/ parka coats, trekking shoes, tents, snowgoggle etc. as mentioned earlier. Strict watch and ward involving local youths in the patrolling duties in noncore zones

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Institutional mechanism to be developed within the village community to self-monitor and not to misuse the power of patrolling vested with them. Village biodiversity register: In consultation with the local EDC, traditional ecological information about local flora and fauna will be recorded in the village biodiversity register and disseminated in accordance with intellectual and cultural property protocols. The Department of Forests may also engage local youths to ensure accurate collection and storage of traditional ecological knowledge. Importance will also be given to create awareness among the local settlement, which falls in the transition/buffer zone to reduce conflict with animals especially in the nights. Growing of medicinal plants in the fallow/ low yield agricultural lands Full documentation of each available medicinal herb its present status in the park, its suitability of growing in the settlement area, its market value and means of marketing involving the locals, scientists, etc.

Based on monitoring, individuals who take initiatives on their own for environmental protection and conservation in general as well as for saving threatened flora / fauna should be recognised and rewarded through some special prize/incentives, etc. Also, those if found flouting the eco-rules whether tourists or local individuals should be penalised by imposing a fine for a tourist or revoking the registration license of the concerned local establishment/ individual.

6.4.3 Sensitisation of Tourists & Visitor Information Service


Sensitisation of Tourists and Stakeholders

Sensitisation-cum-training workshops will be held at the start of the tourist season (from the month of June) at division level and in the regional level. In these workshops mule owners/ porters/ palki carriers/transporters/ Hotel and lodge owners/ Restaurant and shopkeepers will be involved so that they can be properly apprised with the law and be motivated to guide the tourist. These stakeholders should be randomly checked for their diligence/negligence over co-operation on such issues and rewarded/fined as necessary. Many more personnel from the local host community need to be trained for nature interpretation services / guide work. The few current ones have some partial commercial business or other to be attended as well, at Ghangharia or Govind Ghat and many trained guides are available at present. Decentralised training camps on various kinds of Forests and Wildlife laws will be arranged throughout the year.

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Trainings and capacity building of the beneficiaries. The Friends of Valley of Flowers programme can keep a computerised database of all those who visit Valley of Flowers after a compulsory Nature Interpretation Program. Later on a regular basis it can update them on newer happenings in the valley, better bloom, newer species of flora and fauna if sighted, favourable climate, pictures of beautiful landscape with different flowers as per specie specific bloom periods, e-postcards, conservation issues, contributors to conservation, facts on monthly & total visitors to valley, statewise and nation-wise break-up of visitor profile, visitors who were recognised as eco-tourists due to their contribution in keeping the path clean and bringing back the waste, etc. throughout the bloom season every year on web. A 30-minute documentary movie is proposed to be built on the Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt region and shown to interested tourists for which a separate fee will be charged. It is proposed that a Television and VCR be made available at the Information Centre.

Environmental Awareness

A 5-minute awareness training will be conducted to all the visitors to the Valley of Flowers at the entry point. The objectives of this training will be two fold. One will be to create awareness about the biodiversity and the spatial spread within the Valley. In addition to the training, the visitor will be provided with an indicative map of the Valley aiding them to explore and experience the same in a better way. The second objective is to make the tourists aware of their responsibilities towards protection of the area and waste. It is a principal of eco-tourism that there has to be good support educational material for the eco-tourist. Even when the tourist visits as a pilgrim and not an eco-tourist, he or she is mentally ready to imbibe information when exposed. Thus this is an important component. Although there are efforts to initiate this activity through various means as listed below, much more need to be undertaken: o Camps of NCC or other organisations where not only the cadets have been educated but they in turn have tried to educate others (However, the efforts are casual and not in a structured way; the displays are not aesthetically good). o The local organisations have been sensitised and educated.

Educational Component

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o Guides have been trained and sensitised (Yet published information, displays, slide shows, CDs and other forms of visual information will enhance the tourist activity as well as help in conservation). o There are displays of list of plants at the entrance of the valley displayed prominently.

A good garden/nursery has to be having an educational component. Though the names have been shown with the plants at the current small demonstration garden near the VoF entrance, its is recommended to provide a complete booklet that gives information about the plants, salient features, possible use, traditional uses and other information associated with the plants, conservation status and efforts made by the Authority to conserve, multiply and promote the concerned plants. This is cardinal to the concept of eco-tourism. Department of Forests has listed the names of the species that occur in the area, however these may be displayed more aesthetically, with booklets and pictures for commercial sale. The products can be supplemented with CDs, Floppies, and Filmstrips not of pictures only but information generated on scientific lines and for all target audiences such as schools, colleges, amateurs, entrepreneurs and professionals. The brochures, CDs and other forms of educational material should cover as much information as possible, including the controversial issues like that of control of dominating species like Polygonum polystachyum, Impatiens sulcata, etc. One fully equipped nature interpretation-cum-information centre at Ghangharia is available in the Forest Rest House complex. At this nature interpretation centre regular (30 minute) slide shows on Valley of Flowers and wild life is held in the evening hours (from 6:00 pm 7:30 pm) throughout the 4-months of tourist season. As mentioned in Chapter 7, this building should be supported by another temporary sloped roof structure of 20 sqm area for information provision / nature interpretation & orientation purposes. Also, it should be ensured that this centre is staffed by Forest Rangers staff, EDC members / Local Community or GSHSMT Volunteers, so that there is always someone ready to answer questions of the visitors and the centre should be open throughout the day time. The number of slide show/documentary film show and its timings may be appropriately decided for enhanced coverage of visitors.

Valley of Flowers Information Centre at Ghangharia

Eco-Awareness/Education at Govind Dham & Hemkunt Sahib Gurdwara

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After each ardas (prayer) the Manager & Granthi of the Gurdwara should take the responsibility to announce a special request (Vinti) to all the visitors about the cleanliness and environmental conservation issues in this eco-sensitive region. The Gurdwara premises should also prominently display the Dos and Donts about cleanliness and environmental conservation issues, to be followed by Gurdwara staff as well as the visitors. Refer Annexure B for ecoawareness slogan signages and Gurdwara Announcement.

Refer Chapter 11 for Nature Interpreter / Guide Training Program etc and Chapter 12 for other Measures including Marketing Strategy, Visitor Management System etc.
7. DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS AT BASE SETTLEMENTS
The previous chapter outlined the development plan for Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt. This Chapter details the development plan proposals for the base settlements of Ghangharia and Govind Ghat with respect to eco-tourism requirements. Refer Annexure C for the details of work items and costs.

7.1

Development Plan for Ghangharia

Ghangharia as is today, is the result of a haphazard development and is basically an encroachment. The thrust of Ghangharia development plan is to conserve environment; regularise development under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; facilitate tourist; and put regulations in place for facilities & services.

A.

TOURIST INFRASTRUCTURE

7.1.1 Accommodation
Key Issues The key issues concerning accommodation in and around Ghangharia are: Absence of quality accommodation Shortage of number of beds of accommodation available at Ghangharia for tourists in the peak months Limited booking facility available prior to travel.

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Needs & Constraints


The peak months in the 4-month season see large shortage in terms of no. of beds available. The constraints for development of more accommodation lie in the following:

Land Use and Land Ownership pattern results in unavailability of land. Most of the land is currently disputed, i.e. whether is under owner ship of Department of Forests/ Van Panchayat/ Department of Revenue. Space Carrying Capacity Limitations Forest land nearby Permanent construction activities not permitted in the region. Most of the existing structures/plots are considered encroachments, which have been surveyed (in 2002) by Department of Revenue and a draft base revenue map has been prepared, and was due for regularisation during the study (in 2003).

Recommendations Planned Works GMVN Proposal: Construction of 2 Huts at Ghangharia TRH (Project cost - Rs. 15.00 lakhs, Amount sanctioned, Project Status - under construction / on-hold due to Department of Forests objection, Targeted to be completed by next season in 2004) Ghangharia has limited additional land (which is relatively flat and devoid of much vegetation) with very little scope for new development. This is a sensitive area because of the following reasons: Limited area that cannot be expanded Thick surrounding vegetation Higher intensity of tourists using as a base camp at a single time putting high pressure on the accommodation It has higher transactions in terms of purchases, procurement of supplies, common entrance for both Hemkunt and Valley of Flowers. Stay time statistics are different than those for Hemkunt and Valley of Flowers. With less than 3 ha available at the site near Ghangharia, the space carrying capacity is limited as high-rise kind of development is not envisaged in this area due to the environment sensitivity, the character of the region and as per the rules of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. However, with a peak season average of 10,000 people at the place, better

Space Carrying Capacity

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management and regularisation needs to be followed. Any pressure on this area will tell upon other sites and reduce carrying capacity of other sites. Hence the following measures are taken: No new land is proposed to be brought under construction or new development (2.801 ha of land is already occupied of which 2.638 ha is under consideration for regularisation). Regularise and manage the existing land under development through various mechanisms, which are detailed below. Prior booking facility made available through VMS proposed so that the intensity can be spread across the 4-month tourist season.

New Proposals
The proposals for accommodation at Ghangharia are:

Since there is acute shortage of new land, which could be brought under new construction owing to the forest land, sensitive ecology, and regularisation issues, there is a thrust at accommodation facility. In view of this only temporary tented accommodation is proposed at two spots at Ghangharia, during the tourist season as below: Development of 2 - temporary tented resorts after the Ghangharia settlement in current vacant lands on the side of trek path on land rented every season/short-term leased from Forest Dept. spread over approx. 0.25 ha land - catering to 60 beds capacity in 30 tents and 2 tents for 4 staff in each resort, all these with attached toilet tents. Development of 6 - temporary tented resorts before end of Kanjila in current vacant lands on the side of trek path on land rented every season / short-term leased from Van Panchayat spread over approx. 0.75 ha land catering to 180 beds capacity in 90 tents and 2 tents for 4 staff in each resort, all these with attached toilet tents. These tents shall be assembled before every tourist season and disassembled at the end of tourist season, and stored by the local community owner at its own premises either at Bhyundar / Pulna. The tourists staying in these tented resorts would have to avail the existing food/restaurant facilities available at Ghangharia only. Land pooling is proposed (ten temporary plots amounting to 0.13 ha, which were cut from the list for regularisation) along with the vacant government land for provision of essential services to tourists and service providers like for community toilets, cheap dormitory for labour, EDC Store-sum-Education Centre-cum-Disaster Relief Shelter, Medical Clinic, Veterinary Clinic, Mule Sheds, etc.). The land at Ghangharia is proposed

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to remain under Forest Ownership/Van Panchayat/Department of Revenue (once owner ship issue is resolved or if it remains under pooled ownership) and the tented resorts are proposed to be leased to private entrepreneurs from the local community. This development is expected to bring in sufficient economic gains to the community in view of the high spending capacity of most tourists. Hence, this needs to be a community driven activity and adequate permissions need to be taken for the same including from the Department of Forests in conjunction with Department of Tourism and Department of Revenue (Patwari). Regularisation of Accommodation for Standardisation: There is a need for regularisation of accommodation facilities. Hotels/ lodges need to be graded based on the standard of accommodation, facilities offered and the per tourist space. Infrastructure availability to these hotels/ lodges is a main issue presently. Once the power supply through grid is in place, the hotels are expected to offer more facilities like heaters, blowers, better laundry, etc. to tourists. The seasonal rentals (maximum) will be fixed as per grade (grade/categories defined by Department of Tourism) of hotel/ lodge. Development Control Regulations: Based on the character of the region and its environmental sensitivity, it is proposed that any construction, new or refurbished, should have sloped roofs and the height of the structure shall not go beyond 2-storey high (G+1). All the new amenity spaces are proposed to be of temporary structures (except for the small plinth bases for these amenities/toilets, wherever necessary). It is proposed to maintain a uniform character of the new amenities/toilets. This will be maintained by following temporary sloped roof steel truss structure with corrugated GI sheet roof & wall all painted in dark green (to blend with the environment).

Any development proposal needs multiple approvals and hence a committee constituting DFO, DoT, Patwari, Van Panchayat representatives, and EDC representatives will take decisions on such matters. No new land is proposed to be brought under new physical construction. However, land pooling and redevelopment will be considered for further development without cutting any more trees. To meet additional requirements some Forest Land after Ghangharia and some Van Panchayat Land at Kanjila may be rented per day or per season/leased for short term only for temporary tented resort accommodation as mentioned above. A complete ban on use of wood of sensitive trees, like Taxus baccata etc. in Ghangharia is proposed. It is also proposed that there be checks at the

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beginning of every season for any unauthorised construction carried out during the off-season. As proposed in Chapter 12 on Visitor Management System, booking facility for hotels/ lodges is proposed to be made available.

Note: Regularisation of shops and hotels/lodges, which have come up in the last few years is underway under the provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. Department of Revenue is in the process of finalisation of revenue map.

7.1.2 Refreshment Stalls


Key Issues There are a large number of refreshment stalls of varying sizes, quality standards and prices spread across Ghangharia. There is no quality check on any of these in terms of quality of food, services or prices. Recommendations The recommendations for the refreshment stalls are: Quality Assurance: Quality monitoring at the various refreshment stalls by means of community based monitoring is proposed to be implemented. This will include monitoring of inputs, outputs, time frames and processes. Department of Health may assist in certifying / monitoring the quality of food and overall hygiene of the services. Regularisation of these stalls, and fixing prices as per grades. The EDC will audit and monitor the water usage, wastewater and solid waste management of the shops. It is proposed that the stalls collect all the organic waste and deposit it at the pit for the same provided at Ghangharia. The solid waste is to be stored in a waste container in a way easy for the EDC sweepers to carry it to the disposal site.

7.1.3 Commercial Establishments


Key Issues The shops/ stalls predominantly sell woollen, rainproof items and souvenirs. There is no order owing to the haphazard development here. Recommendations The recommendations are: Regularisation of shops to be completed by defining the numbers, identity of shops etc. A character shift is proposed for these shops with overhanging roofs on steel trusses.

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Each season, the rates of items sold will be regularised across the classes of the shops. The EDC will monitor the solid waste management of the shops. The solid waste is to be stored in a waste container in a way easy for the EDC sweepers to carry it to the disposal site. The EDC will inspect the shops in a season and give incentives in the form of awards to Eco-friendly shops. As discussed in the environmental management plan section, selling of cheap plastic raincoats is proposed to be banned in the project region. Instead, good quality raincoats may be made available on rent with a fixed deposit payment of Rs. 250/- at Ghangharia too for those going to Hemkunt (in addition to Govind Ghat). On return the tourist can claim a refund of Rs. 240/- while Rs. 10/- would be deducted as rent/service charge for cleaning and keeping it ready for re-use. To discourage any tendency of not returning the rain coats, the raincoats should be specially engraved with Valley of Flowers Hemkunt logo in front and EcoDevelopment Committee Bhyundar or Govind Ghat at the back.

It is advised that the local trade community along with the local management may work out the actual amount of security deposits based on the procurement costs, service charges, and any penalty charges in built for loss/damage, at the time of implementation of the above proposals.

7.1.4 Information Services


Key Issues Currently there is no information services available except for the not so known slide show on Valley of Flowers conducted at Valley of Flowers Information Centre. The Gurdwara acts as the nodal point for the religious tourists. Recommendations
It is proposed that a tourist information service desk be opened at the GMVN TRH at Ghangharia. This information centre made of temporary sloped roof structure would have an area of 20 sqm and will provide information on the nearby tourist spots (refer Section 8.5 & 8.6 of Chapter 8 on Development Plan for Facilities Enroute), distances and means to reach there. It will also help the visitors/ tourists in familiarising with the Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt. This centre will also co-ordinate with the local guides. Also, the Valley of Flowers Information Centre should be upgraded with another similar building (about 20 sqm size) made of temporary sloped roof structure added to facilitate display and sale of Historical Information on Valley of Flowers, Large Photo prints/with frames, photo post cards, brochures, Souvenirs with Valley of Flowers logo Caps/Tshirts/Win-cheaters/desk-calendars, etc. apart from utilised as an interpretation & orientation centre. The slide projection facility needs upgradation with stand by arrangement and facility for film projection for short documentaries too need to be added.

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7.1.5 Recreation Facilities


Key Issues Majority of tourists who go to Hemkunt return to Ghangharia before dusk and they return to Govind Ghat the next morning only. Some tourists reach Ghangharia in the evening for an early morning visit to Hemkunt and early return back home. In both the cases the tourists who stay at Ghangharia have no relaxation venues here. Recommendations Refer Chapter 6 to see the proposal on the Shadow Garden/ Demonstration Nursery near Ghangharia as part of development plan for the region. This is proposed to be positioned as a Germplasm Bank of Endangered Species of VoF (as suggested by Chief Wildlife Warden, Uttaranchal or be known by any other name by DoF as felt appropriate) Development of Landscaped Recreation Plaza
There is a waterfall that is formed due the 14 m deep fall of the Lakshman / Hem Ganga stream on the way from Ghangharia to the bifurcation point of Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt routes, which has potential to become a secondary tourist attraction. Relaxation decks are proposed with a small landscaped plaza around. The details of the same are:

2 covered relaxation decks of area 25 sqm each are proposed to be developed. These relaxation decks/ plaza are proposed to be well maintained, kept clean, have total sitting space of 24 benches (2 ft. wide x 5 ft. long) with MS/GI railing along the deck for safety. The location will give good view of the mountains, trek paths, Ghangharia and the beautiful waterfall. The transition from deck to nature will be made smooth with ample landscaping at the interface of the two developing it as a totally landscaped plaza. This will also form base for environment discussions and nature interpretations. The structure of this recreational deck/area will be temporary in nature with sloped roof structures (3.5 m height at the centre) with steel truss frame and corrugated GI sheet roof with 12 steel benches (2 ft. wide x 5 ft. long) with railing on each deck - all painted in dark green and fitted on plinth base. This is to be disassembled after the tourist season is over and can be stored in the EDC store proposed at Ghangharia.

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Presentation of Folk Culture

The following activities shall be promoted for tourists to get acquainted with the local culture and take back rich cultural memories: The works of art, handicrafts, souvenirs should be presented/displayed for sale in various shops/establishments including at Nature Interpretation Centre in FRH Complex and GMVN TRH. In addition to the above tourist amenities, two additional Cloak Room of 25 sqm each is proposed to be developed at Ghangharia & Kanjila for the tourists who do not wish to carry their luggage during the trek. The building would be a dark green painted temporary tin slope roof structure. Signages will form an important part of the visitor experience enhancement and education. The signages proposed at Ghangharia would have information on altitude, location, etc; map of route to Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt Sahib; map of Ghangharia showing main hotels, information centre, Gurdwara etc. Also Standard Eco-Awareness Message Signage can be displayed at Govind Dham Gurdwara premises

7.1.6 Other Tourist Facilitation

Punjabi (1 Board each for 2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) Hindi (1 Board each for 2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) English (1 Board each for 2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) Directional/Locational & Informational signages are proposed with dark green background & white text, while Nature Interpretation signages would be as per the current pattern followed by DoF. Colour pamphlets/brochures can be procured at Govind Ghat / Checkpost / Nature Interpretation Centre at Ghangharia will provide information on flora and fauna that may be observed around the settlement, etc.

7.1.7 Tourist Safety


It is proposed that a small Police Chowki with sufficient personnel/logistics be stationed at Ghangharia in view of the sudden influx of tourists during the four months of tourist season. This building of about 50 sqm area will also have similar temporary natured structure & building regulations as proposed for other structures mentioned earlier.

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7.1.8 Health Care Facility


Key Issues Government Dispensary at Ghangharia has a doctors cabin, which is very small (basically a tin shed provided by Govind Dham Gurdwara along its boundary wall) and is not equipped with proper treatment facilities. Recommendations It is recommended that a proper First Aid Centre-cum-small Trauma Care Clinic equipped with essential instruments with treatment area spread over 50 sqm be developed at Ghangharia. This health centre will also sell essential medicine kits for those who wish to carry it for their trekking and will include 4 beds for nursing the patients. This improved facility is to be housed in a temporary sloped roof building and can move down to Pulna during the off-season to benefit the local village community. Department of Health shall assist in setting up the same.

B.

SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Cheap accommodation, Fodder and Food

7.1.9 Mule Sheds, Arrangements


Key Issues

The present condition of the mule rest in area/shed at Ghangharia is very bad. This is detrimental to the health of the mules as well and gives a bad image of the place at the entry/exit of Ghangharia settlement. Even the mule operators and other labourers live in very pathetic conditions. Recommendations It is recommended that: Proper Mule Sheds made of temporary sloped roof structures be built to station at least 200 mules at a time. These mule sheds will have parallel running drinking pits and waste cleaning pits at the back, and Mule Waste collection and disposal infrastructure. Fodder should be made available at the mule sheds at a reasonable cost. Cheap dormitory accommodation made of temporary sloped roof structures (to provide stay at night for 150 persons) should also be built for the mule operators, porters, palki or dandi carriers and EDC cleaning staff. Construct pay & use toilet facility made of temporary sloped roof structures for these labourers.

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7.1.10 Veterinary Clinic


Key Issues Though around 800-1000 mules operate in the region during the peak season, there is no facility presently available for the treatment of mules/live stock. Recommendations Though the main veterinary clinic is proposed at Govind Ghat, it is recommended that a small veterinary clinic made of temporary sloped roof structures spread over 25 sqm be opened at Ghangharia for treating emergency cases especially on return from the steep and difficult Hemkunt trip.

C.

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

7.1.11 Pathways / Other Accessibility


Key Issues In Ghangharia market also, the trek pathways are in bad condition without any recent maintenance and the water service lines criss-crossing the road with mule dung all over. Whatever maintenance had been reported as undertaken regarding upgradation of paths with CC surface in past had been damaged significantly, as observed. Recommendations It is proposed that the paths be upgraded by laying CC 1:2:4 over stone kharanja (RR masonry) as part of the overall trek path upgradation proposals (250 m long x 3 m wide x 0.20 m thick) in the Ghangharia settlement over the existing path surface with a lateral mild slope in path surface towards centre so that storm water drains out from the drain running along the centre of the path. The top surface would have engraved grooves in herringbone diagonal / straight pattern with size of each groove pattern as length - 212 mm, width - 100 mm, and width & depth of groove as 12 mm each, to provide grip for humans / animals while trekking. It shall be ensured that the quality of the materials used for concreting is appropriate as per design and the concreting work is of the highest quality, so that it does not get damaged easily due to regular use by the pedestrians & mules. At Ghangharia settlement, the infrastructure services like water supply is proposed to be laid parallel to the paths independently for usage on both the sides of the path without crossing the drain, while the storm water drain (1 wide x 13 deep x 250 m long) is proposed to be constructed in the centre of the path covered with removable RCC 1:2:4 slab drain covers

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(each 16 wide x 2 long x 2 thick) with grated openings (openings should be small enough like 1-1/2 dia @ 4 c/c, so that mule toes dont get stuck and there is no danger of mule tripping over it) and storm water to get disposed across the trek path & beyond building portion through hume pipes (1 dia x 25 m long) at 50 m regular intervals towards lower slopes. Before the start of the season, maintenance measures are required to strengthen the condition of the road and for better visitor safety and hygiene. Since there is not much space for widening for a 2-lane trek path separate for mules and tourists, it is proposed to keep 2 EDC sweepers for the Ghangharia area to ensure clean environs. During the study (in 2003) it was informed that Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd. (PHHL) has plans to operate helicopter services to Ghangharia (to Kanjila Army Helipad) from the Gauchar Airstrip / Joshimath Helipad field subject to permission from relevant government authorities in May/June 2004. At the time of revision of this report, it was reported that under a MoU with GMVN and PHHL, helicopter services of PHHL (US manufactured Bell 407 helicopters) have been worked out from Agustmuni (located in Rudraprayag District at a distance of 18 km from Rudraprayag on Rudraprayag-Kedarnath route) to Ghangharia since Sep. 2004. The Agustmuni to Ghangharia and return helicopter ride is of 35 minutes with a carrying capacity of maximum 5 passengers per ride and air fare worked out on charter as well as per seat basis is Rs. 12,000/- per head (minimum 5 passengers required). If these Ghangharia passengers would like PHHL to pick them up next day, the option is available, and the charges would be the same i.e. Rs. 12,000/- per passenger for minimum 5 passengers available. Since, the regular helicopter services have been planned at the Ghangharia Army Helipad, the authorities must also ensure that public safety area restriction line/zone is demarcated, and other appropriate accessories like, windsock, CO2 type fire extinguishers, etc. are provided.

Planned Works

Further plans are reported to be underway to start air services from Gauchar where an airstrip already exists. Fixed-wing aircraft can easily land at Gauchar and chartered flights from Delhi can be initiated after due clearances from relevant authorities.

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7.1.12 Water Supply


Key Issues As discussed in Chapter 2, water supply system is a critical issue in Ghangharia base settlement inspite of natural availability of water in abundance. This is due to lack of tapping the potential and an improper system in place. Recommendations Planned Works At Ghangharia, Uttaranchal Jal Sansthan, Chamoli district has proposed a Repair/Upgradation of Water Supply Scheme under the Development Area of Joshimath region which a cost of Rs. 7.00 lakhs (sanctioned under Border Area Development head in 2003-2004). The existing planned project of Jal Sansthan is proposed to be implemented by start of 2004 season, and the same should be taken up on priority. In the year when the Phase-II starts, it is proposed to develop a proper water supply scheme with covered storage tank and water purification plant providing ample and safe water for the tourists and local community alike.

In view of the tourists dependence on water, the following are proposed:

7.1.13 Sewerage Disposal System & Toilets


Key Issues
Ghangharia has no proper sewerage disposal system, though individual lodges/ hotels have septic tanks and soak pits for disposal. EDC is constructing one small public toilet at the entrance to Ghangharia settlement.

Recommendations The groups of hotels, which do not have any kind of sewerage disposal system, have to go for a joint system with septic tanks, if grouping is possible. This would ensure that no sewerage reaches the river/ directly to the environs. One more Public Toilet made up of temporary slope roof structure of the same size as the one constructed at the entrance of Ghangharia can be developed beyond Ghangharia settlement on Pay and Use category.

7.1.14 Electricity Supply


Key Issues Electricity Supply, as discussed in the earlier chapters, is one of the constraints for further tourist facilitation in the region. The main areas of concern are the

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non-maintenance of the electric poles and supply through grid, and non-working of the solar lighting set up. Acute shortage of power is reported in the region, leading to use of diesel/kerosene based generators. Due to insufficient and low voltage supply, higher wattage gadgets cannot be used for heating/drying purposes in the wet and cold climate during the tourist season. The supply is also currently not metered and is charged per bulb connection. Recommendations Planned Works Ghangharia: UREDA is providing funds for an amount of Rs. 90,000/- in 2003-04 for channel repair & extension works with additional strainers and cleaning & repair of water tank connected through pipes to the turbine plant at Ghangharia as currently, Ghangharia is solely dependent on the micro-hydel turbine generated power. The recommendations for electricity supply for the region, in addition to above initiatives are: Urgent repair works for the turbine plant to ensure high efficiency of turbines. Upgrade street lighting at Ghangharia. Refer Section 8.3.2 under Chapter 8 for further details on restoring the power till Ghangharia through grid.

7.1.15 Telecommunications
Key Issues Currently, the telecommunication scenario is quite poor with just a few satellite phones only. A Satellite Telephone Exchange is setup by Department of Telecommunications at the GMVN TRH complex. There are 3 PCO Local Call/STD/ISD booths at Ghangharia connected to this exchange and operate only during the tourist season. These limited booths are not able to cater to demand due to large number of tourists. Connectivity is poor at times. Recommendations Planned Works Ghangharia: BSNL CellOne Services is also planned to be started from 2004 season onwards. Mobile connectivity to be ensured by start of 2004 season. Better connectivity and more number of PCO Local Call/STD/ISD booths at Ghangharia.

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7.1.16 Solid Waste Management


Key Issues The accommodation, refreshment and commercial establishments at Ghangharia are the major contributors to the quantum of solid waste to be managed. Recommendations It is recommended that: Very evident and attractive turntable solid waste collection bins are proposed to be placed at different points at Ghangharia (@ 15 m interval). 1 Solid waste compression equipment unit is proposed to be placed at Ghangharia for compressing non-biodegradable waste generated from Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt route to Ghangharia. Waste collection area is proposed to be managed more scientifically with arrangements for stacking the compressed bags in Iron Cage pits that can easily contain some 50 or more sacks. Two such pits are proposed at Ghangharia, of which one pit would be located near the Valley of FlowersHemkunt route junction on its south-east side that can be used by the visitors from Valley of Flowers to deposit their waste carried back by them, apart from using it for stacking waste collected and brought down by cleaning staff from Hemkunt route. These cages should be airy, should not spill, and neither should weather out in a season (plastic cages were not recommended due to the reason of these getting brittle in sun and may get damaged early, these would not be as airy, and would be susceptible to fire as discussed in Chapter 5 on Environment Management Plan). Compressed plastic waste is proposed to be transported down and used for incineration at Govind Ghat incinerator (existing proposal)/reprocessing by recycling of any excess load. Contracts for purchase of this waste for recycling could be given so that government cost of collection and transportation can be reduced. Also sacks if in good condition, should be re-used for collection and transportation of waste. As discussed earlier, two EDC sweepers to be put in charge of Ghangharia market/settlement area at every 0.25 km. Mule excreta is also proposed to be collected in bags by the sweepers as mule organic matter. Separate coloured bags can be provided to the collectors. The mule excreta will also be collected from the mule shed at Ghangharia and taken to Bhyundar/ Pulna for vermi-composting. Vermi-composting at colder climates may be a problem. Appropriate worms and technology may have to be adapted. Hence, its is suggested that Vermi-

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composting be practised at collection sites (Bhyundar and Pulna, which are at much lower altitudes and less colder than Ghangharia) so that the excreta can be converted into manure. Locals, collectors, mule owners should be educated about conversion of this waste to fertilisers for use in agriculture. A demonstration be planned at Ghangharia by the officials, where fertilisers be provided in the newly proposed education/training centre/EDC store. Mule owners to be educated about collection of excreta and its conversion. Remuneration to mule owners for collecting and supplying at collection centres can be given at the rate of Rs. 10/- per sack or as decided by local management/EDC. Remuneration will be an incentive.

7.2

Development Plan for Govind Ghat

Govind Ghat is the base camp before start of the trekking; hence facilitation at Govind Ghat assumes significance. If a road comes till Pulna, the focus could be slightly shifted though. The objective of the Govind Ghat development plan is to make it a regularised quality base and provide necessary facilities to tourists. Development Control Regulations: Based on the character of the region and its environmental sensitivity, it is proposed that any construction, new or refurbished, should have sloped roofs and the height of the structure shall not go beyond 2-storey high (G+1). All the new amenity spaces are proposed to be of temporary structures (except for the small plinth bases for these amenities/toilets, wherever necessary, and the hotels which require larger spaces). It is proposed to maintain a uniform character of the new amenities/toilets. This will be maintained by following temporary sloped roof steel truss structure with corrugated GI sheet roof & wall all painted in dark green (to blend with the environment). Any development proposal needs multiple approvals and hence a committee constituting DoT, Patwari, DFO and Van Panchayat representatives will take decisions on such matters.

A.

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

7.2.1 Roads & Pathways


Key Issues Presently the entry to Govind Ghat is very crowded, with vehicles waiting in queue for dropping and parking and the Badrinath traffic passing by, more so during the peak season. Recommendations Below are the details of already planned works by different agencies: Planned Works

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Repair Work of Govind Ghat-Ghangharia-Hemkunt Sahib Trek/Pedestrian Path and Valley of Flowers Trek/Pedestrian Path is proposed by the PWD, and was planned for Rs. 7.95 lakhs and Rs. 6.50 lakhs respectively this year, out of which a total sanction of Rs. 12.00 lakhs has been granted recently. This work is expected to commence from next season onwards (i.e. April end-May 2004) and has been accorded high priority to make the accessibility comfortable. The work sub-head planned and related to Govind Ghat is listed below: Repair of Govind Ghat Cable Suspension Bridge (Project Cost = Rs. 2.50 lakhs)

Tourism Bureaus Parking Proposal: Construction of additional parking facility at Govind Ghat (Project cost - Rs. 40.00 lakhs approx., Amount sanctioned, Project Status - under construction, Targeted to be completed by 2003-2004) Refer Chapter 8 on Development Plan for Facilities Enroute for the details on transportation proposals.

7.2.2 Water Supply


Key Issues Govind Ghat has shortage of water supply. Currently Govind Ghat gets piped water supply through gravity from a tank across river Alaknanda. Recommendations Uttaranchal Jal Nigam is already working on a scheme for meeting the drinking water demand at Govind Ghat with a horizon period of next 15 years. Planned Works Jal Nigam is preparing a scheme for providing piped water supply via Pulna to Govind Ghat. The scheme is under estimation and is expected to have a project cost of Rs. 25 lakhs. This scheme will contain one French Well type intake in Bhyundar Ganga river about 300 m above Pulna and then a 1-1/2 diameter x 5.5 km long GI pipeline laid via Pulna and later along the trek path, which will flow down the water through gravity to a 30 KL capacity cylindrical Clear Water Reservoir (CWR). This arrangement will meet the requirements of about 5000 persons per day for a horizon period of next 15 years. This scheme is targeted for completion by next season 2003-2004.

7.2.3 Sewerage Disposal System & Toilets


Key Issues Govind Ghat does not have a town specific sewerage disposal system, though individual Gurdwara and lodges resort to use of septic tanks and soak pits.

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Recommendations It is to be ensured that no sewerage reaches the river Alaknanda/ directly to the environs. For this, the group of hotels, which do not have any kind of sewerage disposal system to have septic tanks, if grouping is possible. A public toilet complex made of temporary sloped roofed structure (Pay & Use) to be built for the trekking tourists near the starting point. Separate Sulabh Shauchalaya/ Community Toilet made of temporary sloped roofed structure (Pay & Use) to be provided for mule operators/porters/palki carriers.

7.2.4 Telecommunications
Key Issues Currently the telecommunication scenario is poor with no proper connectivity from the base of the trek- Govind Ghat to Ghangharia or Hemkunt. Recommendations Better connectivity and more number of PCO Local Call/STD/ISD booths at Govind Ghat. It is proposed to provide wireless service between the Gurdwara at Govind Ghat, Ghangharia and that at Hemkunt for emergency connectivity, with due permissions from the concerned government authorities. This is very essential from the emergency response planning point of view as well as presently Hemkunt is out of all communication reach.

7.2.5 Solid Waste Management


Key Issues The Gurdwara, accommodation, refreshment and commercial establishments at Govind Ghat contribute to the solid waste output in addition to the major burden of all the solid waste brought down from Hemkunt, Ghangharia, and all along the trek path to Govind Ghat. Already more than 4000 sacks of nonbiodegradable waste has been brought down by 2003 and piled up near the FRH, awaiting disposal. Recommendations Planned Works Tourism Bureau Proposal: An incinerator plant with a project cost of Rs. 25.00 lakhs has been sanctioned for installation at Govind Ghat (approx. capacity being 25 kg of solid waste burnt/hour). Work is yet to start.

It is further recommended that:

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Proper sewage disposal system be provided through soak pit, etc. at Govind Ghat Gurdwara and other private establishments for Kitchen/Langar/Restaurant wash waste which currently falls into river Alaknanda. Very evident and attractive turntable solid waste collection bins to be placed at different points at Govind Ghat (@15 m interval). 1 Solid waste compression equipment unit- to be placed at - Govind Ghat for compressing non-biodegradable waste generated from Pulna to Govind Ghat or any other uncompressed waste. Waste collection area will be managed more scientifically with arrangements for stacking the compressed bags in large Iron Cage pits that can easily contain some 50 or more sacks. Two such cage pits are proposed at Govind Ghat. These cages should be airy, should not spill, and neither should weather out in a season (plastic cages were not recommended due to the reason of these getting brittle in sun and may get damaged early, these would not be as airy, and would be susceptible to fire as discussed in Chapter 5 on Environment Management Plan). Compressed plastic waste transported down to be used for incineration at Govind Ghat incinerator (existing proposal)/reprocessing by recycling of any excess load. Contracts for purchase of this waste for recycling may be given so that governments cost of collection and transportation may be reduced. Also sacks if in good condition, should be re-used for collection and transportation of waste.

B.
7.2.6

TOURIST INFRASTRUCTURE
Accommodation

Key Issues The key issues concerning accommodation at Govind Ghat are absence of number and quality accommodation except for the Gurdwara, which is the main accommodation provider. Recommendations The proposals for accommodation at Govind Ghat are: 2 quality hotels with capacity of 150 beds each (low-rise 2 storeyed structure) are proposed to be developed at Govind Ghat. If the road from Govind Ghat to Pulna via Pandukeshwar is built, some of these hotels may be developed near Pandukeshwar by the private entrepreneurs of the local communities (if observed that there are more contenders for such opportunity, the provision of total bed capacity of 300 beds could be adjusted as 4 hotels with 75 beds

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capacity each, or in any other combination based on the interest/capability expressed through due financial assistance). This may be taken up in Phase-II. Regularisation of Accommodation: There is a need for regularisation of accommodation facilities. Based on the standard of accommodation, facilities offered and the per tourist space, hotels/ lodges will be graded. Infrastructure availability to these hotels/ lodges is a major issue presently. The seasonal rentals (maximum) are proposed to be fixed as per grade of hotel/ lodge. As proposed in Chapter 12 on Visitor Management System, booking facility for hotels/ lodges is proposed to be made available.

7.2.7 Refreshment Stalls


Key Issues There are a few crowded refreshment stalls of varying size, quality standards and prices at Govind Ghat. There is no quality check on any of these in terms of food, services or prices. Recommendations The recommendations for the refreshment stalls are: Quality Assurance: Quality monitoring at various refreshment stalls. Department of Health may assist in certifying / monitoring the quality of food and overall hygiene of the services. Regularisation of these stalls, and fixing prices as per grades. The EDC at Govind Ghat will inspect and monitor the water usage, wastewater and solid waste management of the shops. It is proposed that the stalls collect all the organic waste and deposit it at the pit provided for the same at Govind Ghat.

7.2.8 Commercial Establishments


There are many pucca & temporary shops/ stalls at Govind Ghat, which predominantly sell souvenir items/grocery/items for trekking needs bags, woolens, equipments, etc. Recommendations The recommendations are: Regularisation of shops to be done by defining the numbers, identity to shops etc. Each season, the rates of items sold will be regularised across the classes of the shops, and should be ensured that it is clearly & prominently displayed.

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The EDC at Govind Ghat will monitor the solid waste management of the shops. The solid waste is to be stored in a waste container in a way easy for the ZP sweepers to carry it away for disposal. The ZP will inspect the shops in a season and give incentives in the form of awards to Eco-friendly shops/ establishments. As discussed in the environmental management plan section, selling of cheap plastic raincoats is proposed to be banned in the region. Instead, good quality raincoats could be made available on rent with a fixed deposit payment of Rs. 250/- at Govind Ghat. On return the tourists can get the refund of Rs. 240/while Rs. 10/- may be deducted as service fee to clean for reuse. To discourage any tendency of not returning the rain coats, the raincoats should be specially engraved on order with Valley of Flowers Hemkunt logo in front and Eco-Development Committee Bhyundar or Govind Ghat at the back. It is advised that the local trade community and the local management may work out the actual amount of security deposits based on the procurement costs, service charges, and any penalty charges in built for loss/damage, at the time of implementation of the above proposals.

7.2.9 Information Services


Key Issues
Currently there are no information services available except at Govind Ghat Gurdwara.

Recommendations It is proposed that a Tourist Information Centre-cum-Nature Interpretation Centre made of temporary sloped roofed structure be opened by the Department of Forests & Department of Tourism at its Forest Rest House complex premises at Govind Ghat. This information centre, built in an area of 30 sqm, would provide information on the nearby tourist spots (refer Section 8.6 of Chapter 8 on Development Plan for Facilities Enroute), distances and means to reach there. The centre will hold a 10-minutes eco-awareness session /short documentary show in future for the tourists on the environmental sensitivity of the region and need to be partners in maintaining cleanliness and environmental protection in the region. This centre may be staffed by Forest Rangers staff, EDC members / Local Community or GSHSMT Volunteers, so that there is always someone ready to answer questions of the visitors and the centre should be open throughout the day time. The Govind Ghat Gurdwara will also help in creating environmental awareness session with all the religious tourists to Hemkunt Sahib. After each ardas (prayer) the Manager & Granthi of the Gurdwara should take the

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responsibility to announce a special request (Vinti) to all the visitors about the cleanliness and environmental conservation issues in this eco-sensitive region. The Gurdwara premises should also prominently display the Dos and Donts about cleanliness and environmental conservation issues, to be followed by Gurdwara staff as well as the visitors.
Refer Chapter 11 for Nature Interpreter / Guide Training Program etc and Chapter 12 for other Measures including Marketing Strategy, Visitor Management System etc.

7.2.10 Other Tourist Facilitation


In addition to the above tourist amenities, a Cloak Room of 100 sqm made of temporary sloped roofed structure is proposed to be developed at Govind Ghat for the tourists who do not wish to carry their entire luggage during the trek. Directional Signages are proposed to be provided at Govind Ghat right from the Badrinath road junction. Also Standard Eco-Awareness Message Signage can be displayed at Govind Ghat Gurdwara premises Punjabi (1 Board each for2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) Hindi (1 Board each for2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) English (1 Board each for2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) Directional/Locational & Informational signages are proposed with dark green background & white text, while Nature Interpretation signages would be as per the current pattern followed by DoF.

Presentation of Folk Culture The following activities shall be promoted for tourists to get acquainted with the local culture and take back rich cultural memories: The works of art, handicrafts, souvenirs should be presented/displayed for sale in various shops/establishments including at proposed Nature Interpretation Centre in FRH Complex.

7.2.11 Tourist Safety

A Police Chowki exists, but it does not have jurisdiction in Valley of Flowers Hemkunt region (which basically falls under the
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jurisdiction of Patwari, Department of Revenue based at Pandukeshwar). Any accident/mishap in the Valley of Flowers Hemkunt region is to be attended/recorded by the Patwari and the Police Chowki at Govind Ghat is only informed for any assistance, if required.
It is proposed that, as a safety measure, some police personnel stationed at Govind Ghat may be attached with the Patwari. They can patrol the trek route during the four months of tourist season.

7.2.12 Health Care Facility


Key Issues

Govind Ghat Gurdwara has 1 dispensary and 2 ambulances. In cases of any deaths along the trek, the Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust facilitates and bears the cost voluntarily for the ambulance service. 2 Private Clinics-cum-Chemist shops also exist in the Govind Ghat market.
Recommendations Planned Works PWD Proposal: At Govind Ghat for a Medical Relief Centre Rs. 4.12 lakhs were sanctioned in Dec 1997. The construction began and only 0.25 lakhs have been disbursed when, on the formation of Uttaranchal state out of Uttar Pradesh in Nov 2000, the balance budgeted cost was frozen. Since the structural work till roof is already completed, the balance fund of Rs. 3.87 lakhs with some (say 10%) escalation has to be requisitioned again. Department of Health shall assist in setting up the same.

C.

SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

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7.2.13 Mule Sheds, Arrangements


Key Issues

Cheap

Accommodation,

Fodder

and

Food

There is no formal mule stand/shed at Govind Ghat though this is the starting point for trekking and hiring Mules. Recommendations It is recommended that: Registration of Mules, Porters, and Palki owners/operators with EDC, Govind Ghat. Most mule owners/operators are from Najibabad, Ramnagar, Haldwani etc. and the porters and palki carriers are mostly from Nepal, who cross from Nepal through near by districts for employment. Proper Mule Shed made of temporary sloped roofed structure may be provided for a handling capacity of 300 mules at a time with proper Mule Waste Disposal infrastructure. These mule sheds would have parallel running drinking pits and waste cleaning pits at the back. Fodder may be made available at the mule shed at a cost. Cheap dormitory accommodation made of temporary sloped roofed structure (to provide stay at night for 200 persons) should also be built for the mule operators, porters, palki carriers and EDC cleaning staff. Construct pay & use toilet facility made of temporary sloped roofed structure for the labourers.

7.2.14 Veterinary Clinic


Key Issues
There is no facility presently available for the treatment of mules/live stock.

Recommendations A main veterinary clinic was proposed at Govind Ghat during the study. This is one of the main developments required at Govind Ghat in view of the 800-1000 mules presently operating from Govind Ghat and back. This will also ensure good health of mules so that they are able to carry tourists without jeopardising the safety of tourists. At the time of revision of this report, the Director, NDBR informed that a veterinary camp service has been started at Govind Ghat from the 2004 tourist season.

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8. DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR FACILITIES ENROUTE


This chapter outlines the development proposals from Govind Ghat enroute Ghangharia. It also addresses the potential tourist growth centres nearby. Refer Annexure C for details of the work items and costs.

8.1

Transportation Proposals: Govind Ghat to Ghangharia

8.1.1 Key Transportation Issues


The tourist arrival has steadily increased at Govind Ghat over the years with a significant increase in the percentage growth of visitors to the Hemkunt shrine. These tourists arrive in private and hired vehicles such as two-wheelers, cars, multi-utility vehicles, light commercial vehicles, buses and trucks. The last point of access through road to reach the Hemkunt shrine or the Valley of Flowers is Govind Ghat.

It was observed that the following issues are of prime concern to the sustainable development of the region. There is growing need to cater to the increasing demand for parking in the hill settlement of Govind Ghat. There is a significant need to enhance access to the two tourist sites and ease the trekking of tourists and settlement enroute through reducing the actual distance to be trekked on foot by extending the reach of motorable road.

8.1.2 Parking
The impact of the vehicles has been significant enough to determine the developmental profile of the area. Being the last motorable point to reach Hemkunt Shrine and the Valley of Flowers, a large number of vehicles require off-street parking at Govind Ghat. Since the distance to be covered (and the resultant time) to reach both the tourist attractions is substantial, most vehicles are parked for 2-3 days. On street parking also blocks the road and becomes a bottleneck to the Badrinath bound vehicles, which pass through this route. Parking therefore, rather than being relegated to an ancillary activity of the local administration and official tourism agencies, is now being looked upon as a plausible commercial activity. Existing Parking (All data as in 2003 season during which the study was conducted) The total existing parking available in and around Govind Ghat is observed and deduced as follows:
Type of Vehicle Two Wheeler Car Estimated Parking (No. of Units) 440 422

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The existing parking in Govind Ghat and its surroundings could be categorised into the following broad categories:

Government (Local Administration) Parking Lots

A significant parking space has been recently created and run by the local administration (under the control of Zilla Panchayat) by cutting the mountain slopes and widening certain sections of the road up to Govind Ghat. Such parking exists in two sections of the road. The first is before the off-take point for the side road to Govind Ghat Gurdwara. The second being about 300 meters down towards Pandukeshwar in Badrinath route. The third one is at the end of approach road to Gurdwara. However, the operation and management of the same is contracted. The capacity of these lots is:

Parking Lot I Location: 500 meters from Govind Ghat on the main Haridwar Badrinath Road Total area of parking lotI is 2830 square meters (approximately).
Type of Vehicle Car Bus Estimated Parking (No. of Units) 60 15

Note: Area for a road width of 10 meters has been removed for through access on the main road. Another 10% of the remaining area has been set aside for circulation space.

Parking Charges: The parking charges are given below:


Type of Vehicle Parking Charges (Rs.) For more than 24 Hrs. Cars (Small Vehicle) Bus (Large Vehicle) Scooter/Motorcycle 50 per day 100 per day 20 per day For less than 24 Hrs. 10 20 5

Parking Lot II Location: 150 meters from Govind Ghat on the Main Haridwar Badrinath Road Total area of parking lotII is 2750 square meters (approximately).
Type of Vehicle Cars Bus Estimated Parking (No. of Units) 53 15

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Parking Lot III Location: At the end of approach road to Govind Ghat Gurdwara Total area of parking lotIII is 390 square meters (approximately).
Type of Vehicle Car Estimated Parking (No. of Units) 25

Note: 10% of the area has been set aside for circulation space. It is presumed that this lot is used for only car parking.

Institutional Parking Lots

Institutional parking has been the largest parking supply in Govind Ghat, particularly for smaller private vehicles such as cars and jeeps. This parking has been largely developed by the local Gurdwara in Govind Ghat. The Gurdwara also manages the maintenance and upkeep of the parking lots IV & V. However, the operation and management of the same is contracted. Parking Lot IV Location: Adjoining Govind Ghat Gurdwara along Alaknanda River
Total area of parking lotIV is 1250 square meters (approximately).
Type of Vehicle Two Wheelers Car Estimated Parking (No. of Units) 200 60

Note: 10% of the area has been set aside for circulation space. This parking is located in two tiers. The lower tiers has been assumed to be used for twowheeler parking

Parking Charges: The parking charges at the lots are as follows:


Type of Vehicle Two Wheelers Car Parking Charges (Rs.) 60 for 3 days 150 for 3 days

Parking Lot V Location: Adjoining Parking Lot-IV (mentioned above) along Alaknanda River
Total area of parking lotV is 3300 square meters (approximately).
Type of Vehicle Two Wheelers Estimated Parking (No. of Units) 240

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Note: 10% of the area has been set aside for circulation space. Two wheeler parking has been assumed to occupy 10% of the area remaining after removing circulation space.

Parking Charges: The parking charges at the lots are as follows:


Type of Vehicle Two Wheelers Car Parking Charges (Rs.) 60 for 3 days 150 for 3 days

Private Parking Lots

The ever widening imbalance between the parking demand and supply equation and the limited ability of the local administration to cater to the problem has encouraged some local entrepreneurs in Govind Ghat to invest in providing private parking. Currently, two such parking lots exist in Govind Ghat that can accommodate 8 and 6 cars respectively. However, interactions with local residents indicate that more such investments are envisaged as more landowners are considering the option, given the high parking rates. However, the current private parking spaces in the area are very limited. The capacity of the private parking lot is as follows:

Private Parking Lot Location: At the start of side road to Govind Ghat Gurdwara
Total area of private parking lot is 200 square meters (approximately).

Type of Vehicle Small Car

Estimated Parking (No. of Units) 14

Note: 10% of the area has been set aside for circulation space. It is presumed that this lot is used for only car parking.

Parking Charges: The parking charges at the private parking lots are as follows:
Type of Vehicle Cars Parking Charges (Rs.) 150 for 3 days

Informal & Unorganised Roadside Parking Lots

Apart from the above-mentioned organised parking lots, a few informal parking spaces too exist in the area mostly along widening on the road. The numbers of such parking spaces are few and cause more of an inconvenience on the already narrow hill roads. Parking Management It is imperative that the effective parking management measures be exercised to ensure that the main road is not choked and that people are provided with

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convenient access to the tourist areas. A twin pronged approach is recommended to the issue of parking which strives to augment the supply by providing additional parking spaces but also manages the demand. Parking Supply Management Measures Supply management essentially focuses on augmenting the supply of parking in the area through provision of additional parking lots. A few potential locations for additional parking spaces exist on the slope between the main HaridwarBadrinath road and the access road to Govind Ghat. These could be developed into multi-tier parking slots. At certain locations, land owned by individuals is being developed into parking lots, in Govind Ghat itself. There is an urgent need to co-ordinate such efforts to ensure that the parking problem is effectively addressed. Small stray efforts by individuals to cash on the demand for parking by providing private parking lots with no overall co-ordination will result in a significant wastage of precious space due to multiplicity of access ramps. The local administration could facilitate groups of small landowners to provide for a unified parking space on their combined land thus reducing duplicity of access ramps and optimisation of circulation space. Aggregation of the smaller land parcels on the hill slopes opens up the potential of providing medium sized multi-tiers parking spaces that could effectively redresses the parking problem. To enable aggregation of land parcels into unified parking facilities the local administration would need to undertake the following: Facilitate and co-ordinate between land parcel owners to plan such initiatives Provide technical expertise such as structural & parking facility design Provide access to capital to fund the initiatives.

However, results through the above measure could be slow and would not totally meet the additional parking requirements. Alternate parking spaces would need to be created further down the road in the direction of Haridwar by cutting of the mountain slopes as has been done in the case of Parking Lot I & II. A review of the immediate road section indicates that the options of widening the road are limited in the immediate vicinity of the town. In light of the above, alternate parking lots could be explored at locations away from the town between Govind Ghat & Pandukeshwar, and visitors have to park their vehicles only between these parking lots. Park-&-Ride Facility Park-&-Ride facility is a plausible option that is being actively pursued to alleviate the parking problem in areas with high parking demand, which is not

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consistent throughout the year. The provision of permanent parking to offset demand is generally considered against two aspects: Ability of an area to provide additional permanent parking Sustainable carrying capacity of the area.

Both the above are limited in Govind Ghat. A viable alternative is to locate parking spots set away from the immediate vicinity of the settlement not necessarily within easy walking distance. Access to & from these alternate parking lots to the area around the Gurdwara could be provided by small ecofriendly ferry services, such as shuttle buses, or through battery or gas based tempos that would run intermittently. The pricing of the park-&-ride facility could be integrated into the parking fee. Parking Fee Management Pricing of parking facilities has come to be accepted as an effective tool in attempts to regulate the parking demand. It is recommended that Pricing Management of parking be effectively used in this case. Parking space in the hill towns is always at a premium and Govind Ghat is not an exception. Existing parking rates range between Rs. 50 to Rs.100 per day for car /bus and these could be revised upwards. The various options that could be considered are:

Determining the pricing in four tiers A, B, C & Z with differential parking charges. Parking Spaces A - would be highest priced. The parking lots closest to Govind Ghat could be designated as A. Pricing of parking slots in these areas could go as high as say 4-5 times the existing rates per car, the exact figures need to be decided by the local administration. Parking Spaces B - would be medium priced. These would typically be between A & C. Pricing of parking slots in these areas could be raised say 2-3 times the existing rates per car. Parking Spaces C - would be the cheapest priced. These would typically be the parking lots located farthest from Govind Ghat with adequate parkn-ride facility. Pricing of parking slots in these areas could be the existing rates per car. Parking Spaces Z would not be permanent parking areas and would be used as designated spaces for boarding and alighting of passengers from vehicle used for park-&-ride facility. The parking lot at the end of the side road leading to the Gurdwara could be designated as Z. No vehicles would be allowed to remain standing at these locations. Since access to the

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lots would be restricted to the vehicles used for park-&-ride facility and emergency vehicles these would not be priced. The objective of the upward revision of parking fee would be to deter and regulate parking in the immediate vicinity of Govind Ghat and is not aimed at profitability. However, additional funds generated from the proposed parking management could be utilised towards partial funding of additional parking capacity. Planned Works GMVN Proposal: Construction of additional parking facility at Govind Ghat (Project cost - Rs. 40.00 lakhs approx., Amount sanctioned, Project Status under construction, Targeted to be completed by 2003-2004) Provision of additional parking space of about 10,000 sqm, which may be provided at multiple locations along the Badrinath road in between Govind Ghat and Pandukeshwar

Proposed Works

8.1.3 Extension of Motorable Road


The destinations of Hemkunt Shrine and the Valley of Flowers are accessible through a trek path from Govind Ghat (refer Exhibit 8.1). The trek can be broken up into multiple legs on the basis of the intermediate settlements as described in Table 2.1 of Chapter 2.

A review of this trek path and the area through which it passes indicates that the entire area besides being a reserved forest and a bio-reserve is extremely ecologically sensitive. Vehicular intrusion and the accompanying commercial & tourist activity along the above trek should be carefully weighed against probable ecological impacts.
Extending a road on the entire trek route up to Ghangharia is a very sensitive issue in view of the sensitive ecology, geology, dependent local community etc. This would mean that a lot of cutting of the rocks, cutting of trees, land filling at places, disturbance to the settlement, huge negative impact on the dependent community including shopkeepers, mule owners etc would be involved. The consultants recommend that a detailed socioecological impact analysis of the area be conducted before any such option is considered in view of the geological sensitivity of the region and the socio-economic benefits it could accrue to the society. However, pending such a study, the consultants based on the present study are of the opinion that developing a motorable road in the initial section of the 3 km long trek path between Govind Ghat and Pulna is a plausible option, subject to the necessary environmental clearances based on an environmental impact analysis statement once a DPR is prepared. Such an alignment would improve the motorable accessibility while limiting the external intrusion in the area. The need of an investigation on the proposal for the road from Govind Ghat till Pulna as requested by the then Union Minister Sri. Jagmohan & Pulna Community Members for providing basic road accessibility for emergent needs of the community and controlling the tourist vehicular traffic load near Govind Ghat, was communicated to the consultants by the DoT, Uttaranchal.

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Exhibit 8.1: Indicative Trek Path Alignment from Govind Ghat to Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Sahib
3 Kms Valley of Flowers 4 Kms Proposed Motorable Section Ghangharia 6 Kms Bhyundar Village Hemkunt Shrine 6 Kms

Trek Path-3 Basic Determinants for a Motorable Road in the Region d Govin Based on a preliminary review of the site, the following observations have been Ghat made: Kms (approx.)

Pulna Village

The entire area is an ecological sensitive area The mountains comprise of crystalline rock formations with boulders of various sizes and soil deposits at the bottom The area is highly prone to land slides given the nature of rocks and their geological structure. The river in this section is active with extensive rock cutting on a continuous basis. The slopes are generally steep with exposed rocks making the hill cutting for a road formation capital intensive, may require blasting as well to make cuts. The steep slopes also imply that a significant length of the road would need to be cut into the slope. Construction of retaining embankment walls to support fills would not be viable on all sections.

Design Considerations Design considerations for the road should include the following: Right of Way (ROW) Right of way should be as per Guidelines for Hill Roads by Indian Roads Congress. However a minimum ROW width of 5.95 meters should be provided with adequate provisions for parking of stalled and broken down vehicles, and proper shoulders and one-side drain should also be planned for. Road Signage All mandatory information and cautionary road signs should be provided on the route. Road Markings

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Road markings assume critical importance on hill roads. All road markings including lane markings, pavement edge markings, etc should be provided on the road. Other Safety Measures The road must have a provision for crash barriers, which could be metal plate design /stone masonry / CC pillars/ Empty tar drums filled with soil or grit, etc. These must be properly painted (white or colour) for better visibility and enhanced life of these barriers. Street lighting may also be planned along this road for travel in dark (sun sets normally by 6.00 pm), but should be ensured that it is switched off after cessation of traffic between Pulna and Govind Ghat (say, by 8.00 pm) to avoid creating any distractions for the wild life during night. The PWD, local host community, EDC members, Mahila Mandal, Yuvak Mandal, Forest department staff, etc may share this responsibility for putting on & off these street lights. Also, driving on this road in the night will not be permitted between 8.00 pm 6.00 am, unless it is an emergency requirement of the local community of Pulna village. Options for Motorable Road to Pulna A motorable road to Pulna Village connecting it with the road to Badrinath could be laid along two alignments, details of which have been explored by the Uttaranchal Public Works Department earlier in the year 2000 as part of the larger proposal up to Ghangharia. Alignment I: Pandukeshwar (from start of access road on Badrinath motor road to Yogdhyan Temple) to Pulna (5 km long road) Alignment II: Govind Ghat to Pulna (6 km long road)

The basic determinants to the provision of a road to Pulna Village mentioned earlier are common for both the road alignments. Not only alignment option-II appears to be a longer road and the provision of a bridge at Govind Ghat also makes it difficult and costlier option. This is primarily because Govind Ghat is situated at the confluence of two rivers and the surrounding geological structures are susceptible to the simultaneous cutting by two rivers. This would make the positioning and design of the bridge to cross the river a challenging task while also increasing the cost. In addition to the presence of two rivers, the mountain slope opposite Govind Ghat is particularly steep at this location and may require more number of hairpin bends. A preliminary review of the alignment of the PWD road indicates that extending the road to Pulna Village could be possible. However, existing data available for the alignments considered is preliminary and would need to be supported with detailed investigations.

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Technically, both the options seem plausible, however, the consultants recommend that the final decision on the road alignment should be based on a comparison of the two alignments mentioned above, by the PWD. The comparison would involve extensive geo-technical surveys required (that includes soil characteristics, local surface hydrology, etc.) to determine feasibility. Ecological surveys and an Environmental Impact Assessment Statement by the executing agency PWD would also be required to gain the necessary approvals from the Department of Forests and conformance to the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 to lay a road from Govind Ghat/Pandukeshwar to Pulna in a protected biosphere area (the area affected under diversion of land for road purposes (5 km long and about 6 m wide ROW) would be approximately 30000 sqm or 3 ha. Department of Forests may identify land for plantation in lieu of these diverted lands and can get plantation done with involvement of local community members like Mahila Mandal, Yuvak Mandal, EDC etc.

Planned Works A proposal for Alignment I for 5 km long 5.95 m wide ROW road to Pulna already exists by PWD. However, it was informed that the costing is done at the old rate of Rs. 14.40 lakhs per km of road stretch based on the rates for motorable roads fixed by CE (Parvatiya Samanvaya), PWD, Almora applicable since 01/05/1999. Hence, this may be revised with the current rates applicable for Prime Minister Gram Sadak Yojana, which is about Rs. 20 lakhs per km of road stretch with 5.95 m ROW. This may also be increased by the average of increased distance & height index for Govind Ghat and Pulna. The costing for this road & bridge has been kept in both phases of implementation plan (each phase is of 2 years) with the presumption that it would take at least 1 year for PWD to get all the clearances and permissions to go ahead with this project. Thereafter in the 2nd year of Phase-I some work on approach road and bridge near Govind Ghat can start. And it is assumed that remaining part of the road and the same bridge should get completed by another 2 years of Phase-II, and become operational. Proposed works (in the event of developing road till Pulna) For further travel of visitors to Pulna, a park-&-ride facility that is ecofriendly (i.e. driven by gas or battery technology) is recommended to be arranged to ferry tourists between Govind Ghat via Pandukeshwar to Pulna (if the road is developed from Govind Ghat to Pulna). No private vehicles will be allowed on the new road till Pulna if the road is developed. Only ferry service will be permitted else the thrust on land at Pulna to create additional support infrastructure will increase. Financial assistance can be provided under States Funding Scheme Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Scheme for promotion of Tourism to facilitate local employment generation that may procure such eco-friendly vehicles and run the ferry services. Provision of new parking space for the eco friendly park and ride ferry is proposed for about 500 sqm near Pulna which will be managed by villagers

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by pooling in their private land (a few of them were reported to be interested in leasing off their lands).

8.1.4 Anticipated Impact of Extending a Motorable Road to Pulna


A presentation of the options to extend the accessibility of motor vehicles to Pulna Village and providing motorable accessibility to the only permanent settlement of Pulna on this route with the end objective of reducing the distance to be travelled on foot to access Hemkunt Shrine or the Valley of Flowers would need to be accompanied with an enumeration of the possible socio-economic impacts. As mentioned above, while the advantages of extending a motorable road up to Village Pulna may seem significant, these should be weighed against the possible impacts on Village Pulna and Govind Ghat. Some of these issues have been presented and discussed below. The consultants do not imply that the road not be extended, the purpose of elucidating these challenges is essentially to ensure that the decision is more informed and takes into consideration the finer implications of the planned development of infrastructure in the area. To deal with some of the issues, the consultants propose that the government agencies (DoT, PWD, DoF, etc.) liase extensively with the local resident population and adopt a participative approach before arriving at a final conclusion. Impact on Pulna Increased need of space for parking The reach of vehicles up to the village would need to be accompanied with adequate provisions for parking space. In the absence of which this extended section of the road would remain largely un-utilised and could become a possible bottleneck. In view of this, only ferry ride and no private vehicles are proposed on the road. Also, there would need of space for mules and palki walas as this will in effect be their new starting point. Increased need for ancillary infrastructure Ancillary infrastructure such as the office of the local administration, the ecodevelopment committee, police post, fire post, health & emergency care facilities etc. just to name a few may need to be housed in the village area. Increased demand for Boarding and other tourist facilities in the village Shifting the last motorable point would also lead to a significant thrust for boarding facilities by the tourists. In other words a mini Govind Ghat would emerge at Pulna. This would significantly change the existing character of the

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village and have negative impact on the land use pattern and environment if not planned properly. The intrusion of boarding lodges, small hotels, dharamshalas, eateries, restaurants, kiosks and ships and the associated space required by people who service these establishments would be significant and could alter the character of the area. In view of this thrust, as mentioned above, private vehicles will not be permitted and base support infrastructure will still be Govind Ghat alone. Increased pressure on waste disposal and management in the village Waste management on the hill settlements is a major challenge and the ability of the village to process large amount of waste that would be generated due to increased commercial and tourist activity would be a concern for sustainable development. Environmental Impact Constructing a motorable road will invite many impacts to the environment, some of which may be critical, if not properly planned. Since the trek path is proposed to be widened to more than twice the width, it may result in geological disturbances, cutting of trees etc. It will also put pressure on the flora and fauna of the surrounding region. Clearing area for parking would have an impact on the land use through use of agricultural land of Pulna village and may result in changes in the topography. It is proposed that a detailed environmental impact assessment be carried out once the technical feasibility is worked out. Socio-cultural impact due to the changes in the social fabric of the village community (Largely due to the intrusion of outsiders in the local social fabric) The economic and commercial activity would bring a large number of outsiders seeking economic and commercial gains to the village. This would alter the character of the village from what it is currently. Though the negative impacts could be minimised if well managed with active participation of the villagers and co-operation of the local administration. Impact on Govind Ghat Diminishing importance of Govind Ghat as the last motorable point enroute to Hemkunt and Valley of Flowers The shift of the last motorable point to Hemkunt from Govind Ghat to Pulna would significantly impact the importance of Govind Ghat as the central focus of all administrative, economic and commercial activity during the tourist season. Though the impact would largely be dependent on the amount of economic activity generated at Pulna.

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Some of the amenities and facilities created as part of the extensive tourism support infrastructure at Govind Ghat could be rendered defunct with the replication of such facilities at Pulna Village. Until such time that there is significant tourist inflow to warrant to sustain these facilities, there would be need to identify alternate uses and ensure adequate upkeep & maintenance.

8.1.5 Trek Path


The trek path as discussed in Chapter 2 is not in good maintained condition, especially in various stretches. PWD had planned certain upgradation works to be undertaken along the trek path. Planned Works Repair Work of Govind Ghat-Ghangharia Trek/Pedestrian Path is proposed by the PWD for which partial sanction has been granted recently. This work is expected to commence from next season onwards (i.e. April end-May 2004) and has been accorded high priority to make the accessibility comfortable. The work sub-heads planned and related to upgradation enroute are listed below: Rebuilding the damaged retaining walls within various stretches of the path starting from Govind Ghat o 1 km (Project Cost = Rs. 0.90 lakhs) o 2 km (Project Cost = Rs. 0.50 lakhs) o 4 km (Project Cost = Rs. 0.55 lakhs) o 10 km (Project Cost = Rs. 1.00 lakhs) Recommendations It is proposed that the trek path till Ghangharia be widened to about 10 ft with separate paths - mules (4 ft. wide) and pedestrians (6 ft. wide). For cross drainage 55 small culverts (for small seasonal stream lines observed) have been suggested. While, for cross drainage the mule trek path being little lower can act as a drain surface as well, and at regular intervals (approximately 10 cross drainage points per km) it is suggested to make small drops under the mule trek path portion as water collection chamber (1 wide x 4 long as per mule trek path width x 11 deep) and each chamber covered with two removable RCC slab chamber covers (16 wide x 2 long x 2 thick) with grated openings (openings should be small enough like 1-1/2 dia @ 4 c/c, so that mule toes dont get stuck and there is no danger of mule tripping over it) for water to drop and get drained across the remaining pedestrian trek path portion through a small hume pipe (1 dia x 6 long as per pedestrian trek path width). The area affected for diversion of land for trek path expansion is approximately 16000 sqm or 1.6 ha. Department of Forests may identify land for plantation in lieu of these diverted lands and can

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get plantation done with involvement of local community members like Mahila Mandal, Yuvak Mandal, EDC, etc. The development proposals for the same are: Separate trek path for mules (4 ft. wide) and pedestrians (6 ft. wide) from Pulna till Ghangharia is proposed. Meanwhile, till the road is developed from Govind Ghat to Pulna, this portion of the trek path could also be upgraded to 10 ft. wide. The pedestrian path is proposed to be 10 cm above the mule trek path. Widening of Trek path base in Stone Kharanja/Masonry work (12500 m long by average 4 ft. or 1.2 m width and 9" or 0.225 m deep) Pucca CC (1:2:4) trek path upgradation with dimensions 12500 m long x 1.8 m wide x 0.20 m thick under pedestrian path and 12500 m long x 1.2 m wide x 0.10 m thick under mule path. The top surface would have engraved grooves in herringbone diagonal / straight pattern with size of each groove pattern as length - 212 mm, width - 100 mm, and width & depth of groove as 12 mm each, to provide grip for humans / animals while trekking. It shall be ensured that the quality of the materials used for concreting is appropriate as per design and the concreting work is of the highest quality, so that it does not get damaged easily due to regular use by the pedestrians & mules. Construction of 1.15 m high x 12500 m long MS railing along one side of the trek path all painted in dark green. GI Wire mesh (24 gauge /144 mesh per sqm) bracing to hold hill side slopes up to 4' high along the mule trek path edge (excluding portions of Kanjila flatter land) Provision of 2 removable RCC 1:2:4 slab chamber covers (1 wide x 4 ft long x 11 deep) with grated openings and cross drainage Hume Pipe (1 dia x 6 long) as discussed above at approximate regular intervals of 10 such locations per km. A 50 m long x 5 m wide strong causeway approximately at 9.25 km - 9.30 km point after Bhyundar village, preferably in RCC is proposed. This spot is the location of one of the largest avalanche prone areas along the trek path. The infrastructure services like water supply and storm water drainage are proposed to be laid parallel to the paths. Before the start of the tourist season, maintenance measures are recommended to strengthen the condition of the path (as it would not be in use for about 5 months in winter and which may get affected in landslides/avalanches, etc.) and for better visitor safety. Construction of small culverts (1m x 0.5m span) with minor retaining wing/support walls and RCC 1:2:4 slab (1m x 3m x 0.15 m size) for cross

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drainage from adjacent hill slopes at low-lying areas of the path, where water flow quantum may be more leading to accumulation and subsequent flow over the trek path (about 55 small stream lines observed where such small culverts can be provided). Note: Wherever the upper hill slope along the trek path side is very steep/almost vertical, where the widening of trek path by cutting the slope is difficult, there the trek path may be widened with RCC slabs supported on stilts on the down/lower side of hill slope, if feasible. The exteriors of this RCC component shall be painted in dark green to blend with the environment.

8.1.6 Installation of Ropeway from Govind Ghat to Kanjila (near Ghangharia)

Installation of an aerial ropeway from Govind Ghat till Kanjila (near Ghangharia) has been considered by the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve Authority, Department of Forests on the premise that it will contribute to ecofriendly and sustainable tourism in the area. This aerial ropeway has been suggested as an alternative to the 12.5 km trek between the base settlement of Govind Ghat and Ghangharia enroute to the Valley of FlowersHemkunt Sahib. Some of the benefits enumerated are:
It is anticipated to reduce the pressure on the trek trail. It is anticipated to make the Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt more accessible to international tourists. The ropeway might open up avenues for winter tourism in the area till Ghangharia. This would improve access to Bhyundar valley during the winter months when plenty of wild life viewing can be done. Ropeway would facilitate aerial surveillance to protect the biodiversity. This plays a key role in sustaining eco-tourism in the area.

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In view of the recommendation made by the NDBR authority, a preliminary examination of the potential and possibilities of a ropeway were carried out by the consultants. However, a detailed feasibility of the ropeway has been out of scope of the present project. An aerial ropeway requires considerable capital investment and the feasibility needs to be weighed against its advantages and disadvantages. The consultants recommend that the option of a ropeway between Govind Ghat and Kanjila should be considered for its techno-economic feasibility before consideration as a plausible transportation option. The indicative scope of such a study, though not limited to, should address: The techno-economic feasibility of considering an aerial ropeway for the entire 9 km (approximate) of aerial distance Environmental Impact Statement (EIA) that addresses the impact of the environmental impact of the ropeway besides establishing the basis for the necessary environmental clearances for natural bio-spheres Conduct a willingness-to-pay survey to assess the financial feasibility of the project

Prima facie, the proposed ropeway system is expected to have the following basic physical characteristics (approximately): 1) Length = 9000m (9 km) - aerial distance between the start and end points 2) Vertical Difference = about 1200 m (1.2 km) between the start and end points 3) Altitude (Height) = 1828 m to about 3000 m above mean sea level

The above presents a very challenging proposition for a ropeway that would have significant impact on its cost and technological feasibility. Following are few points that may have to be looked upon first among others for a prefeasibility understanding by the Govt.: The proposed ropeway far exceeds the length of the longest ropeway in Asia at Auli Ski-resort with a length of about 4 km. Going roughly by the new "Gondola" type flexible systems (these also have higher capacity & offer closed cabins for weather protection) of ropeway at ski resorts planned at higher altitudes in India being of 3-4 km length, the ropeway system required between Govind Ghat & Kanjila may have to be split-up into multiple ropeways. This would increase the number of terminal points and angle points (if the alignment requires an angle between, then an angle point would be required). These would lead to higher installation costs (instead of a normal 2 terminals for an average ropeway of 3-4 km in hilly terrain

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destinations). Normally, only when the terrain is flatter and the vertical drop is very less that the single ropeway can cover a much larger distance. Ropeway can primarily be used during the current pattern of tourist season from Jun-Sep (4 months) to Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt, only from the start point of Govind Ghat to Kanjila (near Ghangharia) and back. From Kanjila to Ghangharia-Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt, the visitors have to continue to walk or take the services of mules (except in Valley of Flowers)/porters/palki carriers as in the present scenario. Any extension of this tourist season will be applicable only to scenic viewing of the snow covered hill slopes & peaks/snow covered flora/wild life (fauna)/water falls. Even if tourist season in this Bhyundar valley is to be extended, it is possible only by one & half months for the scenic enjoyment through ropeway ride from Oct. (after Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt destination is closed) to mid Nov. (when the visitation to Badrinath is also closed). It is important to note that because after mid Nov. tourist traffic ends in the region when the Badrinath is closed and also as a full fledged ropeway-cum-ski resort (all weather destination - hill station in summer and ski resort in winter) attraction exists at nearby Auli (just 16 kms away from Joshimath) for winter tourism offering a complete/longer holiday experience with ropeway-cum-skiing & resort opportunities, developing this region for the same may not be feasible. Also, this 18 km long 2-way ride may roughly take 1.5-2 hours (based on no. of terminal & intermediate points and other technicalities) and in total this sight seeing trip may take a minimum of 4 hours duration from JoshimathGovind Ghat-Kanjila & back to Joshimath without any halt for refreshment and with no facilities for stay/refreshment operational during the winter season either at the start point of ropeway at Govind Ghat and return point of Kanjila (near Ghangharia). The parking space at this time may also be covered under snow and may require arrangements to keep it clear of snow and open for use. Also, some ancillary support for vehicle maintenance requirement may also be necessary in that case at Govind Ghat. In the current scenario, due to the availability of ropeway-cum-ski resort all weather destination at Auli; with accommodation/refreshment/other infrastructural facilities not operational in Govind Ghat from Oct. onwards and no possibility of such option at Kanjila; it is not expected to create enough demand among tourists for visiting the ropeway and for this form of tourism. Since any other tourist activity such as professional skiing near Kanjila is not possible due to its terrain and any attached permanent resort structure is not possible at Kanjila to compliment the ropeway development (already the tourist season is limited) as it is a Van Panchayat land created from Reserve Forests (is part of NDBR buffer zone as well), the likely leverage of an investment (at a ball park figure based on other Indian projects with lesser

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vertical difference), it could easily be about Rs. 50 crores or more) for such a 9 km long ropeway (one-way length) would have to be understood. General operation and maintenance costs are about of 20%-25% of capital costs annually, for a Gondola type flexible system. To make such an investment where revenue is expected for a short 4-month season only does not primafacie look feasible. The impact on the dependent community needs to be taken into consideration while evolving alternate mechanisms. Though it is understandable, that the availability of helicopter services as planned by Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd. from the coming season will normally be taken up by those with higher paying capacities, it may not really effect much on reduction of load on ropeway system or trek path. However, it is important to understand that if people prefer ropeway instead of taking mules or trek thereby reducing the pressure on trek altogether, the local establishments dependent currently fully on the tourists taking trek path (either using mules/porter/palki/walk) from Govind Ghat to Kanjila (near Ghangharia) may get seriously impacted on their business/earnings, affecting the economy of local host community as well as the livelihood of those mule operators/porters/palki carriers (even if these economically weaker sections are from neighbouring regions / outside the immediate local host community currently) on this stretch which is basically two-thirds of the total trek route from Govind Ghat to Hemkunt in these short 4 months of tourist season. Eco-tourism has been highly effective in instances where it is by and of the people and encourages a decentralised tourism that does not require much infrastructure development. Since, the Govt. normally intends to play a role of the facilitator, such a large investment of about Rs. 50 crores and more for the installation and operation of ropeway as a centralised transport infrastructure may have to be undertaken by a Private Investor, who in normal circumstances cannot be from the local host community of this region (Govind Ghat, and Bhyundar/Pulna). It is a well-known fact that these communities have very small land holdings, and mostly depend on their involvement in tourism and other means as provisioned under the joint forest management programme applicable in the non-core zones of the biosphere reserve, and would also not have the entrepreneurial wherewithal to run such a sophisticated transportation system for tourism purposes only. The local community, which depends on the light commercial stalls put up enroute/ at Pulna/at Bhyundar, etc will suffer in respect to such earnings once they are not at the terminal points (and also even for personal transportation) and people shift away to ropeway as the transportation mode. Also, the local community members may not be able to afford this ropeway ride for their

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personal use of self/goods transportation, until and unless heavily subsidised. Usage of ropeway for surveillance of the area for bio-diversity protection as suggested by Department of Forests, may also be an expensive matter if the pricing of ropeway rides is high and until and unless it is highly subsidised by Govt. for usage of Department of Forests. Some of the current pricing for ropeway rides as applicable in other tourist destinations in Uttaranchal is given below for an indication: Rs. 60 is charged for about 3 km long 2-way ride at Nainital, Rs. 200 is charged for about 8 km long 2-way ride at Auli SkiResort, etc. It has been experience of National Parks in other parts of the developed world that recreational use began to influence the nature more strongly, than protection strategies could manage. These National Parks administrations now face the big question how to influence the behaviour of tourists from the view of nature protection. Installation of such a long ropeway is going to affect the Reserve Forest Land & Van Panchayat Land (created from Reserve Forests) that would be impacted during the construction and for the actual passenger ropeway installed is not known and whether it would be permitted by the Ministry of Forests & Environment under Forest Legislations in this Reserve Forest area, which is also a part of the biosphere. In case of installation, an environmental examination needs to be conducted after final design, to evolve mitigation measures applicable during construction and operational stages. The pleasure and dedication of walking for 12.5 km up the hill from Govind Ghat to Ghangharia is an interesting and adventurous component of ecotourism, apart from being able to contribute directly to the economy of the local community.

The feasibility of an aerial ropeway would need to be weighed against the above issues. Based on the present study, considering the above, prima facie the aerial ropeway option does not seem to be feasible. However, as mentioned previously, a techno-economic feasibility followed by EIA need to be undertaken. If found plausible in consideration of the technical expectations and the containment of the environmental impact, the feasibility study need to be followed with a detailed project report (DPR) that would explore the technology options. Such design report would be dependent on alignment, slope length, vertical rise and fall, span distance, capacity, wind performance, terminal/angle points also based on alignment, architecture, etc. It would also determine specifications for safety/rescue/emergency response mechanism, which are necessary. It would also include the geological feasibility, availability of power/accessibility for ropeway construction & construction

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modes (i.e. either using helicopters or creating a parallel material ropeway for carrying construction material). The environmental impacts would also be necessary to be known apart for the requirement of diversion of Reserve Forest Land & Van Panchayat Land (created out of Reserve Forests) for setting up of ropeway system (poles, terminal/intermediate points & other related utilities, rescue evacuation access paths/space), like impact on species of flora for which this valley is famous, disturbance to fauna, air/water/noise pollution during the construction (with relatively longer duration of construction period), air/noise pollution near the terminal/intermediate points during operation due to use diesel generator sets and the capacity/power of ropeway drives, etc. While ropeway experts can provide designs, technical details, and costs for the same; the impact of the development of the same on bio-diversity and ecotourism can better be advised by bio-diversity experts, like Wildlife Institute of India, National Botanical Research Institute, etc.

8.2

Tourist Amenities

8.2.1 Amenity Cluster


It is proposed to develop amenity clusters at regular intervals to facilitate tourists who are proceeding towards Ghangharia. The cluster types will essentially will be providing the following mix of necessary amenities: Cluster A

Snacks/ Fast food centre: average 8 in number, with a seating capacity of 15 people each (area of each unit = 20 sqm) Souvenir Shop, 1 in number of size 20 sqm run by Mahila Mandal. This will also function as a tourist information desk. First Aid Box to be kept with the Mahila Mandal representatives/paramedics at the Souvenir Shop Shauchalaya with 2 toilets each for men and women on pay & use facility (4 m x 3 m). One Covered Rest Shed of area 15 sqm with 5 benches (2 ft. x 5 ft. size) The trek path between the cluster to be partially covered (3m x 15 m). One large size waste collection pit (dark green painted MS iron cage that can be easily assembled & removed) to be used by EDC cleaning staff to dump the waste collected from trek path/sides & enroute establishments, before its transported down to locations where waste compression equipment units are placed for waste compression and/or to Govind Ghat for incineration/recycling. These cages should be airy, should not spill, and neither should weather out in a season (plastic cages were not recommended due to the reason of these getting brittle in sun and may get damaged early,

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these would not be as airy, and would be susceptible to fire as discussed in Chapter 5 on Environment Management Plan). Cluster B

Snacks/ Fast food centre: average 6 in number, with a seating capacity of 15 people each (area of each unit = 20 sqm) Drinking Water Facility (1000 litre low density polythene moulded tank) Shauchalaya with 2 toilets each for men and women on pay & use facility (4 m x 3 m). One Covered Rest Shed of area 15 sqm with 5 benches (2 ft. x 5 ft. size) The trek path between the cluster to be partially covered Drinking Water Facility (500 litre low density polythene moulded tank) Covered Rest Shed, 2 numbers (each of area 15 sqm) with 5 benches (2 ft. x 5 ft. size) in each shed.

Cluster C

Spatial Spread of Cluster Types The location of the cluster has been decided based on the average trek distance coupled with the steepness of the gradient when a person may feel tired to take rest with smaller clusters located at frequent intervals of 0.75 km 1 km. The availability of any existing suitable land if very close by to a derived location is also considered, instead of creating any new space in the Forest/Van Panchayat area by cutting or filling. Cluster A will be provided approximately near Pulna (3 km point), 6 km point, and at 9.60 km point. Cluster B will be provided approximately near 1.5 km, 5 km, 7.2 km, 8.5 km, 10.95 km and 12 km from Govind Ghat. Cluster C will be approximately near following points: 1.05 km, 2.10 km, 2.6 km, 3.9 km, 4.3 km, 6.75 km, 8 km, 10.3 km, 11.35 km from Govind Ghat. Additional set of 2 uncovered benches (2 ft. x 5 ft. size each) is also proposed to be provided along the trek path wherever the path is relatively stepper at the following distances (and to be disassembled after tourist season):

At an interval of 0.25 km distance from Govind Ghat till Cluster B at 1.5 km point At an interval of 0.20 km distance after 1.5 km point till 4 km point At an interval of 0.15 km distance after 4 km point till Bhyundar (at 8.75 km point) At an interval of 0.10 km distance after Bhyundar till Ghangharia.

Vista Points Two covered but temporary sloped roof vista points are proposed along the route. The structure could be spread in 3 m dia and can make provisions for

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scenic viewing with a telescope facility at each vista point. View information should also be provided by a display board. These vista points should have clean toilet facility and waste bin, if they are away from a planned cluster facility. Building Character and Control Regulations All the amenity cluster spaces are proposed to be of temporary structures (except for the small plinth bases for cluster amenities/toilets, wherever necessary). A uniform character is proposed for the cluster amenities/toilets. This will be maintained by following temporary sloped roof steel truss structure, with corrugated GI sheet roof & wall all painted in dark green on exteriors (to blend with the environment). All these structures would be disassembled at the end of tourist season and can be kept in EDC Stores at Ghangharia, Bhyundar and Pulna as per the nearest location for these structures, and would be reassembled before the next tourist season.

8.2.2 Solid Waste Collection & Disposal


Very evident and attractive turnable solid waste collection bins are proposed to be placed at different points from Govind Ghat to Ghangharia (@ 100 m interval). 1 Solid waste compression equipment unit is proposed to be placed at Pulna for compressing non-biodegradable waste generated from Ghangharia to Pulna. Waste collection area will be managed more scientifically with arrangements for stacking the compressed bags in large Iron cage pits that can easily contain some 50 or more sacks. These cages should be airy, should not spill, and neither should weather out in a season (plastic cages were not recommended due to the reason of these getting brittle in sun and may get damaged early, these would not be as airy, and would be susceptible to fire as discussed in Chapter 5 on Environment Management Plan). Compressed plastic waste is proposed to be transported down and used for incineration at Govind Ghat incinerator (existing proposal)/reprocessing by recycling of any excess load. Contracts for purchase of this waste for recycling could be given so that government cost of collection and transportation can be reduced. Also sacks if in good condition, should be re-used for collection and transportation of waste.

8.2.3 Toilets Enroute


Planned Works

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EDC is constructing 2 pucca toilet complexes (each with 4 seats 2 for men and 2 for women) one near Pulna and one at the entrance to the Ghangharia settlement (Size of each complex = 4.6 m x 2.75 m = 12.65 sqm)

New Proposals The proposals for the toilets enroute are:

Management of toilets (urinals) is an immediate concern. People urinating openly and near water bodies have to be checked immediately as it can be a health hazard apart from visual pollution. Proper arrangement of efficient toilets (urinals as well as latrines) made of temporary sloped roofed structure for both sexes must be made enroute in optimum numbers. The toilet seats/urinals should be made of material like ceramic that can be cleaned efficiently. The toilets should have water saver cisterns. One Urinal is recommended to be provided at every 0.5 km interval. Chemical toilets/Dry toilets are available in international markets, may be similar ones can be explored/developed locally too. The structure of the urinals should be such that these cannot be used as latrines providing least scope for sitting at these sites. The current urinals are tin funnels that get stinky from frequent use and poor cleanliness. Urinals should be of the material that can be cleaned easily and efficiently. Arrangements for cleaning these urinals should be made so that each tourist at each time gets a clean urinal or toilet. This is a basic facility that has to be provided and would be operated on Pay & Use Facility model. Factors like cost of use or maintenance can be worked out with the authorities like Department of Forests, Department of Tourism, NGOs and survey of tourists in a test year. Urine from urinals may not be allowed to drain into rivers or natural ecosystem of the protected area but a system of its purification should be an in-built option. The urine from urinals should be filtered through pits containing sand, soil and gravel mixed proportionately before the urine is drained out. Unmanaged disposal is a serious concern as water pipes are laid underneath/beside the trek path and cross towards the village sites. Water pipes were found exposed at many locations or in contact with wastewater and could lead to infection from the urinals and latrines. Several of such points were observed which could be the possible source of infection for the villagers and unprepared visitors. Thus the urine should be passed through tanks of gravel, sand, and soil (2.5 m long x 2 m wide x 2.5 m deep at Cluster A, 2 m long x 1.5 m wide x 2.5 m deep at Cluster B, 2 m long x 1 m wide x 2.5 m deep at Cluster C, and 1.5 m long x 1 m wide x 2.5 m deep for individual urinals) provided at various sites. These tanks can be covered with easily removable covers, however with a provision to clean these whenever

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necessary. The sand and gravel of these tanks has to be serviced, cleaned or replaced periodically. This may add to the cost but it cleans the waste to a large extent and the waste going to streams and soil will not pollute the water. The toilet waste must go deep into pits where it can decompose rather than leave near the surface where it may join the water pipes that are quite frequent and run on the surface very close to the existing toilets. Caution has to be made to keep water pipes and waste pipes separate. Separate Community Toilet made of temporary sloped roofed structure should be provided for villagers who do not have in-house toilet facility/space and these should be maintained by the villagers themselves/Gram Sabha at Pulna and Bhyundar.

8.2.4 Mule Shed


Mule shed is one of the important components of the Enroute Development Plan. The proposals for the same include:

Mule Stand to accommodate 150 mules at a time to be developed at Pulna One Mule Shed each to accommodate 30 mules at a time to be developed near Cluster A. One Mule Shed each to accommodate 15 mules at a time to be developed near Cluster B.

These mule sheds are proposed to be with facilities like drinking water (a long stone masonry/plastered tub of water parallel to the mule parking) and fodder for the mules. Mule urine at these sheds/rest places should be collected in pits and cleaned by passing the urine through cleaning tanks containing gravel, soil and sand, as recommended for human urinals. This will reduce the risk of urine contaminating water bodies and soil in the area.

8.2.5 Signages
Signages form an important part of tourist facilitation especially on a trekking path. The proposals for signages enroute the Govind Ghat to Ghangharia trek path are: Standardised Signage Boards at: each km point to indicate the distance (13 boards) from Govind GhatGhangharia on both sides before Pulna to indicate the name of Bhyundar Ganga river and location of Cremation Ghat Bhyundar Ganga bridge at 10 km point to indicate the name of river before Ghangharia at Kanjila to indicate the location of Helipad

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Lakshman/Hem Ganga bridge just after Ghangharia to indicate the name of river and at another junction about half a km before Hemkunt Standardised Signage Board at Valley of Flowers Hemkunt Sahib Junction after Ghangharia settlement to indicate the trek path bifurcation

Standard Eco-Awareness Message Signages along the trek route Punjabi (1 Board x17 types of messages with 2 text rows) Hindi (1 Board x14 types of messages with 2 text rows) English (1 Boards each for 10 types of messages with 2 text rows, 3 types of messages with 3 text rows, and 4 types of messages with 4 text rows)

Standard Warning/Information Signage Board for Waterfalls/Landslide/ Avalanche prone areas (13 boards) /Cluster A Amenity (6 boards)/ View Information at Vista Points (2 boards) Small nature interpretation signages (of legible size) that merge with nature along the rare trees and flora on the way are proposed (Assuming 200 boards each of 0.45 m x 0.3 m size made up of MS angle/sheets).

Corner sidewalls of temporary cluster facilities that are open to view from trek path may also be used for painting/display of information/eco-signages. Directional/Locational & Informational signages are proposed with dark green background & white text, while Nature Interpretation signages would be as per the current pattern followed by DoF.

8.3

Physical Infrastructure Plan

8.3.1 Water Supply


Planned Works Pulna-Govind Ghat: Uttaranchal Jal Nigam is preparing a scheme for providing piped water supply via Pulna to Govind Ghat. This estimate could be around Rs. 25.00 lakhs and is yet to be sanctioned. This scheme will contain one French Well type intake in Bhyundar Ganga river about 300 m above Pulna and then a 1-1/2 diameter x 5.5 km long GI pipeline laid via Pulna and later along the trek path, which will flow down through gravity to a 30 KL capacity cylindrical Clear Water Reservoir (CWR). This arrangement will meet the requirements of about 5000 persons per day for a horizon period of next 15 years. This scheme is targeted for completion by next season.

8.3.2 Electricity Supply


Issues Availability of adequate sunlight is a problem for Solar Light Systems to be effective. Since the trek travel is normally over by evening time, the lights

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would not be required along the trek path except for settlement areas of Ghangharia-Kanjila, Bhyundar, and Pulna - Govind Ghat. If such lights are provided more in number along the trek path, these lights when on would attract / infringe on the wildlife activities, which may also lead to possible attacks from wildlife on the residents of local host community / commercial establishments / other workers. This concern was expressed by the local community as well. Also if these lights are not properly handled (properly switched on/off if street lights connected to grid line or cleaning of Solar panel glass/maintenance of the battery etc. in case of solar street lights), frequent breakdowns are a possibility. There exists a power line system, which was connected with grid from Ghangharia via Pulna Govind Ghat earlier, but is in disconnected state at present due to damage sustained at avalanche locations. Normally when power line system is in assembled position, wires get loaded with snow and when avalanche/heavy snow hits the span of wires and poles it easily destroys these poles and lines by severe force. While at rest of the places, the existing line still seems intact. Street Lighting along trek path from Pulna till Govind Ghat (from 3 km to Suspension Bridge end) to facilitate those who may get a bit late in the evening (sun sets normally by 6.00 pm) while returning to Govind Ghat. EDC staff/Mahila Mandal/ Yuvak Mandal/ Gurdwara Sevadars etc. (as decided on consensus) on cleaning/eco-patrolling duty should switch off these lights after a certain period in night (e.g. after 8.00 pm) when usually no one is expected to be trekking between Pulna and Govind Ghat, unless it is an emergency need of the residents of the Pulna village. Also, street lighting is proposed from Kanjila (near the Helipad/Proposed Tented resorts till Ghangharia entrance (11.75 km to 12.5 km point @30m interval). These lights should be switched off by 9.00 pm, by which hour it is expected that all those staying at tented resorts would be back for sleep after having their dinner at restaurants in Ghangharia. Upgradation of Street Lighting at Pulna It is proposed that the power supply through grid via Govind Ghat/Pulna be further extended to Bhyundar, Kanjila and till the entrance of Ghangharia. Re-erecting the broken poles and line would be required to restore the power through grid. It will be the responsibility of the Department of Electricity to ensure through its process that the wires in the four avalanche prone areas (from start of Bhyundar village at about 8.75 km, 9.25-9.35 km point, 9.60-9.75 km point, and at 11.10-11.15 km point) are dis-assembled before snow time in mid-Nov and re-installed after the snow period is over in Mar-Apr as a

The proposals for Electric Supply are:

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simple means of preventive maintenance. Restoration of the power supply till Ghangharia will help in meeting the current gap/low voltage complaints can lead to better provision of electrical supply for lighting/heating/laundry facilities etc. in this wet & cold weather region and would also lead to avoiding the use of diesel generators & kerosene stoves for heating water. Also funds for such recurring annual maintenance should be budgeted in the annual budgets State Electricity Board (for grid line connectivity upwards of Pulna till Ghangharia), while some initial funds are budgeted in the report for the project implementation duration. Upgradation of Street Lighting at Bhyundar Street lighting from Kanjila till Ghangharia entrance (11.6 km to 12.5 km point) A new Satellite Telephone Exchange is proposed at Pulna to provide better connectivity to Govind Ghat, Pulna and till 6 km point between Pulna and Bhyundar. One Satellite Telephone PCO Local Call/STD/ISD booth at Pulna for villagers/tourists enroute and one at 6 km point between Pulna and Bhyundar for tourists enroute will thus be beneficial. One Satellite Telephone PCO Local Call/STD/ISD booth is proposed at Bhyundar connected to the existing Satellite Telephone Exchange of Ghangharia for villagers and tourists enroute. One Satellite Telephone PCO Local Call/STD/ISD booth near Kanjila Helipad area connected to Satellite Telephone Exchange of Ghangharia.

8.3.3 Telecommunications

8.3.4 Sewerage Disposal System & Toilets


Refer 8.2.2 for details on Toilets and Sewerage Disposal system proposed. Other Issue Dung and urine waste of mules is a big problem for disposal and sanitation at Govind Ghat, Ghangharia and Hemkunt Sahib including the trek path. As discussed in Chapter 6 and Chapter 7, under the section on Solid Waste Management, the mule dung is proposed to be collected in sacks for depositing it for vermi-composting to prepare manure at lower altitudes like Bhyundar and Pulna which would be less colder than Ghangharia.

8.3.5 Health Care Facility

A Medical Trauma Centre is proposed at Pulna. However in view of the difficulties the
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trekking tourists face enroute, first aid box is proposed at Cluster A and B to be managed by EDC volunteers from Ghangharia to Hemkunt and by Mahila Mandal members between Govind Ghat and Ghangharia. Refer Chapter 7 for proposal of veterinary clinic at Govind Ghat and Ghangharia.
8.4 Management Controls
Various management controls are proposed for the development and use of the route to Ghangharia. They are described below: Regularisation of Development All development throughout the route from Govind Ghat to Ghangharia is to be regularised and monitored. The development controls proposed are:

All construction is proposed to be of temporary structures, which could be stored and assembled just before the season. All clusters to be of same character using temporary steel truss sloping roof covered with corrugated GI sheet roof & wall all painted in dark green (to blend with the environment). All the development to be registered with approval from concerned EDCs /local management or regulatory committee. This committee may have representatives as EDC/local village/community members, Department of Forest as Motivator/Facilitator, Department of Tourism, Department of Revenue, and elected representatives of Van Panchayat / Gram Sabha / Mahila Mandal / Zilla Panchayat etc. It was also suggested in the presentation meeting chaired by Chief Secretary, Uttaranchal that this regulatory committee should have a legal standing and shall be chaired by the District Magistrate. All the physical amenity development to be owned only by the local community members. All the toilets enroute to be maintained by EDC/ EDC appointed person(s) and to be operated only on Pay & Use system. No construction on the route to use wood of pine and threatened trees like Taxus, Baccata, etc.

Timings

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The tourists who start trekking from Govind Ghat towards Ghangharia should not be permitted after a certain period of time (e.g. late afternoon say after 3 pm) taking into consideration time required to reach Ghangharia before dark, safety aspects, distractions to wild life, limited street lighting arrangement, etc. It is the religious tourism that has the highest share of tourist traffic in the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region, and majority of which spends the least in local economy as it has the privileges of the free accommodation and food in the Gurdwaras, except for the mule ride, porters, or palki rides. It is proposed that all the tourist traffic should be charged a nominal fee, in view of the impact on the nature and the effort required to maintain the trek route cleanly. Thus, an Eco-fee for a nominal amount per head to the tune of say Rs. 5/- per head is proposed to be collected once at the 1.4 km point EDC Checkpost after Govind Ghat, from all the tourists using the route. However, it is suggested that the same should be decided by the government in mutual discussion with its various departments & stakeholders concerned with the region (keeping in mind the various costs like, solid waste management, staff/daily wage salaries, equipments/implements/other overhead expenses, costs for training/capacity building, plans for emergency insurance cover for tourists, cost of information material, etc). This is in addition to the mule fee of Rs. 20/- already being collected. This would help EDC in generating resources that are enough to pay decent wages to staff, buy implements/uniforms for better cleaning support, expend on human resource development, manage waste efficiently, etc. and overall be sustainable.

Fees

Incentives for Eco-tourists Those tourists who bring back their non-biodegradable waste can be refunded their eco-fee as incentive along with a reward of a free postcard souvenir with stamped recognition as an eco-tourist. Their name and address would also be posted as an eco-tourist at the Friends of the Valley of Flower programme web database. The enroute plan from Ghangharia to Hemkunt Sahib and to Valley of Flowers is already covered under Chapter 6.

8.5

Route till Govind Ghat


The pristine glory of nature is evident throughout the route to Govind Ghat, which is dotted with mountains, trees, rivers and flowers, making the journey a memorable experience. The road (maintained by BRO) passes through the confluence of the five holy tributaries of Ganga the Panch Prayags.

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There are many places of tourist attraction en-route Govind Ghat. Deoprayag the confluence of rivers Alaknanda and Bhagirathi, is known for its Shiva and Vishnu temples. Gangotri is the source of Bhagirathi and the source of Alaknanda is near Badrinath. Below Deoprayag, the river is known as Ganga, along which, the town is mostly confined into the deeply cut valley located at the junction of the two rivers and tumbles down the hillside. The houses are almost built on top of one another. At the confluence of the rivers is a bathing ghat where pilgrims can take a holy dip. From Deoprayag, the road is relatively flat till Srinagar and for much of the way one passes through well-cultivated village lands. At Kirtinagar, the road crosses the river to the eastern bank. The valley is quite wide here and is known as the Panai pasture. The road from Srinagar to Rudraprayag is again mostly through cultivated lands. Approximately five km before reaching Rudraprayag, in a grove of trees by a village, is a tablet that marks the spot where Jim Corbett killed the Man Eating Leopard of Rudraprayag on 2nd May 1926. Rudraprayag, the confluence of rivers Alaknanda and Mandakini, has temples dedicated to Rudranath and Chamunda Devi. It is a linear town along a fairly narrow part of the Alaknanda valley. It is also an important point as tourists can divert here for Kedarnath or carry on further towards Badrinath. Midway between Rudraprayag and Karnaprayag is Gauchar, which is famous locally for its annual cattle fair. The valley is wider here, providing the local population with very good agricultural land. An airstrip has also been developed at Gauchar. Karnaprayag, the confluence of Alaknanda and Pindar has temples dedicated to Goddess Parvati and Karna. Nandaprayag, the confluence of rivers Nandakini and Alaknanda has a temple dedicated to Gopalji. Vishnuprayag, the confluence of rivers Dhauliganga and Alaknanda has a temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu. It also has a holy pond called Vishnu Kund. Chamoli is the principal market for the district of the same name. The District headquarters, Gopeshwar is 10 km away on the opposite hills. The valley's walls are much higher and steeper, and the road twists and turns more. Joshimath town is the last important town enroute Govind Ghat and Badrinath. The town is also a main base point for various mountaineering expeditions and is a district subdivision. The town has the temple where the deity is kept when the temple at Badrinath is closed. Joshimath also has a large helipad facility, under use of Army. The diversion to Auli, the skiing resort destination starts from Joshimath. A rope way also connects Auli with Joshimath.

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After reaching Govind Ghat, the access to the valley starts leading up to Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt Sahib. Badrinath, the abode of Lord Vishnu, which according to ancient scriptures, is supposed to be the holiest of the four dhams. Hindu Shastras enjoin that no pilgrimage would be complete unless a pilgrim visits Badrinath. Guarding it are the Nar and Narayan Parvat ranges and at a distance towers the magnificent Neelkanth peak. The word Badri is derived from a wild fruit that Lord Vishnu is said to have lived on when he did penance at the Badrivan. Tourists (majority being pilgrims) visit Badrinath during May to November. An ancient, 8th century temple marks the place where Adi Guru Sankaracharya is believed to have meditated. A modern temple has been built at this spot. Badrinath is just 25 km from Govind Ghat, the starting point of the trek to Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt Sahib.

Note:
Various development measures, which are required for the settlements enroute, are dealt with in the Badrinath Development Plan as part of Char Dham Master Plan prepared by Department of Tourism, Government of Uttaranchal.

8.6

Tourist Circuit and Growth Centres Nearby

This section delineates the possible nearby circuits, which could be linked and marketed for attracting tourists to the NDBR eco-tourism zone. This also refers to the regions nearby which have potential to be tourist growth centres. Refer Exhibit 8.2 for potential tourist growth centres nearby Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt.

A tourist survey conducted by the Director General of Tourism, Government of India (GoI), indicated that most tourists prefer to visit more than one type of destination while on vacation. Therefore, the strategy underlying the development of circuits is to provide varied experiences (secondary interests) to tourists around a central theme (primary interest).

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In Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Eco-Tourism Master Plan the focus is not to increase mere quantity as these two are specialised tourist attractions. Instead, it is to provide facilitation for the like-minded tourists visiting similar destinations

Exhibit 8.2: Growth Centres near Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt nearby. This would include the religious tourists to Badrinath and the nature tourists to Auli. The type of attraction, duration of stay and distance between the sites become determinant parameters in identification of suitable linkages and circuit formation.

8.6.1 Badrinath
The temple of Badrinath, situated at an elevation of 3133 m above MSL, and located 44 km away by motorable road to the north-east from Joshimath is considered to be amongst the most pious Hindu pilgrimage centres. The temple is located in the middle of a beautiful valley, on the bank of holy river Alaknanda. Dedicated to Lord Vishnu, the temple is 15 m in height and is built in the form of a cone with a small cupola of a gilt bull and spire. Legend has it that the temple was built prior to the Vedic age, although the present temple is believed to have been established by Adi Guru Shankaracharya. The temple has been renovated several times due to earlier damages by avalanches and looks modern now with a colourful "Singh Dwar" or the main entrance gate. It is believed

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that the image of Badrinath had been thrown into the Alaknanda river during the time of the Buddhist era and later retrieved and reinstalled by Shankaracharya. There are 15 idols in the temple complex. Finely sculpted in black stone, the Badrinath (Vishnu) image is a metre high. Other images include those of Lakshmi (Vishnus consort), Garud (Vishnus mount), Shiva, Parvati, Ganesh, etc.

Special prayers and festivities are held at the temple on the occasion of the birth of Lord Krishna (Janmashtami) and during Mata Murti Mela during which the priests of Badrinath Temple worship Mother of Sri Badrinath. The Badrinath temple is normally open from the month of April-May till the 3rd week of November every year. The excursions possible near Badrinath Dham are given below: Mana Village / Vasudhara Water Fall Waterfalls have always captivated the human imagination. 3 km from Mana village (inhabited by an Indo-Mongolian tribe, it is the last Indian village which is 2 km ahead on the continuing national highway from Badrinath, before Tibet), towards the west is the Vasudhara fall with a sheer drop of 145 m, set in a background of snowy peaks, glaciers and rocky heights. Violent wind sometimes sprays out the entire volume of the water falling and it appears that the water fall ceases for a minute or two, giving rise to a lot of superstitious ideas to the locals. Near Mana, Vyasadeva's Gupha (cave) is located. He is said to have divided the Vedas into four parts and wrote many Puranas here. The front of the cave is painted white, and there is a deity of Vyasadeva in the cave. Nearby is Ganesh's cave. There are rocks here that look like layers of paper and are said to represent his works of writing down the Mahabharata and Srimad Bhagavatam. Vyasadeva narrated these works, and Ganesh wrote them down, under the condition that Vyasadeva would not stop reciting. Also near this location, Lord Siva narrated to the sage Skanda, who wrote the Skanda Purana, the glories of the Himalayas. The Bhima and Muchkund caves are located just above the cave of Vyasadeva. Down below is Bhima Pul (Bhima's bridge), which Bhima one of the Pandava brothers is said to have made from a huge stone slab, so that his brothers and Draupadi could cross the river Saraswati safely. The river Saraswati emerges from a glacier north of Mana, touches Vyas Gupha, and merges into the river Alaknanda near Keshav Prayag, which is 3 km away from Badrinath near Bhima Pul. Panch Dharas
(a) Prahalad Dhara (b) Kurma Dhara (c) Urvashi Dhara (d) Bhrigu Dhara (e) Indra Dhara

Panch Shilas
(a) Narad Shila (b) Varaha Shila (c) Garud Shila (d) Markandeya Shila (e) Narsingh Shila.

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Tapt Kund
Natural thermal springs on the bank of the river Alaknanda, where it is customary to bathe before entering the Badrinath temple.

Narad Kund
A recess in the river, near Tapt Kund, forming a pool from where the Badrinath idol was recovered, as mentioned earlier.

Brahama Kapal
A flat platform on the bank of river Alaknanda, where Hindus perform propitiating rites for their deceased ancestors.

Sheshnetra
1.5 km away is a boulder having an impression of the legendary serpent, better known as the Sheshnag's eye.

Charanpaduka
3 km away is a beautiful meadow where the footprint of Lord Vishnu is seen on a boulder.

Neelkanth A pyramidal shaped snowy peak (6,600 m above MSL) towering above Badrinath presents a dramatic sight. It is popularly known as the ' Garhwal Queen'.
A variety of accommodation is available at Badrinath Dham, including rest Houses of GMVN, Forests, Border Roads, etc. with a overall capacity of about 1000 beds. There are few good restaurants and several other ordinary restaurants available. Serving of liquor and non-vegetarian food are prohibited at Badrinath Dham.

Providing ample signages about Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt Sahib at Badrinath and providing tourist information services there is expected to facilitate the interested tourists to visit the region, especially Hemkunt. In addition to this, the information material for Badrinath region could include information on nearby attractions as well.

8.6.2 Auli Ski Resort


In line with the objective of developing adventure tourism in Garhwal hills, a ski resort and a winter sports complex were developed at Auli, which is located in Chamoli district at an altitude ranging from 2915 m to 3048 m above MSL. Auli has enormous potential to be developed as an all weather destination into a major tourist destination of international standards.

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Auli offers a 180-degree panoramic view of several Himalayan peaks like Nanda Devi, Neelkanth, Kamet, Dunagiri, Mana Parvat and others. Oak and coniferous forests flank the snow-capped slopes of Auli. The best season to visit Auli for enjoying snow & skiing is from the last week of December to March every year. Tourism infrastructure and related amenities, including ski-training facilities have been developed at Auli. A 4-km long ropeway links Joshimath with the upper slopes of Auli. There is a 13-km motorable road linking Joshimath to Auli. GMVN runs a 110-bed resort & restaurant at this place. Some medical facilities are available at Joshimath, while the basic telecom services also exist at Auli. The natural slopes of Auli offer good skiing conditions in which various skiing events are held. A ski lift carries the skiers back to the top of the slope. There is a chair lift linking the GMVN resort to the base of Tower-8 of the ropeway, where tourists generally alight for going to the GMVN resort. In addition to skiing festivals, official National Championships are also organised at Auli.
In view of the fact that a considerable percentage of tourists to Auli are nature lovers, it is proposed that through circuit linkage and proper marketing high quality environment lovers can be attracted to Valley of Flowers.

In addition to these two main attractions the region has many potential tourist attractions, which can become part of the growth centres/ magnets of the region. Some of them are described below.

8.6.3 Kagbhushandi Lake Trek


Kagbhushandi Lake is a small oblong lake of emerald green water at an altitude of above 5000 m near Kankul Pass (5230 m) and is almost a km in length. Myriad blossoms decorate its banks during the season with some of the wildest profusion of colours and make one forget the hardships and the exhaustion of the trek. Set in the lap of Hathi Parvat (6730 m), the lake can be approached either from Bhyundar village, near Ghangharia or from Vishnu Prayag via Painka village. The trek from the former is a little easier in gradient than the latter one, but longer. The trek from Bhyundar passes through thick bear infested forests, and stretches of stinging nettles without any shelters, except shepherd huts. It also involves walking on glacial moraines and slippery rocks over long distances. The Kagbhushandi trail gives immense opportunities for eco-tourism especially for ecologists, researchers and serious environment lovers. Local community members serving as guides are available at Bhyundar village. For the long duration treks, one of the trek routes followed is from Govind GhatBhyundar trek to Semartoli which has some of the thick dense forests and small streams can be seen at different locations with an over night stay at tents there. From there, the next day trek to Rajkharak where large areas are covered with green grassy land and a stupendous view of the Himalayan ranges of Hathi Parvat, Gauri Parvat etc. A large variety of flower and other types of fauna cover

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this area in their own ways of decorating nature. Rajkharak forms the base for over night stay in tents. Trekking from Rajkharak to Kagbushandi lake can be undertaken on the following day. After a trek of about 14.25 km from Bhyundar one reaches Kagbhushandi lake. It is believed that this is the famous mythological place where Yudishthir was asked 15 questions by Yaksha. A lake surrounded by snow and patches of different type of flowers dotted in vacant areas are a sight in itself. One could stay here overnight in tents and return as per route of the initial journey. If one wants to take the difficult return route via Painka village to exit near Vishnu Prayag, then this trek would be about 13.25 km long. This trek requires a prior permission and payment of requisite eco-fee/deposit fee to the DFO, Joshimath as part of NDBR Eco-Tourism Zone and one has to make its own arrangements for tented accommodation & food requirements.

8.6.4 Khiron Valley Trek


Khiron Valley falls at 2800 m-5000 m above MSL range. This valley is located nearly 25 km away to the west from the Valley of Flowers. It is approximately 12 km long and 3 km wide in extent. The landform is undulating with flat plateaus and steep slopes dominated by a grass Danthonia cachemyriana. The area is bounded by famous Nilkanth peak (6596 m) in the North. Approximately 4200 sheep and goats in five herds from different areas reach here in the month of June and stay until September to graze every year. The vegetation and landforms are similar to VOFNP. This trek requires a prior permission and payment of requisite eco-fee/deposit fee to the DFO, Joshimath as part of NDBR Eco-Tourism Zone and one has to make its own arrangements for tented accommodation & food requirements.

8.6.5 Khunt Khal Trek


Khunt Khal falls within 3700m-4500 m above MSL range. This is a higher valley located on the north-western part of the Valley of Flowers. An old trail from Bamani Dhaur (3 km point inside the Valley of Flowers) leads to Hanuman Chatti (2134 m above MSL) near Badrinath after a trek of about 8.5 km and passes through the Khunt Khal pass. It has diverse landscapes viz. valley, river bed, steep slopes, alpine scrubs and pioneer environments. A small patch of birch- rhododendron forest exists on the steep rocky slopes below Khunt Khal. Rich alpine meadows exist on the northern and western sides. This area terminates into alpine desert and perpetual snow towards the western side. This trek requires a prior permission and payment of requisite eco-fee/deposit fee to the DFO, Joshimath as part of NDBR Eco-Tourism Zone and one has to make its own arrangements for tented accommodation & food requirements. GMVN TRH is available at Hanuman Chatti.

8.6.6 Pandukeshwar
Pandukeshwar (1920 m above MSL) is located about 2 km ahead from Govind Ghat and 21 km from Joshimath on Haridwar/Rishikesh-Badrinath motor road route. Yogdhyan Badri Temple

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Pandukeshwar has the Yogdhyan Temple, one of the five (Panch) Badris, the others being Adi Badri, Vriddha Badri, Bhavishya Badri, and Badri Vishal at Sri Badrinath itself. It is said that King Pandu, the father of the five Pandava brothers whose story is told in the Mahabharata crossed over a mountain known as Hem Kut (pronounced 'koot') during his time of penance in the Hundred-Peak Mountains. There he did penance at a place named for seven peaks. A temple in Pandukeshwar commemorates King Pandu's passage through the region. According to a myth, later the Pandava brothers also retired here, after handing over the rule of Hastinapur to King Parikshit. King Pandu installed a bronze idol in a meditative posture called Yogdhyan Badri, and is worshipped as at Badrinath. Some famous copper plates carrying old inscriptions, providing valuable information on the history of the temples and early Katyuri Kings have been found here. Many devotees and visitors are skipping this place from their itinerary and the temple is of now local importance only. However, if the proposed road from Govind Ghat-Pandukeshwar-Pulna can come up, the importance of temples in Pandukeshwar with relatively easier accessibility may too get integrated with the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt circuit.

8.6.7 Joshimath
It was established by Adi Guru Shankaracharya, and was named Jyotirmath - the place of Jyotirlinga of Shiva, which later came to be known as Joshimath. Apart from being a religious centre, att present Joshimath has an important place as a market, educational centre, and Defence establishment as well in the region. At Joshimath (1845 m above MSL), which is an important halting/transit station for pilgrims and is the winter seat of the Rawal of Badrinath, it is sometimes treated amongst the Panch (five) Badris in place of Vriddha Badri (which is located 17 km before Joshimath on the Haridwar/RishikeshBadrinath motor road route). A branch of the Tourist Bureau/Office is located near New GMVN TRH at Joshimath, while District Tourist Bureau/Office is located near Bus Station in the GMVN TRH at Gopeshwar. Narsingh Badri Temple Narsingh Badri is a 2 m high statue of Lord Vishnu in black rock (shaligram), supported by 4 female figures is of superb appearance and high workmanship and was supposedly crafted in the eighth century during the reign of King Lalitaditya Yukta Pida of Kashmir. The Narsingh temple is situated in the heart of Joshimath on the old route to Badrinath through the Bazaar area. Of all the temples in Joshimath the Narsingh temple is the most magnificent. The Narsingh legend is a fascinating one related to the Hiranyakashyap, the demon king who worshiped Lord Vishnu and received from him a boon that made him invincible and invulnerable to both man and beast, and also protected him from death, during day and night, indoor and outdoor, on land and in sky. Thus, assured of immortality, the demon king showed his true color and declared himself to be a God. To end his tyranny Vishnu assumed the form of Narsingh - Half Man and Half Lion. He then slew Hiranyakashyap when the sun had just half set, hence the time was neither day nor night. The act was done at the threshold, making it neither indoor nor outdoor, and on the thighs of the Lord making it neither on land nor in sky. Legend

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forebodes that the present route to Badrinath will be blocked when one arm of the Narasingh statue, already thinning, will break loose and Badrinath will be worshipped thereafter at Bhavishya Badri near Tapovan. To the south of the big square in front of the Narsingh Badri temple there is a roofed building housing a stone cistern with two brass spouts known as Dandadhara and Narsinghdhara between which there are brass idols of Rama and Sita. There are several temples here, each dedicated to Hanuman, Ganesh, Surya, Gaurishankar and Naudevi (Durga) respectively. These temples surround that of Vasudeva the black stone idol installed in it, which is two meters high and stands on a lotus pedestal, being of fine craftsmanship and being flanked by standing figures of Sridevi and Bhudevi. In the temple are also the idols of the ten avatars (incarnations) of Vishnu. At a short distance in front of the temple there is a brass idol of Garud - Vishus mount. Vriddha Badri Temple

Situated at an altitude of 1380 m above MSL and at a distance of 17 km from Joshimath on the Joshimath-Pipalkoti road route is Animath, the place where several centuries before the advent of Adi Guru Shankaracharya, the idol of Badrinath was enshrined and worshipped. When Narada performed tapasya here, Lord Vishnu appeared before him as Vriddha Badri (Old Badri). The temple remains open throughout the year. The traffic to Badrinath is regulated at Joshimath at one side and at Govind Ghat the other side. The vehicles to Badrinath queue up at Joshimath as per specified timings. The queue stretches to approximately 250 vehicles. The Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt tourists also have to line in this queue for proceeding further. In view of Badrinath, Auli, Valley of Flowers, Hemkunt and other destinations tourists, which may base at Joshimath when they become popular destinations, this town, which is also a district sub-division, would need effective traffic management measures to regulate the traffic. Thus, amongst the measures suggested for the town, development of street sections has a major component next to augmentation of accommodation facilities since the town is a pivot node to other attractions like Auli and a major stopover location. There is a proposal for the construction of bypass to the town, as such the development of facility nodes at the two ends is also proposed for this township. The proposed development measures are summarised below.

Development of facility nodes at ends of bypass Formalisation of street sections Development of parking lots Betterment of road junctions Street furniture and Public conveniences Signages.

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8.6.8 Other Destinations in Chamoli District


Chamoli Chamoli, the abode of Gods, reputed for its shrines and temples, birthplace of Chipko Movement with its strategic significance is one of the beautiful hill districts in the Garhwal Region of Uttaranchal State in India. Untouched by the pollution and rigmarole of urban life, Chamoli waits to open vistas of Nature in their pristine glory. Chamoli settlement located at 975 m altitude above MSL is one of the principal markets, and houses some government departments at district level, while the main district headquarter is at Gopeshwar. Gopeshwar 10 km off to the east at Chamoli (off the main road to Badrinath), situated at a height of 1308 m above MSL amidst beautiful mountain ranges, terrace farms and small lakes, the picturesque township of Gopeshwar is the district headquarter of Chamoli. The districts Tourist Bureau/Office is located near Bus Station in the GMVN TRH at Gopeshwar. An ancient temple of Lord Shiva known as Gopinath Temple is the main attraction of the town and thousands of pilgrims come here throughout the year to visit the temple. The temple is topped by a dome and 24 doors lead to the sanctum sanctorum, which is 30 sqft. in area. There are several broken idols around the temple, which supports the theory that in ancient times there were several more temples in Gopeshwar. In the courtyard of the temple there is a trident about five metre high made of eight different metals dating back to the 12th century, and bears inscriptions attributed to Anekmalla, King of Nepal who reigned in the 13th century. The legend goes that the trident belonged to Shiva who threw it at Kamdeva (The God of Love) to kill him and it got fixed in this spot. It is believed that while brute force cannot move this trident, the slightest touch by a true devotee can cause a tremor in it. The metal of the trident does not appear to have become weathered by the elements over the centuries. Another inscription records the erection of a royal edifice by him in Saka 1113 (AD 1191). Also, four short inscriptions of later times, in Devnagari Script, are cut into the metal of the shaft but only one of them is decipherable. Owing to its natural beauty and fresh and serene atmosphere, Gopeshwar is becoming a major attraction for the tourists. Many well-known tourist spots and religious centres are spread around this town. According to historians, the name Gopeshwar has associations with the name of Lord Krishna. Besides the ancient temple of Lord Shiva, Vaitarni Kund, a group of temples without idols and Oak View are other places of interest. In this central region of Chamoli, accommodation facilities of GMVN TRH is available at Gopeshwar / Pipalkoti / Joshimath (Old & New TRH), FRH at

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Joshimath, Gurdwara of Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust at Joshimath, Dharamshalas and many small private hotels/lodges are available at Gopeshwar/Chamoli/Joshimath. Satopanth Lake This triangular lake of serene water has a perimeter of about half a kilometer. It is about 25 km from Badrinath. Brahma, Vishnu and Maheshwar, the Hindu trinities are believed to occupy one corner each, and which are named after them. The trek is hazardous, but full of dramatic scenery. There is no place to rest in between, except some caves. Cooked food /stove, etc. have to be carried from Badrinath itself. Tapovan In contrast to the annoying hustle and bustle of city life of Joshimath, Tapovan is a peaceful place known for its hot springs, which are believed to possess miraculous healing powers and the view of the Tapovan valley towards north is breathtakingly beautiful. Tapovan is 15 km to the east from Joshimath on Joshimath-Malari road route. A 9 km trek (sometimes motorable by Jeep for 6 km and then a 3 km trek) from here leads to Bhavishya Badri, one of the five Badris and as mentioned earlier.
Bhavishya Badri Temple Literally, the Badrinath of the future, the temple of Bhavishya Badri is at Subain, about 24 km from Joshimath to the east towards Lata. It is 9 km trek (sometimes motorable by Jeep for 6 km and then a 3 km trek) beyond Tapovan (which is 15 km from Joshimath on Joshimath-Malari road route), up the river Dhauliganga. It has an altitude of 2744 m above MSL and is located in dense forests. The approach along the river Dhauliganga is stimulating. The name Dhauliganga means white river and truly it is a roaring torrent almost everywhere upstream from Tapovan and passes through almost perpendicular cliffs on either side, several hundred meters high and wild in the extreme. It is believed that on the onset of Kalyug, the ever-withering arm of the Narsingh idol near Joshimath will finally fall off and the mountains of Jay and Vijay at Patmila near Vishnuprayag will collapse making the present shrine of Badrinath inaccessible, resulting in Badrinaths reappearance and consequent worship at Bhavishya Badri. After Lord Vishnu, in his incarnation as Kalki, destroys the world, bringing Kalyug to an end, the Satyug will begin again and the Badrinath Dham will be reestablished at Bhavishya Badri.

Kalpnath Temple, Kalpeshwar Kalpeshwar, or Kalpnath is one of the Panch (five) Kedars. Kedar is another name for Lord Shiva. Mythology says the Pandavas sought Lord Shiva's darshan and blessings to gain forgiveness for the sin of killing their kin Kauravas in the epic battle of the Mahabharata. But the Lord eluded them by taking the form of a bull in Kedarnath and when followed further by the Pandavas, he went down into the earth, shedding the hump there. Other parts emerged at four other

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places - arms at Tungnath, face at Rudranath, belly (navel) at Madmaheswar and the locks of hair (matted tresses) with head enshrined in rock in the sanctum sanctorum at Kalpeshwar. The Kalpeshwar sanctum is preceded by a natural cave passage. Thus, all the four shrines are worshiped as Panch Kedar. Kalpeshwar can either be reached from Joshimath after 13 km drive in southern direction to Helong or from Pipalkoti after 21 km drive in northern direction on the Haridwar-Badrinath main road. Thereafter from Helong after a 8 km long moderately steep trek climb surrounded by thick forests and terraced fields near Urgam village (one can stay in rooms provided as lodging facility by couple of villagers for a night halt) to the north-east of Helong, and then a couple of km away, across a bridge on a neighbouring hill, beside a sheer waterfall one reaches Kalpeshwar (2134 m above MSL).
It is a favourite location of meditating sages. Legend has it that the sage Arghya had performed austerities here and created the nymph, Urvashi. Rishi Durvasa is also believed to have meditated here under the wish-fulfilling tree, Kalpavriksha. The sage had given Kunti, the mother of Pandavas, the boon that she could invoke any of the forces of nature and they would appear before her and grant whatever she desired. Known for his quick temper, Rishi Durvasa is often recalled in context of the incident when, along with several disciples, he visited Kunti's sons, while they were in exile. He indicated that he and his disciples expected food. There was not a grain to cook. An anxious Draupadi's prayers were answered by Lord Krishna who appeared and miraculously solved the problem.

Rudranath Temple Rudranath Temple is one of the Panch Kedars. The face of Lord Shiva is worshipped at Rudranath temple in a natural rock temple as Neelkantha Mahadeva. The temple is situated amid thick forest at a height 2286 m above MSL. From Gopeshwar a 4 km motorable road is available upto village Sagar in north from where a 22 km tough trek in further north via Panar (12 km from Sagar and at Panar one may have to camp for night) leads to Rudranath temple. From Sagar to Panar one walks through a dense Himalayan Forest with streams, waterfalls, as one gradually climbs out of the tree line to enter a mountain meadow which would be in full bloom during mid September and starts drying out by mid October as the frost starts forming. From Panar to Rudranath the walk would be over an undulating meadow and takes one through patches of Rhododendron and Juniper bushes. It can also be approached from Joshimath side as well, by trekking about 45 km to the west. The temple provides magnificent view of Hathi Parvat , Nanda Devi, Nanda Ghunti, Trishuli and many others.

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There are numbers of holy Kunds (Tanks) near Rudranath temple namely, Suryakund, Chandrakund, Tarakund, etc. The Baitarini, the divine river flows nearby the temple. Anusuya Devi Temple From Gopeshwar it is a 19 km drive in eastern direction to Mandal on the Chamoli-Ukhimath road route, and thereafter it is a 6 km trek in the northern direction to reach Anusuya Devi Temple at an altitude of 2000m above MSL. Devi Anusuya is revered as the Goddess who blesses her devotees with children. A large fair is held in the month of December on the occasion of Duttatreya Jayanti, when thousands of believers come here to worship the Goddess throughout the night with lamps ablaze in their hands. The place is surrounded with dense forest of giant deodars and conifers nestles the tiny settlement of the temple. At a distance of 2 km from Anusuya Devi is the ashram of Atrimuni, the husband of Anusuya Devi. The ashram is in the form of a cave temple. The cataracts of Amrit kund and Amrit Ganga provide a wonderful sight here to the tourists. Nanda Devi Sanctuary The Nanda Devi Sanctuary is a National Park and one of the core zones of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR). It has an average altitude exceeding 4500 m above MSL and is surrounded by many lofty peaks, the Nanda Devi (7817 m above MSL) being the highest. It is in the form of cup with lush green meadows, chuting white waterfalls, and rich/wild flora and fauna. Sir Edmund Hillary described the Sanctuary as a god-gifted wilderness - Indias training ground for adventure - and truly so. Also, Eric Shipton wrote, amongst many superlatives for the Sanctuary, All around us was mountain architecture more magnificent even than the great southern battlements of Everest . Joshimath is the base camp for collection of stores, provisions, porters, guides etc. One route approaches the Nanda Devi Sanctuary from Lata, on the JoshimathMalari Route. One trek from there to Lata Kharak, an open, wild and grassy hilltop, providing a fabulous mountainscape all around. The Lata Kharak Dharansi Pass appears to be a long trek with many ascents and descents yet everything is forgotten when Nanda Devi comes into view on crossing the pass. The trek follows a ridge traversing rocky surface till Malatuni Pass, where the other trek route from Rini (near Lata) following the Rishiganga river generally, via Kalikuna and Chinwari, meets. It is a continuous descent of about 800 m through alpine grassland thereafter, before Rishiganga is crossed at Deodi, where from Trishul - Base camp trek via Bethartoli and Tridang bifurcates. Debrugheta meadow with its floral designs and the grandstand view of peaks around it is exhilarating. The Deodi - Ramni trek passes through dense forests of Junipers and varieties of Rhododendrons. The Nanda Devi Sanctuary opens up there.

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Kuari Pass (Khal) Standing at the Kuari Pass (Khal) facing north, the vision sweeps from the gorges of Trishul in the east to the peaks of Kedarnath in the west - the Kedarnath, Chaukhamba, Nilkantha, Kamet, Gauri Parbat, Hathi Parbat, Nanda Devi, Bethartoli, Dunagiri - all arranged in a stupendous arc. Southwards the foothills stretch wave upon wave on to the dim haze of the distant plains. Lord Curzon went upto the Kuari Pass in the year 1905, and so the trek is also called as Curzon Road. One can approach the Pass from Tapovan via Khulara in north, or in north-west from Joshimath via Auli, Gorson, Chitrakantha; or from Joshimath via Mrig, Tugasi, Khulara. All the above three treks meet at Gailgarh, only 5 km north of Kuari Pass. From the southern direction the Pass can be reached from Ghat via Ramni but is longer than the other three, and of all these the Tapovan route is the shortest (21 km). Auli and Gorson Bugyals are charming meadows and the nature - lovers prefer to use this route for outward trek and return by Tapovan route. The Ghat route is favourite with long distance trekkers. The entire area is rich in exotic flora and fauna besides primitive jungles with associated hazards. The beautiful range of Delisera is only a days trek from the Kuari Pass. It presents a spectacular sight. On the far side of it is the Nanda Devi Sanctuary. Snow on the range is visible till about August when it melts entirely and await the next winter. Gwaldam
About 30 km from Bageshwar on the Bageshwar-Rudraprayag road is Gwaldam. This is a delightful route as besides the presence of birds, adding a winsome note, one passes through terraced fields and thick pines set against a backdrop of the Himalayas, and one can watch the Trishul peaks coming even closer. Gwaldam with its salubrious climate is a little heaven nestling in the woods. In this area, upto Talwari on Rudraprayag road, there are several orchards generally of apple. From Gwaldam, the road winds its way through dense forests and terraced fields dotted with rustic cottages of small towns of Tharali and Narayanbagar to meet the Ranikhet-Pandukhal road coming from southern direction at a place called Simli (8 km before Karnaprayag or 37 km before Rufraprayag). Gwaldam is over 100 km from Almora via Bageshwar, and about over 140 km from Nanital via Ranikhet. GMVN TRH is available at Gwaldam.

Bedni Bugyal
34 km (22 km by road and 12 km by trek) off at Gwaldam from the Rudraprayag Bageshwar road is Wan village, near which after a 12 km trek Bedini Bugyal is a charming green meadow adorned with flowers in a spell binding varieties, in full bloom. There is a small lake situated in the midst of the meadow, where Tarpans are offered by the devotees. Situated nearby is a small temple where the devotees pay their obeisance, during their halt at Bedni Bugyal.

Roopkund

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Roopkund is situated in the eastern part of Chamoli district (in the lap of Trishul Massif, 7122 m above MSL). The high-altitude (5029 m above MSL) kund is on the Nanda Devi Raj Jat route to Homkund. It is not a very large kund and is rather shallow, having a depth of only about 2 metres. The edges are snow covered for most parts of the year. When snow melts, one can see human and equine skeletal remains, sometimes with flesh attached; well preserved in the alpine conditions. It was found that about 300 people died about 500-600 years ago. There are many theories to explain this finding, but none satisfying to everyone. Hence the lake is also known as the Mystery Lake. According to the locals, Raja Jasdal of Kanauj undertook a Nanda Devi Raj Jat along with the Rani Balpa, some 550 years ago. Rani being the princess from Garhwal was revered as a sister of goddess Nanda Devi. Near Roopkund she gave birth to a baby. Goddess Nanda Devi considered it a sacrilege in her domain and sent down a snow/hailstorm. Rajas people were caught in it and perished. The present day skeletal remains is said to belong to them.

Other than the Nanda Devi Raj Jat route via Wan village, one may approach Roopkund from Ghat (19 km on a motorable route from Nandprayag to Tharali meeting on Rudraprayag-Bageshwar road). The 10 km trek (motor accessibility by Jeeps only in fair weather) from Ghat takes one to Ramni, and then further by trek to Sutol on the way. Wan is also accessible after 34-35 km distance, either from Gwaldam or Tharali on the Rudraprayag-Bageshwar road. Thereafter one may choose to reach Roopkund after some 16 km or so trek via Ali Bugyal or the Bedni Bugyal. On the way dramatic views of the nature with its many splendours can be seen. Nanda Devi Raj Jat The region reverberates with an expression of its vibrant culture during the festive event of Nanda Devi Raj Jat. The Raj Jat (Originally Raj-Yatra-the royal journey) takes place every 12 years living in village Nauti and the royal family of Kunwars living in Kansuwar. The purpose for the 280 km long arduous trek is to accompany the Goddess Nanda Devi to her in-laws place, and the event resembles the post-nuptial rites of the cermonial seeing off of a daughter as she leaves for her husbands home with all her personal effects and gifts. The Nanda Devi Raj Jat is an ancient tradition having its origin from the 9th century or even before. After performing the special worship of the other Goddess-Bhumial Devi (Goddess Earth) images of Utrai Devi and Archna Devi - all popular deities of the region are carried to escort the Goddess Nanda Devi to her inlaws place. There is a unique custom of keeping everyone's house unlocked in Wan village for the use of the yatris on the Raj Jat day, according to the divine instruction of the Goddess Nanda Devi, and it is followed religiously.
GMVN TRH is available at village Nauti, Dewal, Mandoli and in Wan village as well.

Uma Devi Temple


The Uma Devi temple is situated at the confluence of the rivers Pindar and Alaknanda in the town of Karnaprayag. The old temple is named after Uma Devi or Parvati, the

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consort of Lord Shiva. Close to it on the Maha Mirtyunjay Parvat is a Shiva temple. Large crowds congregate here on Shivratri . The earthquake of 1803 AD destroyed the entire temple, but Adi Guru Shankracharya had it rebuilt.

Adi Badri Temple Adi Badri, also known in revenue records as Helisera, is set in beautiful surroundings and the road from Lohba to Adi Badri passes through scenic terrain. Just above Adi Badri is the small Lake of Benital. Approachable from Karnprayag by a motorable road after 18 km on the way to Ranikhet, at Adi Badri are the remains of sixteen temples similar to those found at Dwarahat (in the Almora district) and the one dedicated to Badrinarayan is still used for worship, as are the others but to a lesser degree. The local people have a superstitious belief that in a few year the road from Joshimath to Badrinath will be closed by the meeting of the hill near the temple that stand opposite to each other, and that this temple will then become a place for pilgrimage. Of the remains of sixteen small temples, seven are more ancient with flat roofs belonging to the Late Gupta period. Local tradition assigned the building of the temples to the Adi Guru Shankaracharya, the celebrated reformer and philosopher of the eighth century. All the temples are crowded together into a small space (of about 400 sqm area or so) and vary in height from 2 m to 6 m. The Main temple of Badrinarayan is distinguished by a raised platform in the front, roofed in and leading to the small enclosure of the pyramidal form, where the idol is enshrined. The idol of Lord Vishnu is about a metre high, sculpted out of black stone and he holds a mace, chakra, and lotus. Vishnu is of course, another name of Badrinath and so this temple is also known as Adi Badri. Refer Exhibit 8.3 to know the location of above discussed tourist destinations in the district of Chamoli, Uttaranchal State. Exhibit 8.3: Tourist Destinations in Chamoli District, Uttaranchal, India

9. HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN


This chapter details the Hazard Mitigation Plan proposed for the Valley of Flowers Hemkunt region, in view of the risk sensitivity of the region and concentrated tourist visitation.

9.1

Hazard Scenarios

Hazard mitigation refers to any action taken to reduce or eliminate the long - term risk to human life and property from hazards. Disaster Management Plan addresses the management and actions/ measures to be adopted in the event of a disaster.

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Emergency Response System refers to the immediate response mechanism in the event of a disaster, the effectiveness of which would primarily determine the life and property saved.

9.1.1 Need of an Emergency Response System in Project Area


The project area including Valley of Flowers, Hemkunt Sahib and Govind Ghat to Ghangharia, is part of a highly fragile eco-system, which has a very sensitive geological structure and biodiversity. In view of this and the high tourist visitation during the four months of tourist season, it is very important to have an emergency response mechanism in place to avoid and minimise casualties in the event of any disaster. Also, man-animal conflict control is a issue, for avoiding/mitigating loss to life and property. Emergency Response System (ERS) is also very important, as the area is not accessible by roads, because of which the time taken for external help to reach or to evacuate out of the region will be very high.

9.1.2 Potential Hazards


The possible hazard scenarios in the project region are:

Land slides & Avalanches Landslides are rock, earth, or debris flows on slopes due to gravity. They can occur on any terrain given the right conditions of soil, moisture, and the angle of slope. Integral to the natural process of the earth's surface geology, landslides serve to redistribute soil and sediments in a process that can be in abrupt collapses or in slow gradual slides. Such is the nature of the earth's surface dynamics. Also known as mud flows, debris flows, earth failures, slope failures, etc., they can be triggered by rains, floods, earthquakes, and other natural causes as well as human-made causes, such as grading, terrain cutting and filling, excessive development etc. Because the factors affecting landslides can be geophysical or human-made, they can occur in developed areas, undeveloped areas, or any area where the terrain was altered for roads, houses, utilities, buildings, and even for lawns in one's backyard. The region is highly prone to landslides and avalanches. There are certain sections within the Valley of Flowers and the route from Govind Ghat to Hemkunt via Ghangharia where there are frequent occurrences of landslides and avalanches. In addition to these minor landslides, the nearby areas of similar strata have had high intensity landslides in the recent past, which points finger to the susceptibility of the project area also to such disasters.

Earthquake The project region comes in a highly earthquake prone zone. In the event of such an occurrence, this could prove to be highly impacting as the region is a

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valley surrounded by mountains. The buildings in the region are also not earthquake resistant. An earthquake in the non-season period would see the exotic and specific flowers of the Valley vanishing. So it is very important to have alternate saving mechanism for both the scenarios.

Heavy Monsoon washing away The tourist season coincides with the monsoon months. Extremely heavy rains could also see the washing away of mules as well as tourists while climbing the steep slippery slopes, though this is a remote scenario.

Attack of Wild Animals The region has some wild animals as well. However, due to the presence of people all around, they do not come out in the open. But during nights and in the non-season periods, they roam around freely and when distracted may cause terror and damage. Warning and precautionary mechanism is extremely important to address the same. Management measures are discussed in earlier chapters like stopping people from trekking in the night, etc. However, the local people should also be educated about the traditional and institutional mechanism of resolution of man-animal conflict, and such practices should be documented for further knowledge sharing/learning.

Stampede Given the volume of tourist coming in a day in the peak season, there are chances that in future if the number of tourists increase double fold, there may be chances of stampede. Management measures need to be taken to ensure avoiding this.

Threat from Sick/Ill Managed Porting Animals

Due to various reasons like, the urge of maximization of earnings from continuous transporting of visitors by the mules without giving much rest to the mules, lack of proper feed, and lack of availability of veterinary services, etc. would lead to a situation where mules may not be well fed, would be tired, and would get imbalanced from their health point of view and could be dangerous for the safety of their passengers (whether the trek path is dry or slippery as in monsoon) as well as the mule itself, and more so if the mule operator accompanying the mule is even little careless. There is no registered system for mules and mule operator, many juvenile mule operators were also found in the region. Cases have been reported on mules falling down the path causing serious injuries to passenger / mule, and this was observed first hand by the Consultants also where there were instances of mule getting berserk

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along the steeper route to Hemkunt, dragging the fallen passenger along the rough trek path and disturbing the other mule (with passenger) of the pair as well, while the operator was able to control the mule with great difficulty.

Fire Fire could be a major hazard in these reserve forest areas, which can spread via dry fallen leaves/wood/grass, etc., though couple of months of the tourist season have substantial rains. It can better be avoided rather than controlled. There has to be a very strong program on Fire hazard safety. Tourists should be educated on this hazard by way of booklets, signs, meeting before visit, through their guides etc. Any attempt by tourists to lit fire, smoke etc. can lead to fire in the area if dry bushes/leaves/grass are available in the vicinity. Proper surveillance is also crucial particularly in the Valley of Flowers area. The Department of Forests should be prepared for such eventualities.

Spread of Diseases There is a possibility of spread of diseases among the tourists in volumes due to the infrastructure weaknesses, quality of water or food poisoning.

Taking into consideration the above hazards as applied in general to the study area and the deviations in the processes that could possibly lead to a disaster, an emergency response plan has been prepared.

9.2

Hazard Mitigation Plan and Emergency Response System

The Hazard Mitigation Plan and Emergency Response System are presented under the following topics:

Planning and Land Use Management Emergency Response Cell Warning System Evacuation Mechanism Institutional Responsibilities Bio Diversity Risk Mitigation Community Participation.

9.2.1 Planning and Land Use Management


Landslide risk mitigation from a planning perspective means:

Risk Identification to reduce risk Surveys, maps, plans, regulations, monitoring programs, etc. Landuse planning considering the risk probability

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Risk Education to minimise risky behaviour Develop policies, provide training, encourage participation, etc. Risk Transfer to spread the burden Insurance, disaster relief, public buyout programs of risky or damaged properties, etc.

In the project area, the sensitivity of the region and disaster proneness were considered while planning for various development measures and land use management. Siting of buildings is an important aspect of planning which is taken care of. Cutting of rocks has been minimised in the development proposals. Where shops need to be allocated, it is proposed that they be constructed on stilts. Disturbance to the natural topography is proposed to be avoided. Clusters are developed for providing tourist amenities and necessities. They are of temporary nature, which can be assembled before season, this way the construction and structural impact on the land is avoided. Where there are slopes on one or both sides, it is proposed that railing must be provided (like most of the route from Govind Ghat to Hemkunt and about a total of 2.5 km stretch in VOFNP). PWD has already planned works with a project cost of Rs. 2.00 lakhs for safety and securing the trek path within 2 km stretch of landslide prone area between the VOFNP entrance and the 3 km point at Bamani Dhaur. Better hygiene in terms of clean water, proper urinals, toilets, managed animal waste will reduce the risk of disease of the tourists as well as that of animals. Better approach paths, better telephone facilities, health care arrangements are crucial for any eventuality. Proper well maintained trekking paths are important and have been covered in the report. The mule operators should be made aware/trained in healthy & safe operation of transportation of interested visitors by mules to minimize risks of passengers getting injured during such rides. Incineration has not been recommended at Valley of Flowers or Hemkunt sites since it is not advisable to release the poisonous gases at that place, however, the same can be allowed at Govind Ghat for which a proposal already exists.

9.2.2 Emergency Response Cell (ERC)


An Emergency Response Cell is proposed to be operated from Ghangharia with a wing at Govind Ghat. The Emergency Response Cell is proposed as the hub of activity immediately after occurrence of a disaster. The structure of the ERC can expand or contract as the situation demands.

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The ERC, its system and procedures are proposed in such a way that information can be promptly assessed, warnings issued and relayed to concerned parties. Rapid dissemination contributes to quick response and effective decision-making during an emergency. In a disaster situation, the ERC is proposed to come under the direct control of the District Magistrate or any other person designated by him as the chief of operations. In the project region, the ERC will have a local co-ordinator who will be appointed by the competent authority.
On the receipt of warning or alert from any agency, which is competent to issue such a warning, or on the basis of reports from District Collector of the occurrence of a disaster, all community preparedness measures including counter-disaster measures will be put into operation. The alert could even be issued/ communicated by the EDC staff/ local community, especially in the event of unwarned disasters like landslides etc.

ERC will have a database of useful equipments and the location of them like shops, local community etc. Upon reporting of an incident, ERC will co-ordinate with volunteers and other local people in getting them together and putting into operation.

9.2.3 Warning
A warning system is essential to indicate the onset of a disaster. This may range from alarms and sirens to public announcements and wireless messages and other traditional modes of communication (e.g. beating of drums, ringing of bells, guides/locals running to tell).
In most disaster situations, experience has shown that a loss of life and property could be significantly reduced by preparedness measures and appropriate warning systems. The importance of warning systems, therefore, hardly needs any emphasis. However, the opportunity for warning does not exist in all cases. Indiscriminate warnings may result in non-responsiveness of the people. It is, therefore, necessary that with respect to every disaster, a responsible officer is designated to issue the warnings.

The district administration is the prime agency responsible for issuing disaster warnings. However, in the present case, the staff of Department of Forests/ Gurdwaras/ Van Panchayat/ EDC/ Mahila Mandal can indicate such disaster warnings under due coordination with district administration. Communities in the disaster prone area of Ghangharia, Bhyundar, Pulna, and Govind Ghat are made aware of the warning systems. All available warning systems should be used. The warnings should, to the extent possible be clear about the severity, the duration and the areas that may be affected. The local community could also give the warning. The tourists in the introductory session are also made aware of the risks and the measures to adopt in case of a warning. The Do's and Don'ts should be clearly

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communicated to the tourists to ensure appropriate responses. These will also be published in internet for those prospective visitors to the region. Since the tourists will be spread over the 19 km stretch and in the valley, it will be of practical difficulty to warn all the tourists. It is proposed that the wireless service of Forest Department, Gurdwara (proposed service) may be used for the purpose. Also through phones proposed at the clusters/ settlements, the tourists will be asked to stop at that point and proceed further only after getting a clear signal. Once a warning is issued, it should be followed-up with subsequent warnings in order to keep the people informed of the latest situations. In the event of a disaster threat passing, an all-clear signal must be given.

9.2.4 Evacuation
Disasters by their very nature will be different and may require evacuation of tourists and local communities. It is important to understand the nature of threat and the procedures to be adopted. All agencies/ people involved in the evacuation process must have a common understanding of their roles and responsibilities in order to avoid confusion and panic behaviour. Different situations demand different priorities and hence the responsibility for ordering evacuation is assigned to different agencies. The services of palki/ dandi in the region could be put to use in the evacuation of those severely injured. Shelter sites shall be at Ghangharia, Bhyundar, Pulna and Govind Ghat.. Though the evacuation routes should be away from the landslide prone areas, the study area has limitations in this respect. It is proposed to ensure timely and proper evacuation by seeking community participation. In case of marooned persons, evacuation must be carried out as soon as possible and the persons transferred to transit camps. If evacuation is not possible within 3 hours of the disaster, marooned people must be provided with water, medicines, first-aid and cooked food. Emergency transport for the seriously injured can be arranged through helicopters, using the Army helipad at Kanjila. A senior medical officer should accompany the rescue team along with required medical kits and ensure priority shifting of those seriously injured or requiring immediate medical attention.

9.2.5 Institutional Responsibilities


There will be various agencies that will be involved in the Mitigation Plan and Emergency Response System. The Concerned Authorities of the various departments in and around the region are proposed to be part of the Hazard Mitigation Plan and Emergency Response System for the VoF-Hemkunt Belt. In the event of an emergency, the following are to be involved/ contacted, hence

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the contact details of these need to be prominently displayed in the Emergency Response Cell room:

Police Personnel Officials/Staff of Dept. of Forests PWD Ambulance Govt./Private Clinic Doctors Patwari District Magistrate SDM, Joshimath Uttaranchal State Electricity Board Hemkunt Sahib, Govind Dham and Govind Ghat Gurdwara members EDC & Community Representatives Radio and TV Station Newspaper office Palkhi/ Mule Operator/ Porters

ERS Cell will function as the control room for operations. ERS cell will also have the list of rescue equipments with various departments/establishments. The institutional roles of few of them are listed below: Roles of ERC Co-ordinator/ Incident Controller
In the event of an alert or occurrence, the ERC Co-ordinator declares emergency and with help tries to contact concerned action persons and send them immediately to the site. The roles in brief are:

Initiate action to control emergency. Inform particular service action person and other concerned authorities. Assemble and engage incident control team. Keep in touch with control team and advise method of control. Use the Public Address System Assemble search and evacuation team based on the incident and provide necessary support / resources / equipment, etc, Decide the path of evacuation.

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Declare emergency if conditions are extreme, and inform higher authorities for further course of action. Co-ordinate with rescue team at the District Headquarters

Roles of Forest Officials/Staff On hearing the emergency information:


On alert, inform the tourists/ entry check posts Send the guides/ local community co-ordinators to call back the tourists Rush the duty crew to the place of incident. Carry out the rescue operation, arrange for equipments, First Aid, send the injured to clinic. Assist operation to control the situation under advice of Incident Controller. Monitor cautions on Public announcing system. Make use of protective wears, and cordon the area with vigilance personnel. Continue to monitor information to emergency control centre. Prepare erosion risk and hazard maps, including mapping of streams/nallahs, which need treatment. May implement fine scale soil mapping for the production of soil management plans particularly in areas of higher visitation. Map all actively eroded areas in addition to areas already identified at risk or deemed an erosion hazard. Then a prioritised erosion control works program may be developed to guide subsequent mitigation works and resource allocations. Assist the affected victims to get their requisite papers ready for compensation and provide the permissible compensation to the aggrieved as early as possible. On hearing the emergency information the doctors much reach the clinic immediately. Arrange treatment to the injured. Seek help for shifting of patients to Govind Ghat or other suitable location depending upon travel conditions on palki/ mule/ porters. Arrange First Aid team at the site of the incident, involve local communities enroute who have First aid facilities with them.

Roles of Medical Officer


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Maintain close contact with Government and Private Hospitals for further assistance and information. Keep close contact with Emergency Control Centre and monitor the information. Control traffic and crowds of onlookers to keep the area clear. Maintain Law and Order. Help by taking the injured to Hospital. To assist in emergency response situations with men & equipment To repair the trek path/trails and other infrastructure that provides accessibility.

Roles of the Police


Roles of the PWD


Evacuation of Workers/ Local Community Please refer to Sec 9.3 of this chapter. Information to Relatives of Affected People The incident controller will depute a competent person (s) to immediately inform the relatives / family members of the affected people. All Clear Signals All clear signals may be given through an appropriate medium like a siren, hooter, or even word of mouth. Importance will be given to check spread of any rumour or incorrect information. This multi-disaster action plan proposes that all the agencies and departments with their disaster specific functions come under a single umbrella of control and direction, to attend to all kinds of disasters.

9.2.6 Biodiversity Risk Mitigation


The region also suffers from a risk to the biodiversity other than risks of threat to human life and property. Valley of Flowers is home to many exotic Himalayan flowers and species. This is threatened due to the earthquake sensitivity of the region. National Bureau of Plant Genetics Resources (NBPGR), Delhi have undertaken surveys and have partially accessioned some of its biodiversity; however a complete accessioning with conservation objective would be an ideal proposition for the site. The idea of development of ex-situ demonstration nursery/shadow garden/germplasm bank also addresses a part of the biodiversity risk mitigation concern.

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9.3

Community Participation

Community participation can be ensured by: identifying opinion, positioning leaders in the community and voicing administration's confidence in their capabilities to undertake the tasks; consultations and dialogues expressly indicating the need for assistance to encourage the community and its leaders to come forward; having regular feedback meetings and an open book approach to demonstrate transparency; and involving community in decision making at local levels. Community participation would also include: maintaining of security and law and order during evacuation; helping in emergency evacuations; containing panic behaviour, maintaining orderly movement towards community shelters (safe zones) and taking preventive steps to avoid injuries and accidents; organising cultural and recreational activities; encouraging self-help; contributing labour (loading, unloading, distribution, temporary constructions, salvage and restoration of water supplies, Feeding centres, relief camps, etc.); and maintaining standards in sanitation and disposal of waste. In a very unique scenario like that of the project area, where it is cut off from rest of the area due to absence of roads, it is the local communitys participation in the whole emergency response process which will be instrumental in reducing the impacts. This is true in the case of warning mechanisms as well. Bhyundar and Pulna could also need to become relief camps for few days, if the area is cut off or till help arrives for rescue. When an emergency is declared all the affected populace would be informed to leave the spot and move to a safer place. However, to combat an emergency situation, people affected will be moved to safe places. Those who are not affected are also asked to leave the place so that the rescue team and the fire fighting team shall have easy movement to combat the situation. Training of the locals in emergency response system by the defence authorities, forest staff, etc. and use of the equipments is also one of the components of the mitigation plan. While orientation/training of the mule operators as part of the overall preventive measures to ensure health of their mules for the safety of the passengers / mules, to ensure that only trained operators accompany the mules and not the untrained/juvenile operators, along with the availability of the veterinary services, proper feed, and hygienic areas for mule rest, and monitoring of mule services by local management like, EDC with proper registration and revoking their registration if found negligent.

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10. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN


10.1 Investment and Phasing Plan
The proposed project investments would be implemented in two phases of two years each. It is presumed that every year hardly 3-4 months may be available for plan implementation to be undertaken in the region along trek route (including 1 month before tourist season, 1 month during Aug.-Sep. which is the leaner part of tourist season, and another 1.5-2 months post tourist season till end of Nov.). At Govind Ghat and Pulna, however more time would be available for implementation. Hence, a 4-year phasing duration is recommended to complete all these infrastructural/developmental / initial capacity building works. The summary of new proposals to the tune of Rs. 2552.91 lakhs and their phasing is listed below in Table 10.1. Refer Annexure C for detailed work items, costs, and phasing. The provisions for any cost escalations have not been suggested over the plan period, as the investment phasing as mentioned above is only for a short-term. Moreover, cost provisions are given at todays rate in a master plan. Any escalation on the project components has to be taken care of by the implementing agencies during preparing the detailed plans and estimates. The summary of existing planned works to be completed in Phase-I is listed below in Table 10.2. The table also indicates the proposed implementing agency against each work component. Of the total planned work under various heads like, accessibility, parking, accommodation, waste disposal, water supply, electricity supply, health care facility, etc., fund sanction exists to the tune of Rs. 100.15 lakhs, while another 31.70 lakhs needs sanction for the government. Though the proposal for upgradation of trek path from Ghangharia to Hemkunt Sahib, as prepared by PWD, requires a sanction of Rs. 211 lakhs, the consultants have incorporated the same as part of fresh work requirements in this master plan for complete upgradation of the trek path from Govind Ghat to Hemkunt Sahib. Thus the Total Estimated Project Cost for the implementation of this Master Plan amounts to Rs. 2584.61 lakhs or Rs. 25.85 crores.

Proposals New Proposals Existing Proposals (Pending Sanction) TOTAL

Amount (Rs in Lakhs) 2552.91 31.70 2584.61

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Table 10.1: Summary of New Proposals Sr. No. DEVELOPMEN T AREA Destination Developme nt Cost (Rs. in lakhs) Land Cost (Rs. in lakhs) Cost excluding Land Cost (Rs. in lakhs) Funding (Phase I-Rs. in lakhs)
MoT Public Pvt. MoT Public Pvt.

1 Enroute Govind 2 Valley of Flowers

Ghat to Ghangharia

918.32 589.17 417.51 274.24 7.99 34.92 310.77 2552.91 4.94 4.94

918.32 589.17 417.51 274.24 7.99 34.92 305.83 2547.97

617.88 258.12 351.83 130.54 5.72 15.32 51.12

8.00 0.00 1.50 3.50 1.50 1.50 3.00

31.69 0.00 15.00 49.36 0.00 0.00 12.49

220.94 331.05 14.06 2.50 0.77 3.10 9.99

1.50 0.00 21.13 38.99 0.00 15.00 3.37

38.31 0.00 14.00 49.36 0.00 0.00 230.79

3 Hemkunt Sahib 4 Ghangharia 5 Bhyundar 6 Pulna 7 Govind Ghat TOTAL INVESTMENT S (Rs. in lakhs)

TOTAL INVESTMENTS (AGENCY WISE - Rs. in lakhs)

1430.52

19.00

108.54

582.41

79.99

332.46

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TOTAL INVESTMENTS (PHASE WISE - Rs. in lakhs)

1558.06

994.85

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Table 10.2: Summary of Existing Planned Works Location Description


Type of Work

Total Cost (in Rs. lakhs) & Status of Sanction Sanctione d Requires Sanction

Implementati on Agency

ACCESSIBILITY Govind Ghat Valley of Flowers & Hemkunt Sahib Repair Work of Govind Ghat-Ghangharia-Hemkunt Sahib Trek/Pedestrian Path and Valley of Flowers Trek/Pedestrian Path is proposed by the PWD, and was planned for Rs. 7.95 and Rs. 6.50 lakhs respectively this year, out of which a total sanction of Rs. 12.00 lakhs has been granted recently. This work is expected to commence from next season onwards (i.e. April end-May 2004) and has been accorded high priority to improve accessibility. Repair of Govind Ghat Cable Suspension Bridge (Project Cost = Rs. 2.50 lakhs) Rebuilding the damaged retaining walls within various stretches of the path starting from Govind Ghat 1 km (Project Cost = Rs. 0.90 lakhs) 2 km (Project Cost = Rs. 0.50 lakhs) 4 km (Project Cost = Rs. 0.55 lakhs) 10 km (Project Cost = Rs. 1.00 lakhs) 14-19 km (Project Cost = Rs. 1.50 lakhs) 12.00 2.45 PWD

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Location Description

Type of Work

Total Cost (in Rs. lakhs) & Status of Sanction Sanctione d Requires Sanction

Implementati on Agency

Construction of Folding Bridge near 13 km milestone point after Ghangharia settlement over the Lakshman/Hem Ganga (Project Cost = Rs. 1.00 lakhs) Repair of Deck on existing Steel Truss Bridge near 1 km point over river Pushpawati in Valley of Flowers (Project Cost = Rs. 1.50 lakhs) Safety and Securing the trek path within 2 km stretch of land slide prone area in Valley of Flowers (Project Cost = Rs. 2.00 lakhs) Construction of a new Folding Bridge near 3 km point in Valley of Flowers over a small but gushing rivulet Dev Mangri Garh (Project Cost = Rs. 3.00 lakhs) Upgradation of Ghangharia-Hemkunt Sahib Trek/Pedestrian Path (14 km to 19 km point) was proposed by the PWD in 2002-2003. The work item was cleaning and upgradation work over existing stone kharanja path in CC 1:2:4 with an average thickness of 18 cm.

211.00 (Being restimated & covered in TCS proposals) -

PWD

PARKING Govind Ghat Tourism Bureau Proposal: Construction of additional parking facility at Govind Ghat (Project Status - under construction, Targeted to be completed by 2003-2004)

40.00

BRO

ACCOMMODATION

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Location Description

Type of Work

Total Cost (in Rs. lakhs) & Status of Sanction Sanctione d Requires Sanction -

Implementati on Agency

Ghangharia

Tourism Bureau Proposal: Construction of 2 Huts at Ghangharia TRH (Project Status - under construction / onhold due to Department of Forests objection, Targeted to be completed by next season in 2004)

15.00

GMVN

WASTE DISPOSAL Govind Ghat Tourism Bureau Proposal: An incinerator plant to be installed at Govind Ghat (approx. capacity being 25-30 kg of solid waste/hour) Work yet to start, and to be completed by next season 2003-2004. WATER SUPPLY Govind Ghat Uttaranchal Jal Nigam is preparing a scheme for providing piped water supply via Pulna to Govind Ghat. This scheme will contain one French Well type intake in Bhyundar Ganga river about 300 m above Pulna and then a 1-1/2 diameter x 5.5 km long GI pipeline laid via Pulna and later along the trek path, which will flow down the water through gravity to a 30KL capacity cylindrical Clear Water Reservoir (CWR). This arrangement will meet the requirements of about 5000 persons per day for a horizon period of next 15 years. This scheme is targeted for completion by next season 2003-2004. 25.00 JN 25.00 PVT

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Location Description

Type of Work

Total Cost (in Rs. lakhs) & Status of Sanction Sanctione d Requires Sanction -

Implementati on Agency

Ghangharia

Uttaranchal Jal Sansathan, Chamoli district has proposed a Repair/Upgradation of Water Supply Scheme under the Development Area of Joshimath region (sanctioned under Border Area Development head in 2003-2004). EDC is constructing 2 pucca toilet complexes (each with 4 seats 2 for men and 2 for women) one near Pulna and one at the entrance to the Ghangharia settlement (Size of each complex = 4.6 m x 2.75 m = 12.65 sqm). EDC will use own revenues for funds. Extension of water channel and repair work of water channel from Lakshman/Hem Ganga with additional strainers and cleaning and repair of existing open water tank, which provides water through pipe to turbine plant.

7.00

JS

TOILETS Ghangharia - Pulna NA EDC

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

Ghangharia

0.90

GS / UREDA

HEALTH CARE FACILITY Govind Ghat Govt. Proposal: A Medical Relief Centre proposal for Rs. 4.12 lakhs were sanctioned in Dec 1997. The construction began and only 0.25 lakhs have been disbursed when on the formation of Uttaranchal state from the Uttar Pradesh in Nov
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0.25

4.25

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Location Description

Type of Work

Total Cost (in Rs. lakhs) & Status of Sanction Sanctione d Requires Sanction

Implementati on Agency

2000 the balance budgeted cost was frozen. Since the structural work till roof is already completed, the balance fund of Rs. 3.87 lakhs with some (say, 10%) escalation may be requisitioned again. TOTAL 100.15 31.70
Source: Various Agencies PWD, Tourism Bureau, UREDA, Jal Nigam, Jal Sansthan, & EDC, Bhyundar

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10.2 External Assistance/ Funding Modalities


This section investigates the possibilities for creating the most appropriate organisational and financial mechanisms for implementation of the ecotourism master plan of the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt. For the implementation of the master plan, there is a need to arrange for finances over and above plan allocations. International financial institutions contribution could be sought for the mobilisation of resources especially in view of the significance of the development region. Loans can be obtained from multilateral and bilateral lending agencies under heads of various socio-economic development schemes, provided benefits of tourism are widely spread in society and that the local host communities & poor benefit from tourism development. It is widely acknowledged that tourism is making significant contributions to the socio-economic development of many countries in the Asian and Pacific region through its role in expanding their economic base, increasing foreign exchange earnings, providing employment and enhancing standards of living.

10.2.1 Tourism: A tool for Socio-economic Development


Tourism in the Valley will have to be repositioned as a poverty-alleviator rather than just a job-creator or foreign exchange earner in order to obtain financial assistance from multilateral agencies. The eco tourism development plan is pro community. Well-guided, pro-community policies that lead to genuine social, cultural and environmental benefits would be favoured, in line with the vision of the Uttaranchal states Tourism Policy 2001. The focus should therefore be on the following: Expanding business and job opportunities for the local community Retention of benefits at the local community level Integration of tourism into local development plans Appropriate benefit sharing systems

Development of/Orientation towards conservation ethics Promotion of local products

Infrastructure, capacity building and training;

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Women participation and empowerment.

Tourism managed by local communities with some guidance from local NGOs to make sure that they genuinely benefit the local people Ensuring sustainable development.

Tourism and Socio-economic Development World Tourism Report As per WTTC (World Trade and Travel Council) statistics, the Travel & Tourism industry constitutes: 11 per cent of global GDP (US$3,575 billion); supports 200 million jobs world wide; 8% of total employment or 1 in every 12.4 jobs both directly and indirectly. By 2010, the Travel & Tourism Economy contribution is estimated to grow to 11.6% (US$ 6,591 billion) of global GDP and will support 250 million jobs, 9% of total employment or 1 in every 11 jobs. Multiplier Effect of Tourism Other than direct benefits from tourist expenditure, indirect benefits also accrue to the economy. This is because tourism has strong backward, forward and lateral linkages with other sectors of the economy. The direct, indirect and induced impacts of tourist expenditures are quantified with the help of multipliers. When an injection of expenditure into an economy leads to an increase in production more than the original injection, it is called the multiplier effect. The benefits, which will accrue to the local community as part of this eco tourism master plan, are discussed in Chapter 11. The employment multiplier for the leisure industry is 2.36 i.e., a direct employment of one person in tourism creates job for 1.36 persons in other sectors of economy. Normally, a foreign tourist produces job for one person and 6.5 domestic tourists generate one job. The sector provides direct employment of 7.8 million or 2.4 per cent of total labour force.

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As an example, TCS had conducted an extensive tourist survey and calculated Tourism Multipliers for the state of Kerala. The results from the study have been tabulated below in Table 10.3. Table 10.3: An Example of Tourism Multipliers Tourism Multipliers for Kerala Multiplier type Output Income Employment Open Model Closed model Open Model Closed Model Open Model Closed model Domestic 2.07 8.68 1.39 5.29 4.62 15.77 Foreign Total 2.08 9.65 2.32 7.15 2.41 11.95 2.07 8.83 1.54 5.57 4.62 15.19

Employment The tourism industry is a major employer of skilled labour and also provides much scope for unskilled and semi-skilled employment. Employment for Women This industry employs a number of educated, uneducated, skilled, unskilled, semi-skilled women, who have outnumbered men in hotels, airlines, travel agencies, handicraft and cultural services. Employment-Output Ratio The employment-output ratio in tourism is 71, leather 51, textiles 27, electricity 14, beverages 12 and cement 6. Tourism is therefore a highly labour intensive industry. (Source: www.datamatics.com) Capital - Labour Ratio Capital - labour ratio per million rupee of investment at 1985-86 prices in the hotel and restaurant sector is 89 jobs as against 44.7 jobs in agriculture and 12.6 jobs in the manufacturing sector. It is apparent that the investment required to

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create one job in tourism sector is around Rs 11,000 as against Rs.79,000 for manufacturing sector. It should be evident that Tourism holds out great promise for the country to create additional jobs at a much lower cost and consequently ease the countrys unemployment problems. (Source: www.datamatics.com). Infrastructural Development Tourism has been a major factor in the infrastructural development of the country, especially in coastal regions and some hilly regions, and its contribution to the transport infrastructure has been undoubted. Exports Tourism industry is one of the world's fastest growing export oriented industry. It is claimed to be the third largest export industry in India next to gems/jewellery and garment industries. Environment Various eco-tourism projects work towards maintaining an amicable environment in the tourist destinations. They aim towards responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local community. 10.2.2 Multilateral Funding Agencies Multilateral Organisations focus relatively rarely on tourism per se. More common has been funding for items like airports and roads, which contribute to tourism, other economic sectors, and society generally. Recently, tourism has also benefited from funding of environmental programs, which often include a tourism component. (e.g. biodiversity projects under GEF, and the DFID and USAID programs discussed below). Nonetheless, substantial funding has also gone to tourism-specific activities, including marketing and financial assistance to tourism businesses.

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Assistance has occurred in three main forms: Technical assistance, especially in the preparation of tourism development plans Loans for major infrastructure projects

Loans and equity investments in the private sector, especially in hotels.

This section describes the focus areas of various multilateral agencies. Tourism industry would help in achieving growth in the areas which have been marked with a a. The section gives a detailed description of agencies, which have frequently been approached by India for social development projects. ADB - Asian Development Bank The Asian Development Bank, is a development finance institution with 56 members and loan projects in 30 countries. China, India and Indonesia are the top 3 borrowers. ADB has disbursed loans for tourism projects, which are ProPoor Tourism (PPT) projects. It provides loans for project management support, tourism development and sub-regional co-operation, detailed design and construction supervision of infrastructure and pro-poor community based tourism development. One of the big projects funded by ADB is Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) Tourism Development Project. ADB has provided loans for specific tourism projects in Meckong, Nepal and Sri Lanka. A brief Exhibit 10.1 on ADB loans to India is given below. Focus Areas of the bank Poverty alleviation a

Accelerating human development a

Promoting State level reforms in rural and urban areas Resettlement Child labour

Gender equality a Environment a

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Exhibit 10.1: ADB Loans to India


ADB Loans to India

11% 15%

5% 37%

32%

The World Bank Energy

Transport and Communication

Social Infrastructure Agriculture and natural resources

Founded in 1944,Others the World Bank Group is one of the world's largest sources of development assistance. The Bank, which provided US$19.5 billion in loans to its client countries in fiscal year 2002.
While the World Bank Group's two main lending arms, IBRD and IDA, do not finance tourism projects, the Group's affiliates, IFC and MIGA, do support tourism through equity investments, insurance, guarantees, and other mechanisms. World Bank provides policy, legal, and regulatory framework for the tourism sector, and gives counselling to countries in developing strategies for attracting investment. Once an attractive enabling environment for foreign investment in the tourism sector has been created, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)s Investment Marketing Services plays an important role in capacity building of institutions in developing countries that are charged with attracting foreign direct investment by assisting them in devising and implementing a strategy for attracting foreign investment. Focus areas of the bank Poverty a Education

Gender Equality a Child Mortality Maternal Health

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HIV/AIDS, other diseases Environment a

Global Partnership a

UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDP promotes tourism for development under the Tourism Development Programme The tourism development programme, with the involvement of local communities, focuses on the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly non-wildlife based eco-tourism, developing of a strategic tourism marketing plan, and building institutional and management capacity at both the district and national level. UNDP has funded tourism projects in Bethlehem, Niue, Botswana to name a few. They are also supporting development of a tourism master plan for Malawi, which includes a focus on creating employment in rural areas and conserving the countrys natural environment and cultural heritage. However, UNDP appears to concentrate more on other sectors, such as social development or urban development, that ultimately help tourism. UNDP also supports some micro- enterprise programs. UNDP helps developing countries plan and implement national strategies and solutions for reducing poverty. These assist in: Support for National Poverty Eradication Efforts a

Poverty Strategies Initiative & Strategies to Overcome Poverty (STOP) a

UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund Focus area in India Health and nutrition Child protection Gender equalitya Educationa

Water supply and sanitation Environmenta

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UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund Focus area in India Promotion of policy support and inter sectoral linkages between reproductive health and other services. a UNESCO- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNESCO works as a laboratory of ideas and a standard-setter to forge universal agreements on emerging ethical issues. The Organisation also serves as a clearinghouse that disseminates and shares information and knowledge while helping Member States to build their human and institutional capacities in diverse fields. UNESCO works to create the conditions for true dialogue, based upon respect for commonly shared values and the dignity of each civilisation and culture. Through its strategies and activities, UNESCO is actively pursuing Millenium Development Goals, especially those aiming to: halve the proportion of people living in extreme poverty in developing countries by 2015 achieve universal primary education in all countries by 2015

eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005 help countries implement a national strategy for sustainable development by 2005 to reverse current trends in the loss of environmental resources by 2015 a.

WHO World Health Organisation WHO's objective, as set out in its Constitution, is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health. Health is defined in WHO's Constitution as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. USAID - United States Agency for International Development The US Agency for International Development, USAID has funded a number of tourism projects in countries like Jordan, Kenya, Ghana, Morocco. USAID provides financial assistance for tourism-related infrastructure and ecotourism activities as part of its economic development and environmental programs. Development co-operation includes grants to governmental and non-

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governmental organisations, including technical assistance and provision of equipment. Development co-operation is also available indirectly through USAID-funded programs, such as the Biodiversity Support Program. USAIDs involvement in tourism is focused on eco-tourism, because it offers countries new opportunities for small enterprise investment and employment and increases the national stake in protecting their biological resources. Activities are supported out of the biodiversity conservation programs and include developing national park systems (including creation of new parks), demarcating and equipping parks, recruiting and training staff, encouraging government reforms, and promoting regulated investments in private lodging, guide service, and other tourism ventures. Though much of this assistance has been for sites focused on the natural environment, it has also gone to cultural heritage, including the Bonampak Mayan ruins in the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve in Mexico. Perhaps the most comprehensive relevant USAID support is to the Jordan Promotion of Cultural Tourism project, which is designed to promote Jordan's tourism sector by assisting in the development of selected cultural sites. Focus area in India Enhancing child survival

Establishing population growth

Preventing spread of infectious diseases Improved status of womena Protecting the environmenta

NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation NORAD is unusual in that it has a specific political mandate for environmental programs within its development co-operation strategy, which presents a special opportunity for effective action. These programs include the following priority areas within the Preservation of Cultural Heritage and Management of the Natural Environments Cultural Values section: Implementation and follow-up of recipient countries commitments under the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972). Contribute to enhancing institutional and professional capacities, which ensure administrative structures for the preservation of cultural heritage.

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Help to ensure that important sectors accept an independent responsibility for the management of cultural heritage and areas of cultural interest (through, for example, environmental impact analyses).

To date, the Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation has supported various activities relevant to the above, such as the Slave Route project and the Africa 2009 training project. However, it has not undergone the type of extended discussion regarding potential involvement in tourism that has occurred in other agencies. Focus area in India To combat poverty and contribute towards lasting improvements in living standards and quality of life, thereby promoting greater social and economic development and justice nationally, regionally and globally. In such development, priority must be given to employment, health and education. a To contribute towards promoting peace, democracy and human rights. To promote responsible management and utilisation of the global environment and biological diversity. a To contribute towards preventing hardship and alleviating distress arising from conflicts and natural disasters. To contribute towards promoting equal rights and opportunities for women and men in all areas of society. a

DANIDA - Danish Agency for Development Assistance Focus area in India Health Agriculture Water Supply and Sanitation Environmenta

DFID - Department for International Development The British Department for International Development (DFID) has recently undergone an evaluation of its role in tourism and has decided to focus on nature tourism in particular. In addition, DFID is trying to bring the focus away from generation of foreign exchange earnings and toward elimination of poverty. This links directly with the development objectives described above, and DFIDs goal is to generate net benefits for the poor in the context of tourism development, with net benefits incorporating both benefits (such as jobs) and costs (such as negative cultural and environmental impacts). DFID notes that

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domestic and independent travellers may create proportionally more local economic opportunities than do international/packaged tourists, such that selective market development can be appropriate. DFID has funded tourism projects in Nepal, Jamaica, Uganda, Namibia, Dominica Montserrat, Slovakia and Slovenia. DFID is the British government department responsible for promoting development and the reduction of poverty. JBIC - Japan Bank for International Co-operation JBIC has provided loan for tourism development in India (Ajanta-Ellora Conservation and Tourism Development Project). Focus area of the bank Sector-specific Information for Incorporating Social Dimensions Economic Infrastructure a Irrigation Flood Control Agriculture Forestry a Fishery Water Supply, Sewerage and Sanitation a Health Education a Urban/Rural Community Infrastructure a Rural Electrification Rural Roads Micro-finance Housing

CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIDA supports sustainable development in developing countries in order to reduce poverty and to contribute to a more secure, equitable and prosperous world. The Asia Branch promotes poverty reduction and sustainable development in the region through programs that support: Economic well-being a

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Social development a Governance Environmental sustainability and regeneration a For example, in India, CIDA is supporting a program that combines improving women's standard of living with their participation in community life. Educating women in health care issues through the Women's Health and Empowerment Project has led more women to use health care services, send their daughters to school, access credit, pursue cases of domestic violence, and participate in planning and evaluating the project. GTZ and BMZ GTZ and BMZ are German Government Corporation and Ministry respectively, which assist in areas of economic co-operation development at international level. A recent GTZ publication notes that: though tourism is not currently a priority issue in German development co-operation activities, it could be a meaningful development policy option especially where regional rural development and nature conservation are concerned if examined critically, planned competently and carried out prudently. It goes on to say that the development potential of tourism has been unsatisfactorily exploited. SIDA Swedish International Development Agency The overall goal of Swedish development cooperation is to raise the standard of living of poor people in the world. The Swedish Parliament has adopted the following six specific objectives to achieve this overall goal: Economic growth a Economic and political independence Economic and social equality a Democratic development in society Long-term sustainable use of natural resources and protection of the environment a Equality between men and women a Exhibit 10.2 gives a brief description of the funding agencies and sectors funded by them. 10.2.3 Funding Procedure The generic funding procedure adopted by the multilateral and bilateral funding agencies is presented in a flow chart in Exhibit 10.3 below:

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Exhibit 10.2: Multilateral Funding Agencies and Sectors Funded


JBIC

UNDP WB USAID SIDA DFID NORAD CIDA ADB

2 1 3

All the funding agencies

UNDP

WB DFID GTZ NORAD CIDA ADB

Funds 4

USAID

WB

USAID NORAD CIDA ADB DANID A LEGENDS 1 Education 2 Poverty Alleviation 3 Child Protection 4 Women Empowerment and Social Welfare 5 Water Supply and Sanitation 6 Health

WB JBIC ADB UNESC O

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Exhibit 10.3: Funding Procedure adopted by Funding Agencies PROJECT IDENTIFICATION/ INITIAL SOCIAL ASSESSMENT Identify stakeholders Identify vulnerable groups Involve stakeholders and vulnerable groups in consultative processes Prepare information campaign and plans for dissemination Organize public meetings

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY 20-25% of the present sample of affected population using household questionnaire Prepare demographic and psychographic profiles of Affected People (APs) Assess the present socio-economic condition of the populace Identify productive activities and l f i i d i l

DATA TO BE COLLECTED Demographic, education, income and occupational profiles Inventory of all properties and assets affected Economic activities of the people Social network and social organizations Cultural systems and sites Land use pattern and income i l d i ii

INITIAL ENVIRONMENT EXAMINATION Assessment of environmental situation land, water, noise, solid waste disposal Present Scenario During project implementation h FEASIBILITY STUDIES Financial feasibility Socio Economic Feasibility

ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS Detailed study of the impact of project on environment for certain specified projectsExhibit Contd

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FINANCIAL FEASIBILTY

SOCIAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

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10.3 Institutional Framework and Roles & Responsibilities

Sustainable tourism can be effected in the Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt Sahib region only if the various government, agencies and other local stakeholders work together in performing their responsibilities and working in cooperation. It is also important to note that while managing the eco-tourism development
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in the Bhyundar valley-Hemkunt region (except Valley of Flowers National Park which is core zone of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve) is that, this is an area applicable for joint forest management. Also, emphasis should be on the role of the Department of Forests and other government departments as those of more of regulators and facilitators rather than doers. Joint Forest Management in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve region will continue to progress at the forefront of the worlds best practice in forests/biosphere management, as well as will also greatly contribute to the reconciliation of conflicts in this region and the recognition & maintenance of indigenous cultural values where people and staff work, listen, and learn together.
10.3.1 Eco-Development Committee (EDC)

EDC, Bhyundar: Over more than past two decades, till the year 2002, the cleanliness of the trek path and solid waste collection was done by various agencies, including the State Department of Health (DoH) and by Zila Panchayat with some contribution from Mahila Mandal/Pulna village for a distance of
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some 6 km from Govind Ghat upto 3 km before Bhyundar in Oct-Nov. Prior to EDC, the Youth Valley Development Committee (YVDC)/Yuvak Mandal also worked from 1999-2000, and which contributed in providing dustbins, solid waste cleaning, and signage development. Later in 2003 EDC, Bhyundar (Bhyundar is the migratory village of Pulna in summer/current tourist season) was set up under the provisions of States Joint Forest Management Rules, and it took up the task of solid waste collection from June 2003 onwards. Funds to EDCs have been provided from the World Bank Forestry Project for the purpose of setting up revolving fund, basically for forestry related works. Since Joint Forest Management (JFM) is based on the concept of Care and Share Philosophy, the JFM concept/EDC cannot be introduced in the Valley of Flowers National Park area (which is a core area of NDBR) as per the provisions of the Wild Life Protection Act, 1972 (as amended in 1991). EDC, Govind Ghat: At the time of revision of this report, the Director, NDBR informed that EDC, Govind Ghat has been formed and has
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become operational during the 2004 tourism season. In general, the EDCs have helped the Department of Forest to a great extent to conserve and protect diverse flora and fauna of the reserve through their joint support, knowledge and skill. Though, EDC can assist in conservation and eco-tourism, it does not have the authority to construct/develop infrastructure as per Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. Any such infrastructure should only be developed by Department of Forests (e.g. enroute facility structures, eco-awareness signages, standardised warning/information signages, etc.), which although may also build the capacity & take the assistance from EDC for various labour intensive works like for monitoring/supervising the construction works/soil conservation works/cutting or pruning of dominating flora species (in noncore zones), assembling/disassembling of all temporary structures used for provision of amenities, emergency response management, etc. as per the needs of Department of Forests. Similarly, DoF may take assistance from the Public Works Department to do works like e.g.
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trek paths & trails/ road & parking/ bridges/civil helipad/ standardised directional signages, etc.), emergency response assistance. Thus, DoF may play a role more of a facilitator / regulator. Any local host community/EDC involvement in the core zones (VOFNP area) has to be in a very restricted and regulated way as decided and directed by the Department of Forests.
EDC Aim To keep the trek trail clean To keep this valley region free from polythene / plastics To provide employment opportunity to rural unemployed To conserve the environment of this valley region. Governing Board: 14 members from the local host community, while DFO, Joshimath plays the role of the motivator. There are currently no women members in the governing board. EDC Check-post Staff: 6 members (2 persons each at three Check-posts of Govind Ghat, return from Ghangharia and for Hemkunt Sahib trek). Cleaning Staff: 19 cleaning staff and 1 supervisor for these cleaning staff. 1 cleaning staff is assigned the task of cleaning 1 km of the trek path from Govind Ghat Ghangharia Hemkunt Sahib. EDC Trained Guides: 4 of the 14 governing members of the EDC are trained nature interpreters/guides. Residential Requirement of Cleaning Staff: All the cleaning staff is nonresident of this region. These normally stay in the nearby settlements depending upon their assigned portion of trek path like, Govind Ghat, Ghangharia or in between with polythene huts. Wages: The Cleaning staff and the supervisor is paid the monthly wage of Rs. 1000.00. At every sack collected by the cleaning staff, they are paid additional

ED, Bhyundar Structure

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commission of Rs. 5.00. The check-post staff is paid a total of Rs. 12,500/- per person for four months tourist season. The other 14 members of the EDC are not paid any wages. However, the accountability that EDC cleaning staff always get their additional commission per bag of waste collected, needs to be formalised and ensured. Eco-development fee: Eco-development fee of Rs. 20/- per mule is charged on this trek path near Govind Ghat and at Ghangharia for Hemkunt Sahib trek and return from Ghangharia. Eco-fee from Commercial Establishments: Earlier there used to be about 400 hundred unregistered commercial stalls/establishments, which now have been regularised and only 78 registered stalls/establishments exist along trek path (63 from Govind Ghat to Ghangharia and 15 from Ghangharia to Hemkunt Sahib). While at Ghangharia another 43 are regularised as hotels/lodges/restaurants/ photo studios/souvenir shops, etc. Those establishments/stalls, which are erected on the Private/Nap land, are registered as Chak and those on the land of Department of Forests are registered as Chatti. These stalls/establishment on registration are held accountable for proper solid waste collection and sanitation in their premises. Rs. 2500/- is collected as fee from Hotels/Lodges/Restaurants at Ghangharia while Rs. 1500/- is collected from Chattis and only Rs. 750/- is collected from Chak Stalls in two installments for the 4-month tourist season. The eco-fee is decided with participation of EDC and local host community in consensus. Revenue Collection: About 8-8.5 lakhs is expected to be collected as income, including the revenue from the eco-development fee charged on mules in this tourist season, fee from the registered stalls/establishments and Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust has also provided funds of Rs. 50000/for facilities to be provided and managed by EDC, Bhyundar. Estimated Expenses: In year 2003 during the study, 40% of revenue was to be shared with Zila Panchayat (this d 20% revenue as salary for 2 persons provided by Zila Panchayat and 20% for maintenance and upkeep of Govind Ghat). Remaining about 60% would go in salary & per sack commission of EDC staff, jackets and trousers for staff uniform (Rs. 500/- per set), purchase of poly sacks (Rs. 12-13/- per sack), payment to mules on contract for carrying down the sacks to Govind Ghat, construction of stone masonry waste collection pits, and provision of waste bins, single unit assembled toilets, 2 permanent pucca toilet structures near Pulna and Ghangharia (each with 2 units for men and 2 for women), etc. Estimated Savings: None expected in the year 2003 tourist season. EDC, Bhyundar also prepares micro plans for Bhyundar/Pulna villages within the general aims and objectives of the Plan of Management of Nanda

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Devi Biosphere Reserve for site and individual beneficiary specific proposals. NDBR Management will direct the funds received from the Central Govt. to the EDC to carry out the envisaged works as incorporated in the Annual Plan of the Operation of the Reserve. EDC is entitled to share the resources/economic returns as per the States Joint Forest Management Rules. The revolving fund already in the possession of EDC will continue to be used as their own Bhyundar/Pulna village bank fund and that fund will not be routed for carrying out the works of the micro plan. Planned Works EDC, Govind Ghat (under the provisions of States Joint Forest Management Rules) planned to be set-up in year 2004. At the time of revision of this report, the Director, NDBR informed that the EDC, Govind Ghat has been formed and has become operational in the year 2004. If no revolving fund is provided to the EDC, Govind Ghat under the Word Bank Forest Project Scheme, then they will be free to develop their own revolving fund by way of contributions and collections of funds from other sources (like, Share of Parking Space, contribution from Gurdwara/Other establishments, etc.) During the study in the year 2003 revenue sharing arrangement of EDC was expected to be increased to 60% for EDC, Bhyundar share and only 20% for Zila Panchayat. So that about 5-10% savings could be possible to utilise as revolving fund - for vocational training/ education/ exposure in tourism industry for the EDC and Mahila Mandal members for on-season and offseason employment. Community based tourism training is being planned by DFO, Joshimath (may take 15-20 days to facilitate, document the training needs, and getting feedback before finalising the training content) Department of Tourism has recently got sanction of Rs. 25 lakhs for an incinerator plant to be installed at Govind Ghat (approx. capacity being 25-30 kg of solid waste/hour) and the work is to be completed by next season. To ensure adequate arrangements are made to bring down the collected waste from Hemkunt Sahib as well. EDC Cleaning staffs compensation is paltry keeping in mind the commendable job they have been trying to accomplish. This amount is very meagre as compared to their temporary residential/ clothing (including rain proof wear, water proof trek shoes) /food needs when they are at work in tourist season and knowing the fact that they are not resident of this region and have come on employment from other areas/states.

Needs

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Vocation training/education/exposure in tourism industry for the EDC and Mahila Mandal members for on-season and off-season employment and more local community employment. Registration of Mules, Porters, and Palki owners/operators with Govind Ghat EDC from next year onwards. Most mule owners/operators are from Nazibabad, Ramnagar, Haldwani etc. and the porters and palki carriers are mostly from Nepal, who cross from Nepal through near by districts for employment. Proper Mule Shed/Rest Areas and Mule Waste Disposal infrastructure. Orientation/training to mule and service provider stakeholders, and monitoring of their services. EDC Structure should also have member/representatives from Gram Sabha, Mahila Mandal, Van Panchayat, Zila Panchayat and local Gurdwaras (which are the largest establishments that operate in this region in the tourist season). It should be the additional responsibility of the EDC to ensure that no more trees are cut beyond the existing tree line at Ghangharia or wherever it is the Forest land /Van Panchayat land /Village land it should be the responsibility of the overall local community including the members of EDC/Mahila Mandal/Gram Sabha/Van Panchayat that tree felling is not undertaken. EDC should issue a photo certificate/identity cards (with their Responsibilities & Tariff instructions on the back, if possible) to all the mule operators (one person per pair of mule)/porters/palki carriers (4 persons per palki/dandi) including Guides/Nature Interpreters to carry as their identity. This would streamline the activities of them and also induce confidence among the tourists making them spend more. EDC staff should be provided with and ensured compliance for wearing uniform of rainproof jackets & trousers with the EDC name/logo printed on the front (in small text size) and on back (in larger text size) when on duty. The colour of uniform as present - green & yellow for the EDC members and blue & white for the cleaning staff may continue. The cleaning staff may also be provided with waterproof trek shoes, brooms, etc. EDC should ensure that these uniforms and other accessories are deposited back by the cleaning staff at the end of tourist season (this can be checked before paying them the last compensation due). To ensure fairness EDC should introduce small receipts to be given to cleaning staff when the filled up sacks are collected from them, which they

Recommendations

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can produce either at Ghangharia / Govind Ghat and collect their commissions per sack. EDC may facilitate in providing cheap dormitory accommodation and toilet facilities for use of porters, mule operators, and palki/dandi carriers. EDC shall introduce a nominal eco-development fee per head payable by all tourists, at EDC Check post near Govind Ghat, only once. This will help in generating good revenue for the EDC to expand the staff if required, and be economically self-sufficient and sustainable and support capacity building needs in the longer run. The amount of this fee could be say Rs. 5/- per person, however, it is suggested to be decided by the government in mutual discussion with its various departments & stakeholders concerned with the region (keeping in mind the various costs like, solid waste management, staff/daily wage salaries, equipments/implements/other overhead expenses, costs for training/capacity building, plans for emergency insurance cover for tourists, cost of information material, etc). EDC may revise the monthly wages given to cleaning staff and commission, so that they have access to better shelter/food / life. For collecting mule excreta in sacks to be deposited at designated locations near Bhyundar/Pulna villages, per sack commission may be decided upon and which could be higher (say 1.5 times) than that of what could be charged for a sack of nonbiodegradable waste. EDC may revise the number of cleaning staff deployed and increase the deployment by providing 1 cleaning staff per 0.75 km for better waste collection and cleanliness of the trek path/surroundings at all times. EDC should construct its building/stores structure or spaces (made up of tin sheet walls & roof) to keep the equipment for maintenance, dismantled temporary structures of the cluster shops/kiosks/rain shelters enroute trek path, street lights, etc. in the tourist off-season and to conduct training for local community staff, use of tourists as shelter in case of emergency (like held up due to land slides, heavy rain, etc.) and use of community as social/cultural needs, etc. A local management committee comprising of representatives from EDC, Trade Community, Gram Sabha, DoF and DoT etc. under chairmanship of the District Magistrate should work out and fix the prices just before every tourist season of the commodities that are sold in the various stalls/kiosks/outlets at the facility clusters enroute the trek path, which may be done on distance segment basis (every 3 km) and hence the prices should be fixed for shops between Govind Ghat to 3 km point, 3 km point to 6 km point, 6 km point to 9 km point (till just after Bhyundar), 9 km point to 12 km point (Kanjila), 13 km point after Ghangharia to 16 km point, and 16 km point to Hemkunt Sahib (19 km point). EDC should ensure that the price charts are

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neatly/clearly/in standardised format is displayed prominently at each such establishment/outlet, using the required nominal contribution made by the shop owners. EDC should monitor the compliance of registered stalls/establishments towards their responsibilities of not using fire wood for cooking/heating, ensuring cleanliness and not dumping any waste in forest/streams in open, ensuring provisions for proper waste collection and segregation of organic & inorganic wastes, requesting/encouraging customers to use waste bin and keeping surroundings clean, display fixed price rate charts & eco-awareness signages, and clearing of shop belongings & dis-assembling of shop structure once tourist season is over. Any shopkeeper/owner or other service providers like mule operators/porters/palki carriers who fail to follow the regulations may be penalised/may not be permitted to do business along the trek path route in the next season. Such service providers, being locals may however always be encouraged to get corrected by refreshing trainings/awareness programs, and if successful be brought back in the fold of eco-tourism. EDC should also ensure that sacks if in good condition, should be re-used for collection and transportation of waste, once the compressed waste is transported to Govind Ghat for incineration / recycling. EDC may contribute some funds (based on their revenue at the end of a season) to Gram Sabha (only if additionally required) for repair/cleaning of the open ground water tank/reservoir (before the start of every tourist season) which is connected with the river Lakshman / Hem Ganga through a channel and gets normally clogged with river sand/stones/gravel/plastic waste/fallen wood, etc., thereby reducing the water quantity/pressure availability to run the turbines of the micro-hydel plant at Ghangharia. Currently as mentioned in Chapter 2, costs for any minor preventive maintenance related to micro-hydel plant system are borne out of the revenue collected from the electricity consumers at Ghangharia. EDC may also support the costs for operation of the Incinerator (existing proposal) at Govind Ghat. EDC should utilize funds from its revenue in future on training/capacity building of the local community members and local service providers with the assistance of Department of Forests, Department of Tourism, NGOs, etc. Initial provision of funds for this plan period (of 4-years) for such activities has been budgeted in the master plan report (refer Annexure-C under VoF section).

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Since it is proposed that all the tourists should pay an Eco-Fee (amount as decided by the government) to trek from Govind Ghat to Hemkunt, the EDC would have sufficient financial resources in future for managing the activities proposed.

10.3.2 Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust


In February of 1939, Sant Sohan Singh passed away, but not before entrusting Modan Singh, a retired Havaldar from the Survey Department of the Indian army with his mission to continue the development of Hemkunt Sahib. It is said in 1943 or so the then British Forest Official incharge got the trek trail from Govind Ghat widened up to 4 feet wide from just a narrow trail earlier. In 1951, the Chief Khalsa Diwan, Amritsar was given responsibility for the upkeep and further development of the route. With the inspiration of Bhai Vir Singh, the first organised Jatha was formed in 1952. In the beginnings, the small group of pilgrims were led up the difficult path by local men who had held the Sikh pilgrims, unaccustomed to mountain terrain, by hand and helped them up the slope to the lake. The first five organised Jathas originated in Amritsar, Punjab. The sixth started out from Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh in 1957. Since Hemkunt Sahib was located in the same state then, it was decided that the Chief Khalsa Diwan branch there would be entrusted with the management of the Hemkunt Shrine. In 1959-60, shortly before his death Modan Singh established a seven-member Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust to take over the management responsibilities. Today this Trust oversees the operation of seven Gurdwaras along the route from Haridwar to Hemkunt. At the Gurdwaras of Govind Ghat, Ghangharia/Govind Dham, and Hemkunt funds, supplies, and labour for operations, maintenance, and buildings are donated by Jathas and individual pilgrims, and managed by the Trust. The Trust has normally provided: Free accommodation (along with mattresses & blankets), Langar food, cloak room, and toilets at Gurdwaras to visitors of all faiths and nationality. Arrangements for health care and free medical treatment at Gurdwara dispensaries, including 2 ambulances at Govind Ghat. Tin shed room for Government Dispensary at Ghangharia and 1 patient room with 3 beds for this dispensary within the Gurdwara building. Support in cases of any deaths along the trek journey and bears the cost voluntarily for carrying the body down to Govind Ghat on a palki, informing Patwari at Pandukeshwar through phone/wireless to arrange for postmortem and inform Police Chowki at Govind Ghat for any assistance required, and providing facility of Gurdwara Ambulance to carry the body to

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the place of choice of their relatives within India, irrespective of the deceased person belonging to any faith/nationality. Tin shed room for Revenue Police Chowki at Ghangharia. Awareness programme, which apart from giving the message of keeping the trek path clean, is said to be announces after every ardaas (prayer) that all those who are children below 10 years age, patients of Asthma/Cardiac, persons above 70 years of age, physically handicapped should avoid to travel on this trek path to minimise medical emergencies. Some parking facility/space at Govind Ghat Funds (Rs. 50,000.00) for maintenance/cleanliness for trek path to EDC in each tourist season. Mules hired on contract for carrying Gurdwara supplies to Hemkunt to help in carrying the waste bags down. Assistance through Gurdwara Sevadars (volunteers) for clearing/repair of trek path at higher altitudes after any avalanche enroute to Hemkunt

Though the Trust is providing lots of facilities on the social sector and amenities, given the environmental sensitivity of the region, the Trust needs to give more focus on contributing to environmental management. This is particularly significant as the dominant tourism in this region is due to the religious/sacred importance of Sri Hemkunt Sahib, which is seeing increased visitation by lakhs of visitors every season, and hence should participate even more actively to address the post visitation effects on this eco-sensitive region which is also part of a national level biosphere. It calls for the Trust to represent itself in EDC structure (or as part of joint forest management concept) to contribute much more and with greater sincerity for a better solid waste management and environmental protection & conservation enroute the twin destinations of Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Sahib. The Trust should provide/be responsible for: Assistance in monitoring the route by deploying Gurdwara Volunteers/Sevadars to ensure that visitors always use the waste bins and not throw any waste on the trek path/hill slopes/streams. This is somewhat necessary in addition as currently the existing practice of educating visitors after ardaas towards eco-awareness is not very effective from the fact that enormous volume of waste is collected from the trek path/side slopes and a lot of non-biodegradable waste can be seen along stream bends as well. Apart from the selfless & cordial hospitality, which the Gurdwara Volunteers/Sevadars already extend to the visitors, they shall be trained in practising & propagating the values and safeguards for environmental protection and conservation, as the destination is a highly sensitive ecosystem as well.

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The Trust needs to ensure that the religious tourists are made aware of the need to respect nature from the awareness session at Govind Ghat at the start of the trek and after every ardaas. Despite the sanctity of the spirit of the visit, presently one can easily see scores of these and other non-biodegradable waste lying scattered on the same trek path/side slopes from where the holy Guru had passed through. The Trust should make them feel that since the religious tourists are here to walk the path that the holy Guru had taken, to see the place of his Tap Asthan and seek his blessings; when the air is filled with their sweet & inspiring chants of Sat Nam Wahe Guru and as they adore the fact that other visitors who are returning from Hemkunt Sahib offer candies to enthuse/as prashad to have the strength to face the formidable journey ahead, it is important to respect the Gurus place and minimise the damage to environment. The Sevadars should also ensure that no one either from within Gurdwara staff or visitors uses soap/detergents in the Hemkunt Sarovar or Lakshman / Hem Ganga waters, while taking the holy bath (ishnan) as well as ensure no one urinates in the stream water, and instead uses the designated toilets only.

Compliance of any waste (biodegradable kitchen waste or non-biodegradable waste) not being dumped behind the Gurdwaras in open and especially at Hemkunt Sahib and Govind Ghat, from which it was observed that waste easily gets mixed and disposed off with the streams of Lakshman / Hem Ganga and Alaknanda respectively. Any food waste lying open after the tourist season is over attracts the wild life, like bear, which create nuisance at Ghangharia and nearby Bhyundar village. Wastes getting mixed with stream water is likely to contaminate water that is used downstream without any treatment from Ghangharia-Bhyundar-Pulna-Govind Ghat. It is advised that biodegradable waste generated be buried in pits and be covered at the end of tourist season for vermi-composting or e.g. at Hemkunt Sahib can have a biogas plant from the kitchen/food waste which can provide energy for heating/lighting the Gurdwara/Langar hall instead of using fire wood. Ensuring with an effective participation that all the non-biodegradable waste that is generated every day should be compressed mechanically and should be sent down to the Govind Ghat (for incineration/recycling) on a daily basis without fail. This would require clearing all the waste that is stacked in bags behind the Langar hall at present, in the next season. The Trust may ensure this activity by hiring mules on their own for this purpose or shall assist EDC by providing the funds required for carrying this waste generated at Hemkunt Sahib and Govind Dham Gurdwara at Ghangharia. Assistance to the Department of Forests (as part of Joint Forest Management) in other activities, like:

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sponsoring eco-awareness activities/clean potable water at cluster facilities enroute/ clean toilets enroute/ arranging good turntable waste bins enroute/ precast/welded mild steel benches (dark green painted) enroute trek path, etc. participating in a small committee assigned by Department of Forests & Department of Tourism (trained /capacity built & assigned on rotation basis) for monitoring of quality of works undertaken by EDCs. Gurdwara Sevadars can play a key role in training locals/service staff in spoken Punjabi language, or painting signages in Gurumukhi script of Punjabi language.

10.3.3 Trade Community


Commercial Establishments Keeping in mind the eco-tourism requirements in the study destinations, the role of the local accommodation & food providers and other commercial establishments shall adhere to the following guidelines: Get registered with the local eco-development committee, qualify for and retain the eco-certification. Display clearly and prominently the rates & tariffs. Pay eco-fee as decided. Offer a site-sensitive accommodation that is not wasteful of local resources or destructive to the environment and rather is inclined/contribute to protect threatened areas, species, and aesthetics of hill regions. Practice energy conservation. Conform to the laws of eco-sensitive zones and the height of structures above ground should not exceed 2 floors (G+1) at base settlements. Reduce wasteful consumption, make arrangements for easy & proper collection of waste, bury biodegradable waste, and send non-biodegradable waste for recycling, and do not litter or dispose waste in open along the access/trek paths. Do not burn any non-biodegradable waste in open within valley region. Do not leave food/kitchen waste in open that may attract wild life. Practice fresh water management, harvest rainwater (for any other use except drinking purposes), control sewage disposal (use septic tanks and soak pits) and ensure any such effluent/waste is about 100 m away from the water bodies. Treat water directly collected from streams/springs for potable use, if the treated drinking water supply is not available.

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Control and diminish air emissions, and pollutants. Use LPG gas / energy efficient kerosene stoves for cooking/heating. Avoid burning fuel wood for cooking/heating. If electricity is unavailable, use energy efficient kerosene generators / minimise use of diesel generators. At least during periods of good sunshine using solar lanterns for lighting. Avoid or control environmentally unfriendly products, such as asbestos and toxic pesticides. Monitor, control, and reduce noise levels. Sale of cheap plastic raincoats is prohibited in the region. Good quality rain coats could be made available on rent on submitting the necessary deposit of money. It is advised that local trade community may work out the actual amount of security deposits along with the local management based on the procurement costs, service charges, and any penalty charges in built for loss/damage, at the time of implementation of the above proposals.

Sale of Cheap Plastic Bags will be banned, details are discussed in Chapter 5.

Local Transport Providers- Mules/ Palki Providers/ Porters The local transport providers including mule and palki providers and porters have a big role in the environmental management of the area. This has been discussed across Chapters 5 to 8. The main role of them would include: Mules, Porters and Palki owners/ operators have to be registered with EDC Govind Ghat. They will have to undergo a compulsory orientation session before being given registration. They should carry a photo certificate/ identify cards, this would induce confidence among the tourists. They shall abide by the standard fares decided at the beginning of the season These service operators will also have responsibility of making sure that the tourists abide by the environmental guidelines and also ensure the safety of tourists. Mule owners will try to also help in mule excreta collection and disposal management; they will also subject the mules for compulsory health checkups and proper feeding of mules. No children below the age of 14 will be employed as mule/ palki operator or porter; only trained people will function as operators.

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All the local trade community members will co-operate in the environmental management. They will be trained in hospitality/ tourist friendly behaviour and monitored for the same. External Travel Agents Since the Tour Agencies/Operators play an important role in facilitating tourists, it becomes imperative that their roles & responsibilities with respect to ecotourism should adhere to the following guidelines: Get recognised by the Department of Tourism, Govt. of India and/or Uttaranchal State, qualify for and retain the eco-certification. Provide extensive and in-depth information to visitors. Provide literature, briefings/environmental orientation and lead by example and taking corrective actions. Advise tourists to avoid impacts on sensitive ecosystems. Prepare tourists for encounters with native flora and fauna. Actively participate in prevention of any environmental desecration enroute or at an eco-tourism destination. Prevent accumulated impact of tourism. Provide leadership and maintain tour groups small enough to ensure minimum impact on destinations. Avoid areas that are under-managed and over-visited. Work with some representatives of the Sikh community in US, Canada, UK, etc. and get arrangements done early.

There are many Indian tour and travel agencies that bring tourists to Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region. Some of them put up their own tent colony at Kanjila, instead of providing accommodation in the TRH/FRH/Hotels/Lodges available at Ghangharia.

10.3.4 Mahila Mandal


Mahila Mandal Structure Mahila Mandal, of the local village has been operating from many years. All the women folk of the village are the members of this organisation, and elect their governing board of Chairperson, Vice Chairperson, and Treasurer every 5 years. Mahila Mandal Responsibilities Mahila Mandal has contributed in past in cleaning of the trek trail before EDC was formed and were paid for the services by the Department of Forest.

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Mahila Mandal has also contributed in environmental patrolling of the chak and chatti stalls to check whether they use eco-friendly fuels like Kerosene/LPG or burnt wood. From those who burnt wood, a fine of Rs. 500/- per tourist season was collected. It is proposed that these kinds of control measures be continued and exercised. Wherever it is the Forest land /Van Panchayat land /Village land it should be the additional responsibility of the overall local community including the members of Mahila Mandal/EDC/Gram Sabha/Van Panchayat that tree felling is not undertaken. Mahila Mandal is interested in contributing to plantation activities (tree plantation, fodder grass plantation, etc.) along the areas demarcated by Department of Forest / Van Panchayat to increase the tree coverage, to check erosion along landslide/avalanche prone areas, and grow fodder grass. Mahila Mandal can also help in developing Germplasm bank / demonstration nursery at Ghangharia and can monitor the same easily (as they have already shifted in summer/tourist season to Bhyundar village and are hence close to Ghangharia) so that an ex-situ demonstration nursery/ Germplasm bank is created for tourist viewing (many tourists who do not have much time to visit Valley of Flowers and enjoy flowers in this garden at Ghangharia on payment of a nominal fee) and souvenir creation from these flowers (Institutions like NBRI can assist in transferring technology for the same). Members of Mahila Mandal if trained would also like to run small household industries for making flower/other souvenirs, handicrafts of Ringal grass (Ringal grass or hill bamboo is a non-wood forest produce) / Jute bags (jute to be procured from outside), etc. during off/tourist season and which can be sold mainly during the tourist season.

10.3.5 Van Panchayat/Forest Council


Van Panchayat Structure Governing Board: Bhyundar/Pulna village has elected 7 persons for the Van Panchayat body and they chose their own Sarpanch. The 6 members currently have a gender distribution of 4 men and 2 women. Wages: Van Panchayat Members are not paid any wages. Earnings: Through charging rental fee from Tour Operators for putting tent colony at Kanjila (For a 5 day period either Rs. 100/- is charged if an individual pitches a tent or Rs. 500/- if its a tour group needing 5-6 tents to be pitched), penalising forest crimes (illegal felling of trees / harvesting of

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grass), collecting deposit (Rs. 3000/-) from each family/household for cutting and sale of grass as fodder for personal use/benefits per season of Aug.-Nov. Expenses: Use of funds for forestry & conservation works, sharing of deposit /income collected for cutting and sale of grass, etc. with Gram Sabha on the basis of income distribution criteria defined in the States Joint Forest Management Rules for welfare work in the Bhyundar/Pulna. Earlier Van Panchayat area was spread over 19635 acres from Govind Ghat to Rataban area (formed from Class I Forests, i.e. the Reserve Forests), but now it is said that after the declaration of VOFNP, the Van Panchayat area is left to be 335 acres only. Even the Ghangharia land is also assumed to be Forest Land. Under the conditions that land at Ghangharia is a Forest Land, the permission to regularise Ghangharia can never be easily obtained. The district/state administration may have to think about declaring this as a Revenue land so that the existing establishments/encroachments can be regularised and future growth can be controlled under the same. However, as per the provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, the encroached land in Ghangharia has been surveyed by the Dept. of Revenue, Joshimath in Nov. 2002 as a prerequisite to the proposal of regularisation. This revenue survey map is in draft state with a record of 53 establishments (including the trek path area as circulation space within the Ghangharia base settlement) spread over an area of 2.638 ha. It is observed that of these 53 survey units/plots, 52 came into existence before end of 1980. However, as per the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, in no case any of those encroachments which have taken place after 24/10/1980 should be regularised, and any regularisation can be considered only if government had taken any decision with reference to some eligibility criteria (in accordance with local needs and conditions) for regularisation before 25/10/1980. Hence, the regularisation in the present case of Ghangharia is expected to be a difficult issue. The members of Van Panchayat and other villagers/owners of these establishments are trying to make representations to state government in this regard. Van Panchayat Responsibilities

Van Panchayat Concerns

It entails basically Protection and Conservation of Forests under its Area as per Forest
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(Conservation) Act, 1980. The various responsibilities of Van Panchayat are:


Patrolling of Forests/Land under its area and control over illegal tree felling pruning of tree branches, and fodder grazing Undertake steps to stop any encroachment on forest land Conservation of wild life and their protection Maintenance and protection of boundary pillars Ensure arrangement for protection of forests from fire and assist the Department of Forests fully for this cause, and take action against perpetrators of such crime. Permit the sale of forest produce like, fodder grass, picking fallen fire wood, etc. to the eligible beneficiaries for personal use/benefits Permit the individuals/tour operators to pitch tents on the Van Panchayat land at Kanjila for a nominal fee or lease for short-term for tent resorts every season. Contribute funds/Participate in Welfare of Village Communities related to its area Wherever it is the Forest land /Van Panchayat land /Village land it should be the additional responsibility of the overall local community including the members of Van Panchayat/Mahila Mandal/EDC/Gram Sabha that tree felling is not undertaken. Undertake any other activities/execution of activities as instructed by the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO), Joshimath under the approved micro-plan head/from time to time.

10.3.6 Gram Sabha/Village Council


As per the 73rd Constitutional Amendment of 1992, the 'Gram Sabha', consisting of all eligible voters, has been made the soul of the Panchayat institutions to discuss and decide their own problems, and to further people's participation in various development programmes in a democratic way. This will foster maximum accountability and transparency of administration and public awareness at the village level. The village people elect members of the Gram Sabha and Gram Pradhan for 5 years. Gram Sabha have been empowered with such powers and authorities as are necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self-governance.

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Apart from the normal social and welfare activities for the Bhyundar/Pulna village, the Gram Sabha also undertakes the responsibility of operating and minor maintenance of the Micro-Hydel Plant (2x50KW turbines) at Ghangharia. The staff is trained by UREDA and collects the monthly electricity consumption charges at the rate of Rs. 35/- per bulb point connection from establishment at Ghangharia. Full season (4 months) contracts are also done by Govind Dham Gurdwara for Rs. 80,000/- if it wants to receive power fully from the above micro-hydel plant. Gram Sabha may also get some revenue shared by Van Panchayat as donation, which Van Panchayat collects on account of giving permission to interested village households for cutting and sale of grazing grass.

A maintenance fund may be created through nominal deposits of the beneficiaries of solar energy equipments (for cooking/lighting/heating in clear sunshine durations from Oct. Dec. & Feb. May) at the village level that can be managed by the Gram Sabha, which already looks after the maintenance of the micro-hydel plant at Ghangharia.
Also, Gram Sabha may request some funds from EDC (only if additionally required) for repair/cleaning of the open ground water tank/reservoir (before the start of every tourist season) which is connected with the river Lakshman / Hem Ganga through a channel and gets normally clogged with river sand/stones/gravel/plastic waste/fallen wood, etc., thereby reducing the water quantity/pressure availability to run the turbines of the micro-hydel plant at Ghangharia. Currently as mentioned earlier, costs for any minor preventive maintenance related to micro-hydel plant system are borne out of the revenue collected from the electricity consumers at Ghangharia. The amendment also emphasises representation for women and SCs and STs to be ensured through reservation of a minimum of 1/3rd of members. The current Pradhan of the Gram Sabha, Bhyundar/Pulna village is a woman in fact. In the 11th schedule, "Minor Forest Produce, "Social forestry and Farm Forestry," and "Fuel and fodder" are amongst the 29 departments transferred to the panchayats. Thus, ideally this would mean that the women elected to the panchayats would play a key role in the management of the forests. These elected members should

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be trained by committed NGOs. Micro planning should be specially emphasised in the trainings, in order to enable the elected functionaries to prepare village development plans themselves rather than depend upon the government officials.

Wherever it is the Forest land /Van Panchayat land /Village land it should be the additional responsibility of the overall local community including the members of Gram Sabha/Van Panchayat/Mahila Mandal/EDC, that tree felling is not undertaken. Additional responsibilities will include more involvement in the environment management along with the EDC, including in monitoring of construction or any other such illegal activities at the beginning of the off season, fixing prices of commodities before the season, etc.
10.3.7 Zilla Panchayat (ZP)

Zilla Panchayat has performed the following functions in the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region till recently:
Maintains the ZP parking at Govind Ghat, fix the parking rates (large vehicle, small vehicle, two-wheelers) and collect the parking charges on contract Provides toilet facilities at Govind Ghat Responsibility of cleanliness and sanitation at Govind Ghat, which now can be taken up by EDC, Govind Ghat Provides land for mule sheds at Ghangharia and Govind Ghat (does not charge any fees as the mule shed infrastructure is not developed and mule

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operators erect their own temporary arrangements as mule shed and their shelter) Fixation of rates for transportation services (mules/porters/palki) on the trek path Earlier contribution in cleaning the trek path from Govind Ghat Ghangharia Hemkunt Sahib (now taken over and carried out only by EDC)

Zilla Panchayat Revenues


Fees charged at ZP Parking spaces, Govind Ghat During the study in 2003, EDC Bhyundar had to share 40% of revenue this year with Zilla Panchayat (this includes 20% revenue as salary for 2 persons provided by Zilla Panchayat and 20% for maintenance and upkeep of Govind Ghat).

The Zilla Panchayat role may reduce in the study region, as the EDC, Govind Ghat is now formed as per the joint forest management provisions in the biosphere, it is still suggested that ZP may take up the responsibility of providing support services like temporary sloped roofed structure for large proper mule sheds at settlements, proper/cheap dormitory accommodation for mule operators/porters/palki carriers/ cleaning staff and community toilet facility for such labour, continuing the vehicle parking management, etc.
10.3.8 Department of Forests

The Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region is a part of the NDBR, and especially the Valleys
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of Flowers National Park being one of the two core zones (core zone-II) of the NDBR, the region is under active control of the Office of the DFO, Department of Forests, Joshimath. A Forest Range Officer with a team of Beat Guards is deployed in the region with facilities of a FRH at Govind Ghat and Ghangharia, one Valley of Flowers Information Centre at Ghangharia and one Forest Rangers Checkpost after Ghangharia at the VOFNP entrance. The management of the Valley of Flowers National Park has been based on the following objectives and considerations:
Keeping control on the extent and wide spread growth of the fast growing and pioneering flowering herb the Polygonum polystachyum. Development and upkeep of the trek route within the tourism zone of the park. Maintenance of the park and keeping it free from any kind of polluting material. Providing impetus to the tourism and providing local employment (through EDC, etc.). Strict control on illicit removal of herbs and on poaching. Infrastructure development.

The habitat management works and other patrolling and related works are carried out from the funds received under management of Parks and Sanctuaries from the Department of Forest every year.
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The Department of Forests may continue to have an active role in the National Park area, but in the present case where about 95% of the economy is tourism oriented it should mainly play a facilitator role & regulator role and should oversee that the local body created for management of the ecology and tourism (e.g. EDC, Bhyundar and EDC, Govind Ghat) has fair representation of local community members from Bhyundar/Pulna village, Govind Ghat, Gram Sabha, Mahila Mandal, Van Panchayat, Zilla Panchayat, and local Gurdwaras (which are the largest establishments that operate in this region in the tourist season). It should be the responsibility of the EDC to ensure that no more trees are cut beyond the existing tree line at Ghangharia or wherever it is the Forest land /Van Panchayat land / Village land it is the responsibility of the overall local community including the members of EDC/Mahila Mandal/Gram Sabha/Van Panchayat. But from point of view of awareness/orientation to environmental protection and conservation, concerted efforts from the Department of Forests would be necessary both for the local community and tourists through training for trainer programmes in the Centre for Eco-tourism and Sustainable Livelihoods (till such small infrastructure is created at Ghangharia/Bhyundar/Pulna) or at the Valley of Flowers Information Centre (during the slide or video shows as planned in future). The Department of Forest/Department of Tourism should create checks to ensure that those who do not comply with environmental guidelines and notices should be penalised like, tourists enroute pay a fine or revoking the registration/license to work in this area for shopkeepers and tour operators. It is proposed that the Department of Forests/EDC may rent for a nominal fee or lease for short-term for tented resorts every season some of its vacant land just ahead of Ghangharia for additional accommodation at Ghangharia (this is not a permanent construction and will not increase any diversion of forest land as an encroachment/necessitating regularisation). The Department of Forests, shall ensure that main Valley of Flowers is visited only by hard core/well oriented & sensitised nature enthusiasts/research scholars/eco-tourists and should try to promote an ex-situ demonstration nursery/shadow garden named as Germplasm bank of endangered species of VoF as suggested by Chief Wildlife Warden or given any other name as felt appropriate by DoF on the land of forest between end of Ghangharia settlement and the VOFNP entrance. These gardens which act as more resilient sites would be accessible on payment of a nominal fee for quick visit by those tourists who have shortage of time and will also help understand flora population growth to scientist/scholars/eco-tourists as well. This will also help to contain the numbers of not so conservation oriented tourists visiting the Valley and at the same time by providing easy access to major species flowering in the garden without much

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of a trek would avoid adverse word by mouth publicity that even after trekking long distances in the Valley of Flowers not much variety of flowers are seen. The Department of Forests shall strictly patrol and monitor the region especially in the month just before and after the tourist season to ensure that the local community/ establishments do not resort to any illegal cutting/ clearing of trees. The Department of Forests can train the local community members especially from Mahila Mandal/local educated youth to assist in maintaining these nursery/gardens and other plantation activities (tree plantation, fodder grass plantation, etc.) along the areas demarcated by Department of Forest to increase the tree coverage, to check erosion along landslide/avalanche prone areas, and grow fodder grass. Also, the Department of Forests through their local forest/horticulture staff can help in agro-forestry on the lands of local host community by providing motivation to individuals, identifying suitable species of fruits & vegetables on their lands, supply saplings at subsidised rates including signing an agreement for upkeep & protection by individuals, micro-credit for Self Help Groups (SHGs) for manual processing of raw produce & to facilitate easy cartage, and providing some practical exposure to these individuals through site visits to those areas where people have successfully adopted this practice. Identification of species, providing know-how, seeds/samplings, training & capacity building including documentation & export permits for growing of rare medicinal plants/herbs, which are threatened or are suitable for captive growing with a good market value is another area of intervention in fallow/low yield crop lands of interested individuals of the local host community, in which the Department of Forests can assist. The Department of Forests should strictly monitor the works carried out by the EDCs/others on its behalf as assistance, and should ensure release of funds only on the satisfaction of the quality of work. The Department of Forests & Department of Tourism may assign a small committee of say 2 members (on rotation every tourist season) from Van Panchayat, Mahila Mandal, local Gurdwara, Association of Commercial Establishments, GMVN and Forest Ranger who may be trained/capacity built with necessary format for monitoring/reporting on the works carried out by these EDCs. The State of Uttaranchal has already taken a pro-active step by designating Conservator of Forests, Eco-tourism at Dehra Dun. This post has been created to act as the Nodal Officer for eco-tourism development in the state and to undertake following responsibilities: Supervision of Centre for Eco-tourism and Sustainable Livelihoods

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Coordination of eco-tourism programmes of the Department of Forests and Environment Providing support on eco-tourism projects to Department of Tourism and Uttaranchal Tourism Development Board (UTDB) Development of Eco-tourism policy and rules/regulations.

The Department of Forests has also set-up a Centre for Eco-tourism and Sustainable Livelihoods, at Chunakhan (Ramnagar). This institution is to be developed as a premium environmental education, training, and research centre for promoting eco-tourism, so that local host communities, small and medium entrepreneurs get opportunity to play a major role in the management of natural and cultural heritage and resources and to address issues related to livelihood. This centre will also collaborate with local, state and international organisations associated with eco-tourism. To formulate policy and controls for this centre an independent committee has been registered. The centre will conduct programmes without any clashes/competition with other state programmes run by Department of Tourism and Department of Forests and Environment, and will ensure coordination with activities of Uttaranchal Tourism Development Board. The following programmes will be conducted by this centre: Capacity building Publication and awareness programmes Policy research Projects Product development Process documentation.

Initial provision of funds for this plan period (of 4-years) for training/capacity building activities has been made for Department of Forests / EDC utilisation to get the future trainers in the study region trained at such institutes.

10.3.9 Department of Tourism


In the present case, the Master Plan for development of Eco-Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt is prepared for the Department of Tourism, Government of India. This project may ultimately be executed under the guidance of a state level eco-tourism committee which may be constituted under the Uttaranchal Tourism Development Board (UTDB), whose purpose would be to evaluate the progress of eco-tourism development, recommend eco-tourism projects with due provisions for safety and health care of tourists, and give policy based suggestions to state and central government. It should also support in destination promotion, sales, advertisement, and publicity.

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Environmental guidelines/notices/messages should be prominently displayed not only enroute the trek path but also at each establishment including Gurdwara. The Department of Tourism and the Government of Uttaranchal may deliberate and formulate a comprehensive policy for regulation and management of religious tourism in this region, which gels with the requirements of the existing eco-tourism policy with respect to the tourism in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve region. This would help in sensitising the religious tourists and religious institutions, which form a major component of the entire tourism in the region, to the needs of development and sustenance of environment friendly tourism in the region. In this regard, the Government of Uttaranchal may initiate a dialogue/discussion with the Gurdwara Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust (explore options keeping in mind the fact that the VoF-Hemkunt region has limited capacities to absorb tourist traffic and thus whether to control the flow of such tourists from places of origin of travel itself in this area like, Rishikesh and release them based on concurrent facilities available at Govind Ghat & Ghangharia), Representatives of Local Host Community, Department of Forests, Department of Tourism, Department of Transportation, Public Works Department, BRO, etc. The Department of Tourism/UTDB should formulate/control the guidelines to categorise the standards for infrastructure/hospitality for Hotel/Lodge/Restaurant business and other services in eco-tourism sector. The Department of Tourism may run registration and eco-certification program for businesses associated with nature/eco-tourism. The hospitality staff may be trained by the Department of Tourism and should sport uniforms/badges to indicate that these staff are well-trained service staff and are recognised by the Department of Tourism. The Department of Tourism should get associated with Department of Forests to promote/publicise the rules for the tourism activities as defined by the Department of Forests for the Nanda Devi Eco Tourism Zone (a part of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve). The Department of Tourism should try to arrange external assistance/funding from multilateral agencies to execute the master plan for development of eco-tourism in the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt in a best possible manner and make available financial support for training and running eco-tourism businesses. The Department of Tourism/UTDB in collaboration with UDEC shall facilitate expression of interest/tendering process and development of basic infrastructure and public amenities and assist Department of Forests for works in NDBR areas, and monitor the quality of the work.

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The state level eco-tourism committee/UTDB should provide: incentives (in terms of self-employment loan assistance, tax benefits/deferment for private sector participation, human resource development/training, etc.) and rewards to those establishments/organisations in the Valley of FlowersHemkunt region that show the best results in terms of managing shops/kiosks, toilet facilities, environmental protection and conservation, the best guide/nature interpreter, best hotel/lodge, restaurant with best ambience & hygiene, trek path, medical service, emergency rescue, etc. Even tourists who bring back their non-biodegradable waste can get a part of their eco-fee refunded on deposit of the waste at Govind Ghat and get a free souvenir (signed picture postcard of Valley of Flower or Hemkunt/dry flower memorabilia) declaring them an Eco-Tourist and whose names would be posted at the Friends of the Valley of Flowers Programme web page. This would be necessary to ensure an image of this destination commensurate with prestige of a World Heritage Site, for which this destination is nominated to UN.

The Department of Tourism /Department of Forest should create checks through a small monitoring committee to ensure that those who do not comply with environmental guidelines and notices should be penalised like tourists enroute pay a fine or by revoking the registration/license of shopkeepers/other service providers working in this area. The Department of Tourism currently has Tourist Bureau offices at Gopeshwar and Joshimath for collection and analysis of tourist arrival data/tourism statistics and preparation /monitoring of schemes for tourism development in the Chamoli district. The Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam (GMVN) has a presence in the form of a well-maintained TRH at Ghangharia. The other nearest TRHs are the Old and New TRH complexes at Joshimath. The DoT/ DoF /local management, etc. shall also ensure that only consistent information is displayed that is supported by the official line, whether it is through signages/information boards/print media/electronic media/internet media, etc.

10.3.10 Public Works Department


The State Public Works Department (PWD), which already maintains the trek path from Govind Ghat-Ghangharia-Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Sahib can continue to assist/participate in development & maintenance of trek paths & trails/ road & parking/ bridges/ civil helipad, directional signages, etc. and

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assist in any emergency response situations with men & equipment under due permissions/regulations of the Department of Forests.

10.3.11 Jal Nigam and Jal Sansthan Departments


The Jal Nigam department will continue to provide new piped water supply system arrangements in the region (e.g. the newly planned piped water supply intake, storage, & distribution scheme for Govind Ghat with water source near Pulna) and any new sewerage system proposals in future. While, the Jal Sansthan department will continue to maintain & upgrade the existing water supply schemes in the region (e.g. the planned maintenance & upgradation of water supply system at Ghangharia, and any other maintenance & upgradation of water supply system at Bhyundar and Pulna in future).

10.3.12 Electricity Departments


The State Electricity Board (SEB) will be responsible for provision and maintenance of electricity supply connected through grid (e.g. restoration of electricity supply up to Kanjila via Bhyundar and regular process of preventive maintenance for the same after the tourist season is over by avoiding the damage to electricity pole & distribution lines due to avalanche in winters). While, the Uttaranchal Renewable Energy Development Agency (UREDA) will be responsible for undertaking any major repairs (including funding the same) to the Micro-Hydel Plant (2 x 50 KW capacity turbines) at Ghangharia, training the plant staff as appointed by Bhyundar/Pulna Gram Sabha, maintenance of Solar Street Light System, and provision of any new micro-hydel plant or solar street lighting systems in the region.

10.3.13 Department of Telecommunications


The Department of Telecommunications (DOT) will continue to be responsible for creating any new telephone exchanges, connectivity and quality of performance of telrcommunication. While, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) may be responsible for continuing/introducing its new services (e.g. CellOne Mobile/Cellular Communication Service, etc.) in the region. The Department of Forests may however, continue to use its wireless communication network/facility for surveillance and patrolling for forest & wild life protection in the region. 10.3.14 Department of Health The Department of Health shall assist in developing and equipping the proposed small Govt. emergency health care unit with equipment/medicines/staff at Ghangharia; equipping the Govt. medical relief center under construction at Govind Ghat with equipment/medicines/staff; and equipping the first aid centers enroute the trek route with equipment/medicines. The Department of

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Health shall also assist in building the capacity of the local resources in medical health care like, giving training in paramedical assistance to interested/eligible educated members of EDC/local youth/Mahila Mandal from local community, and Gurdwara sevadars and prepare them as paramedics who can assist Department of Health in running above mentioned medical facilities. The Department of Health shall also take up the responsibility of certification of the quality of the food services offered and the overall hygiene of the facilities at Govind Ghat, Ghangharia, VoF, Hemkunt, and the entire trek route; and regular monitoring of the same. In case of any penal action necessary against such services/facilities, the Department of Health shall advise DoF/EDC to initiate appropriate action accordingly.

10.3.15 Department of Revenue

The part of district administration including law and order in the Valley of FlowersHemkunt region falls under the jurisdiction of Patwari, Department of Revenue, Pandukeshwar. A Revenue Chowki is positioned at Ghangharia during the tourist season. Any accidents/crimes are reported to Patwari through wireless available at FRH/telephones. The development at Ghangharia has happened in a very haphazard and unregulated manner over the past years. It was informed that attempts are being made to get the Ghangharia land to be regularised as per the provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, so that the current land/plot holdings are regularised as lands diverted for non-forest use and future development can be controlled and regulated
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by the Department of Revenue as per a revenue map till the tree line at Ghangharia. Any tourism related building/utility development in Bhyundar/Pulna village land should also be controlled and regulated by the Department of Revenue as per a revenue map of these villages.
10.3.16 Role of NGOs
Assist in mentally preparing the local host community through awareness and propagation for joint forest management activities/services May act as a co-ordination link between the local host community, Department of Forests, and other government departments in making understand the importance of various activities in the joint forest management area As a trainer, undertake the training of the stakeholders of the joint forest management Undertake any other activity related to joint forest management, as and when assigned by the government. The NGOs could also contribute by training the local community especially the Mahila Mandal in skills for preparing souvenirs etc and formation of selfhelp groups (SHGs). The NGOs working in the field of environment could also sponsor research in the region.

11. COMMUNITY BENEFITS & HRD


This section attempts to undertake a systematic study on socio-economic impact of tourism development in the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region, the approach to make the local community partners in the eco-tourism development and to develop human resources for the envisaged employment opportunities. Community Participation has been discussed in the previous development and management chapters 5 to 9 and particularly in the implementation section on roles and responsibilities in Chapter 10.

10.1 Community Participation


11.1.1 Approach to Development

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The Consultants interacted extensively with the local community, EDC and other stakeholder representatives, Mahila Mandal representatives, trade community etc. at various levels including individual discussions, brain storming group sessions, NGT session to understand their perception towards development and community participation. The populaces in general are more than willing to actively participate in the tourism development. The approach to development should therefore be such so as to reach the grassroot level. Most of the work involved in development is labour intensive; hence local villagers should be involved in these activities. Most of the activities are proposed to be run by the local community itself. This will provide local job opportunity at one hand and on the other hand will win local goodwill and support. Also, eco-tourism is about being managed by the local community to make it sustainable. This approach can be applied across the following areas of attention:

Target group oriented approach - Prime focus (and beneficiaries) of the project should be Environment Monitors like EDC, Women in local host community etc. Focus on self-help - Activities should be aimed to help people better understand the opportunities they have to improve their own situation. Trainings should be given to Mahila Mandal and local NGOs/other organisations like EDC, Van Panchayat, Gram Sabha, Yuvak Mandal, etc. to form Self Help Groups in the area to set up sustainable activities. Government Role as a Facilitator State Government should try to avoid implementing activities themselves, but rather build the capacity of existing local/regional organisations to be able to plan and implement tourism activities on their own in a sustainable manner. Role of Government bodies is particularly important in imparting development and management regulations.

11.1.2 Community-based Tourism


An effective way to improve the economy in the valley and to enable communities to improve the quality of life will be through social mobilisation of people, especially into Self Help Groups (SHGs). This will involve community participation in tourism activities such that the benefits of development are equitably distributed. This will include improved access to education/training and other social services of the community. There are already initiatives like the Eco Development Committee (EDC), the same way there could be women initiatives as well. Groups have been formed in many villages adopted in districts like Uttarkashi, Tehri, etc. Women have been mobilised to form small groups for savings & credit for improving the economic conditions of the individual women. Micro-credit has been given to them for starting small enterprises for generating additional income and thus improving their overall economic condition. The same model can be adopted for the Bhyundar valley.

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10.2 Benefits to Local Communities


Development of tourism in hill regions of Himalayan range provides an excellent opportunity for achieving a diversification in addition to providing a wide range of benefits, both direct and indirect, to the local host community of the region. This is true for any region where tourism development has taken place anywhere in the world. Tourism has the potential to change the economic face of any region and benefits of planned tourism development are manifold. Moreover, the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt being areas of National Park and Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, a well-planned and regulated tourism for this region is the need of the hour. For this the involvement of local community is very critical. As discussed in the earlier chapters, tourism has emerged as an important economic activity in the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region and the local populace has been able to participate and benefit directly from limited tourism activities, but not at all in a planned way and with less consideration to environmental management and standards for aesthetics and quality hospitality. The following section explores the possibility of tourism benefits reaching the local community in a planned manner so as to improve the overall socio-economic condition prevalent in the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region.

The broad objectives of such a development plan is: Socio-economic development and economic empowerment Enhance local participation in tourism activities Providing more avenues for tourists to increase their expenditure in a way that the economic benefits reach the community Economic and ecological sustainability Socio-cultural consciousness and Improving gender equality for enhanced women participation in economic development. Establish and promote a different way of conducting tourism, wherein local people are the owners and have control over entrepreneurial activity, improving their quality of life and actively conserving the region's biodiversity and natural resources and be accountable for the same. Create and strengthen community entrepreneurial activities such that they are well administered, conform to standards of architectural aesthetics and hospitality, and are economically profitable. Establish a forum for communication, co-ordination and joint co-operation focusing on tourism quality and reliability, and environmental, social, and economic sustainability.

The focus therefore is to:

11.2.1 Current Situation

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In earlier times people of Bhyundar/Pulna relied on their agriculture, livestock and surrounding resources for almost all their needs and were largely self-sufficient. Today agricultural farming (potato, chaulai & mandwa for flour, rajma, wheat, and limited vegetables) and livestock farming (limited milch cattle and mules are kept, as goats & sheeps are hardly kept by many due to the ban on grazing after declaration of the Valley of Flowers as National Park in 1982) alone can no longer sustain households for the whole year; people also need to bring in some form of cash income, either through casual labour, marketing, running/renting - hotel/lodge/restaurant businesses or migration to nearby work centres (like Ghangharia, Govind Ghat, Pandukeshwar, Joshimath, etc. Some people bring in income through the sale of grass for grazing, working with eco-development committee, which collects eco-fees for keeping the trek path and surroundings clean and registering shops and businesses, etc. Migration for paid work is observed to be largely seasonal (in the tourist season migration for work takes place to Ghangharia and Govind Ghat including along the trek path and in the tourist off-season to Pandukeshwar, Joshimath, etc. for civil contractor works). And this trend seems increasingly becoming permanent for some, mostly men. It was observed that there is much concern with the lack of local employment opportunities resulting in migration, which is sometimes seasonal also. The causes can be attributed to the pressure of getting employed as early as possible leading to discontinued education beyond secondary school levels. There is a strong agreement that the development of proper tourism infrastructure, some cottage industries (development of ex-situ demonstration nursery/ Germplasm bank, making souvenir of dry flowers, coloured brochures/black & white trek path-cum-flower composition map of Valley of Flowers, photo post cards, posters, handicrafts made up of Ringal grass small baskets/ vase / lampshades/ hats/ stationery holders/ carry bags or hand bags, sale of T-shirts/Trek Suits/Cap souvenirs with Valley of Flowers logo imprints, etc.), participation in afforestation (patches of hill land identified by Department of Forests & Van Panchayat), which are maintained and run by locals, and the marketing/management of local tourism products (lodges, restaurants, nature interpretation services, eco-guides, ecomaintenance of trek paths/facilities, etc.) have the most potential to generate local jobs and income. As mentioned earlier, though the level of nature/eco-awareness amongst the local community is good, the pressures of earning as early as possible has led to the low level of formal education in the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region. The recommendations for the training and education have been separately dealt with in the following sections. Some of the potential direct and indirect benefits related to socio-economic and infrastructural development that might accrue to the people consequent to development of tourism in this region are delineated below.

11.2.2 Direct Benefits Some of the direct benefits accruing to the local community of the region as a result of tourism development are: Employment Opportunities in Tourism Sector Tourism industry has high potential of employment generation. It generates employment, both directly in the tourism sector and indirectly in various support and resource management sectors. It offers employment to skilled, semiskilled and unskilled workers, especially the local community. Employment

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opportunities are generated in hotels, restaurants, tea/snack shops, handicrafts (souvenir), cultural troupes, guides/nature interpreters, photographers, etc. to name a few. People are undoubtedly the most important resource in tourism industry as it provides highly personalised service to customers. Development of tourism along with human resource development and training of the local people will lead to income creation among the local populace. It has been estimated that the tourism and hospitality sector, along with the catering sector, accounts for more than 50 percent of the total employment generated. The proposed development will also stimulate the establishment of local tourism enterprises. These provide opportunities for local capital investment, jobs, income, profits made from the enterprises and generally developing a sense of entrepreneurship that may not have existed previously in the area. The availability of jobs and better living conditions due to tourism will also reduce the migration of young people from the region to seek employment elsewhere. In addition to the host community, in the project area, people from nearby regions are also seasonally dependent in low profile works like mule drivers, porters, trek path sweepers, etc. Development of Enterprise Tourist expenditure at a particular tourist area greatly helps the development of the surrounding areas. It can provide jobs for a large number of unskil1ed/semiskilled workers. It can generate work for the construction industry and a wide range of other supporting- industries e.g. Entrepreneurs for running various cluster facilities enroute can hire local people and mules for assembling the proposed temporary structures/accessories before the start of tourist season as well dis-assembling the same once the tourist season is over, and transporting and depositing the same at the EDC Stores at nearest villages/settlements identified Most of the development at local levels would have to be driven by the enterprise which would invest in hotels/lodges, restaurants, eateries, recreational centres, information and communication centres, handicrafts/souvenir shops, etc. These small enterprises shall be primarily put up by the local people themselves. Some of the activities that emerged as a possible source of income generation in the region are as given below. 1. Setting up village based shops: There exists enough scope of income generation by setting up of village based tourist centres, wood craft / handicraft shops, technically upgraded agriculture implement making, household electrical and mechanical goods, Ringal grass products, souvenir shops, publishing & printing, etc. The wares could be continued to be produced in off season and can be sold during the tourist season or in other

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markets further down south, like in Joshimath (where some tourism visitation exists for whole of the year) and settlements below, etc. 2. Traditional Wool industry: Wool production of the region (villages of Govind Ghat, Bhyundar/Pulna), if improved, can generate income. 3. Animal Husbandry: Milch cattle and milk are of high demand, especially in the tourist season. The local people can be provided micro-credit in order to keep high quality milch cattle with the assistance from Department of Animal Husbandry (with respect to good breeding methods for high yield quality milch cattle). Apart from the collection of grass and other bio-mass over the rocky slopes, local people should be trained/encouraged for agro-forestry which suits to the local settings and which do not hamper the basic crop yield in these villages of Bhyundar/Pulna or Govind Ghat or in vacant Van Panchayat lands. This activity will also result in availability of another avenue of fodder and fuel to individuals mostly from their own fields to save them from the drudgery of fodder and fuel wood collection and thereby to reduce pressure on the nearby reserve forest areas. 4. Poultry and Beekeeping: Poultry is a traditional practice. However, this is still at the very marginal level and caters to only home needs. This can be another source of economic development. There exists a lot of potential for bee keeping since not only flowers but the crops that locals grow also bear good flowers. Bee keeping can be popularised by providing technical know how and basic bee colonies and bee boxes. Improved Standard of Living Improvement in the general standard of living of the people in any region is directly dependent on the nature and volume of employment opportunities in the region. Tourism industry being an important sector of the overall service industry thus contributes to the upliftment of the living standards of the population thereby driving the economic development of any region. Increased tourist inflow into the region means more tourist expenditure in the local economy, which in turn leads to an improved standard of living of the local host community. The involvement in maintaining their own community, environment and developing skills will lead to self efforts to improve quality of life and improve their self-esteem. Better Education and Training The growth in employment opportunities in the tourism sector would also lead to general upliftment of the levels of education in the region. People seeking employment in various arenas of the tourism and hospitality industry would propel them to upgrade their own skills and education levels for gainful employment in the sector. This would undoubtedly lead to improvement in the levels of education and training being imparted at present. Involvement of local

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people in the tourism development will lead to an empowered skilled community. Social Upliftment and Improved Quality of Life With more tourists flowing into the region and with improved levels of education, the socio-cultural exchanges between the tourists and the host community is bound to lead to social upliftment of the region. Such a sociocultural exchange of ideas does have its flip side too, but the host community can derive maximum benefits out of this phenomenon by going with the concept of responsible tourism development. Tourism will also encourage a greater environmental awareness and sense of cultural identity by residents when they see tourists enjoying the environmental, historical and cultural heritage. The local host community would be the sole decider of what and how much it would allow to develop and what would be the face of responsible tourism experience in the region. Thus, the local population itself shall decide the kind and extent of social upliftment in the region. Tourism development shall be the desired catalyst for this phenomenon. Sustainable Environmental Practices The environment is the basis for the natural and cultural resources for attracting tourists in the region. Environmental protection of the Valley of FlowersHemkunt Belt is therefore perceived as an essential component for long-term success of tourism in this region. The tourism development activities will also include increasing awareness towards the conservation of natural and cultural assets both among the locals and tourists. It is expected that through the cooperation and productive interaction of the tourism industry, environmental protectors and the local community, it will ensure a regulated tourism that will benefit all and achieve environmental sustainability in the region. The overall environmental quality of the area will improve as a result of sustainable tourism and preference of tourists to visit attractive, clean and nonpolluted natural places. As tourism acts as a catalyst for redevelopment of places, better land development and landscaping will also be effected. This will have a direct bearing on the health and nutrition of the local populace, especially children who are most susceptible to pollution. 11.2.3 Indirect Benefits Some of the indirect benefits accruing to the local community of the region as a result of planned tourism development are: Infrastructure Development/Services Water, Sanitation, Solid Waste Disposal, Power, Roads/Trek Path, Mule Services, Health Care, etc. Development of tourism in the region calls for development of certain essential

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infrastructure that would support the increased tourist traffic. In addition to development of new infrastructure, the improvements in the existing infrastructure, which are undertaken in order to attract tourists, are also of crucial importance. The investment in the essential infrastructure development, however, is not solely for catering to the tourists. The infrastructure is bound to be used by the local population and thus the improvements in infrastructure may confer benefits upon the local population by providing them with amenities, which hitherto, they had not enjoyed. This would also ensure improvement in the property connectivity of the region for quicker accessibility with comfort. Furthermore, the provision of infrastructure would provide the basis or serve as an encouragement for greater economic diversification. Some examples are: The region around Bhyundar valley had communities harvesting and storing grasses for use as a feed for their domestic livestock traditionally. In recent past because of increasing number of mules and ponies that are used by the tourists, the demand for grass as feed went up tremendously. Some of the regional people have started selling grass, and this has become an important activity in the valley from Aug.-Nov. where these grasses are grown in abundance. Harvesting flowers in a demonstration nursery at Ghangharia area can also be an important economic activity in the Valley area, and a cottage industry could produce souvenirs out of these as another alternative source of income. This will have to be closely regulated and harvesting flowers cannot be allowed within VOFNP. Some experts have pointed out that few experiments in the past have failed, as flora in the region is very specific to altitude and other ecological conditions. Hence care should be taken in deciding the flowering species to be grown and not exactly all of it in the Valley of Flowers.

Thus, indirectly, expenditure for infrastructure development will stimulate other economic activities thereby providing more job opportunities and facilities to the local population. Employment in Infrastructure Sector Construction industry is another very big source of employment. The basic infrastructure-any roads, upgradation of trek path, helipads, water supply and other public utilities, as also construction of hotels and other accommodation units create jobs for hundreds of workers, both unskilled and skilled. The entire important sector of basic infrastructures represents appreciable source of employment opportunities for the local population. Though most of the structures recommended enroute trek path are of temporary nature as they need to be assembled before the start of tourist season and dis-assembled once the tourist season is over, this activity requires hiring local people and mules to

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transport and deposit the same in the nearest identified EDC Stores. Operation and maintenance of infrastructure developed in the region for promoting tourism also provides an important source of employment to large number of local people over a range of skills. A large number of people are expected to be employed in the operation and maintenance of the infrastructure development of the region. Economic Upliftment Due To Income Multiplier Effect The receipts from tourism can provide a valuable source of earnings for the region. Although tourism is sensitive to the level of economic activity in the tourist generating countries; it provides more stable earnings than primary products. The income from tourism has tended to increase at a higher rate than merchandise export in a number of countries. The flow of money generated by tourist spending multiplies as it passes through various sections of the economy. This can be depicted with the help of following Exhibit 11.1. It depicts how a direct expenditure of an amount of money by a tourist leads to further expenses in the economy across various layers. This ripple effect generates income not just for the primary receiver of the money from the tourist but also for the entire chain that supplies various goods and services that go into fulfilling the needs and requirements of the tourist. This phenomenon is the income multiplier effect and growth in tourism in the region would mean a higher income multiplier and hence an improved economy of the region. In addition to being an important source of income, tourism provides a number of other economic benefits, which vary in importance from one region to another and also depending upon the nature and scale of tourism. The benefits from infrastructure investments, justified primarily for roads/pucca trek paths, helipads, water supply and other public utilities, may be widely shared by the other sectors of the economy. Government officials, students & research scholars, and local residents would, also use tourist facilities in this region such as hotels, restaurants, public transport. Tourists also contribute to tax revenue both directly through sales taxes and indirectly through property, toll, eco-development fee, profits and income taxes. Tax multipliers for tourism expenditure is also observed to be very high. These can be ploughed back for the maintenance and upgradation of trek path and public utilities. Tourism provides employment, brings infrastructure improvements and may help in regional development.
The following Exhibit 11.1 would demonstrate how tourism spending would flow in the economy. For example,

those who work a porters can also be trained to work as eco guides so as they get better remunerations from the tourists and trekkers and well as get aware of environmental protection issues and this in turn will make the porter-cumeco guide to be responsible/accountable for an environmentally aware tourist

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behaviour from tourists who they accompany. Similarly, more members of the local host community youth can be trained and inducted as ecoguides/nature interpreters. Local community members can be involved in setting up of micro-enterprises like producing cloth souvenirs like, T-shirts/trek suits/caps/carry bags, etc. with Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Sahib logos. Similarly good quality plastic rain coats with Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Sahib and EDC, Bhyundar & Govind Ghat logos can be assembled and repaired/recycled for re-use, etc. printing and publishing of trek maps (black & white), attractive & coloured brochures/ booklets/ pamphlets/ signs / posters/ picture postcards, etc. serve as painters (as most of the planned infrastructure is to be housed in painted temporary tin structures, including lot of signages, waste bins, trash pit walls, etc.), plumbers, cooks, para-medics for first aid/trauma care, eco-friendly/gas or battery based ferry vehicles & drivers and vehicle repair mechanics (at Govind Ghat, or later at Pulna if the road to Pulna and parking there is developed), etc. literate local people can serve as data collectors on visitors and service providers to facilitate monitoring for Visitor Management and Tour Operator/Service Providers. Packaging of some flowers (technology can be shared by NBRI), which could be sold to the tourists in the season as souvenirs.
Wages and Salaries and Wages Tips and gratuities Food Payroll taxes Commissions Beverages Music and entertainment Administrative and general expenses Entertainment Professional services Purchase of food and beverage supply Purchase of goods for resale Gifts and Souvenirs A Division of Tata Sons Limited Purchase of materials and CONSULTANCY SERVICES supplies

Lodging

Clothing

384
Repairs and maintenance Advertising, promotion and

Accountants Adventure Sport Lovers Appliance repairperson Architects Artisans and Craftsmen Arts and Crafts suppliers Attorneys Auto servicepersons Bankers Bank workers Carpenters Cashiers Charities Clerks
Cloth/Wool Mfrs

Personal care,

Cooks Cultural

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As mentioned in earlier chapters, micro-credit funds/loans for these small enterprises and employment activities, can be made available through the States Schemes for Tourism Development like, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Scheme. Empowerment of Women
Training and capacity building of institutions like Mahila Mandal and involvement of women in tourism activities would help in empowerment of women and general improvement in their health, education, nutrition and status in the society. It has to be noted that, in general, women in the hill regions are very hardworking, and with some training and financial help in form of micro-credit can take up active and constructive roles in development of tourism in the region and development of the region in turn. The HRD plan detailed in the following sections has recommended the training and capacity building of Mahila Mandal and involvement of women in tourism activities. These would help in women empowerment and general improvement in their health, education, nutrition and status in society.

Destination/Image Building
The tourism development of Valley of Flowers region would position Valley as one of the top destinations of the country. It would attract tourists/nature lovers from all over the world and this will improve the brand value of the destination and to be recognised as a World Heritage Site. This in turn will lead to overall improvement the socio-economic growth of the region as well. As an important contributor to the image building, it is proposed in the tourism plan that the ownership be given to the local stakeholders. Tourists will come in contact with many more people than just the hotel and transportation employees. It is therefore important that the general public feel a sense of pride in their destination, which will be translated into a friendly attitude, good customer service and a pleasant experience for both the tourist and the local resident. Logo on the rental trek suites, other souvenirs etc. will create an image of the destination. The EDC members and sweepers wearing their uniform jackets also serve the purpose.

Sense of Belonging With tourism development and availability of planned income generating activities, infrastructure and other facilities in the region, the region would become self-sufficient prompting people to stay on and take up tourism related activities and environmental conservation and this would instil a sense of belonging and accountability to the place in the people.

10.3 HRD and Training


It is universally acclaimed that individuals who care for, are accountable for and can creatively respond to substantive concerns are more likely to contribute quality inputs to any organisation. Hence the local people of Valley of FlowerHemkunt Region, if provided the requisite capacity building, will make the

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valley one of the most attractive tourist destinations. The enthusiasm was observed among the local people to contribute towards tourism development and environmental management of the area. People are undoubtedly the most important resource in tourism as it provides highly personalised service to customers. As the tourism industry is purely customer-driven, it is imperative that tourism development be integrally linked with Human Resource Development (HRD) in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region. The objectives of the HRD Plan for the region are as follows: To assess and identify possible mechanisms for strengthening the capability of local community in order to derive maximum employment and income benefits tourism Provide skills for income generating activities to local communities To provide trained and qualified persons to the tourism sector To ensure that the quality of service in tourism and allied sectors is excellent and position the region as a quality tourism destination To increase the participation of women by giving training to members of Mahila Mandal Co-ordination among all projects organisations, NGO and government organisations working in the area.

11.3.1 Current Human Resource Situation in the Region Accommodation & Food Arrangements Currently, most hotels/lodges are located in Ghangharia and a few at Govind Ghat. The GMVN TRH at Ghangharia and FRHs at Govind Ghat and Ghangharia have their own trained staff. These hotels at Ghangharia or restaurants/tea/snack stalls are owned by the villagers from local communities of Bhyundar/Pulna and are either run by them or given on rent. These establishments have no formally trained personnel at the staff or managerial levels. There is a lack of awareness about the importance of training of staff in hospitality industry. While Gurdwaras that are the largest establishments in this region provide accommodation and food on free basis, the staff is normally self/on-the job trained while working in Gurdwara and they also get assistance in turn from those who use Gurdwara and Langar facilities with the intention of reciprocating the seva. Guide/Nature Interpretation Services

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Under the aegis of the Department of Forests, initiative is taken on 3-tier training programme to train the members of EDC and other members of the local host community for nature interpretation/guide services. So that these can actively participate in nature interpretation activities either at the Department of Forests Valley of Flowers Information Centre at Ghangharia as well enroute to & at site of Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt Sahib. The 3-tier training programme breakup is as below: Basic training: 2 days Advanced Training: 7 days Professional Guide Training: 1 month

These nature interpreters/guides will then be available on hire charges of Rs. 500/- per day to accompany the visitors. Most of these are good photographers and work on a short documentary film is also undergoing involving these people and is expected to be shown to visitors next season (i.e. year 2004) onwards apart from the current nature slide show held at the Valley of Flowers Information Centre as mentioned earlier. Currently there are four EDC members that are trained for nature interpretation/guide services. Also, it should be ensured that nature interpretation centres in the area are staffed by Forest Rangers staff, EDC members / Local Community or GSHSMT Volunteers, so that there is always someone ready to answer questions of the visitors and the centre should be open throughout the day time. The number of slide show/documentary film show and its timings may be appropriately decided for enhanced coverage of visitors. Travel and Tourism Currently, there is no Travel and Tourism Management course offered to the people involved in the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region. However, a new institution Centre for Eco-tourism and Sustainable Livelihoods, Chunakhan (Ramnagar) under the aegis of Department of Forests has been established. This centre can offer programmes on Capacity building, Publication and awareness programmes, Policy research, Projects, Product development, and Process documentation. 11.3.2 Employment Opportunities in the Tourism Industry Accommodation & Food Arrangements Hotels/Lodges/Gurdwaras Accommodation is one of the main expenditure heads of tourists. On an average in India it covers about 49% of the foreign tourist expenditure and 67% of the

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domestic tourist expenditure. While at Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region, it was about 15%-35% of the foreign tourist expenditure and 20%-40% of the domestic tourist expenditure. This sector is not only important for its contribution toward tourism revenues, but also because more often than not, a tourists perception of his holiday quality is seen to be influenced by this factor. It has been estimated that this sector, along with the catering sector, accounts for more than 50 percent of the total employment generated by the tourism industry. Hotels require trained personnel for housekeeping and front office, and in the kitchen. Trained personnel can ensure customer satisfaction. Owing to the rising standard of living, customer service has become a crucial differentiating factor in the hotel industry. While most up-market hotels realise the importance of providing quality service, budget hotels/lodges hardly focus on customer service. There are 20 private hotels/lodges at Ghangharia with 651 beds capacity (17.5% share), GMVN TRH & FRH have 66 beds capacity (1.8% share) and Gurdwara has 3000 peoples capacity for free accommodation (80.7% share). While, at Govind Ghat base there are 10 private hotels/lodges with 414-bed capacity (6.5% share) and apart from one FRH, rest about 93.5% share of free accommodation facility is provided by Gurdwara (6000 persons capacity). In view of shortage of quality accommodation, customer service is the not the key guiding factor in the region. Restaurants The catering sector includes all outlets that retail eatables. Customer service is very important in this sector; therefore, trained personnel would be required here for not only ensuring the quality of food, hygiene, but service as well. While most good restaurants provide some kind of formal and on-the-job training to their employees, the smaller establishments rarely do so. In this Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region, it is the number of restaurants and tea/snack stalls that have the highest share of 80% out of total establishments at Ghangharia and enroute the trek path. However, the restaurants and eateries in the region do not maintain the quality a tourist destination should. Hence, it becomes all the more imperative that these establishments whether run by the villagers themselves or given on rent should have trained personnel or get their people trained. Travel Agents & Tour Operators Travel agents play a key role in promoting and developing tourism because they are responsible for enthusing tourists to visit a particular tourist destination. The main activities of travel agents are:

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To advise potential tourists on the relative merits and demerits of tourist destinations and provide the necessary travel information. To make the necessary travel arrangements for its customers. Such arrangements include accommodation, transport and other services. For this purpose, travel agents enter into contracts with hoteliers, transport companies and so on.

Tour operators plan, organise and retail tours. They make all the necessary arrangements for travel, such as accommodation, sightseeing and transport as part of the package. They either own or contract transport, hotel accommodation and other facilities to be able to deliver the services promised to tourists. There are many Indian tour and travel agencies that bring tourists to Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region. Some of them put up their own tent colony at Kanjila, instead of providing accommodation in the TRH/FRH/Hotels/Lodges available at Ghangharia. (Refer Annexure D for an indicative list of government departments & private tour agencies that promote/provide information on tourism to Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region). Guides Guides play an important role in making tourists trip more informative and enjoyable and at the same time can play a mentor role to orient tourists towards environmental protection and conservation issues if the destination is a fragile ecosystem. The services provided by well-trained guides help in projecting a good image of the region to domestic or international tourists. At present there are only four EDC members that are trained as guides/nature interpreters. Even the suitable porters can be trained as eco-guides as mentioned earlier to increase their remuneration as well to be an environmentally aware person, that facilitates a check on protection of environment and cleanliness enroute due to tourists they accompany. These guides should also be registered and certified by the local EDC. The visitation flow shall be restricted with guided tours, but at the same time guides should be trained to be visitor friendly while they control the visitor movement on well-defined paths & spots for panoramic view/relaxation, and during such accompaniment the guide service shall avoid a sense of control, while the tourists appreciate the point of interest. It is proposed that a 7-day training be conducted to identify good potential guides, and suitable guides may also be taken to successful eco-tourism destinations in the state/country. It is also proposed that ecologists and researchers who are experts about the region and the ecology take classes on site. Mule/ Porter/ Palki or Dandi Services

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Members from the local community can get employed in offering services like mules, porters, and palki apart from / neighbouring regions for transportation of people and goods. However, these stakeholders too should be registered & certified by the local EDC and should be provided basic environmental orientation that facilitates a check on protection of environment and cleanliness enroute due to tourists they accompany. Some these suitable porters can be trained as eco-guides as mentioned earlier. 11.3.3 Training Approach The Training aspects would mainly consist of: Training of local people especially in skill development Training of Mahila Mandal members for involvement of women Training of students by giving them formal education Short training courses floated for various stakeholders of tourism Training for researchers and environment students from outside in the region, who could contribute to EDC and get their services

Training of Local People Training of the local people has to be used as a strategic means to attract investments and retain existing investors and facilitate expansion of community based tourism in the area with due considerations to environmental management and conservation of the valley region. Training should also play an important role in increasing the productivity levels of home-based workers. This approach is summarised in Exhibit 11.2. Beginners Training: Half of the fresh entrants to workforce will be trained to satisfy tourism industry demand. These would include fresh graduates and unemployed youth. Multi-Skilling: The demands in tourism sector are quick to change in this fast paced economic atmosphere. Skills become outdated and demand for new skills crop up on a regular basis. Multi-skilling training would help employees attain necessary skills by undergoing short to medium-term training programmes and help them hone their skills.

Beginners Training

New Investment Existing Business Expansion Increased Productivity 390 New self

MultiSkilling

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Home-based Workers: A sizeable portion of population is home based workers, especially women. This gives an additional income to the household and is a very important component to sustain quality of life. This segment is suffering from lack of productivity due to prevalence of old techniques. Training will be imparted so that they can adapt to new methods and increase their productivity and take up new skills, which can generate a better return. The Table 11.1 given below indicates some of the categories in which the training can be provided. Table 11.1: Areas of Training Sr. Fresh Training No. 1. Tea/Coffee/Snack shops Beverage/Ice cream vendor Photographer/Albums /Film Rolls/Film Slides Souvenir makers/Handicraft hawker Printing & Publishing Work (Booklets/Brochures/P amphlets/ Post Card sellers) Guide / Nature Interpreter Rentals: Trek Equipment Shoes, Multi-Skilling Restaurant/Dhaba owners Snacks/ Chaat sellers Fruit & Juice Kiosks Porter-cum-Ecoguides Home-based Workers Souvenir makers/Handicraft hawker Toy Seller Tea shops Beverage/Ice cream vendor Plantation Activities

2. 3. 4.

5.

Souvenir makers/Handicraft hawker

6.

Printing & Publishing Work (Book Booklets/Brochures/Pamphl ets /Post Card sellers)

Horticulture

7.

Horticulture

Floral extracts

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Sr. Fresh Training No. Stick, Raincoat; Binoculars 8. 9. Paramedics for First Aid/Trauma Centre Hired cycles All terrain bikes

Multi-Skilling

Home-based Workers

Prasad / Offering shops Environmental Patrolling Paramedics for First Aid/Trauma Centre Printing & Publishing Work (Booklets/Brochures/P amphlets/ Post Card sellers) Paramedics for First Aid/Trauma Centre

10. 11. 12. 13.

Cobblers Mechanic/Repair shops Toy Seller Floral extracts

Mechanic/Repair shops Toy Seller Floral Extracts Mason-cum-Fitter (Temporary Structure work) Environmental Patrolling

14.

Mason-cum-Fitter (Temporary Structure work)

Training of Women for their participation in Tourism The consultants interacted with the local Mahila Mandal and found that they were keen to learn new skills and participate in income generation for their families. They reported that they can find sometime for these activities during tourists season and relatively more time during off season in winters. Therefore training needs to be given to women through train the trainer approach, wherein members of Mahila Mandals can be trained, who in turn can train other women. Example can be given of a study done by United Nations Environment and Development UK Committee (UNED-UK) brought out that the tourism industry is an important sector for women (46 % of the workforce are women) as their percentages of employment in most countries are higher than in the workforce in general (34 - 40 % are women, ILO data). In the region, during the tourist season, the men in the household are busy operating their shops, restaurants and hotels, which are essentially owned and run by the villagers itself. This leaves the women with keeping the household

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activities. However, they could get engaged in souvenir selling etc. and in the off-season in many skilled money-generating activities. In the study, it was observed that there is a need to familiarise and train members of Mahila Mandal on tourism issues that emerge in the developmental debate. To have equal participation of local women in the tourism activities of the valley region in order to bring them to the mainstream as well as to achieve growth of tourism in particular and the economy in general the following needs to be done: Identify opportunities and role of women, keeping in view their present occupation, skill sets, time spent on domestic activities and their willingness to participate in the economic activities. Increase the number of women who will be visibly involved in the tourism industry Educate and encourage women. Cite examples of sterling performance and input by a few women that are already involved in tourism Responsibility of governments to ensure that women do get involved legislation to ensure women are part of the any local NGO/ group created Training of members of womens groups, like Mahila Mandal Ways of creating self-employment for women in tourism and maximising benefits for local communities. Tourism in the Valley region is seasonal at present and the tourist season extends from June to September. It should be projected as an added advantage to women as it will enable them to accommodate their various responsibilities. There are numerous examples where women and women's groups have started income generating activities on their own. These activities help to create financial independence for local women and challenge them to develop the necessary skills and improve their education. Such cases and case studies should be a part of the training course being offered to members of Mahila Mandal. Members of Mahila Mandal should be educated about markets and potential customers. Tourists need to be provided with more information about the benefits of buying locally and using local services. Support from NGOs, the private sector, governments and inter-governmental organisations can help women to realise their full potential, benefiting not only the women themselves but also the wider community.

The training of Mahila Mandal can be designed based on the following:

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Support can take the form of specific measures such as the provision of micro-credit. The training course should introduce the concept of micro-credit to the Mahila Mandal. The need for participation of women in Tourism Planning and Management should be emphasised. Tourist behaviour is seen to be unsafe for women. These should be discussed in the training sessions. Women's organisations should see that the tourism issue is put on their agenda.

Women could be given training in the following activities (to name a few) where they could contribute:

Running small household industries for making flower/other souvenirs, handicrafts of Ringal grass, Jute bags etc. especially in the off season Assist in providing medical first aid enroute along with managing information kiosks. Assist in developing/ maintaining demonstration nursery at Ghangharia created for tourist viewing and education. Plantation activities (tree plantation, fodder grass plantation, etc.) along the areas demarcated by Department of Forests / Van Panchayat (including lands identified for plantation in lieu of diverted lands for road/parking/trek path expansion, etc.)

* Running of souvenir shops will be strictly reserved to women.

Formal Training of Students/Local Educated Youth Based on the appraisal of the current situation in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region and the level of trained personnel required, the following are the recommendations:

Travel and Tourism Course


Diploma courses in Travel and Tourism could be started at the local colleges/ vocational centres in Uttaranchal. The course content should be the same as for the programme conducted by Indian Institute of Travel and Tourism Management in association with TAAI or of Government Institutes of Hotel Management & Catering at Dehra Dun/Almora and Department of Tourism at HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar. The faculty should be professionally qualified, experienced and enthusiastic. Students can be sent for internship training to provide them with practical working experience. In addition, the following certificate courses should be introduced to take tourism to new heights in the district:

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Basics of Computers

This course will help people to learn basic computer applications. This will, in turn, help them to learn the Computerised - Reservations System/Billing Machines/Web-based Database of Valley of Flowers, etc. Financial Management

People should be taught financial management, especially the management of finance in the tourism industry. Spoken English, Hindi, and Punjabi Service Staff/Guides need to be fluent at least in spoken English, Hindi and Punjabi language to interact with customers and be able to communicate correctly the environmental orientation and conservation issues. Gurdwara Sevadars can play a key role in training locals/service staff in spoken Punjabi language, or painting signages in Gurumukhi script of Punjabi language. Travel Agents Course A new course should be developed to train local people in the travel sector. This course should cover all aspects of travel agency and tour operator business. It should include the legal and regulatory formalities of setting up this business, financing aspects, need for the highest level of customer service, the ethical standards required, tour planning and logistics. These local people can have their travel agencies at Dehra Dun, Haridwar, and Rishikesh to attract business. To enable travel agencies to attract high quality customers, employees should be trained in the use of computerised reservation systems (CRS). A travel agent must have the approval of the Department of Tourism to claim publicity and promotional benefits for tour operators handling inbound tourists. This approval is not necessary for travel agents that do not propose to service inbound traffic, although it would be helpful. As the approval adds to their credibility, travel agents should be encouraged to get an approval from the Department of Tourism and Centre of Eco-Tourism of Department of Forests.

Hotel Management Course Professional managers are required in the tourism industry. Currently, there is no institutional framework to develop such professionals and, therefore, a course in Hotel Management should be started. Existing Hotel Management Institutes at Almora can also be accessed for this purpose.

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Courses in basic areas of hotel operations such as Housekeeping, Catering, Room Service and Front Office operations should be conducted. This is with a view to enable rural youth from remote areas to have access to employment opportunities in the region. This is proposed to be a yearlong course to be provided by a private institute. The administration shall however provide scholarship for the top two students each from Uttaranchal from the merit list.
Eco-Guide/Nature Interpreter Course The training course for guides should be revamped to cover areas such as the history of Valley of Flowers, ability to recognise easily and facts about prominent species, myths and legends about various places, and aspects of hospitality. This training should be conducted in at least in Hindi, English and couple more Foreign languages so that the guides can handle domestic as well as international tourists. Even suitable porters can be trained as ecoguides. There should be some regulatory authority to certify and regulate the profession like EDC or Department of Forests. There should be some basic eligibility criteria that a person has to meet to become a guide, such as HSC or a relevant certificate course. The course content for this one-two months training shall be professionally designed starting with basics, advanced, and professional levels of knowledge base by the Office of the DFO, Joshimath / Centre of EcoTourism and Sustainable Livelihoods of Department of Forests at Chunakhan (Ramnagar). A pilot level programme may be run and refined, as the training programmes progress.

Entrepreneurship Development Programme A new trained entrepreneurial class is required to develop tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region, which in turn will lead to economic growth, dispersal

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of economic activities, development of backward areas, creation of employment opportunities, improvement in the standard of living and involvement of all sections of society in the process of growth. In this regard, an Entrepreneur Development Programme (EDP) can play a big role in the identification and promotion of entrepreneurs in this sector. EDP is a programme designed to help people strengthen their entrepreneurial abilities and acquire skills and capabilities necessary to be effective entrepreneurs with due respect to environmental sensitivity of the region. EDP can help in tapping skills and channellising them for the growth of tourism in particular. This programme will mainly develop first-generation entrepreneurs, that is the local youth, who would otherwise have found it difficult to do so on there own in a proper manner. Trained entrepreneurs shall be assisted by financial assistance through State Schemes like Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Scheme, or Bank Loans / Micro-finance schemes.

Training to Other Stakeholders Other than formal education and training, information should be disseminated to various stakeholders - Government bodies, other stakeholders in tourism industry through short training programmes. Recommendations to these are as follows: Multi-Stakeholders Local governments, employers, trade unions and community groups should jointly create community based institutions and services to help people to cope with the double burden of family and household work as well as work outside the home to generate income Supporting women to become self-employed through tourism-related activities should be linked with micro-credit programmes. Loans to women's initiatives should be included as a means of creating opportunities for the industry to buy & source locally, thus maximising the benefits for local communities. The courses offered should give an insight into the micro credit lending mechanism. Training courses should cover the collaborations of industry, local NGOs and local government to develop simple strategies to improve access to markets through providing information about customers and successful strategies of marketing products. The tourism industry, local government, NGOs and the independent tourism initiatives should collaborate closely to create awareness raising programmes

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in order to make tourists aware of the benefits of buying local products, such as handicrafts, food, clothes etc., and using local services, such as local guides/nature interpreters. Improving access to education and improving the standard of education in destination area should be an important long-term strategy. This is an area where partnerships between the industry, NGOs and government departments can play an important role. Education and training should focus on marketing, financial management, literacy and foreign languages and be a high priority when supporting income generating activities. Training should also be provided to promote activities that are indirectly linked to tourism, such as printing, service business, and folk-arts. Inter-governmental bodies, national/state governments and NGOs should support networking projects to improve awareness and ability of stakeholders to participate effectively, including using electronic media. Training/capacity building of the small committee assigned by Department of Forests & Department of Tourism to monitor, audit, and report the activities of eco-tourism and their performance & best practices by individuals or local establishments, and for recognising those who contribute the best in eco-tourism activities.

Local Governments and Tourism Boards The training should cover the awareness and knowledge about the following: Governments, through the curricula in their educational institutions, should encourage girls and boys to move into non-traditional occupations. Tourism Boards have a key role to play in facilitating wider access to markets and monitoring the quality of infrastructure and services, and revocation of the licences of those who do not comply with defined standards Governments, employers and workers should take decisions about training in close consultation with each other as the best results from enhancing the education and skill levels of the workforce are achieved through concerted efforts. Governments should engage in educating tourists about women's rights and how to properly respect them in an inter-cultural context.

Tourism Industry The members of industry should be made aware about the following through workshops: Employers should set targets for the percentage of women in key management positions.

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To overcome disadvantages for gaining entry into the workforce because of low levels of education in the short term, entry for the local population can be improved by lowering standards for entry and then providing on the job training to compensate for this.

NGOs NGOs play a very vital role and need to be given thorough training sessions covering the following areas: NGOs should build up their capacity as facilitators and trainers of participatory processes, tourism planning and as social entrepreneurs within the tourist industry. Training of NGOs should cover how effectively they can participate in sharing with all stakeholders experience and knowledge about successful strategies, obstacles and how to overcome them. NGOs should support community based tourism initiatives to form associations and collectively assess the markets; provide legal assistance; advice on community based resource management programmes; gender awareness training; assistance with administrative arrangements; scientific assistance in feasibility studies using participatory and action research methods; improve the links between groups. They need to be trained along these lines.

Thus, training of local people, stakeholders of tourism and students of the region would help in improving the socio-economic condition of the area. A step towards achieving the same is called for. The Salient Features of all such training programmes would include: Training be skill based rather than syllabus based Matching demand to Training Mix of long term and short term courses Emphasis on quality of skill acquisition Increased involvement of women/women participation Improved training techniques Increasing involvement of Private sector and NGOs.

Initial provision of funds for this plan period (of 4-years) for such activities and other research/documentation, etc. has been budgeted in the master plan report (refer Annexure-C under VoF section).

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12. VISITOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM


This chapter discusses various aspects of the Visitor Management Systems planned for Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Belt to attract tourists and also enhance the visitation experience of the tourist.

10.4 Components of Visitor Management System


For the tourism promotion and development of Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region it is essential that, the efforts of enhancing the value of the tourism assets by through facility development, be supplemented by providing welldocumented and structured information about the region to the visitors. Also, the plan should involve enhancement of local community in tourism activities by increasing their direct participation and training them in hospitality and guide /nature interpretation functions as discussed in Chapter 10 & 11. The primary components of Visitor Management System (VMS) comprise of plans for Promotion & Media Planning (Promotion), Interpretation / Guide Services & Staff Training (Hospitality), and Tourism Data Analysis and Information system for Tourists (Marketing). Detailed study has been carried out in the entire spectrum of VMS functions to develop an effective plan to address the need for tourism awareness, visitor orientation, site interpretation, information system requirements and finally the type of human resource development required for effective tourism development in the region. A diagrammatic representation of planned computerised VMS components is depicted in Exhibit 12.1. The Visitor Management System proposed for the Valley of Flowers Hemkunt Sahib covers the following: Tourism Data Analysis - Marketing This study analyses consultant observations on tourists in terms of their origin, demography, preferences, expectations and profile. Also, based on the market study, strategies have been developed for improving the visitor inflow and enhance tourist experience. Provision of Tourism Information - Promotion This tourism information is divided into two categories: The first category deals with the requirement of information for generating media publicity, which would result in increasing the right kind of tourist inflow. This media is eventually used to provide information to tourists right from their decision making to actual visitation.

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The second category is a method of efficient and up to date information dissemination with the help of a computerised system for the benefit of potential as well as touring visitors. Exhibit 12.1: Positions and Composition of Visitor Management System Tourism Assets Conservation
Promotion

Development and Awareness Creation

Tourism Facility Development

VMS Developed

Marketing

Tourism Analysis Hospitality

Data

Media & Publicity Information Planning This covers all tourism media such Audio-visual Staff Training Tourism Info as Publishing Materials, Materials, Interactive Provision Materials, Signage, etc. to be provided at various places like transport nodal points, hotels, in-flight, en route, on sites etc. These are to be distributed to potential target segments/ markets. Department of Tourism, Government of India and Government of Uttaranchal, Tourist Development Board as well as private sector enterprises engaged in tourism and hospitality functions will handle the operation and management of this category.

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Computerised System Study This section has the objective to provide the latest, accurate and supportive information through web-enabled system, which can be created separately by the DoT/VOFNP authorities. The tourists should be able to know the latest offers, site/visiting season data, rail/ road/ air, location of visitors amenities available, environmental conservation orientation & activities for visitors & other local stakeholders undertaken in the region. In addition, the computerised system should also provide facility for Tourism Data Analysis and cover the computerisation systems for tourism management in the region. The activities can be managed by the EDC trained staff under the guidance of local NIC who had been operating a limited tourism information system through district web site. Staff Training - Hospitality This section covers, the Guide Service improvement and training the personnel engaged in the tourism industry in general. The training plan would also include proposing special programmes for personnel employed in hospitality related functions in the tourist complexes. The HRD and training plan are discussed in Chapter 11. The operation and management of this category will be handled by Department of Forests (Facilities at Office of the DFO, Joshimath/Centre for Centre for Ecotourism and Sustainable Livelihoods, Chunakhan, Ramnagar) and Department of Tourism, Government of Uttaranchal, for the guide/nature interpretation service improvement and for staff training of the personnel employed in tourist complexes in co-operation with public and private education institutions.

10.5 Market Analysis


International-Domestic Mix The mix of international and domestic tourist markets to the region today is approximately 2%: 98% in 2003. 12.2.1 International Tourism International tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region is low as depicted below. A general decline in the trend is observed for those visiting Valley of Flowers till 2000 decade, which had started to grow in 2001, but due to global political scenario it dipped again till the subsequent season. With relative stability in global political scenario since mid 2003 nature loving foreign visitors to Valley of Flowers have come in increased numbers and the figure has reached an all time high in the latest season as shown in the Exhibit 12.2.

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Exhibit 12.2: Trend of Growth of Foreign Tourists in Valley of FlowersHemkunt Foreign Tourists in the Region
1000 800 600 400 200 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Valley of Flowers Ghangharia Base Hemkunt Sahib Govind Ghat Base

(Source: Tourism Bureau, Gopeshwar & Joshimath/DFO, Joshimath/Conservator, Eco12.2.2 Domestic Tourism tourism, Dehradun/Forest Range Check-post, Valley of Flower) Domestic Tourism in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region N.B. Data unavailable for Ghangharia base for years 1996-2000. The growth pattern of visitation of domestic tourists over past one decade in the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region and their stay growth patterns at Ghangharia and Govind Ghat are presented in Table 12.1 and Exhibit 12.3. Table 12.1: Growth of Domestic Tourist Visitation in Valley of FlowersHemkunt Year & Annual Growth %age 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Valley of Flowers 2033 NA 1345 -33.8 1052 -21.8 934 -11.2 1094 17.1 Hemkunt Sahib 12500 NA 10200 -18.4 15222 49.2 16231 6.6 72157 344.6 Ghangharia Base 14550 NA 12300 -15.5 13590 10.5 NA -100.0 NA NA Govind Ghat Base 49000 NA 48814 -0.4 50005 2.4 50454 0.9 225600 347.1

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Year & Annual Growth %age 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
2003

Valley of Flowers 340 -68.9 503 47.9 804 59.8 1959 143.7 3250 65.9 5316 63.6

Hemkunt Sahib 101378 40.5 109246 7.8 327550 199.8 210980 -35.6 340578 61.4 388108 14.0

Ghangharia Base NA NA NA NA NA NA 95482 NA 179301 87.8 279462 55.9

Govind Ghat Base 108372 -52.0 109923 1.4 180890 64.6 62763 -65.3 86091 37.2 164566 91.2

Exhibit 12.3: Domestic Tourism Growth in Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt


Inflow of Domestic Tourists in the Region
500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Valley of Flowers
Ghangharia Base

Hemkunt Sahib
Govind Ghat Base

Th e above given graph reveals that the tourism growth has been substantial Ecoin (Source: Tourism Bureau, Gopeshwar & Joshimath/DFO, Joshimath/Conservator, th e region, and from the above table the following observations can be tourism, Dehradun/Forest Rangegiven Check-post, Valley of Flower) N Data in feB rre d: unavailable for Ghangharia base for years 1996-2000
Percentage of domestic tourists visiting Valley of Flowers and Hemkunt Sahib shrine has steadily grown, but the percentage of those to Valley of Flowers as a component of Hemkunt visitors (which is assumed to be visited by most of the visitors to this region) has almost gone down drastically from

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16% in 1993 to a little over 1%. This is because the tourist inflow to Hemkunt has increased multifolds. Stay at Ghangharia base settlement is gradually coming down and while at Govind Ghat Base it has gradually gone up indicating that more people are making 1-day trips to Hemkunt and back which would also indicate skipping the visit to Valley of Flowers, and overall leading to more period of stay at Govind Ghat (which is at least 1 night at Govind Ghat on return for those who start on the same day from Govind Ghat and return the same evening from Hemkunt to Govind Ghat). Thus it becomes imperative to develop a strategy and take certain measures, like that time to trek is reduced, trek is made more comfortable, a Germplasm bank/ Demonstration nursery with species from Valley of Flowers can be created to ensure that the visitors those who have limited time have access to both the destinations on the same day. The majority of domestic tourists to the region are visiting Hemkunt Sahib shrine on pilgrimage.

Major Tourist Generating Regions for Valley of Flowers- Hemkunt Sahib Data is not available on State-wise source markets to the region. However, local inquiries and discussions have revealed that majority of the domestic arrivals are Sikh pilgrims from Punjab, Haryana, UP and Delhi, and few from other states. Factors Impacting Tourist Satisfaction In a survey of domestic and foreign tourists in the region, following factors were identified which were of concern to tourists. Both foreign and domestic tourists were dissatisfied with the availability/quality of trek path side amenities shops/toilets, nonavailability of rest/rain shelters, absence of aesthetic signboards, the quality of trek path, etc. For domestic tourists, other prominent factors were restricted destination choices and concern for physical safety and security, as well as dissatisfaction with limited guide services. For foreign tourists, important factors were concern for physical safety and security and, to a lesser extent, lack of satisfactory accommodation and quality food. Foreign tourists were also dissatisfied with the hygiene along the path and at Ghangharia, no arrangement for room heating due to cold weather, nonavailability of clean water supply, and lack of other variety of recreational facilities.

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10.6 Marketing and Promotion Strategy for Valley of Flowers Hemkunt Region
12.3.1 Strategic Planning There is a need for Strategic Planning, which should begin with the setting of goals, leading to the evaluation of alternative courses of action to achieve those goals, and then developing plans to achieve the ends sought. It is recommended that an iterative process be adopted in reviewing this Marketing Strategy, particularly considering the paucity of available information and data at present. 12.3.2 A Statement of Marketing Objectives The Basic objectives of marketing strategy will be: To increase the level of awareness about the region and its eco-tourism attractions (Valley of Flowers is nominated for World Heritage Site) in the international and domestic marketplace. To promote aiming at quality tourists only Establish effective visitor management To increase repeat visitation to the region.

12.3.3 Recommendations and Guidelines for Promotion Advertising Strategy No large scale advertising is planned for the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt region as the region has limited capacity and the objective is not to bring in more no of tourists. The objective of advertising is to create more awareness among key segments about the significance of the region, the facilities and services available and the expectations from tourists. The main advertising strategy is promotion through web, in addition to this, the effort domestically shall be as follows: The awareness effort shall concentrate on markets in UP, Uttaranchal, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Gujarat and Maharashtra. All advertising should be in the local language. In order to ensure that the advertising message is clearly understood, the advertising should be pretested.

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The advertising effort shall bear in mind the limited tourism period of the region and hence the advertising period should correspond in which people make vacation decisions, say from May to September. Consistency, frequency and longevity in the advertising message are necessary, so that the message is continually reinforced in the minds of potential tourists. The overall effectiveness of the campaigns must be evaluated to determine if communications goals have been accomplished. Response driven advertising should be considered for print media Outdoor advertising by the way of hoardings and roadside signs is required in the entire region carrying details of attractions and events in the region, which will encourage visitors to visit places they may not have planned to visit. The message necessarily must be brief and directional. This should form part of signage. More exposure is required through photo boards displayed in: Accommodation facilities of nearest tourism centres like, Badrinath, Joshimath, Auli, Pipalkoti, Gopeshwar, Nandprayag, Karnaprayag, Gwaldam, Gauchar, Rudraprayag, and other centres in Kedarnath Dham region, etc. All Tourist Rest Houses and Bureau of the Department of Tourism (GMVN/KMVN) in Uttaranchal state as well as in some TRHs in neighboring states like UP, Himanchal Pradesh and major metros. All Forest Rest Houses/Offices in the Uttaranchal state Railway Reservation Counters of major metros, Department of Tourism Counters at Railway Stations of major metros including near by railheads like Dehradun, Haridwar, Rishikesh, Kotdwar, Ramnagar, Kathgodam, Haldwani, Lalkuan, Tanakpur. Compartments of Luxury Trains, and narrow gauge Heritage Hill Trains in India Lounges and Department of Tourism counters at all major Airports, as well nearby airports of UP, Himanchal Pradesh, and in Uttaranchal, like Jolly Grant/Dehradun, Pantanagar, Naini Saini/Pithoragarh, Gauchar, Chinialisaud, etc., and Air India/Domestic Airline Terminals at overseas airports. India Pavilion at venues of World Tourism Mart etc. More exposure is required through proper good quality brochures at various above locations including the Forest Rangers Check-post at Valley of Flowers Gate, various nearby Gurdwara of Sri Hemkunt Sahib Management Trust,

Indicative List of Steps that can be taken for Publicity

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Char Dham Temple Complex, and all Hotels/Lodges/Holiday Homes in Uttaranchal state. The Friends of Valley of Flowers Group programme can keep a computerised database of all those who visit Valley of Flowers after a compulsory Nature Interpretation Program. Later on a regular basis it can update them on newer happenings in the valley, better bloom, newer species of flora and fauna if sighted, favourable climate, pictures of beautiful landscape with different flowers as per specie specific bloom periods, conservation issues, contributors to conservation, facts on monthly & total visitors to valley, state-wise and nation-wise breakup of visitor profile, etc. throughout the bloom season every year on Valley of Flowers own website. Websites of GMVN, State and National Departments of Tourism, NIC site of Chamoli District, and various Private Tour and Travel Operators should provide updated and accurate information on the Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Region destination. Promotion through articles in print media like, travel & tourism related supplements of various newspapers and magazines, in-flight magazines, travel & tourism magazine in luxury trains like Palace of Wheels/Orient Express, and advertisements from Department of Tourism & Department of Forest (through Authorities of VOFNP/NDBR or Eco-tourism Cell), etc. Promotion through short documentaries which can be shown on: Television Channels (which broadcast programmes like nature based, travel based, adventure sports based, pilgrimage based, and other general news and entertainment channels) Video presentation during in-flight, in-luxury trains like Palace of Wheels/Orient Express, and in airport lounges

Public Relations (PR) The public relations strategy should be proactive in using the media as a vehicle for promoting tourism to Valley of Flowers - Hemkunt region. The following are recommended: The Consultants recommend that an active program of public relations and awareness creation activities be immediately commenced. The target should be the local community, which is going to gain the maximum benefit from the tourism development and whose commitment to extending hospitality to visitors will play a major role in determining visitor satisfaction. DoT should network with media releases in the international press, particularly in key source markets such as USA and Western Europe, as well as in promoting familiarisation trips and visits by travel writers. A slide and photo library should be developed and regularly updated. In order to create and maintain visibility amongst the travel trade, participation at travel trade shows is recommended.

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Local population should be given a chance to participate in various activities of PR as they will have a greater knowledge of the place and a passion to improve revenue generation from tourism.

Human Resource Development An important component of the total visitor experience is the quality and level of services provided by all deliverers of that experience, that is, everyone who is involved in one or another aspect of the tourism industry and is responsible for 'welcoming a visitor and sending back a friend'. The importance of trained and skilled human resources for delivering the desired tourism experience to visitors has been outlined in Chapter 11. Quality of Visitor Experience As discussed in the previous chapters, effort is made to improve the quality of visitors experience through management and development measures. It is very important to communicate this to the potential tourists. Overcrowding and Overuse Overcrowding and overuse should be discouraged in order to maintain the beauty and attraction of the valley.

10.7 Proposed Visitor Management System


The markets today, are moving towards integration, breaking all barriers of space and time, courtesy the technological advances made in various fields. Tourism, as an industry, is not untouched by these technological advances either. In fact, these advances present an opportunity to take tourism to new heights. A visitor management system can go a long way in effective tourism management in any region. It is proposed to develop a web enabled Visitor Management System (VMS) for Valley of Flowers - Hemkunt Belt. This can be developed separately or can be integrated with the Uttaranchal tourism portal. The main objectives of this web enabled VMS would be to make available a database of all information pertaining to Valley of Flowers, Hemkunt Sahib and the nearby tourist attractions; database of tour operators and transportation facilities, data base of accommodation and other tourist infrastructure (services and facilities) to the interested/potential tourists

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and information seekers. In addition to this, data base of tourists would also be captured. The VMS would also be a helpful tool to monitor the visitor management by systematic collection of data. Over the longer run, the system could take the shape of a portal through which tourists can book the lodges/ hotels as well as prebook their entry to the Valley. In case, in future, Uttaranchal state goes in for regulating religious tourism through a policy, and recommends limiting the number of tourists to Hemkunt Sahib, the portal could be used for reserving entry from Govind Ghat. The VMS will facilitate tourists visiting the region in a variety of ways as indicated in the following Exhibit 12.4. Some of the key components of the proposed VMS are discussed in the following sections.

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Tour Operators Database

Hotels and Restaurants Database

VMS KMVN Department of Tourism

Facilities and Amenities Database

Tourist Attractions Database

Visitor Management System

Visitor Management System


Tourists Database

General

General

General General Public

General

Exhibit 12.4: Schematic Diagram of a Visitor Management System Database of Tourist Attractions One of the most important components of the VMS would be an exhaustive database of tourist attractions in the region. This would cover details like: Background history of Hemkunt and Valley of Flowers

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Pictures and maps of the attraction

Facilities available for the tourists like tourist rest houses, hotels, restaurants, lodges, shopping complexes, toilets, health centres, etc. List of Dos and Donts Brief on Local Sensitivities Other relevant information.

Database of Tour Operators and Modes of Transport Another important piece of information that a tourist looks for before embarking on a trip is about how to arrange the trip and how to move around in the region upon reaching there. Normally, people rely on tour operators for taking care of such hassles. It is thus imperative that an effective VMS must have a database of tour operators operating within and outside the region. It must also give contact details of such operators along with their tour itineraries, if any. The VMS should provide information on travel by air, rail, road and on how to reach various places in the region through these means. It must also give exhaustive details of modes of local conveyance in the region including trek paths. This could include details about rental charges, ticket prices, local distances, booking/hiring facilities, types of conveyance, etc. Database of Hotels, Lodges and Restaurants Hotels, lodges and restaurants form an integral part of any tourism related initiative. The VMS must invariably have exhaustive data of various hotels/lodges and restaurants in the circuit, category of hotels, lodges and restaurants, details of boarding-lodging facilities like rent, type of facility offered, details of cuisine offered, details of services offered like laundry, heater etc. Database of Services and Facilities This database should contain details on various services and facilities available in the region. These may not be associated directly with tourism, but knowledge about them usually helps a potential traveller decide in favour or against visiting a place. This could include information on services and facilities like: Telecom facilities Medical facilities Power, drinking water and sanitation facilities Safety aspects and Police services Guide/Nature Interpreter hiring facilities

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Equipment hiring facilities for various tourism activities for trekking gear, camping equipments, rain proof clothing, etc. Porters, mule operators and palki/dandi services Database of Tourist Opinion and Feedback

Database of Tourists In addition to the data on number of tourists visiting the places, as captured at present, the VMS must also capture data on the following aspects of tourists: Psychographic details like age group, income group, travelling patterns (in groups or alone), spending patterns, eco-awareness, etc. Choice of destinations Preferred mode of travel Preferred accommodation types Vacation frequency, duration, time of year, etc. Other relevant information. This information about a tourist can serve an important purpose of establishing a rapport with tourist and would thus help in building on the relationship. The tourist in this case might be an individual or a group of individuals like a club, institution, corporate body, etc. This database should be developed to capture the opinion and feedback of tourists. An easy and practicable method of collecting the tourists feedback is through small, user-friendly questionnaire cards. These could be placed in each room of every hotel/ lodge and the hotel management should endeavour to get this filled by the tourists. There should be a facility of filling these questionnaires directly on the Internet as well. All these can then be brought to a central location like District Tourist Office or the Friends of Valley of Flowers Programme set-up with EDC/Department of Forests, from where the aggregated information from these questionnaires can be updated in the VMS. Monitoring for Visitor Management Monitoring of visitor management can be done by systematic collection of data about visitors. A standard approach towards monitoring needs to be

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established. This should take into account facility provision, strategic planning, visitor satisfaction, generation of local employment and income. The socio-economic and cultural impact of tourism also needs to be monitored. For this there is a need to develop comprehensive visitor-monitoring software programme involving computer professionals. For field data collection literate local people including women could be employed. The monitoring programme should encompass, monitoring the environmental, social, cultural and economic impacts of visitors in the park. Tour operators/Service providers compliance to rules and standards also needs to be monitored. 12.4.1 Features of VMS For effectively serving the purpose, the VMS should have features like: Central Repository of Data and Information All the various databases described earlier must be linked to a central system, the VMS. This system could be placed at a central location where all the data and information can be collated and various meaningful analyses could be done. These could be about most frequented tourist places, most wanted facilities, most frequent travellers, etc. Such analyses can form the basis of further developmental initiatives, could provide inputs to marketing strategy formulation, etc. Web-enabled Most of the components of the VMS that require interaction with tourists should be web-enabled, that is, these should be accessible via the Internet. Most tourists would like to have a virtual tour on the Internet, of the intended place of visit prior to the actual visit itself. Most people also like to get back home from the tour and then provide a sincere feedback about the location at their own free time. Friends of Valley of Flowers Group website would be an interesting way for eco-tourists to get information on this region/interact. 12.4.2 Working of a Sustainable VMS Application of VSM would involve an integration of: Information System for Visitors (ISV) Resource Management System (RMS)

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Tourism Management Information System (TMIS)

These can be diagrammatically presented as in Exhibit 12.5 below: Information System for Visitors (ISV) This system will be designed to provide interactive assistance to potential visitors calling in at the Tourist Information Centres of the district and forest department. The system will be also made available to the hospitality service vendors like Hotels, Lodges, Restaurants, Travel agents, Booking offices, etc. The information would largely comprise of: Information on Hemkunt and Valley of Flowers. Information on leisure, shopping and local specialities Attractions and Events Accommodation details and Tariffs Route map and distances Time table of Railway, Bus, Airways Availability of mules, palkis, time for trekking etc Guide and Visitor Facilities Emergency assistance reckoner Reservations for Accommodation, Transport, Guide, Other Services etc Events and Festivals Special and Emergency announcements Tariffs and Discounts Tourist profile data collection Region write up Tour planning information Route planning Confirmed/Provisional Reservation Accommodation Air, Train, Bus, Taxi, Mules etc Guide and reception

ISV Transactional Input - data processing function

ISV Outputs - On-line output function

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Sight seeing schedule Interactive Travel Counselling Statistics of Tourist profile Hotels, Lodges, Restaurants, Travel agents Booking offices Information/visitor management facilities

IS V

RMS

VSM

TMIS Resource Management System (RMS) This system will be installed at various information/visitor management facilities for in-house management and allocation of resources to ensure Department of Tourism optimum level of service to tourists. The system will consist of integrated package for inventory control, resource allocation, billing, and financial Exhibit 12.5: Working ofsystem ISV, RMS TMIS in a Visitor Management System accounting activities. The will and comprise of the following components built around the commercially available software packages: Room allocation and Billing Transport/mule/palki allocation and billing

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Financial accounting Personnel management Resource quantity/ capacity and details Resource availability Suppliers address & rating Tariffs and charges RMS Transaction Inputs Customer details Record of services booked/provided Utilisation details Receipt of resources Financial Receipt/Payment RMS Outputs Reservation & billing Daily Resource Allocation Financial Accounting Resource procurement planner Capacity details

RMS Base Inputs

Tourism Management Information System (TMIS) This information system will help Department of Tourism/Department of Forests to forecast future requirements and develop a strategic plan for tourism development in the state. The system will provide past statistics of visitations and utilisation of available resources. From these statistics, the system will generate different trends, tourist preferences, utilisation ratios and matrix for future allocation. The system will also integrate media efforts and promotion events with resulting visitations. Most of the inputs to the system will be received from the other two systems. TMIS Inputs Annual Budget preparation for the region under Capital and Revenue Heads Planned projects and progress Training Facilities

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Hospitality Standards & Certification norms Registration of Hospitality Services Alteration and Additions to Plans Tourism Media resources TMIS Transactional Inputs Revenue and expenditure Expenditure bills Survey reports Visitors Statistics, Tourist survey and trend analysis TMIS Output Economic Impact Model Time series analysis of capacity requirement and utilisation

Automation Approach The system configuration envisages automation of most of the information retrieval functions required for tourist support activities. The specific approach for Data Collection, Software Development and Implementation is as follows. 12.4.3 Maintenance & Training As per the prevailing trend of adaptation of information technology in the service sector organisations, the existing staff should be suitably trained to carry out the day-to-day house keeping, data collection and update, and operating functions. This would entail bringing about IT culture in the organisation, which can only be achieved by extensive training of staff at all levels. Though the training schedule for each category of staff would depend upon the actual system developed, however indicative training schedule/contents could be as follows for different roles. Manager Course duration 3 weeks including 1 week hands on computer training. Course contents will cover introduction to Hardware and Software, concept of MIS and DSS, Data integrity and security, Data input and output channels, Maintenance of hardware and software, Communication channels and tariffs, Database management and house keeping function overview. Supervisor Course duration of 6 weeks including 2 weeks practical training on the system. Course contents will cover hardware, software, database and housekeeping

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functions, Data integrity and security, LAN and WAN fundamentals, Data and LAN administrator functions in details, Extensive familiarisation with the system. Operator Course duration of 4 weeks including 2 weeks of practical training on the system Course will cover introduction to hardware, software and communication technology being used in the system. Overview of input, output, database and query functions, Extensive view of information data fields, their updating and formulation of queries, Front office terminal function, local fault analysis, generation of reports for customers. 12.4.4 Sustainable Visitor Management System Organisational change and management development - Several management organisations will have to enhance their IT capabilities to support management planning and the monitoring of programmes, expenditures and visitors at the corporate and site management scales. People' orientation Quality assurance Regulatory requirements Funding requirements For a sustainable and successful implementation of Visitor Management System the flow chart of activities should be as follows in Exhibit 12.6. The approach outlined above is the result of wide-ranging research, field survey stakeholder consultation and analysis. However, it will remain theoretical until an appropriate programme of pilot testing is undertaken. Such piloting is the only way in which all aspects of the methodology can be tested in a range of practical circumstances. The proposed VMS could form the basis of a sustainability-based approach central to the objectives of the future management of the region.

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Vision Statement

Baseline data and site assessment

Objectives and Standards

Monitoring and Evaluation

Implementation

Programs and Prescriptions

Action Plan

Exhibit 12.6: Working of Sustainable Visitor Management System

ANNEXURE - A References
The consultants had met/held extensive interactions over the two weeks of field visit and stay in the study area with the officials of various government departments, local eco-development committee, members of local host community, and other stakeholders for getting their views, inputs and opinions for preparing this master plan. This interaction was either in person or over telephone. An indicative list of some of these individuals/ agencies is presented below:

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Mr. J. Dash, ex-Joint Director General (MR), Department of Tourism, Govt. of India, New Delhi Mr. D. D. Mathur, Deputy Director (MR), Department of Tourism, Govt. of India, New Delhi Dr. R. S. Tolia, Chief Secretary, Government of Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun Mr. M. Ramchandran, Additional Chief Secretary, Government of Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun Mr. I. K. Pandey, Principal Secretary, Department of Finance, Government of Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun Mr. N. N. Prasad, Secretary, Department of Tourism, Govt. of Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun Mr. A. K. Ghosh, Additional Secretary, Department of Tourism, Govt. of Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun Mr. Yatendra Kumar, ex-Additional Secretary, Department of Tourism, Govt. of Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun Mr. Gambhir Singh, Additional Secretary, Department of Environment & Forests, Govt. of Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun Mr. B. S. Burfal, Principal Conservator Forests, Department of Environment & Forests, Govt. of Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun Mr. S. Chandola, Chief Wild Life Warden, Department of Environment & Forests, Govt. of Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun Mr. A. S. Negi, Advisor Wildlife, Government of Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun Mr. Rajiv Bhartari, Conservator Ecotourism, Department of Environment & Forests, Govt. of Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun Mr. Samir Sinha, Director & Conservator of Forests, Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Department of Environment & Forests, Gopeshwar Ms. Jyotsna Sitling, ex-Director & Conservator of Forests, Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Department of Environment & Forests, Gopeshwar Mr. A. K. Banerjee, Divisional Forest Officer, Nanda Devi National Park, Department of Environment & Forests, Joshimath Mr. V. K. Pathak, Managing Director, Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam Limited (GMVN), Dehra Dun Mr. Utpal Kumar Singh, ex-Managing Director, Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam Limited (GMVN), Dehra Dun

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Mr. A. K. Dwivedi, Joint Director, Tourism Development Board, Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun Mr. D. L. Shah, Chief Manager-Tourism, GMVN, Dehra Dun Mr. O. P. Vashishtha, Chief Manager (HQ), GMVN, Dehra Dun Mr. Madan Singh, District Magistrate, Chamoli The General Manager (Support Services), Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited, New Delhi Tourist Reservation and Statistics Section, GMVN, Dehra Dun Mr. Binoy Thomas, Associate, U-DEC, Dehra Dun Office of the Revenue Inspector, Department of Revenue, Joshimath Tehsil, Joshimath Office of the Executive Engineer, Provincial Division, PWD, Gopeshwar Office of the Executive Engineer, Jal Nigam, Gopeshwar Office of the Pariyojana Adhikari, UREDA, Gopeshwar Office of the Executive Engineer, Jal Sansthan, Chamoli Tourist Officer, Office of the Tourism Bureau, Gopeshwar and Joshimath Mr. Kunwar Singh Kunwar, Forest Range Officer, Ghangharia and Staff Office of the Patwari, Department of Revenue, Pandukeshwar Group Meeting and individual discussions with Local Host Community Members of Bhyundar/Pulna village: EDC representatives like Mr. Bharat Singh Chauhan, Mr. Raghuvir Singh Chauhan, Mr. Rajneesh Singh Chauhan; Mr. Babloo Singh Chauhan, Trade Association Representatives, Mr. Satish Singh Chauhan, Doctor, Telecommunications Officer, etc. Other EDC Members/Staff: Mr. Shivraj Singh Chauhan, Vice Chairman, EDC, Bhyundar, Check-post members, and Cleaning Staff of EDC, Bhyundar Mrs. Shahshikala Singh Chauhan, Chairman, Mahila Mandal, Pulna Mr. Vijayendra Singh Chauhan, Sarpanch, Van Panchayat, Bhyundar Mr. Bhuwan Singh Chauhan, Member, Zila Panchayat, Bhyundar Mr. Nanda Singh Chauhan, Septuagenarian member of Bhyundar/Pulna who had interacted with Frank Smythe and Ms. Legge in late 1930s Mr. Rajinder Singh, Administrator, Gurdwara, Govind Ghat Mr. Manjeet Singh, Manager, Gurdwara, Govind Dham /Ghangharia

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Mr. Sohan Singh, Manager, Gurdwara, Hemkunt Sahib Tourists of various nationalities apart from Indians like, Britain, Canada, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Scotland, Singapore, South Africa, Spain Tour Operators

List of Experts/Scholars interacted (at Dehra Dun & Lucknow) Prof. A. R. Nautiyal, Director, High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre, H. N. B. Garhwal University, P.O. Box 14, Srinagar (Garhwal) 246174, Uttaranchal, India Dr. C. P. Kala, Wildlife Institute of India, P.O. Box 18, Chandrabani, Dehra Dun - 248 001, India Dr. H. M. Behl, Deputy Director & Area Coordinator Biomass Biology, Environmental Sciences & Bioinformatics, National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknow - 226001, UP, India Dr. B. P. Nautiyal, H. N. B. Garhwal University, P.O. Box 14, Srinagar (Garhwal) 246174, Uttaranchal, India Dr. Sumit Manjkhola, G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal - 263643, Almora, Uttaranchal, India Mr. Jatin Srivastava, Project Fellow, NBRI, Lucknow - 226001, UP, India Mr. Harish Chandra, Junior Research Fellow (CSIR), NBRI, Lucknow 226001, UP, India Mr. D. N. Mishra, Chief Conservator of Forests (Retd.), UP, Lucknow, India (He was posted in the Valley of Flowers, Garhwal region in 1959-61.)

Relevant Acts & Literature Referred and Cited The Landscape Management Plan of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) for 2003-04 to 2012-13; Department of Environment & Forests, Uttaranchal, India. Forest Policy 2001, Government of Uttaranchal Tourism Policy 2001, Government of Uttaranchal Eco-tourism Planning, Development and Management in Uttaranchal; Department of Forests & Environment, Government of Uttaranchal, August 2003 The Indian Forest Act, 1927 along with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980: Consolidated Guidelines for Diversion of Forest Land under the Forest

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(Conservation) Act, 1980 and National Forest Policy, 1988; Natraj Publishers, Dehra Dun; 2002 The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972; Wild Life Trust of India, New Delhi; Natraj Publishers, Dehra Dun; 2003 Joint Forest Management UP Forest Project: Directional Guidelines, 1996; Centre for Development Studies, UP Administrative Academy, Nainital Sustainable Tourism Development: Guide for Local Planners; A Tourism and the Environment Publication; World Tourism Organisation, 1993. Reading Material on Ecology & Resource Development, Institute of Town Planners, India. Technical Papers of 52nd National Town & Country Planners Congress on Development of Hill Capitals, Shimla; Institute of Town Planners, India, 2003. Tourism Congestion Management at Natural & Cultural Sites A Guidebook, World Tourism Organisation Business Council, 2004, ISBN 92-844-0763-X. WHO/IUCN/WWF, Guidelines on Conservation of Medicinal Plants, IUCN Gland, Switzerland, 1993.

Literature referred on Web Kunwar, Mohinder Singh (2002); Building A Model Plan for Biodiversity Conservation and Socio-Economic Development of the People in the Buffer Zone of the Valley of Flowers National Park based on Sustainable EcoTourism (1997), Himalayan Action Research Centre, Dehra Dun published in ENVIS Bulletin: Himalayan Ecology and Development, 10(2), 2002; pp 39-40 Kala, C P, Ph.D (1998); Ecology & Conservation of Alpine Meadows in the Valley of Flowers National Park Singh, T and Kaur, J (1980); The Valley of Flowers in Garhwal: An Ecological Preview Monga, Sunjoy; Wildlife Reserves of India, published by India Book House, Mumbai Michaud, Heather (1998); Walking in the Footsteps of the Guru: Sikhs and Seekers in the Indian Himalayas - A Masters Research Project, Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary; GoI Funded Research through the India Studies Programme of the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute; www.sikhnet.com/hemkuntsahib Tangri, Neil (2003); Waste Incineration A Dying Technology; GAIA, July 2003; www.no-burn.org

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Incineration of Pet Packaging Articles and of Municipal Solid Waste containing PET (2001); Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe, Brussels Plastics: Recycling and Marking Codes; Recommended by British Plastics Federation (BPF) and the Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME) Economic Evaluation of PVC Waste Management A Greenpeace Brief on the Report; Published by the European Commission, Brussels; 2000 The Influence of PVC on the Quantity and Hazardousness of Flue Gas Residues from Incineration - A Greenpeace Brief on the Report; Published by the European Commission, Brussels; 2000 Plastics Waste Management; Eco-Echoes, ICPE newsletter Polystyrene Products and Recycling; Polystyrene Packaging Council (PSPC); www.polystyrene.org Eco-Recycle Victoria & Plastics and Chemical Industries Association (PACIA), Australia SPI Plastic Container Coding System; The Environment and Plastics Industry Council (EPIC), CPIA, Canada The Plastic Identification Code; Plastics New Zealand; www.plastics.org.nz Guideline on Plastic Coding System for Resin Identification; Environmental Protection Department, Government of Hong Kong Felix, Charles W. et al (1990); Utensil Sanitation: A Microbiological study of Disposables & Reusables; Journal of Environmental Health; Vol. 53, No. 2, pp.13-15, Sep.-Oct. 1990 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA, EXTRAORDINARY, PART II -- Section 3 -- Subsection (ii), MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS, NOTIFICATION, New Delhi, the 2nd Sep., 1999 Information on Plastic Materials; Design inSite; www.designinsite.dk Density of Plastics; www.services.juniata.edu Polystyrene Disposal; www.ejnet.org/plastics/polystyrene/health.html Mountains of the World: Mountains, Energy and Transport; The UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) and its 2001 Spring Session; Prepared by Mountain Agenda, Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), Institute of Geography, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, CH3012, Berne, Switzerland

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Kornilova, Natalija & Rasin, Yuri (2002); Results and prospects of development of ecological tourism in Crimea, by the example of the Yalta mountain-wood natural reserve and other objects of natural-reserved fund of Ukraine - A Case Study; Tourism in Mountain Areas and the Convention on Biological Diversity: International Workshop for CEE Countries, 1st-5th Oct. 2002, Sucha Beskizdka, Babia Gora National Park, Poland; Organised by Ecological Tourism in Europe, Bonn/Germany and Academy of Sciences, Institute of Tourism, Krakow/Poland; Supported by German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Comprehensive Transportation Management Plan for Parkland in Southwestern Marin, California Passenger Ropeway Technical Review, Technical Memorandum # 6; August 2003 HIMALAYAS ONLINE; Monthly internet newsletter for the mountaineers and environmentalists from The Himalayan Environment Trust, New Delhi; Vol.1 No.6: July 2002; www.himalayanenvironment.org www.himadventures.com www.stikage.com/map_valleyofflowers.htm www.indiantravelportal.com www.outlooktraveller.com www.datamatics.com

Literature referred on Other Journals, Reports, Books, etc. Agarwal, P.K. and Dadlani, M. 1995. Techniques in Seed Science and Technology (second ed.) South Asian Publishers Ltd., India. Airi S., Rawal, R.S. Shar, U. and Purohit, A.N., Curr. Sci., 2000, 79, 1467-1471. Airi, S., Rawal, R.S., Dhar, U. and Purohit, A.N., ibid, 1997, 110, 29-34. And J. Kaur. The Valley of Flowers in Garhwal Himalaya : An Ecological preview, in T.V. Singhs Himalayan Ecology and Development Strategies pp. 117-122. New Delhi. 1980. Anderson, L. and Milberg, P. 1998. Variation in seed dormancy among mother plants, populations and years of seed collection, Seed Science Research, 8, 29-38. Annonymous. 1883-1970. Index Kewensis Plantarum Phanerogamarum. Vol. 1-2 (1883-1885) and 15 suppl. (1886-1970). Clarendron Press, Oxford. Anon, Action plan for Himalaya, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kost Katarmal, Almora, 1992.

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Anonymous, 1985. The wealth of India Raw materials Vol. 1 A, CSIR, New Delhi. Arumugam, N. and Bhojwani, S.S., Can. J. Bot., 1990, 68, 487-491. Badola, R. 1998. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve: A study on socio-economic aspects for the sustainable development of dependent population. Final Report. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun. Bahuguna, r., Purohit, M.C., Rawat, M.S.M. and Purohit, A.N.J. Plant Biol., 2000, 27, 179-183. Bankoti, N.S.; Rawal, R.S.; Samant, S.S. and Pangtey, Y.P.S. 1992. Forest Vegetation of Inner Hill Ranges in Kumaun, Central Himalaya. Tropical Ecology, 33 (1) : 41-53. Baskin, C.C. and Baskin, J.M. 1998. Seeds: ecology, biogeography and evolution of dormancy and germination, Academic Press. San Diego, California. Bewley, J.D. and Black, M. 1982. Physiology and Biochemistry of seeds 2 viability Dormancy and Environmental control, Sprigler Verlag, Berlin. Bhadhwar, R.L. and Sharma, B.K. 1963. A not on the germination of Podophyllum seeds. Indian Forester, 89, 445-447. Bhadula, S.K., Singh, A., Lata, H., Kuniyal, C.P. and Purohit, A.N. Plant Genet. Res. Newsl., 1996, 10626-29. Bhandari, B.S.; Mehta, J.P.; Nautiyal, B.P. and Tiwari, S.C. 1997. Structure of a Chir Pine ( Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) Community Along an altitudinal Gradient in Garhwal Himalay. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Science, 23 : 67-74. Bhattacharya, A. and Chauhan, M. S. (1997); Vegetational and Climatic Changes during recent pasta around Tipra Bank Glacier, Garhwal Himalaya; Current Science, Vol. 72, No. 6, 25 March 1997, pp 408-412; Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 226007, India. Bhattacharyya A. Palacogeogr, Palacoclimatol, Palcacoccol., 1989, 73, 25-38. Bhattacharyya A. Pollen Spores, 1988, 30, 417 427. Bhattacharyya, U.C. 1964. Circaeaster agrestis Maxim. (Circaeasteraceae) A new record for North Garhwal Himalayas. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 297-298. Bhattee, S.S. and Beniwal, B.S., Indian For., 1988, 114, 251-260. Bhojwani, S.S. and Arumuganm, N., Advances in Developmental Biology and Biotechnology of Higher Plants (eds Soh et al.), The Korean Society of Plant Tissue Culture, Korea, 1993, pp. 110-127.

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Biswas, K., Common Medicinal Plants of Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalaya, Ms Bengal Government Press West Bengal, 1956. Cavieres, L.A. and Arroyo, M.T.K. 2000. Seed germination of response to cold stratification period and thermal regime in Phacelia secunda (Hydrophyllaceae). Plant Ecology. 148, 1-8. Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K. 1968. A revised survey of the forest types of India. Government of India Publications. New Delhi. Chaudhary, D.K., Kaul, B.L. and Khan, S 1996. Braking seed dormancy of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle ex Camb (Syn. P. emodi Wall. Ex Honigberger). Jornal of Non Timber Forest Products, 3, 10-12. Chauhan, M.S. and Sharma C., Geol Sarr, India spl. Publi., 1996, 21, 257-269. Chauhan, N.S., in Natural Resources and Development in Himalaya (ed. Verma, L.R.), Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi, 2000, pp. 319-370. Cottam, G. and Curtis, J.T. 1956. The use of distance measure in phytosociological sampling. Ecology, 37: 451-60. Curtis, J.T. and KcIntosh, R.P. 1950. The Interrelation of Certain Analytic and Synthetic Phytosociological Characters. Ecology, 31: 434-455. Das S., Yadav D., Narang R. and Das N., 2002. Interrelationship between lipid peroxidation, ascorbic acid and superoxide dismutase in coronary artery disease, Current Science, Vol. 83 No. 4. Deevey E.S. Am.J. Sci., 1937, 33, 44-56. Dhar U., Manjkhola S., Joshi M. Bisht A.K. and Joshi M. 2002- Current Status and future strategy for development of medicinal plants sector in Uttaranchal, India, Current Science Vol. 83 No. 8. Dhar, U. & Samant, S.S. 1993. Endemic plant diversity in Indian Himalaya. IRanunculaceae and Paeoniaceae. Journal of Biogeography 20: 659-668. Dhar, U. Samant, S.S. Rawal, R.S. & Sharma, S. 1997a. Studies on biota and resource use pattern of the natives of Askot Wildlife Sanctuary of Kumaun Himalaya, India. Tiger Paper 24(4): 12-18. Dhar, U., Manjkhola, S., Joshi, M., Bhatt, A., Bisht A.K. and Joshi M. 2002, Current status and future strategy for development of medicinal plants sector in Uttaranchal, India, Current Science Vol. 83 No. 8. Dhar, U., Rawal, R.S. & Samant, S.S. 1997b. Structural diversity and representativeness of forest vegetation in a protected area of Kumaun Himalaya, India. Implications for conservatin. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 1045-1062.

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Ghildyal, B.N. 1957. A botanical trip to the Valley of Flowrs. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 54: 365-386. Dhar, U., Rawal, R.S. and Upreti, J., Biol. Conserv., 2000, 95, 57-65. Dhawan, B.N., Himalayan Biodiversity Action Plan (ed. Dhar, U.) Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital, 1997, pp. 111-114 Duthie, J.F. 1906. Catalogue of the plants of Kumaon and of the adjacent portions of Garhwal & Tibet based on the collections of Strachey & Winterbottom during the year 1846-49, London. Duthie, J.F. Catalogue of the plants of Kumaon and of the adjacent portions of Garhwal & Tibet based on the collections of Strachey & winterbottom during the year 1846-49. London 1906. Eidtman, G. An Introduction to Pollen Analysis, Walthem. 1943. F. D. Pineda, C. A. Brebbia & M. Mugica (Editors); Sustainable Tourism, 2004, WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISBN 1-85312-724-8. Farooque, N. and Saxena, K.G., Environ. Conserv., 1996, 23, 75-80. Frankel, O.H., Brown, A.H.D. and Burdon, J.J., The Conservation of Plant Biodiversity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, p. 299. Frankland, B. and Wareing, P.F. 1962. Changes in endogenous gibberllins in relation to chilling of dormant seeds Nature, 194, 313-314. Franz, C., Plant Res. Dev., 1993,37, 101-111. Gaur, R.D., Semwal, J.K. and Tewari, J.K., Bull. Med. Ethno Bot. Res., 1984, 4, 102-116. Ghildayal, B.N. A botanical trip to the Valley of Flowers. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 54. 365-386. 1956. Ghosh, B. and Sen, S., J. Herbs, Spices Med. Plants, 1996, 4, 9-17. Giri, A., Ahuja, P.S. and Kumar, P.V.A., Plant Cell Tissue Org. Cult., 1993, 32, 213-218. Glowka, L., A Guide to Designing Legal Frameworks to Determine Access to Genetic Resources, the World Conservation Union, IUCN, gland, Switzerland, 1997. Gopinath, C.Y. 1980. The Valley of Flowers: Readers Digest (May issue): 100108. Grewal, S., Indian J.Exp. Biol., 1996, 34, 356-358.

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Gulati, A., Bharel, S., Jain, S.K., Abdin, M.Z. and Srivastawa, P.S., J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol., 1996, 5, 31-35. Gupta, A., Vats, S. K. and Lal, B., Curr. Sci., 1998, 74, 555-556 Gupta, R.K. 1981. Boreal and arctic alpine element in the flora of Western Himalaya. Vegetatio, 24 (1-3) : 159-175. Hajra, P.K. & Balodi, B. 1995. Plant wealth of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. Botanical Survey of India. Calcutta. Hajra, P.K. 1983. A contribution to the Botany of Nanda Devi National Park Botanical Survey of India, Howrah. Halliwel, B., The propagation of Alpine Plants and Dwarf Bulbs, Pasten Press, London, 1992, p. 79. Handa, S.S. 2000. Medicinal plants Priority in Indian medicines diverse studies and implications, RRL, Jammu (Paper of the month, Internet search). Harborne, J.B. and Baxter, H. 1996. Dictionary of Plant Toxins. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Harborne, J.B. and Baxter, H., Dictionary of Plant Toxins, John Wiley, New York, 1996. Haridasan, K.,J.N.E Council 1996, 16, 20-24. Hartmann, H.T. and Kester, D.E. 1989. Plant propagation: principles and practices pp. 727, Printice Hall, New Delhi. Hedge, S.N., Arunachal for. News, 1988, 6, 27-29. Hendry, G.A. and Grime, J.P. 1993. Methods in comparative plant Ecology. Chapman and Hall, London. J. Kaur, 1980. The valley of Flowers in Garhwal Himalaya: An Ecological Preview, in T.V. Singhs, Himalayan Ecology and Development Strategies, pp. 117-122, New Delhi. Jackson, D.E. and Dewick, P.M., Phytochemistry, 1984, 23, 1037-1042. Jain S.K., Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany, Deep Publications, New Delhi, 1991. Jain, S.K. and Sastry, A.R.K., The Indian Plant Red Data Book, Department of Environment, Botanical Survey of India, Government of India, 1984 vol. 1. Jain. A., MFP News, 1996, 6, 12.

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Joshi, G.C., Tewari, K.C., Tewari, R.N., Pandey, N.K. and Pandey, G., Himalayan Biodiversity Conservation Strategies (ed. Dhar, U.) Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital, 1993, pp. 279-291. Joshi, H.C., Arya, S.C. & Samant, S.S. 1999. Diversity, distribution and indigenous uses of medicinal and edible plants in a part of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve I. Himalayan Biosphere Reserves 1 (1&2): 49-65. Joshi, N.K. and Tiwari, S.C. 1990. Phytosociological Analysis of Woody Vegetation along an Altitudinal Gradation in Garhwal Himalaya. Indian Journal of Forestry, 13(4) : 322-328. Kala, C. P. (1999); The Valleys of Flowers A Botanical Paradise; Plant Talk 19, October 1999, pp 26-28. Kala, C. P. (2002); Paradise Under Fire; Down to Earth, 15 June 2002, pp 46-48. Kala, C. P. and Farooquee, N. A. (2003); Traditional Wisdom, Equity and Community Participation Making the Commercialisation of Grasses in Bhyundar Valley, Uttaranchal Himalaya a Success; Journal of Human Ecology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp 159-163. Kala C.P. 2002. The tussle over the valley has lost sight of the fundamentals of conservation. Life and Nature. Kala, C. P., Rawat G. S., Uniyal V. K. (1998); Ecology and Conservation of Valley of Flowers National Park, Garhwal Himalaya; Wildlife Institute of India, RR-98/003. Kala, C.P. 1998a. Ecology and Conservation of Alpine Meadows in the Valley of Flowers National Park, Garhwal Himalaya. Ph.D Thesis. Forest Research Institute (Deemed University), Dehra Dun 180pp. Kala, C.P. 1998b. Ethnobotanical survey and propagation of rare medicinal herbs in the buffer zone of the Valley of Flowers National Park, Garhwal Himalaya, Report submitted to International Center for Integrated Mountain Development, Nepal, 35pp. Kala, C. P. and Uniyal, V. K. (1999); Structure of Forest Vegetation along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Valley of Flowers National Park and its vicinity, Western Himalaya; Annals of Forestry An International Journal of Forest Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 1, June 1999, pp 60-69. Kala, C.P., Uniyal, V.K. and Rawat, G.S. 1995. An interim Report on the Montane Grassland Project, Valley of Flowers National Park. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, 56pp.

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Kalkoti, B.S.; Pangtey, Y.P.S. and Saxena, A.K. 1986. Quantitative analysis of High Altitude Vegetation of Kumaun Himalaya. Journal Indian Botanical Society, 65 : 384-396. Kashiwada, Y. et al., J. Nat. Prod., 1995, 58, 392-400 Kaur, J. 1977. The Valley of Flowers. A exploration survey of the Bhyundar Valley along the Alakananda for Recreation Resources, planning of High Altitude Flora. Tourism Recreation Research: Lucknow Vol. 2 No. 2, 1977. Khan, M.L.; Menon, S., and Bawa, K.S. 1997. Effectiveness of the protected area network in biodiversity conservation: A case study of Meghalaya state. Biodiversity and Conservation, 6: 853-868. Kirtikar, K.R. and Basu, B.D., Indian Medicinal Plants, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 1984, vol. 3, p.697. Krishnamurthy, T., Kanra, G.V., Sharma, B.K. and Bhatia, K., Indian For., 1965, 91 Kuniyal J.C. and Jain A.P. 1999. Public Involvement in Environmental Assessment of Solid waste Management in UP Himalayan Tourists Treks, India- Environmental & Waste Management, 2 (4). Kuniyal J.C. and Jain A.P. 2000-2001. Tourists Involvement in Solid Waste Management in Himalayan Trails: A Case Study in and Around Valley of Flowers, India, Environmental Systems, Vol. 28(2) 107-131. Lange, D., Med. Plant Conserv. Newslett., 1997, 3, 16-17 Magurran, A.E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Croom Helm Limited, London, 179pp. Mani, M.S. 1974a. Fundamentals of High Altitude Biology. Oxford and IBH Publication. Mani, M.S. 1974b. Ecology and Biogeography in India. Hague W.Junk B.V. Publ. Manjkhola S. and Dhar, U. 2002. Conservation and utilisation of Arnebia benthamii (Wall. Ex G. Don) Johnston, a high value Himalayan medicinal plant. Current Science, Vol. 83, No. 4, pp.484-488. Manjkhola S., Dhar U. and Rawal R.S., 2002. Treatments to improve seed germination of Arnebia benthamii: an endangered medicinal herb altitude Himalaya, Seed Sci. & Technol., 31, 571-577. Mathur, J. and Ahuja, P.S., Plant Cell Rep., 1991, 9, 523-526. Mathur, J., Ann. Bot., 1992,70, 419-422.

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Mathur, J., Plant Sci., 1992, 81, 111-115. Mehta, J.K. and Haridasan, K., Arunachal for, News, 1992, 10, 56-58. Nair, V.M.G., Recent Advances in Medicinal Aromatic and Spice Crops (ed Raychaudhari, S.P.), Today and Tomorrow Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, 1991, vol. I, pp. 39-51. Naithani, B.D. 1984, 1985. Flora of Chamoli district Vol. I&II. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah. Naithani, H.B., Negi, J.D.S., Thapliyal, R.C. & Pokhriyal, T.C. 1992. Valley of Flowers needs for conservation or preservation. Indian Forester 118: 371-378. Nandlal and Ahuja, P.S., Plant Cell Tissue Org. Cult., 1993, 34, 223-226. Nautiyal, A.R. Nautiyal, M.C. and Purohit, A.N. (eds), Harvesting Herbs2000, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 1997. Nautiyal, B.P., Pandey, N. and Bhatt, A.B. 1997. Analysis of Vegetation Pattern in an Alpine Zone in Northwest Himalaya: A case Study of Garhwal Himalaya with Reference to Diversity and Distribution Patterns. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 23 : 67-74. Nautiyal, M.C. and Purohit, A.N. Curr. Sci., 2000, 78, 1062-1063. Nautiyal, M.C., Rawat, A.S., Bhadula, S.K. and Purohit, A.N., Seed Res., 1987, 15, 206-209. Nayar, M.P. & Sastry, A.R.K. 1987, 1988, 1990. Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Vol. I-III. Botanical Survey of India. Calcutta. Osmaston, A.E. 1927. A Forest Flora for Kumaon, Allahabad. Pandey, H.C., Arunachal For. News, 1988, 6, 72-82. Pandey, S. & Well, M.P. 1997. Eco-development planning for Indias Great Himalayan National Park for biodiversity conservation and participatory rural development. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 1277-1292. Prakash C. and Uniyal V.K., 1999. Structure of Forest Vegetation Along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Valley of Flowers National Park and its Vicinity, Western Himalaya, Ann. For 7 (1): 60-69. Prakash, V., Himalayan Medicinal Plants Potential and Prospect (eds Samant, S.S., Dhar, U and Palni, L.M.S.), Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital, 2002. Prasad, P., Plant Genet. Res. Newslett., 2000, 124, 1-8. Puri, G.S., Gupta, R.K.; Meher-Homji, V.M. and Puri, S. 1989. Forest Ecology: Plant-form Diversity, Communities and Succession. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi : 582pp.

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Quan, J.F. 1993. Vegetation and Animal Abundance Along an Altitudinal Gradient in Western Himalaya. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, 70pp. Raina, R., Johri, A.K. and Srivastava, L., J. Seed Res., 1996, 22, 62-63. Ramakrishnan, P.S., Down to Earth, August 2000. Rao T.A., 1961. Some plant Records-IV, lbid. 3: 29-30. Rastogi, R.P. and Mehrotra, B.N., Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, CDRI Lucknow and Publ & Information Directorate Lucknow, 1991, vol. I, p. 497 Rau M.A. Flowering plants and Ferns of North Garhwal, Uttar Pradesh, India. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 215-261. 1961. Rau, M.A. 1961. Flora of the Nanda Devi Sanctuary. Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India 3: 215-251. Rau, M.A. 1961. Flowering plants and Ferns of North Garhwal, Uttar Pradesh, India, Bull. Bot. Surv. India, 3: 215-261. Rawal, R.S. & Pangtey, Y.P.S. 1994. High altitude forests with special reference to timber line in Kumaun, central Himalaya. In High Altitudes of the Himalaya (eds. Y.P.S. Pangey & R.S. Rawal). Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainitial. Pp. 353-399. Rawal, R.S. and Dhar, U. 1997. Sensitivity of Timberline Flora in Kumaun Himalaya, India: Conservation Implications. Arctic and Alpine Research, 29 (1): 112-121. Rawat, G.S. 2000. Ecology and Conservation of the Valley of Flowers NationalPark, Garhwal Himalaya. Summary of the research project. Biosphere Reserve 2 (1&2) : 76-77. Rawat, G.S. and Pangtey, Y.P.S. 1987. Floristic Structure of Snowline Vegetation in Central Himalaya, India. Arctic and Alpine Research, 19: 195201. Rawat, G.S., & Uniyal, V.K. 1993. Pastoralism and plant conservation. The Valley of Flowers dilemma. Environmental Conservation 20: 164-167. Rawat, Y.C. 1982. Plant biomass, net primary production and nutrient cycling in oak forests. Eco. Res. Circ. Report. Rodgers, W.A. & Panwar, H.S. 1988. Planning a Wildlife Protected Area Network in India. Vol I. The Report, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun. Rundel, W.P. and Writer, M.S., Tropical Alpine Environments Plant form and Function (eds Rundel, W.P., Smith, A.P. and Meinzer, F.C.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994, pp 295-306.

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Samant S.S., Rawal., R.S. & Dhar, U. 1995. Epiphytic orchids of Askot Wildlife Sanctuary in Kumaon Himalaya, India: Conservation Imperatives. Environmental Conservation 22: 71-74. Samant, S.S. 1993. Diversity and status of plants in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. In scientific and Ecological Expedition to Nanda Devi. Report, Army Head Quarters, New Delhi. pp. 54-85. Samant, S.S., Dhar, U. & Palni, L.M.S. 1998a: Medicinal Plants of Indian Himalaya: Diversity Distribution Potential Values. Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital. Samant, S.S., Dhar, U. & Rawal R.S. 1996a: Natural resource use by some natives within Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve in West Himalaya. Ethnobotany 8: 40-50. Samant, S.S., Dhar, U. & Rawal, R.S. 1996b. Conservation of rare and endangered plants: The context of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. In Conservation and Management of Biological Resources in Himalaya (eds. P.S. Ramakrishnan, A.N. Purohit, K.G. Saxena, K.S. Rao & R.K. Maikhuri). Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, Calcutta. Pp. 521-545. Samant, S.S., Dhar, U. & Rawal, R.S. 1998b. Biodiversity status of a protected area of west Himalaya I. Askot Wildlife Sanctuary. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 5: 194-203. Samant, S.S., Joshi, H.C. & Arya, S.C. 2000. Diversity nativity and endemism of vascular plants in Pindari area of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve-II. Himalayan Biosphere Reserves Vol. 2(1&2): 1-29. Samant S. S., Joshi H. C., Pant S., and Arya S. C. (2001); Diversity, nativity and endemism of Vascular plants in Valley of Flowers, National Park (VOFNP), West Himalaya; Himalayan Biosphere Reserves Vol. 3 (1&2), pp 1-17; G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal 263643, Almora, Uttaranchal, India. Sastry, A.R.K. and Chatterjee, S., Setting Biodiversity Conservation Priorities for India (eds Singh, s. et al.), WWF-India, 2000, vol. II, pp 467-473 Schweinfurth, U. 1957. Die Horizuntale Und Vertikle Verbreitung der Vegetation Himalaya. Bonner Geogr. Abh., 20: 1-372. Shah, Giri Raj, 1983. Wanderings in the Valley of Flowers, New Delhi. Shah, N.C., Keynote address at the International Workshop on Prospects of Medicinal Plants, 4-9 November 1996.

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Sharma J.R., Mudgal, V. And Hajra, P.K., Floristic Diversity and Conservation Strategies in India (eds Mudgal, V. and Hajra, P.K.) Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, 1997, p.5 Sharma, C. and Chauhan, M.S. Pollen Spares, 1988, 30, 395-408. Sharma, M.M. 1985. The Valley of Flowers, New Delhi. Singh, D.K. and Hajara, P.K. Changing Perspectives of Biodiversity Status in the Himalaya (eds Gujral, G.S. and Sharma, V.), British Council Division, New Delhi, 1996, pp 23-28. Singh, J.S and Singh, S.P. 1992. Forests of Himalaya, Structure, Functioning and Impact of Man. Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital, 294pp. Singh, J.S. and Singh, S.P. 1987. Forest Vegetation of the Himalaya. Bot. Rev., 53 : 80-192. Singh, T.V. 1978. The Valley of Flowers: A case for a Biosphere Reserve. Journ. Himal. Studies, Srinagar. Smythe, F.S. The Valley of Flowers, London. 1938. Srivastava, A., Shukla, Y.N. and Sushil, K., J. Med. Aromat. Plant Sci., 1999, 21, 1131-1138. Stuiver, M. and Pearson, G.W. Radiocanbon, 1986, 28, 805-838. Tandon, V., Med. Plant Conserv. Newsl., 1996, 2, 12-13 Troup, J.K. and Purohit, A.N., Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 1980, 89, 61-65. Troup, R.S. 1921. The Silviculture of Indian Trees. Vol. I. Controller of Publication, Delhi : 307. Utkarsh, G., Gadgil, M. and Rao, P.R.S., Curr. Sci., 1999, 77,1418-1425. Ved, D.K. and Tandon, V., CAMP Report for High Altitude Medicinal Plants of Jammu-Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, FRLHT, Bangalore, 1988. Wadhwa, B. M., Rao, R. R., and Hajra, P. K. (1987); Botany of the Valley of Flowers National Park and its Environs; Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India, Dehra Dun, Vol. 29, Nos. 1-4, pp 126-175. Wadia, D.N. 1931. The syntaxis of the North West Himalaya, its rocks, tectonics and orogeny. Journal of Geological & Mining Society of India 65: 189-200. Wadia, D.N. 1964. Himalayan mountains, their age, origin and subcrustal relation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., India, 30 A (6) : 843-63. Wadia, D.N. 1978. Geology of India. Tata McGraw Hill, Delhi, 508pp.

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ANNEXURE - B
TYPICAL MESSAGE FOR LARGE SIGNBOARDS
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ENGLISH
AIR IS OUR GURU, WATER IS OUR FATHER, AND THE GREAT EARTH IS OUR MOTHER. - GURU NANAK, SHLOK, JAPJI SAHIB

This natural beauty was created by God and blessed by the Guru. Please do not pollute the air, water, and earth.
Request

During your yatra to Sri Hemkunt Sahib we humbly request your seva: 1. Kindly do not throw any garbage out of the bus windows, onto the footpath, or into the forests and streams.
2. As your personal seva, collect one bag of toffee wrappers, plastic bags, and other garbage from along the yatra route, and put it in a dustbin.

3. As your jatha's seva, transport bags of collected garbage on each bus and car from Govind Ghat to the city for recycling. 4. Tell your relatives, friends, and travelling companions about the importance of keeping God's creation and the Guru's place clean. Thank you for your seva.

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TYPICAL MESSAGES FOR SMALL SIGNBOARDS ALONG PATH


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HINDI

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ENGLISH TOFFEE WRAPPERS, FROOTI BOXES PLASTIC BAGS, AND BUSCUIT PACKETS DO NOT THROW THEM ON THE GROUND THERE ARE DUSTBINS ALL AROUND! GOD BEFORE ME GOD BEHIND ME GOD BENEATH ME GOD BESIDE ME KNOW THAT GOD IS EVERYWHERE AND WITH ALL GOD'S CREATION TAKE CARE GOD ADORNS THIS PLACE WITH GREEN GURU WANTS YOU TO KEEP IT CLEAN EVERY TREE AND STONE ALONG THE WAY SAYS KEEP YOUR GARBAGE IN YOUR BAG WHILE WALKING IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE GURU KEEPING THE SACRED PATH CLEAN IS UP TO YOU ENJOY THIS BEAUTY DON'T MAKE IT DIRTY DIRTY IS UGLY CLEAN IS LOVELY STOP IT! DON'T DROP IT! PUT THE WRAPPER IN YOUR POCKET WHEN YOU SEE A DUSTBIN THROW THE WRAPPER IN! THE WATER IS BLUE THE FOREST IS GREEN DO SOME SEVA TO KEEP THEM CLEAN ON THIS PATH THE GURU WALKED IF HE SAW THIS MESS HE WOULD BE SHOCKED SO PICK UP THE RUBBISH YOU HAVE DROPPED BEFORE YOU TAKE YOUR CLEANSING BATH SEE TO THE CLEANLINESS OF THIS PATH GOD AND GURU IN THEIR GRACE

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BROUGHT YOU TO THIS SACRED PLACE TO MAKE IT DIRTY IS A DISGRACE

Do not damage the plants and trees God is present even in these
Do not Among the Throw it into a dustbin please throw flowers and garbage leaves

DO NOT POLLUTE THE FOREST AND STREAM KEEP ALL OF GOD'S CREATION CLEAN HEM GANGA IS A SACRED STREAM ITS WATER IS PURE SO KEEP IT CLEAN WHEN YOU COME TO THESE SACRED LANDS DO SOME SERVICE WITH YOUR HANDS WHEN YOU SEE A RUBBISH BIN KINDLY THROW THE RUBBISH IN!

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GURDWARA ANNOUNCEMENT
Beloved Sadh Sangat of the Guru, Waheguru ji ka Khalsa, Waheguru ji ki Fateh, The Guru has blessed you to come to this sacred place: Tapo Asthan Sri Hemkunt Sahib, where the tenth Guru meditated and became One with God. Please take this message along with you on your yatra: the Guru is not just INSIDE the Gurdwara. The Guru is everywhere. As Guru Nanak wrote in Japji Sahib, "Air is our Guru, Water is our Father, and the Great Earth is our Mother." The beautiful air, water, and earth that surround Sri Hemkunt Sahib were created by God and blessed by the Guru. To disrespect them by polluting them is equal to disrespecting the Creator Himself. We humbly request that you keep God's natural creation clean. Remember, when you go to Sri Hemkunt Sahib, you are walking where the Guru walked: on the same soil, surrounded by the same mountains and water and natural beauty. Think of the whole yatra route to Sri Hemkunt Sahib as the Guru's place, as a Gurdwara. As you would at any Gurdwara, please do some seva for the Guru. That seva means not throwing any garbage out of bus windows, onto the footpath, or into the forests and streams along the yatra route. That seva means not polluting the holy water of the Hemkunt Sarovar, the Hem Ganga Stream, or the Alaknanda River. As part of the YVDC earlier and present EDC works, dustbins have been installed all along the yatra route. We humbly request that every time you see a toffee wrapper, plastic bag, or any other garbage on the ground, you pick it up and carry it to a dustbin. Please collect one bag of garbage as your seva toward keeping Sri Hemkunt Sahib clean, beautiful, and sacred. Then, when you return to Govind Ghat, load one or more bags of garbage onto every bus and car in your jatha, and transport it back to the city for recycling. Our final request to you is that you tell everyone among your friends, family, and travelling companions about this important seva to keep Sri Hemkunt Sahib clean. Thank you, and may you receive the blessings of the Guru.

ANNEXURE - C
PROPOSALS ENROUTE TREK PATH FROM GOVIND GHAT TO GHANGHARIA
Sr. No. A. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ

Signages

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Sr. No. 1 Development Components Unit Quantity 4.68 Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 0.36

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Phase of Dvpt. I Implmt. Agency DoF/ PWD

B. 1

Standardised Signage Board at each km point to indicate the distance from Govind Ghat-Ghangharia (13 boards) on both sides of the board Standard Signage Board before Pulna to indicate the name of Bhyundar Ganga river and location of Cremation Ghat Standard Signage Board at Bhyundar Ganga bridge at 10 km point to indicate the name of river Standardised Signage Board before Ghangharia at Kanjila to indicate the location of Helipad Standardised Signage Board at Valley of Flowers - Hemkunt Sahib Junction after Ghangharia settlement to indicate the trek path bifurcation Standard Warning/Information Signage Board for Waterfalls/Landslide/ Avalanche prone areas upto Ghangharia (10 boards) /Cluster A Amenity (3 boards)/ Brief View Information at Vista Points (2 Boards) Standard Eco-Awareness Message Signages along the trek route a) Punjabi (1 Board x17 types of messages with 2 text rows) b) Hindi (1 Board x14 types of messages with 2 text rows) c) English (1 Board each for10 types of messages with 2 text rows, 3 types of messages with 3 text rows, and 4 types of messages with 4 text rows) Small nature interpretation signages along the rare trees and flora on the way upto Ghangharia (assuming 125 boards each of 0.45 m x 0.3 m size made up of MS angle/sheets) painted as per the current pattern followed by DoF Land & Site Development Construction of one-side 1.15 m high x 12500 m long MS railing along one side of the trek path from Govind Ghat to Ghangharia (excluding the portion of Ghangharia settlement) as per the exisiting design and painted in dark green Earthwork in cutting for widening trek path (12500 m long by average 6' or 1.2 m width incl. 1.525 m depth of side slopes cut in triangular cross section till the base of 9" thick stone masonry Widening of Trek path base in stone Kharanja/Masonry work (12500 m long by average 4 ft. or 1.2 m width and 9" or 0.225

sqm

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 0.36

sqm

1.44

0.11

DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD

0.11

sqm

0.72

0.05

0.05

sqm

0.72

0.07

0.07

sqm

1.44

0.15

0.15

sqm

5.40

0.41

DoF/ PWD

0.41

sqm sqm sqm

10.20 88.80 13.50

0.78 6.75 1.03

I I I

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

0.78 6.75 1.03

sqm

16.88

0.07

DoF/ EDC

0.07

sqm

14375.00

56.01

DoF/ PWD

56.01

cum

11437.50

2.14

DoF/ PWD

2.14

cum

3375.00

19.66

DoF/ PWD

19.66

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Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 268.87

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Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 268.87

11

m thick) Pucca 1:2:4 CC path with 12 mm grooved Herringbone pattern (100 mm x 212 mm size) on top surface, with dimensions as 12500 m x 1.8 m x 0.20 m thick under pedestrian path and 12750 m x 1.2 m x 0.10 m thick under mule path GI Wire mesh (24 gauge /144 mesh per sqm) bracing to hold hill side slopes upto 4' high along the mule trek path edge (excluding portions of Kanjila flatter land ) Construction of one large Causeway at the Avalanche point (9.25 km-9.30 km) after Bhyundar village a) Earthwork in cutting for retaining wall base (50 m x 2 m x 1 m deep) and 2 side embankment support slope walls (5 m x 1 m x 1 m deep) b) 6" thick Base CC 1:4:8 under retaining and wing walls c) RCC 1:2:4 retaining (50 m x 6 m deep x 0.5 m wide on top edge & 1.75 m on base edge) and 2 wing walls (5 m x 6 m high on Causeway edge end & 2 m high on other end x 0.75 m wide) d) RCC 1:2:4 Causeway slab (50 m x 5 m x 0.30 m thick) e) Cost of Tor steel consumed @ 150 kg/cum for Causeway slab, retaining and wing walls f) Earth work in filling (in triangular pattern over existing slopes) behind retaining wall till the slab sub base CC g) 6" thick CC 1:4:8 in Sub base of Causeway slab Small Cross Drainage Works across trek path at approximate regular intervals of 10 such locations per km from Govind Ghat to Ghangharia a) Earthwork in cutting 4" deep below the stone masonry level x 1' wide x 3 m long under drain chamber and hume pipe b) 3' thick CC 1:4:8 basework under drain chamber and hume pipe c) Plaster in CM 1:6 on side walls of drain chamber d) 25 mm thick Flooring in CC 1:2:4 in drain chamber e) Provision of 2 removable RCC 1:2:4 slab chamber covers (16" wide x 2 ft long x 2" thick) per chamber with grated openings (1'1/2" dia @ 4" c/c) under mule trek path f) Tor steel used in RCC chamber cover @

cum

6000.00

DoF/ PWD

sqm

14100

15.84

DoF/ PWD

15.84

cum

110

0.02

DoF/ PWD

0.02

cum cum

17 368

0.22 14.59

DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD

0.22 14.59

cum kg

75 66375

2.53 12.81

I I

DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD

2.53 12.81

cum

658

0.15

0.15

cum

34

0.45

0.45

cum

11.25

0.00

DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD

0.00

cum sqm sqm cum

8.44 112.50 45.00 3.38

0.11 0.05 0.04 0.11

I I I I

0.11 0.05 0.04 0.11

kg

506.25

0.10

DoF/

0.10

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
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449

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 0.50 2.08

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 0.50 2.08

12

13

14

15

16 17 18

C. 1

150 kg/cum g) Provision of hume pipe (1 dia x 6 long) under pedestrian trek path Construction of small culverts (1 m x 0.5 m span) for cross drainage under the trek path with minor retaining wing/support walls and RCC slab of 1 m x 3 m x 0.15 m size for about 55 small seasonal stream lines observed that cross the trek path from Govind Ghat to Ghangharia Street Lighting from Govind Ghat till Pulna along trek path (from 3 km to Suspension Bridge end @30m interval) Street Lighting from Kanjila (near the Helipad/Tented resorts till Ghangharia entrance (11.75 km to 12.5 km point @30m interval) Restoration of Electricity Supply System (damaged at various locations from Bhyundar onwards) through connectivity to grid (Initial Budgeted Lump Sump amount) - a) Rs. 5 lakhs for restoration in year 1, and b) Rs. 0.50 Lakhs for maintenance every year thereafter Construction of 5.95 m wide Road from Govind Ghat/Pandukeshwar to Pulna Approx. 84 m span Bridge near Pandukeshwar enroute to Pulna Attractive Turntable Solid Waste Bins (@100 m interval) along the path from Govind Ghat to Ghangharia Buildings & Allied Construction Cluster A at Pulna (near 3 km point), near 6 km point, and near 9.60 km point: 3 Clusters with temporary sloped roof structures of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green a) Snacks/ Fast food centre: 8 in numbers, with a seating capacity of 15 people each (area of each unit = 20 sqm) b) Souvenir Shop, 1 in number of size 20 sq.m run by Mahila Mandal. This will also function as a tourist information desk and First Aid Centre c) Shauchalaya with 2 toilets each for men and women on pay & use facility (4 m x 3 m) d) Septic Tank with Soak pit (2.5m x 2 m) e) Covered Rest Shed with sides opened 1 in number (area 15 sqm) f) Precast/welded mild steel benches painted dark green (5 in each shed)

rm sqm

225.00 165.00

I I

sqm

100

29.25

DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD

29.25

sqm

25

9.81

9.81

LS

6.50

SEB

km LS LS

5.00

106.50 200.00

I & II I & II I

PWD PWD DoF/ EDC

26.63 100.00 1.14

130

1.14

sqm

480.00

9.63

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

9.63

sqm

60.00

1.20

1.20

sqm

36.00

0.72

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

0.72

sqm sqm No.

15.00 45.00 15

0.53 0.35 0.26

I I I

0.53 0.35 0.26

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

450

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity 135.00 180.00 24.00 2 Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 0.69 1.39 0.84 0.20

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. I I I I Implmt. Agency DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

g) The trek path between the cluster to be partially covered over roof (3m x 15 m). h) Mule Shed with sides opened for 30 mules (60 sqm approx.) at Cluster A i) Septic Tank and Soak pit for mule shed (4mx2m) j) Large size waste collection pit of 4m x 1m x 1m size (dark green painted MS iron cage mounted on a masonry platform that can be easily assembled & waste removed) to be used by EDC cleaning staff to dump the waste collected from trek path/sides & enroute establishments - 2 Nos. (For Pulna its already covered under Pulna head) Cluster B provided near 1.5 km, 5 km, 7.2 km, 8.5 km, 10.95 km and 12 km from Govind Ghat: 6 Clusters with temporary sloped roof structures of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green a) Snacks/ Fast food centre: 6 in numbers, with a seating capacity of 15 people each (area of each unit = 20 sqm) b) Drinking Water Facility (1000 litre low density polythene moulded tank) c) Shauchalaya with 2 toilets each for men and women on pay & use facility (4 m x 3 m) d) Septic Tank with Soak pit (2m x 1.5 m) e) Covered Rest Shed with sides opened -1 in number (area 15 sqm) f) Precast/welded mild steel benches painted dark green (5 in each shed) g) The trek path between the cluster to be partially covered over roof (3m x 10 m). h) Mule Shed with sides opened for 15 mules (30 sqm approx.) at Cluster B i) Septic Tank and Soak pit for mule shed (2.5mx1.5m) Cluster C provided near 1.05 km, 2.10 km, 2.6 km, 3.9 km, 4.3 km, 6.75 km, 8 km, 10.3 km, 11.35 km from Govind Ghat: 9 Clusters with temporary sloped roof structures of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green a) Drinking Water Facility (500 litre low density polythene moulded tank) b) Covered Rest Shed with sides opened - 2 numbers (each of area 15 sqm). c) Precast/welded mild steel benches painted dark green (5 in each shed) Investment for setting up shops/food counters (L.S. @ Rs. 1 lakhs per unit which

sqm sqm sqm No.

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 0.69 1.39 0.84 0.20

sqm

720.00

14.45

II

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

No. sqm

6 72.00

0.22 1.44

II II

sqm sqm No. sqm sqm sqm

18.00 90.00 30 180.00 180.00 22.50

0.63 0.69 0.53 0.92 1.39 0.79

II II II II II II

No. sqm No. No.

9 270.00 90 63

0.17 2.08 1.58 63.00

I I I I&II

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC PVT

0.17 2.08 1.58

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
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451

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs)

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ

7 8

includes the cost of space, furniture, equipments, other goods, labour) Additional set of 2 uncovered precast/ welded mild steel benches - painted dark green (2 ft. x 5 ft. size each) is also proposed to be provided and disassembled after tourism season along the trek path at an interval of: At an interval of 0.25 km distance from Govind Ghat till Cluster B at 1.5 km point At an interval of 0.20 km distance after 1.5 km point till 4 km point At an interval of 0.15 km distance after 4 km point till Bhyundar (at 8.75 km point) At an interval of 0.10 km distance after Bhyundar till Ghangharia Dark green painted temporary slope roof structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for 1 Urinal each @ 0.5 km interval (1 m x 1m) Septic Tank & Soak Pit (1m x 1.5m) Dark green painted temporary sloped roof of corrugated GI sheet roof (painted in dark green) Vista Points enroute the trek path - 2 in No. a) Temporary structure in 3m dia spread b) 1.15 m high MS Frame & GI Pipe railing c) Cost of Telescope

No.

140

2.46

DoF/ EDC

2.46

No.

15

0.30

DoF/ EDC

0.30

sqm

22.50

0.79

DoF/ EDC

0.79

sqm sqm LS LS

14.14 19.39 2.00 2

0.11 0.08 40.00 3.00

I I I I

D. 1

Temporary sloped roof structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for PCO Booths along with telephone registration to be provided - One at 6 km point along trek path at Cluster A between Bhyundar & Pulna and another near Kanjila Helipad area Equipments/Other Infrastructure Dress Uniform & other equipments for EDC Members/ Cleaning Staff of Bhyundar & Govind Ghat as well - for 15 members, 40 cleaning staff (including 1 each at Hemkunt, Ghangharia, Pulna, & Govind Ghat locations for handling waste compression equipment units, and 1 for handling Incinerator to be built as an existing proposal at Govind Ghat), & 10 local paramedics a) 1 Set of Rainproof Jackets/Trousers, 1 Set of Waterproof shoes, and 2 Sets of Shirt/Trouser for each member/staff

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC BSNL

0.11 0.08 20.00

No.

65

0.98

DoF/ EDC

0.98

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

452

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity 40 1265 Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 0.02 0.63

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. I I Implmt. Agency DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

b) Set of equipments like broom, waste holder/picker, etc. c) Photo-identity cards/certificates (EDC members (15), cleaning staff (40), local paramedics (10) one person per pair of mule (500), porters (400), four persons per palki (300) Initial procurement of good quality raincoats (based on average load per day for to & fro visitation) with Valley of Flowers and Sri Hemkunt Sahib logos embossed on the front and message of Keep Valley of Flowers Hemkunt Region Clean printed at the back to be issued on a security deposit to tourists Initial procurement of Carry Bags/Hand Bags woven out of Ringal grass/Jute bags (jute may be procured from outside but bags shall be crafted by the local community) to carry lighter belongings/food items TOTAL

No. No.

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 0.02 0.63

No.

3000

6.00

PVT

No.

5000

1.00

PVT

918.32

617.88

PROPOSALS FOR DEVELOPMENT IN VALLEY OF FLOWERS


Sr. No. A. 1 Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 0.25 Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 0.25

Signages Standardised Signage Board at each km point (5 boards) to indicate the distance within Valley of Flowers on both sides of the board Standard Signage Board at river crossings to indicate the name of streams/rivers (1 board each for Gushadhar Garh, river Pushpawati, Dev Mangri Garh, Bistoli Garh, and Donagair Garh) Standard Warning/Information Signage Board for Landslide prone areas/Glacier (6 boards) along trek path within Valley of Flowers Standardised Signage Board in Valley of Flowers at Bamani Dhaur Junction to Khunt Khal indicating the trek path bifurcation (including altitude at Bamani Dhaur) Standardised Signage Board in Valley of Flowers indicate the trek path direction for Ms. Legges' grave and old Helipad Standardised Signage Boards in Valley of Flowers at the junction of trek path to indicate locations separately to Ms. Legge's grave and to Helipad

sqm

1.80

DoF / PWD

sqm

3.60

0.51

DoF / PWD

0.51

sqm

2.16

0.31

DoF / PWD

0.31

sqm

1.44

0.20

DoF / PWD

0.20

sqm

1.08

0.15

DoF / PWD DoF / PWD

0.15

sqm

1.44

0.20

0.20

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

453

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. 7 Development Components Unit Quantity 10.00 Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 0.07

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. I Implmt. Agency DoF/ EDC

B. 1

Nature Interpretation/Information Board at 3 Open Vista Points with small pictures & supporting text (1.5 m x 2 m size) and 1 board at Vista Point near Ms. Legge's grave (1m x 1m size) made up of MS angles/sheets painted as per the current pattern followed by DoF Coloured brochure/booklet (listing major 54 floral species and major fauna species with their pictures, bloom period, any other brief etc. printed on a glossy A-2 paper of size 18 x 23 printed on both sides and with 12 folds) & 1 Trek Map with Flower Composition brief on one side and Dos & Donts/any other instruction on other side (printed on good A-4 sheet of size 9 x 11 in black & white for the 4-year project period Small nature interpretation signages along the major trees and flora on the way (Assuming 150 boards displayed alternatively as per the bloom cycle of flora at VoF including those at Germplasm Bank/ Shadow Garden between Ghangharia & VoF Entrance Gate, each of 0.45 m x 0.3 m size made up of MS angle/sheets) painted as per the current pattern followed by DoF Land & Site Development Laying of 3 ft. wide new dry Stone Kharanja path over narrow soil/bridle surface trail for 1.5 km stretch (in between VoF Entrance and Bamini Dhaur point) 1.15 m high MS Angle/GI pipe railing as per existing design and painted in dark green for 2.5 km stretch (in between VoF Entrance and Bamini Dhaur point) 4 Open Vista Points - one at 2 km point (near the small glacier) with 25 sqm area and two more in the main valley each with 25 sqm area (these could be at those current locations which have large rock boulders, and one of 100sqm area around the Ms. Legge's grave by cleaning the immediate surroundings in a limited way between these rocks and the existing trek path and layinmg the same with dry stone random rubble masonry surface) Additional set of 20 uncovered precast/welded mild steel benches - painted dark green (2 ft. x 5 ft. size each) is proposed at the 4 Open Vista Points on the cleared random rubble masonry surface open space (4 benches each at 3 smaller vista points & 8

sqm

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 0.07

No.

30000

2.10

I&II

DoF/ EDC

1.05

sqm

20.25

0.15

DoF/ EDC

0.15

sqm

1350

4.73

DoF/ PWD

4.73

sqm

2875

20.82

DoF/ PWD

20.82

sqm

175

0.61

DoF/ EDC

0.61

No.

20

0.65

DoF/ EDC

0.65

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
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454

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs)

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ

C. 1

5 D. 1

benches at larger vista point at Ms. Legge's grave) and disassembled after tourist season Buildings & Allied Construction Contruction of new Folding Bridge (painted in dark green) at Gushadhar Garh and Bistoli Garh Temporary structure of corrugated GI sheet roof/wall - painted in dark green for Rain Shelter/Rest shed and fitted on soil/bridle floor may be provided at every 0.5 km interval starting from the VOFNP entrance gate till the 3 km point only - 6 Rain Shelters a) Temporary sloped roof structures (2.5 m wide x 4 m long x 3 m high at centre) with steel truss frame and corrugated GI sheet roof/wall painted in dark green b) 4 precast/welded mild steel benches (2 ft. wide x 5 ft. long) painted in dark green and arranged in U-pattern in each shelter Additional set of 2 uncovered precast/welded mild steel benches - painted dark green (2 ft. x 5 ft. size each) is also proposed to be provided along the trek path at an interval of 0.10 km distance after Ghangharia till the 2 km point in Valley of Flowers (as this stretch of path is relatively steeper) - 14 x 2 = 28 benches and to be disassembled after tourist season Temporary slope roofed structures of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for single unit unisex toilet for Urinal/WC use at each km (1m x 1m) till 3 km point only after VoF Entrance Gate - 3 Nos. Septic Tank and Soak Pits (1m x 1.5 m) - 3 Nos. Equipments/Capacity Building/ Promotion Expenses on Equipments/ Infrastructure for Forest Patrol Staff (incl. Digital Cameras for vista points in VoF), Research works for conservation/documentation and time series monitoring Initial trainings/ capacity building of the local community and other stakeholders.

No.

6.00

DoF/ PWD

6.00

sqm

60.00

0.57

DoF/ EDC

0.57

No.

24

0.78

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

0.78

No.

28

0.91

0.91

No.

0.04

DoF/ EDC

0.04

No.

1.50

0.10

DoF/ EDC DoF

0.10

LS

150.00

I&II

60.00

LS

200.00

I&II

All advertising and promotional costs including Cost for short documentary movie, promotion on TV /AIR/FM channels, etc. in 4-years of project implementation Creation of Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Official Website and relevant Hardware,

LS

150.00

I&II

DoF/ DoT/ EDC/ NGO DoT

80.00

60.00

LS

50.00

I&II

DoT/ DoF

20.00

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

455

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 589.17

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 258.12

hosting charges etc. TOTAL

PROPOSALS FOR DEVELOPMENT IN HEMKUNT


Sr. No. A. 1 Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 0.07 Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 0.07

Signages Standard Signage Board at Lakshman/ Hem Ganga bridge just after Ghangharia to indicate the name of river Standard Signage Board at Lakshman/ Hem Ganga bridge about half a km before Hemkunt to indicate the name of river Standardised Signage Board at each km point to indicate the distance from Ghangharia to Hemkunt (6 boards) on both sides of the board Standard Warning/Information Signage Board for Waterfalls/Landslide/ Avalanche prone areas upto Hemkunt (3 boards) /Cluster A Amenity (3 boards) Standard Signage Board at the Hemkunt Sahib complex to indicate the location of Hemkunt Sahib (including the altitude), Lokpal Temple, Proposed Helipad, Hemkunt Sarovar, Lakshman / Hem Ganga, and Shadow Garden/Germplasm Bank at Hemkunt for high altitude flora Standard Eco-Awareness Message Signage displayed at Hemkunt Gurdwara premises a) Punjabi (1 Board each for2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) b) Hindi (1 Board each for2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) c) English (1 Board each for2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) Standard Information Signage Board at Lokpal Temple to provide brief history of the temple and Annual fairs Small nature interpretation signages along with rare trees and flora from Ghangharia to Hemkunt (assuming 50 boards) and at Hemkunt (assuming 50 boards displayed alternatively as per the bloom cycle of flora) each of 0.45 m x 0.3 m size made up of MS angle/sheets) including at High Altitude Germplasm Bank/Shadow Garden at Hemkunt painted as per the current pattern

sqm

0.72

DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD

sqm

0.72

0.13

0.13

sqm

2.16

0.31

0.31

sqm

2.16

0.31

DoF/ PWD

0.31

sqm

4.32

0.81

DoF/ PWD

0.81

sqm

7.20

1.35

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

1.35

sqm

7.20

1.35

1.35

sqm

7.20

1.35

1.35

sqm

3.60

0.67

0.67

sqm

14.85

0.12

0.12

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

456

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs)

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ

B. 1

2 3

followed by DoF Land & Site Development Development of Germplasm Bank / Shadow Garden for higher altitude species like Brahmakamal, etc. at Hemkunt Sahib (2500 sqm) on Forest Land Heritage Conservation Works at Lokpal Temple/Surroundings Construction of Helipad Surface (30 m dia. corresponding to Final approach & Take-Off Area - FATO) a) Retaining wall - Earth work (2' deep x 3' wide) b) Retaining wall - Base CC (4" deep x 3' wide) c) Retaining wall - RR Masonry (1-1/2' deep x 2' wide lower layer + 1-1/2' deep x 1-1/2' wide upper layer) d) Helipad - Compacted Base Earth filling (plinth - 1'8" deep x 6" wide, under flooring (6" deep) e) Helipad - Base CC 1:4:8 (5" thick under flooring) f) Helipad - Top RCC 1:2:4 floor slab (5" thick overall with 2" overlap over the masonry wall width) g) Helipad - Top RCC 1:2:4 floor slab: Cost of Steel @ 150 kg/cum consumption h) Helipad - Painting with highly retroreflective WHITE paint mixture containing glass beads or similar to provide visual guidance in low light conditions for marking 'H' strip (2 side strips of 3 m & mid strip of 1 m clear dimensions & 0.40 m width of these strips) and marking Landing & Lift-Off Area (LLA) strip of size 7.35 m in centreline radius from the centre of 'H' marking & 0.30 m wide i) LS cost for provision of wind speed and direction indicator mounted on pole to provide a visual guide to the wind speed & direction (windsock shall be located outside of the helicopter flight path envelop and clear of turbulence affected areas) j) LS cost for provision of two 4.5 kg CO2 Fire Extinguishers (available as close as practicable to the Helipad) k) LS cost for provision of Helipad lighting (Options are - flood lights used in conjunction with retro-reflective markings or ground level lights that identify the edge of LLA and the FATO; while the power source can be mains supply or solar

sqm

2500

7.19

DoF

7.19

LS

5.00

LMS

2.50

cum cum cum

42.39 7.07 44.51

0.02 0.23 0.64

I I I

DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD

0.02 0.23 0.64

cum

113.04

0.06

0.06

cum cum

88.31 88.31

2.86 7.31

I I

2.86 7.31

kg. sqm

13246.88 16.65

6.28 0.29

I I

6.28 0.29

LS

0.10

DoF/ PWD

0.10

LS

0.10

DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD

0.10

LS

1.00

1.00

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

457

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 68.72

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 68.72

powered) Construction of one-side 1.15 m high x 6250 m long MS railing along one side of the trek path and 1.15 m high x 1000 m long MS railing on both sides along a separate pucca step path in last 1 km stretch to Hemkunt as per the exisiting design and painted in dark green Earthwork in cutting for widening trek path (6250 m long by average 2' or 0.6 m width incl. 1.025 m depth of side slopes cut in triangular cross section till the base of 9" thick stone masonry Widening of Trek path base in stone Kharanja/Masonry work (6250 m long by average2 ft. or 0.6 m width and 9" or 0.225 m thick) Pucca 1:2:4 CC path with 12 mm grooved Herringbone pattern (100 mm x 212 mm size) on top surface, with dimensions as 6250 m x 1.8 m x 0.20 m thick for a common path GI Wire mesh (24 gauge /144 mesh per sqm) bracing to hold hill side slopes upto 4' high along the mule trek path edge (except portion upto 13 km point ahead of Ghangharia) Small Cross Drainage Works across trek path at approximate regular intervals of 10 such locations per km from Ghangharia to Hemkunt a) Earthwork in cutting 4" deep below the stone masonry level x 1' wide x 1.8 m long under drain chamber along the width of trek path b) 3' thick CC 1:4:8 basework under drain chamber c) Plaster in CM 1:6 on side walls of drain chamber d) 25 mm thick Flooring in CC 1:2:4 in drain chamber e) Provision of 3 removable RCC 1:2:4 slab chamber covers (16" wide x 2 ft long x 2" thick) per chamber with grated openings (1'1/2" dia @ 4" c/c) f) Tor steel used in RCC chamber cover @ 150 kg/cum Construction of small culverts (1 m x 0.5 m span) for cross drainage under the trek path with minor retaining wing/support walls and RCC slab of 1 m x 1.8 m x 0.15 m size for about 2 small seasonal stream lines observed that cross the trek path from

sqm

9487.50

DoF/ PWD

cum

1921.88

0.67

DoF/ PWD

0.67

cum

843.75

9.14

DoF/ PWD

9.14

cum

2250.00

187.43

DoF/ PWD

187.43

sqm

7200.00

15.03

DoF/ PWD

15.03

cum

3.38

0.00

DoF/ PWD

0.00

cum sqm sqm cum

2.53 84.38 33.75 2.53

0.06 0.07 0.05 0.16

I I I I

DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD

0.06 0.07 0.05 0.16

kg sqm

379.69 3.60

0.14 0.08

I I

DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD

0.14 0.08

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

458

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 19.63

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ

10

11

12 13

C. 1

Ghangharia to Hemkunt Street lighting from the junction of route to Valley of Flowers / Hemkunt Sahib at Ghangharia till next 1.5 km cluster of facilities on the Hemkunt route to facilitate safe return of visitors in this last stretch which may get dark sometimes due to bad weather (@30m interval) Attractive Turntable Solid Waste Bins (@100 m interval) along the path from Ghangharia to Hemkunt Solid Waste Compression Equipment at Hemkunt Large size waste collection pit of 4m x 1m x 1m size (dark green painted MS iron cage mounted on a masonry platform that can be easily assembled & waste removed) to be used by EDC cleaning staff to dump the waste collected from trek path/sides & enroute establishments 1 No. Buildings & Allied Construction Cluster A provided near 1.5 km, 3.5 km, and 5.35 km points after Ghangharia settlement towards Hemkunt: 3 Clusters with temporary slope roofed structures of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green a) Snacks/ Fast food centre: 4 in numbers, with a seating capacity of 15 people each (area of each unit = 20 sqm) b) A multi-purpose room functioning as tourist information desk and first aid centre (10 sqm) c) Shauchalaya with 2 toilets each for men and women on pay & use facility (4 m x 3 m) d) Septic Tank with Soak pit (2.5m x 2 m) e) Covered Rest Shed 1 in number (area 15 sqm) f) Precast/welded mild steel benches painted dark green ( 5 in each shed) g) The trek path between the cluster to be partially covered (3m x 15 m). h) Mule Shed for 20 mules (40 sqm approx.) at Cluster A i) Septic Tank and Soak pit for mule shed (2.5mx2m) j) Large size waste collection pit of 4m x 1m x 1m size (dark green painted MS iron cage mounted on a masonry platform that can be easily assembled & waste removed) to be used by EDC cleaning staff to dump the

sqm

50

II

DoF/ PWD

LS

60

0.98

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

0.98

LS No.

1 1

1.01 0.25

I I

1.01 0.25

sqm

240.00

8.95

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

8.95

sqm

30.00

1.12

1.12

sqm

36.00

1.34

1.34

sqm sqm No. sqm sqm sqm No.

15.00 45.00 15 135.00 120.00 15.00 1

0.98 0.64 0.49 1.29 1.72 0.98 0.19

I I I I I I I

0.98 0.64 0.49 1.29 1.72 0.98 0.19

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

459

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs)

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ

waste collected from trek path/sides & enroute establishments - 1 No. at 3.5 km point Cluster B - provided near 2.5 km, & 4.5 km from Ghangharia: 2 Clusters with temporary slope roofed structures of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green a) Snacks/ Fast food centre: 2 in numbers, with a seating capacity of 15 people each (area of each unit = 20 sqm) b) Drinking Water Facility (1000 litre low density polythene moulded tank) c) Shauchalaya with 2 toilets each for men and women on pay & use facility (4 m x 3 m) d) Septic Tank with Soak pit (2m x 1.5 m) e) Covered Rest Shed 1 in number (area 15 sqm) f) Precast/welded mild steel benches painted dark green ( 5 in each shed) g) The trek path between the cluster to be partially covered (3m x 10 m). h) Mule Shed for 10 mules (20 sqm approx.) at Cluster B i) Septic Tank and Soak pit for mule shed (2mx1.5m) Cluster C - provided near 1 km, 2 km, 4 km, & 5.75 km from Ghangharia: 4 Clusters with temporary slope roofed structures of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green a) Drinking Water Facility (500 litre low density polythene moulded tank) b) Covered Rest Shed 2 numbers (each of area 15 sqm). c) Precast/welded mild steel benches painted dark green ( 5 in each shed) Investment for setting up shops/food counters (L.S. @ Rs. 1 lakhs per unit which includes the cost of space, furniture, equipments, other goods, labour) Additional set of 2 uncovered precast/welded mild steel benches - painted dark green (2 ft. x 5 ft. size each) is also proposed to be provided along the trek path at an interval of 0.10 km distance after Ghangharia till Hemkunt (as this stretch of path is relatively steeper and to ease the trek such additional amenities are suggested) and to be disassembled after tourist season Temporary slope roofed structure of

sqm

80.00

2.98

II

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

No. sqm

2 24.00

0.14 0.90

II II

sqm sqm No. sqm sqm sqm

6.00 30.00 10 60.00 40.00 6.00

0.39 0.43 0.33 0.57 0.57 0.39

II II II II II II

No. sqm No. No.

4 120.00 40 19

0.14 1.72 1.31 19.00

I I I I&II

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC PVT

0.14 1.72 1.31

No.

102

3.33

DoF/ EDC

3.33

No.

0.19

DoF/

0.19

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

460

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs)

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency EDC

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ

7 8

corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for 1 Urinal each @ 0.5 km interval (1 m x 1m) Septic Tank & Soak Pit (1m x 1.5m) Upgradation of 2 culverts/minor bridges for cross drainage of the larger streams (till one and half km before Hemkunt including the Lakshman / Hem Ganga stream) Construction of biogas plant based on Langar waste at Hemkunt Sahib for heating/ lighting purposes. Dark green painted temporary slope roofed structure for Shauchalaya with 5 toilet seats each for men and women for pilgrims and another set for Labourers (5 m long x 2.4 m wide) at Hemkunt Septic Tank with Soak pit (5m x 1.5 m) Construction of dark green painted temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof with sides opened for Mule Sheds (50 mules at a time) at Hemkunt Complex- approx. 100 sqm area Septic Tank and Soak Pits for mule sheds at Hemkunt Complex (4 m x 2 m) - 2 sets Temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for additional PCO Booths along with telephone registration to be provided 2 Nos. (1 at Hemkunt Sahib and another at 3.5 km point at Cluster A TOTAL

sqm No.

7.50 2

0.49 6.00

I I&II

DoF/ EDC DoF/ PWD

0.49 3.00

LS

10.00

II

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC 0.89

10

sqm

36.00

1.77

I&II

11 12

sqm sqm

22.50 100.00

1.94 1.89

I&II I

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC/ ZP

0.97 1.89

13 14

sqm LS

16.00 2

1.38 3.00

I I&II

DoF/ EDC/ ZP BSNL

1.38

417.51

351.83

PROPOSALS FOR DEVELOPMENT AT GHANGHARIA


Sr. No. A. 1 Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 0.15 Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 0.15

Signages Standardised Signage Board at the entrance to Ghangharia to indicate the location and altitude above MSL, and Shadow Garden / Germplasm Bank after Ghangharia Standard Eco-Awareness Message Signage displayed at Govind Dham Gurdwara premises a) Punjabi (1 Board each for2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request

sqm

1.44

DoF/ PWD

sqm

7.20

0.73

DoF/ EDC

0.73

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

461

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 0.73

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 0.73

B. 1

2 3 4 5

message with 12 text rows) b) Hindi (1 Board each for2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) c) English (1 Board each for2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) Land & Site Development Development of Shadow Garden/ Demonstration Nursery/ Germplasm Bank near Ghangharia between Lakshman Ganga / Valley of Flowers Entrance / Ghangharia (in 5 ha or 50000 sqm area) Street Lighting at Ghangharia market / settlement (@30m interval) Attractive Turntable Solid Waste Bins (@15 m interval) Solid Waste Compression Equipment Large size waste collection pit of 4m x 1m x 1m size (dark green painted MS iron cage mounted on a masonry platform that can be easily assembled & waste removed) to be used by EDC cleaning staff to dump the waste collected from trek path/sides & enroute establishments 2 No. Pucca 1:2:4 CC path with 12 mm grooved Herringbone pattern (100 mm x 212 mm size) on top surface, with dimensions as 250 m x 3 m x 0.20 m thick over existing path surface, with a mild slope towards centre so that storm water drains out from the drain running along the centre of the path Small Cross Drainage Work along the centre of trek path at Ghangharia settlement (with lateral path surface sloping towards this drain in the centre) a) Earthwork in cutting 4" deep below the stone masonry level x 1' wide x 250 m long under drain chamber and 6 hume pipes x 25 m long b) 3' thick CC 1:4:8 basework under drain chamber and hume pipe c) Plaster in CM 1:6 on side walls of drain chamber d) 25 mm thick Flooring in CC 1:2:4 in drain chamber e) Provision of removable RCC 1:2:4 slab drain covers (each 16" wide x 2 ft long x 2" thick) with grated openings (1'1/2" dia @ 4" c/c) f) Tor steel used in RCC chamber cover @ 150 kg/cum

sqm

7.20

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

sqm

7.20

0.73

0.73

sqm

50000

78.50

DoF

78.50

No. LS LS No.

10 20 1 2

3.93 0.24 0.55 0.27

II I I I

DoF/ PWD DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

0.24 0.55 0.27

cum

150.00

9.02

DoF/ PWD

9.02

cum

48.38

0.01

DoF/ PWD

0.01

cum sqm sqm cum

10.13 187.73 75.00 5.63

0.18 0.11 0.08 0.25

I I I I

DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD

0.18 0.11 0.08 0.25

kg

843.75

0.22

DoF/ PWD

0.22

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

462

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity 150.00 Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 0.45

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. I Implmt. Agency DoF/ PWD

C. 1

g) Provision of hume pipe (1 dia x 25m long) at approximate regular intervals of 25 m under pedestrian trek path & beyond building portion towards lower slopes Buildings & Allied Construction Development of 2 - temporary tented resort after the Ghangharia settlement in current vacant lands on the side of trek path on land rented every season/short-term leased from Forest Dept. spread over approx. total of 0.25 ha. land - catering to 60 beds capacity in 30 tents and 2 tents for 4 staff in each resort, all these with attached toilet tents a) Cost of tent set (main tent with 10' x 10' size & toilet tent with 10' x 5' size) - 17 tents in each resort b) Cost of plinth/base work & furnishings (each resort with 2-bed 17 tents of 10' x 10' size with toilet tents of 10' x 5 ' size) - 2 Resorts c) Extra coverage for open rubble masonry internal pathways (25% of tented base area) d) Landscaping (20% of tented base area) e) Septic tank and soak pit - each of 3 m x 1.5 m size (4.5 sqm) Development of 6 - temporary tented resort before end of Kanjila in current vacant lands on the side of trek path on land rented every season / short-term leased from Van Panchayat spread over approx. total of 0.75 ha. land catering to 180 beds capacity in 90 tents and 2 tents for 4 staff in each resort, all these with attached toilet tents a) Cost of tent set (main tent with 10' x 10' size & toilet tent with 10' x 5' size) - 17 tents in each resort b) Cost of plinth/base work & furnishings (each resort with 2-bed 17 tents of 10' x 10' size with toilet tents of 10' x 5 ' size) - 2 Resorts c) Extra coverage for open rubble masonry internal pathways (25% of tented base area) d) Landscaping (20% of tented base area) e) Septic tank and soak pit - each of 3 m x 1.5 m size (4.5 sqm) Construction of temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for Information Desk facility at GMVN TRH Construction of another temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green to support the existing VoF Information Centre at FRH

rm

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 0.45

No.

34

6.22

PVT

sqm

459.00

10.68

PVT

sqm sqm sqm

114.75 91.80 153.00

0.29 0.29 7.21

I I I

PVT PVT PVT

No.

102

18.65

I&II

PVT

sqm

1377.00

32.04

I&II

PVT

sqm sqm sqm sqm

344.25 275.40 459.00 20.00

0.87 0.86 21.62 0.54

I&II I&II I&II I

PVT PVT PVT DoT/ GMVN 0.54

sqm

20.00

0.54

DoF/ EDC

0.54

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

463

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs)

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ

9 10

11 12

Complex Development of Landscaped Recreation Plaza on land leased from Forest Dept. near the junction of Valley of Flowers-Hemunt route and facing the Lakshman / Hem Ganga Waterfall made up of temporary sloped roof structure of corrugated GI sheet roof - painted in dark green a) 2 covered relaxation decks of area 25 sq.m each - cost of plinth work b) Cost of roof truss with corrugated GI sheet roof - painted in dark green, and with sides open c) 1.15 m high MS/GI pipe railing painted in dark green along the decks with gate openings for access. d) Precast/welded mild steel benches painted in dark green (2 ft. x 5 ft. size) - 12 nos. for each deck Temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for additional Cloak room to be developed for the tourists who do not wish to carry their luggage for the trekking up (each of approx. 25 sqm area) at Ghangharia & Kanjila Construct a Small Police Chowki building temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green (approx. 50 sqm) with some furniture Construct temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for a small First Aid -cumTrauma Care Clinic building with 4 patient beds (approx. 50 sqm) with some equipments/ furniture Assistance for some special equipment for Trauma Care Clinic at Ghangharia Construction of temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof/wall painted in dark green with open sides for Mule Sheds (200 mules at a time) at Ghangharia- approx. 500 sqm area Septic Tank and Soak Pits for mule sheds at Ghangharia (4 m x 2 m) - 5 sets Construction of Cheap Dormitory accommodation - temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green (150 persons capacity) for mule operators, porters, palki carriers and which can also be used by EDC cleaning staff - approx. 300 sqm area with

sqm sqm

50.00 50.00

0.17 0.34

II II

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

sqm

46.00

0.24

II

No.

24

0.57

II

sqm

50.00

1.35

sqm

50.00

2.30

DoF/ EDC/ DoR

2.30

sqm

50.00

2.30

DoF/ EDC

2.30

LS sqm 500.00

5.00 5.17

I I

DoH DoF/ EDC/ ZP

5.00 5.17

sqm sqm

40.00 300.00

1.88 13.78

I I

DoF/ EDC/ ZP DoF/ EDC/ ZP

1.88 13.78

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

464

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs)

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ

13

14 15

16

17 18 19

twin bunk bed system/furniture but excluding toilets Temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for Community Pay & Use Toilet Complex for these labourers (4 seat, 2 urinals, 4 bath rooms) 3 sets Septic tank with soak pit - 3 sets (9 sqm each) Construct a temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for a Veterinary Clinic (25 sqm approx.) incl. some equipments/ furniture for emergency veterinary needs Construct another 4-seat Public Toilet after the end of Ghangharia settlement of the same size as at the entrance (4.6 m x 2.75 m) in temporary sloped roof structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green Septic Tank with soak pit (4.5 sqm) Major repairs in Ghangharia Turbine Plant Provision for Covered Pucca Water Storage Tank and Purification System to cater about more than 5000 persons per day in a peak season Temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for additional PCO Booths along with telephone registration to be provided 4 Nos. Temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for new Education-cum-Training Centre-cum EDC Store/Disaster Shelter at Ghangharia (100 sqm approx.) Equipments Projection Equipments/Furniture etc. for Upgradation of Nature Interpretation Centre at FRH Complex TOTAL

sqm

112.50

3.03

DoF/ EDC/ ZP

3.03

sqm sqm

27.00 25.00

1.27 1.15

I II

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

1.27

sqm

12.65

0.34

II

DoF/ EDC

sqm LS LS

4.50

0.21 0.50 25.00

II I II

DoF/ EDC UREDA/ GS/ EDC DoF/ JN

20

LS

6.00

II

BSNL

21

sqm

100.00

2.69

II

DoF/ EDC

D. 1

LS

5.00

I&II

DoF/ EDC

2.50

274.24

130.54

PROPOSALS FOR DEVELOPMENT AT BHYUNDAR


Sr. No. A. 1 Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 0.11 Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 0.11

Signages Standardised Signage Board at Bhyundar village to indicate the trek path bifurcation

sqm

1.44

DoF/ PWD

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

465

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 0.05

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 0.05

B. 1

C. 1

2 3

for Kagbhushandi trek Standard Signage Board at Bhyundar Ganga wooden bridge at Bhyundar village to indicate the name of river Standardised Signage Board at the entrance to Bhyundar to indicate the location and altitude above MSL Land & Site Development Street Lighting at Bhyundar village (@30m interval) incl. inside the village and along trek path Buildings & Allied Construction Temporary slope roofed strcuture of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for Shauchalaya with 4 toilets each for men and women for Local Community at Bhyundar (8 m x 3 m) - 2 sets Septic Tank with Soak pit (6m x 1.5 m) Temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for use as EDC Store/Disaster Relief Shelter at Bhyundar (100 sqm) Temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for Satellite Phone for Bhyundar village -cum- PCO Booth with telephone registration- 1 No. TOTAL

sqm

0.72

DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD

sqm

0.72

0.05

0.05

No.

10

2.81

DoF/ PWD

2.81

sqm

48.00

0.93

I&II

GS

0.46

sqm sqm

18.00 100.00

0.61 1.93

I&II I

GS DoF/ EDC

0.30 1.93

LS

1.50

BSNL

7.99

5.72

PROPOSALS FOR DEVELOPMENT AT PULNA


Sr. No. A. 1 Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 0.05 Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 0.05

B. 1 2

Signages Standardised Signage Board at the entrance to Pulna to indicate the location and altitude above MSL Land & Site Development Street Lighting at Pulna village (@30m interval) New Parking Space if road is developed till Pulna

sqm

0.72

DoF/ PWD

No. sqm

10 500

2.68 1.95

I II

4 5

Masonry barriers along the parking space (1.5m long x 0.9m deepx 0.3m wide at spacing of 4" for drainage openings) if new aprking space is developed Solid Waste Compression Equipment Large size waste collection pit of 4m x 1m x 1m size (dark green painted MS iron cage

No.

94

0.42

II

LS No.

1 1

0.37 0.09

I I

DoF/ PWD Owners of Pvt. Land/ EDC/ ZP Owners of Pvt. Land/ EDC/ ZP DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

2.68

0.37 0.09

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

466

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs)

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ

C. 1

2 3

4 5

mounted on a masonry platform that can be easily assembled & waste removed) to be used by EDC cleaning staff to dump the waste collected from trek path/sides & enroute establishments - 1 No. Buildings & Allied Construction Temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for Shauchalaya with 4 toilets each for men and women for Local Community at Pulna (8 m x 3 m) - 2 sets Septic Tank with Soak pit (6m x 1.5 m) Temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof/wall - painted in dark green with open sides for Mule Shed for 150 mules (350 sqm approx.) at Pulna (only if the road gets developed till Pulna) Septic Tank and Soak pit for mule shed at Pulna (4mx2m) - 4 sets Temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for use as EDC Store/Disaster Relief Shelter at Pulna (100 sqm) New Satellite Telephone Exchange at Pulna in temporary sloped roof structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green Temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for PCO Booths along with telephone registration to be provided - 1 No. at Pulna Construct temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for a Trauma Care Clinic building with 4 patient beds(approx. 50 sqm) incl. some equipments/furniture Assistance for some special equipment for Trauma Care Clinic at Pulna TOTAL

sqm

48.00

0.88

I&II

GS

0.44

sqm sqm

18.00 350.00

0.58 2.47

I&II I

GS DoF/ EDC/ ZP

0.29 2.47

sqm sqm

32.00 100.00

1.03 1.83

I I

DoF/ EDC/ ZP DoF/ EDC

1.03 1.83

LS

15.00

II

DOT/ BSNL

LS

1.50

BSNL

sqm

50.00

1.07

DoF/ EDC

1.07

LS

5.00 34.92

DoH

5.00 15.32

PROPOSALS FOR DEVELOPMENT AT GOVIND GHAT


Sr. No. A. 1 2 Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 0.41 0.10 Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ 0.41 0.10

Signages Standardised Signage Welcome Board at Govind Ghat Standardised Signage Board at Govind Ghat Cable Suspension Bridge/Trek Start Point to indicate the path/map of trek Standardised Signage Board at Govind Ghat

sqm sqm

6.00 1.44

I I

DoF/ PWD DoF/ PWD DoF/

sqm

5.76

0.40

0.40

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

467

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs)

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency PWD

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ

B. 1 2 3

Cable Suspension Bridge/Trek Start Point to indicate Cluster Amenities/facilities available enroute trek path and their distances ( 1 board each for Cluster A, B, C and 1 board for Mule Shed & Medical Facilities Standard Signage Board at river Alaknanda cable Suspension bridge at Govind Ghat to indicate the name of river Standard Eco-Awareness Message Signage displayed at Govind Ghat Gurdwara premises a) Punjabi (1 Board each for2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) b) Hindi (1 Board each for2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) c) English (1 Board each for2 types of messages with 2 text rows, and 1 request message with 12 text rows) Land & Site Development Attractive Turntable Solid Waste Bins (@15 m interval) Solid Waste Compression Equipment Large size waste collection pit of 4m x 1m x 1m size (dark green painted MS iron cage mounted on a masonry platform that can be easily assembled & waste removed) to be used by EDC cleaning staff to dump the waste collected from trek path/sides & enroute establishments - 2 No. Acquisition of Land (assuming 50% of parking space on private land) Additional Parking Space - 2 sets of 5000 sqm each. Masonry barriers along the parking space (1.5m long x 0.9m deepx 0.3m wide at spacing of 4" for drainage openings) Buildings & Allied Construction Development of low-rise (2-storey high) - 2 Hotel Resorts with total 300 bed capacity. Each hotel will be on approx. 0.25 ha land (some of these can come up at Pandukeshwar as well if the road to Pulna via Pandukeshwar is built) a) Area of each resort with 150 beds capacity (150 x 10 sqm per bed) x 2 Hotel Resorts b) Kitchen/Store/Reception/Administrative spaces (125 sqm per Hotel Resort) x 2 Hotel

sqm

0.72

0.05

DoF/ PWD

0.05

sqm

7.20

0.50

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

0.50

sqm

7.20

0.50

0.50

sqm

7.20

0.50

0.50

LS LS No.

20 1 2

0.16 0.37 0.18

I I I

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC

0.16 0.37 0.18

4 5 6

sqm sqm No.

5000 10000 313

4.94 38.58 1.39

I I&II II

ZP ZP / PVT ZP / PVT

4.94 9.65 0.35

C. 1

sqm

3000.00

195.15

II

PVT

sqm

250.00

7.95

II

PVT

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

468

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 15.50 0.30 1.38 0.52 0.55

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ

4 5

Resorts c) Extra coverage for Corridors/covered pathways d) Extra coverage for open CC 1:2:4internal pathways e) Landscaping f) Open space development for utilities like septic tank & soak pit Construction of temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for Tourism Information Centre/Nature Interpretation Centre structure at FRH Complex Construct another 4-seat Public Toilet made of temporary sloped roof structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green before the start of trek to Ghangharia settlement (4.6 m x 2.75 m) Septic Tank with soak pit (4.5 sqm) Construction of temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof/wall painted in dark green with open sides for Mule Sheds at Govind Ghat (300 mules at a time) - approx. 750 sqm area Septic Tank and Soak Pits for mule sheds at Govind Ghat (4 m x 2 m) - 8 sets Construction of temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for a Cheap Dormitory accommodation (200 persons) for mule operators, porters, palki carriers and which can also be used by EDC cleaning staff - approx.400 sqm area with twin bunk bed system/furniture but excluding toilets Temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for Community Pay & Use Toilet Complex for these labourers (4 seat, 2 urinals, 4 bath rooms) - 4 sets Septic tank with soak pit - 5 sets (9 sqm each) Temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for an additional Cloak room to be developed for the tourists who do not wish to carry their entire luggage for the trekking up (approx. 100 sqm area) Construct a temporary slope roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for a Veterinary Clinic (50 sqm approx.) incl. some

sqm sqm sqm sqm sqm

487.50 175.00 650.00 487.50 30.00

II II II II I

PVT PVT PVT PVT DoF/ DoT 0.55

sqm

12.65

0.23

II

DoF/ EDC

sqm sqm

4.50 750.00

0.14 5.24

II I

DoF/ EDC DoF/ EDC / ZP

5.24

6 7

sqm sqm

64.00 400.00

2.04 14.87

I I

DoF/ EDC / ZP DoF/ EDC / ZP

2.04 14.87

sqm

150.00

2.73

DoF/ EDC / ZP

2.73

9 10

sqm sqm

45.00 100.00

1.43 1.82

I I

DoF/ EDC / ZP DoF/ EDC

1.43 1.82

11

sqm

50.00

1.86

DoF/ EDC

1.86

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

469

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Sr. No. Development Components Unit Quantity Cost (Rs. in lakhs) 6.00

Inception Report
Phase of Dvpt. Implmt. Agency

Funding (Pha lakh MoT Publ

12

D. 1

equipments/ furniture Additional temporary sloped roofed structure of corrugated GI sheet roof & wall - painted in dark green for PCO Booths along with telephone registration to be provided - 4 Nos. Equipments Projection Equipments/Furniture etc. for Nature Interpretation Centre at FRH Complex Wireless service between the Gurdwara at Govind Ghat, Ghangharia and that at Hemkunt for emergency connectivity with 3 handsets at each Gurdwara and 3 handsets with Sevadars deployed along the trek path (2 between Govind Ghat to Ghangharia & 1 between Ghangharia to Hemkunt) TOTAL

LS

II

BSNL

LS

2.50

I&II

DoF/ EDC HST

2.50

LS

2.50

310.77

51.12

ANNEXURE - D
An Indicative List of Individuals/Organisations/Websites that can provide Information/run Tour Packages for Valley of Flowers-Hemkunt Sahib is enumerated below:
1. Adventure Activity Promoters

A-37, Vijay Nagar, New Delhi, INDIA Tel : 91-11-4310927, 7128114 E-mail: aapindia@hotmail.com 2. Adventure & Cultural Travel Company 3/6, D. B. Gupta Road, New Delhi - 110055, INDIA Tel : 91-11-3553270, 3612536, 3623760 Fax : 91-11-3553268 Email : info@travel-himalayas.com Website : www.travel-himalayas.com Adventure Garhwal E-15 Shop No-2, Plot N0-144/145 Ist floor, Sector-8, Rohini,

3.

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

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Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit

Inception Report

New Delhi-110007, INDIA Tel : 91 - 11 27948870, 27947265, 27297686 Fax : 91 - 11 - 25708542 E-mail : info@indianadventureportal.com Website : www.indianadventureportal.com 4. All-IndiaTravel.com 409, Rajkamal-B Complex, Near Sakar-III Building, Income Tax, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380014, INDIA Tel : 91-79-7582603 Tel : 919824053129 (Mobile - 24 hrs support) E-mail : info@all-indiatravel.com & aitindia@icenet.net Website : www.all-indiatravel.com
All India Tour Travel Global E Travel Solutions (P) Ltd. (Earlier known as Centrum Travels) M-15, Greater Kailash-II New Delhi 110048, INDIA Tel : 91-11-51522222 ( 10 lines) Tel : 91-9810459453, 9810036506 (Mobile Nos.) E-Mail : info@all-india-tour-travel.com

5.

Website

: www.all-india-tour-travel.com

6.

CLUB TRAVELS 411, 4th floor, Jaina Tower- I Dist. Centre, Janakpuri New Delhi-110058, INDIA Tel : 91-11-25611456, 25590701, 25590703 Tel : 91-9811072916 (Mobile) Tel/Fax : 91-11-25611456 E-mail : club@bol.net.in Website : www.indiatravelclub.com CMore Travel and Tours Pvt. Ltd.

7.

V-12 Green Park Extension, 2nd Floor New Delhi - 110016 , INDIA Website: www.vacationlink.htmlplanet.com 8. Divisional Forest Officer, Nanda Devi National Park,

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

471

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit

Inception Report

Joshimath, Dist. - Chamoli, Uttaranchal, INDIA Tel/Fax : 91-1389-222179 9. Ecomantra Nature Awareness and Travel
Gala No.119, 5A,

Mittal Industrial Estate, Sakinaka. Andheri East, Mumbai - 400 059. Maharashtra , INDIA Email : info@ecomantra.com
Website : www.ecomantra.com 10. EHOLIDAYSINDIA A Division of Indovision Tours Pvt. Ltd. 1, DDA Commercial Plaza, Nanak Pura, Moti Bagh-2, New Delhi-110021 INDIA Tel : 91-11-2 6113920, 26874411, 26873322 Tel : 91-9810515325 (Mobile) Fax : 91-11-26874283 E-Mail : indovision@vsnl.com & info@eholidaysindia.com Website: www.eholidaysindia.com

11.

Foliage Outdoors 1161/6, Gharpure Lane Opp. Hotel Shivajinagar, Pune Maharshtra, Tel : 91-20-5520501, Tel : 91-9422306460, 98225508966, 9822329738, 9422319101 Nos.) Fax : 91-20-4000454 E-mail : foliage@vsnl.net & info@foliageoutdoors.com Website : www.foliageoutdoors.com Shivam, Colony, Pride, 411005 INDIA 5512725 (Mobile

12.

Garhwal Himalayan Explorations Pvt. ltd. Opp. Union Bank of India, Kailash Gate, Muni Ki Reti, Rishikesh - 249 201, Uttaranchal, INDIA Tel : 91-135-2433478, 2438728, 2433155

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

472

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit


Tel : 91-135-2431167, 2442267 (After Office Hrs.) Tel : 91-9837055578, 9837355578, 9897055578 (Mobile Nos.) Fax : 91-135-2431654 E-mail : himalayas@vsnl.com & himalayas@sancharnet.in Website: www.thegarhwalhimalayas.com & www.rishikesh.org

Inception Report

13.

GarhwalHimalayas.com (Sole Property of Webline Services) Orient Shopping Complex, Astley Hall, Dehra Dun, Uttaranchal, INDIA Tel : 91-135-651586 Email : webline@vsnl.com Website : www.garhwalhimalayas.com

14.

Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam Ltd. (GMVN) 74/1, Rajpur Road, Dehra Dun 248001, Uttaranchal, INDIA Tel : 91-135-2746817, 2749308, 2747898 Fax : 91-135-2746847 E-mail : gmvn@nda.vsnl.net.in Website : www.gmvnl.com & http://ua.nic.in/uttaranchaltourism/index.html 15. Global Airnet Services Private A 285, Defence Colony, IInd New Delhi 110024, Tel : 91-11-24333783, 24333784, 24333785, Tel : 91-9810713866, 9811405199 (Mobile Nos.) Fax : 91-11-24333781 Website : www.indiavacationpackages.com 16. goIndiago.com Website : www.goindiago.com Great Indian Outdoors 6086, B-8, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi-110070, INDIA Tel : 91-11-26891626 (Voice) Fax : 91-11-26891626 E-mail : info@greatindianoutdoors.com Website: www.greatindianoutdoors.com Limited Floor INDIA 24333786

17.

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

473

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit

Inception Report

18.

Great Indian Outdoors 10/802, Crystal Garden Estate Gladys Alwares Road, Off Pokhran Road No. 2, Thane 406601 (Near Mumbai) Maharashtra, INDIA Tel : 91-22-5599 9873 (Voice) E-mail : mumbai@greatindianoutdoors.com Website: www.greatindianoutdoors.com Ideas2Travel.com (A Cherie Voyages & UserEase Software Venture) Website: www.ideas2travel.com Incredible India Website : www.incedible-india.net Incredible India Tours & Travel C/o. Mr Paras Gupta 412 ,Surya Kiran Bldg. 19, K.G.Marg, New Delhi 110 001, INDIA Tel : 91-11-51510459/60, 23351222/23 Fax : 91-11-23351164 E-mail: info@incredibleindiatours.org Website : www.incredibleindiatours.org /Anil Bhardwaj

19.

20.

21.

22.

IndiaHills Website

: www.indyahills.com

23.

Indian Mountaineering Foundation New Delhi Website : www.indmount.org IndianTravelPortal Website : www.indiantravelportal.com Indianvisit.com Pvt. Ltd. / TravelAgentforIndia.com A Subsidiary of Indian Holiday Pvt. Ltd. 70, World Barakhamba Lower Lane, Trade New Delhi Ground 110001, Floor, Centre, INDIA

24.

25.

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

474

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit

Inception Report

Tel Tel

: 91-11-23714747, 23714646, 23312784, : 91-9811143684 (Mobile - 24 hrs support)

23318383

(Tours)

Fax : 91-11-23413121 E-mail : indianvisit@vsnl.com & services@indianvisit.com E-mail : trafford@vsnl.com Website : www.indianvisit.com, www.travelagentforindia.com, www.indianholiday.com 26. India Outdoors, 169C, Dr Ambedkar road, Dadar T. T. Mumbai Maharashtra, INDIA Tel : 91-22- 4125897, 4164785, 4186360 Fax : 91-22- 4166944 E-mail : info@indiaoutdoors.com Website : www.indiaoutdoors.com India-Tours.biz Website : www.india-tours.biz

27.

28.

IndiaTourism Frankfurt / Main Basler Str. 46 D-60329 Frankfurt, GERMANY Tel : 49 (69) 242949-0 Fax : 49 (69) 242949-77 Website: www.india-tourism.com I.V. Associates Pvt. Ltd., 12, Southern Avenue, Maharani Bagh, New Delhi-110 065, INDIA Tel : 91-11-26326360, 26847684 E-mail : ivarma@vsnl.com Website : www.ivsource.com

29.

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

475

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit

Inception Report

30.

JALTOURS C/o. Anil & Erika Chugh Albert-Hirsch-Strasse 2d, 25335 Elmshorn, GERMANY Tel : 041-21-103150 (Monday-Thursday) Tel : 043-21-529221 (Friday) Fax : 041-21-103149 Website: www.rendezvousindia.com JourneyMart.com M-69 Market, 2nd Floor M Block Market, Greater Kailash Part 1, New Delhi - 110 048, INDIA Tel : 91-11-26434056, 26434057 Fax : 91-11-26434058 Website: www.journeymart.com

31.

32.

Mr. Amrit Mann (Director) Mann Tours India Pvt. Ltd. UG-51, Palika Place Panchkuian Road New Delhi-110001, INDIA.
Tel : 91-11- 3733545, 3362300, 3746485 Tel : 91-9810008008 (Mobile) Fax : 91-11- 3734715 E-Mail: tours@touroperatorsindia.com

Website 33.

: www.touroperatorsindia.com

Mr. Indresh Nautiyal Tapovan Road (Near Doordarshan Kendra), Ladpur, Raipur, Deharadun, Uttaranchal, INDIA Tel : 91-94120 47492 (Mobile)

34.

Mr. Justin Clarke 7, Vikram Vihar Ext., Lajpat Nagar 1V, New Delhi - 110 024, INDIA

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

476

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit

Inception Report

Tel : 91-11-26532323, 26226769, 26215158 Fax : 91-11-26965023 E-mail : rendezvous@vsnl.com Website : www.rendezvousindia.com 35. Mr. Manoj Thapiyal Adventure India Tours, Dehra Dun, Uttaranchal, INDIA Tel : 91-135-2672450 Tel : 91-98370 90305 (Mobile) E-mail : adventureindiatours@yahoo.com Mr. Mangesh Nadkarni The Hingora Trekking Club Tel : 91-9821213644 (Mobile) Mr. Rajen Singla, Managing Director TRAVEL AGENT IN INDIA 103, First Floor, Jaina Tower - 1, Dist. Centre Janakpuri New Delhi 110058, INDIA Tel : 91-11-25611456, 25590701, 25590703 Tel : 91-9811072916 (Mobile - 24 hours support) Fax : 91-11-25611456 E-Mail: club@bol.net.in Website : www.travel-agents-in-india.com Mr. S. S. Kushwaha, JSC RusIndTravel Butysky Val 2, Moscow 125047, RUSSIA Tel : 7 (095) 995 - 8822 / 44 Fax : 7 (095) - 995 - 5455 E-mail : ssk@indiatravel.ru, ss-kushwaha@yandex.ru, & ssk@goa-india.ru Website : www.incredibleindiatours.org Mr. Vikas Dhawan 15A/38, Sarasawati Marg, W.E.A Karol Bagh New Delhi-110005, INDIA Tel : 91-11-55461699, 25729237, 25789237 Tel : 91-9811857779 (Mobile)

36.

37.

38.

39.

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

477

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit

Inception Report

Tel/Fax: 91-11-25789237 E-mail : indiglobe@vsnl.net Website : www.etourismindia.com 40. Mr. Yogendra Kainthola ThemeToursIndia.com, Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA Tel : 91-22-25333297 E-mail : yogie_k@hotmail.com & info@themetoursindia.com Website : www.themetoursindia.com Ms. Sigrid Kalpin Russland-Asien-Reisen (Comec G.mb.H.) 31, Lindwurmstr 80337, Munich, GERMANY Tel : 49 (089)-53 6060; 53-09 101/2/3 Fax : 49 (089)-53 6923 E-mail : comec@comec-gmbh.de & germany@incredibleindiatours.org Website : www.incredibleindiatours.org Path Finder Travels Pvt. Ltd. Bharati Mehra (Director) S-325, 2nd Floor, Greater Kailash, Part-II, New Delhi 110048, INDIA Tel : 91-11-29219325, 29214782, 29210518, 32537724 Tel : 91-9810145533 (Mobile) Telefax : 91-11-29210208 E-mail : info@indiatravelplan.com & kumaon@del3.vsnl.net.in Website : www.indiatravelplan.com & www.himalaya-holidays.com & www.kumaonindia.com Peak Adventure Tours Pvt. Ltd. C/o. Mr B. K. Gupta T 305 , DAV Complex DDA Shopping Center (Opp. Samachar Apartments), Mayur Vihar Phase I, New Delhi 110091, INDIA Tel : 91-11-22711292, 22713483 Tel : 91-9810155796 (Mobile)

41.

42.

43.

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

478

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit

Inception Report

Fax : 91-11-22711292 E-mail : peakadv@nde.vsnl.net.in Website : www.peakadevnturetours.com 44. Peak Adventure Tours and Service International Langley, British Columbia, V1M 2W3, CANADA Tel : (604) 888 0634 E-mail : info@peakadventures.ca Website : www.peakadevnturetours.com Renaissance Reizen (India) Pvt. Ltd. 17/9 (1st Floor), Old Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi - 110 060, INDIA Tel : 91-11-25811201, 25817202, 25741601, 25819688, 25765546 Fax : 91-11-25765547 E-mail : info@rrindia.com Website : www.rrindia.com

45.

46.

Royalee (India) Tours & Travels Pvt.Ltd. C/o. Mr. K.L.Soni / Ms. Leena Rawat 18, 3rd Floor, Satya Niketan, Moti Bagh New Delhi-110021, INDIA Tel : 91-11-26113912, 26883486, 26883491, 26873208 Fax : 91-11-24670922 E-mail : royaleindia@hotmail.com Website : www.royaleeindiavisa.com & www.india-tourspackages.com 47. Services International Ltd. 25/8,Guru House, Old Rajinder Nagar, New Tel Delhi-110060 : 91-11-25782636/42/44, 25751550/51 (India)

Fax : 91-11-25749797, 25753656 E-mail : services@nda.vsnl.net.in & indiatravel@vsnl.com Website : www.indiatravelinfo.com & www.india-travel.com

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

479

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit

Inception Report

48.

Skylark Adventure Tours & Holiday Resorts Opp. State Bank Of India, Sharwan Nath Nagar, Haridwar - 249401, Uttaranchal, INDIA Tel : 91-1334-221582, 266026 Fax : 91-1334-220943 E-Mail : info@skylarkadventuretours.com; info@uttranchalpradesh.com; & info@travelindiaonline.com Website : www.uttranchalpradesh.com
THE HIMALAYAN CLUB

49.

C/o. R.R. Muni & Co, 3a Navyug Mansion, Next to Grant Road Station (W) Mumbai - 400 007 Maharshtra, INDIA Tel : 91-22-2386 3192 E-mail : editor@himalayanclub.com Website : www.himalayanclub.com 50. TheIndiaTravel.com E-mail : experts@theindiatravel.com Website : www.theindiatravel.com TourMyIndia.com /TREKKING IN INDIA 86-C, Pocket-IV, Mayur Delhi Tel : 91-11-22717787 110 091, Vihar-I, INDIA

51.

Tel : 91-9810352536 (Mobile) E-mail : info@tourmyindia.com & info@trekkinginindia.com Website : www.tourmyindia.com & www.trekkinginindia.com 52. TravellingtoIndia.com Website : www.travelingtoindia.com

53.

Travel Inn India Pvt. Ltd. 204, Adhunik Chambers, 13/29 East Patel Nagar

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

480

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit

Inception Report

New Delhi - 110 008, INDIA Tel : 91-11- 25725770, 25740263, 25780612, 25732561 Fax : 91-11- 25752563 E-mail : info@allindiatourism.com Website : www.allindiatourism.com 54. United Touring 125, Vasant New Delhi Tel : 91-11-26149096, Fax : Website : www.north-india-travel-tour.com 55. Company Apartment India 26154083 91-11-26154128

110057,

Universal Trekkers C/o. Mr. Vilas Joshi 29, Shubhankaroti Apartments, Suvarnabad Colony, Pune 38, INDIA Tel: 91-20-5463731, 5380535 E-mail: vilasj2003@yahoo.com, niranjanmulay@yahoo.com Uttaranchal Forest Development Corporation (UAFDC) Aranya Vikas Bhawan, 73, Nehru Road, Dehra Dun, Uttaranchal, INDIA Tel : 91-135-657610 Fax : 91-135-655059 E-mail : info@uafdc.com, uafdc@rediffmail.com, uafdc@yahoo.com Website : www.uafdc.org Uttaranchal Tourism Development Board (UTDB) (Government of Uttaranchal) 3/3 Industrial Area, Patel Nagar, Saharanpur Road, Dehra Dun 248001, Uttaranchal, INDIA
Tel : 91-135-2721289 Fax : 91-135-2624147 E-mail : nareshnp@sancharnet.in

56.

57.

Website : www.uttaranchaltourism.gov.in & http://ua.nic.in/uttaranchaltourism/index.html 58. Vertex Expeditions 426/16 Civil Lines, Gurgaon - 122001,

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

481

Tourism Master Plan : Pithoragarh-Munsyari Circuit

Inception Report

Haryana, INDIA Tel : 91-124-2335107 Tel : 91-9810411258 (Mobile) E-mail : info@visit-himalaya.com Website : www.visit-himalyaya.com
59. Website: www.euttaranchal.com/uttaranchal_tourism/chamoli.php

CONSULTANCY SERVICES
A Division of Tata Sons Limited

482

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