ENG591 (U21980)

Reservoir Engineering
Pressure

Sea Floor

Cap Rock Gas Oil Water

Dr. Prashant Jadhawar

Sr Lecturer & Course Leader - Petroleum Engineering School of Engineering

University of Portsmouth
023 9284 2373, prashant.jadhawar@port.ac.uk

L2-Wk 10_4 Oct 2012

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
Dr. Prashant Jadhawar

Realm of Reservoir Engineer

Often starts few hundreds to thousands feets/ meters subsurface and ends at the gate of the refinery!
Estimate how much is there (volumetrics). Investigate whether oil can flow (permeability), and if so, at what rate and how long (ageing).
Sea Floor

Well design/control (qo, Pr) needed for optimal production (optimization) Test, separate, monitor, pipeline transportation, safe handling, environmental and disposal issues, investment and design forecast Maintain production target, project future production capacities, coordinate with clients (e.g. refineries)

Cap Rock Gas Oil Water

Whats Reservoir Engineering?

.Art of developing and producing oil and gas fields in such manner as to obtain a high economic recovery Moore 1955 . Application of scientific principles to the drainage problems arising during the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs Craft and Hawkins, 1959. .One of the great underground sciences of the oil industry, attempting to describe what occurs in the wide open spaces of the reservoirs between the sparse points of observation the wells Dake, 1994. Key elements in reservoir engineering are: Observations Assumptions Calculations, and Development decisions

Whats Reservoir Engineering?

Hence Reservoir Engineering is a multi-disciplinary effort that goes into the heart of an integrated strategy and planning for field development (R&D, drilling, production, fluid-flow in the reservoir, workover and reservoir management), design of facilities & infrastructure and overall economics. . And it is the continuous process throughout the life of the reservoir KEY RESPONSIBILITES OF RESERVOIR ENGINEER
Reserves estimation: estimate hydrocarbons and other fluids in place, in collaboration with geoscientists Recovery factor: Determine the recoverable reserves with economic considerations Forecasting: Production forecasting based on reservoir data and analysis Field development, Monitoring and operation, strategy decisions

Reservoir Engineering
Geology & Geophysics
Structural contours/maps Reservoir characterization

Petro-physics
Formation properties data (net pay thicknesses, porosities, fluid saturations)

Economics
Economy of the project. (e.g. Recovery or not?)

Reservoir Engineering

Efficiency of Production flow

Production Process Engineering

Passing required data (e.g., production/injection profiles) for construction of required facilities (e.g., platforms)

Project Engineering

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Petroleum Industry
Upstream Sector
Exploration (Searching and Predicting where oil and/or gas may be found) Drilling Engineering (Finding the oil by drilling different types of wells) Reservoir Engineering (Reservoir behavior, reserve estimates, material balance calculations, fluid flow equations, reservoir simulation & predicting performance, pressure transient analysis, well-test design), Reservoir screening for improved recovery projects, its design and maintenance Production Engineering (extracting/producing oil & gas, workover, well completion and pressure control, production log interpretation, prediction of prod schedules Processing facilities (Separators, Central processing units: removal / separation of impurities and reservoir fluid contents oil, water, sediments etc.), treatment, metering
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Downstream Sector
REFINING (Distillation of crude oil) Distribution (delivering (shipping, truckingetc) petroleum products to customers in different area)
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Microscopic Porous Media

* Water-wet reservoir
Rock Grain

Connate Water Continuous Oil Phase

Porous medium: Pore structure: Connate water:

System of rock and fluid Deposition of rock grains and their orientation constitutes pore structure water trapped at the time of sediments deposition

Rock and fluid properties

Rock (solid)
(Sandstone - sst, Limestone - lst, dolomite, shaleetc) Porosity () Absolute Permeability (k) Saturation (s) Compressibility (C) Solid-fluid interaction Wettability Adsorption Fluid configurations Relative Permeability (kr) Capillary Pressure (Pc) External conditions Pressure Gradient, flow rate, initial Sg, Sw, So Forces: Viscous, Capillary & Gravity Measurement
8/10/2013 Routine (Basic) Core Analysis Special Core Analysis Fluid Analysis (PVT): Differential / flash vaporization, CCE, CVD 9

Fluids
(Oil, Gas and Water)

Viscosity (ratio) Density (contrast) Interfacial tensions (spreading) Mass Transfer Formation Volume factors Oil and gas

Dr Prashant Jadhawar

Microscopic Porous Media: Pressure Regimes

Fluid distribution in a typical reservoir

At Free Water Level: Po = Pw that means no capillary pressure

Microscopic Porous Media: Pressure Regimes

Overburden and Hydrostatic Pressure Regimes
Pressure, psi
Bulk density increases from 2.0 g/cc to 2.5 g/cc

Depth, ft

Grain Pressure Fluid Pressure Overpressures Underpressures Normal Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients (0.433 - 0.465 psi/ft) fresh water salt water (sg = 1.0) (80,000 ppm, sg = 1.07) Overburden Pressure (~ 1 psi/ft)

Microscopic Porous Media: Pressure Regimes

Gas, Oil and Water Regimes
Pressure, p

Depth, D

Gas

dp Gas = 0.08 psi/ft gradient dD G

Oil

dp Oil = 0.35 psi/ft gradient, dD O

Water gradient
Water

dp = 0.45 psi/ft dD W

I. Porosity

Porosity: Definitions
Rock Grain

Dead Pores Isolated/ closed loop Pores Interconnected Pores

Bulk Volume (Vb): Total volume of rock body (pore + rock) Pore Volume (Vp): Volume of all pores contained in rock body. Grain / Solid Volume (Vg): The volume of solids or sand grains in
rock body

Porosity: Definitions
Porosity: Ratio of the pore or void volume (Vp) to Bulk Volume (Vb)

Vp Pore Volume Pore Volume = = Bulk Volume (Pore Volume) + (Grain Volume) Vb

It is an ability of the porous medium to store fluids (Container) Connected Pores: Pores that are in communication with each other. Isolated (Dead) Pores: Pores isolated from the body of connected pores.

Porosity Estimation
Estimating porosity: Conceptual
1. Draw from the rock by creating a vacuum 2. Imbibe fluid into the rock 3. Volume of the fluid imbibed in the porosity (It may not access all pores but it is good enough for us , the Reservoir engineers!)
Air T
Closed valve

Close valveT

Fluid is sucked in or imbibed

Open valve

Create a vacuum Time

Saturated with fluid

Porosity Classification - Engineering

1. Absolute porosity: The porosity that relates all pores (interconnected and isolated) to bulk volume in rock body.
Total pore volume Total or bulk volume Vol.of interconnected pores+vol of dead end pores + vol of isolated pores = Total or bulk volume Absolute Porosity, =

2. Effective porosity: The porosity that relates interconnected pores to bulk volume in rock body.

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Porosity example
Pore Connectivity
Example: Calculate the effective (E), total (T), and residual (R) porosities of a 2-dimensional, hypothetical porous medium shown below.

inlet

outlet

Answer

total volume = 5 20 = 100 connected volume = 35; unconnecte d volume = 3 total pore volume 38 total porosity ( T ) = = = 0 .38 or , 38 % total volume 100 connected pore volume 35 effective porosity ( E ) = = = 0 .35 or , 35 % total volume 100 residual porosity ( E ) = 0 .38 0 .35 = 0 .03 or , 3 %

Porosity Classification - Geological

1. Primary (or intergranular) porosity:
the time of rock / sediments deposition.
Pore spaces are between the individual grains of the sediment sandstone porosity is generally referred as the primary porosity

Porosity formed at

Note: 1. Both the primary and secondary porosities can exist in the formation, so are termed as dual porosity 2. Secondary is difficult to estimate, thus adds further to uncertainties in the reservoir engineering calculations

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Porosity Classification - Geological

2. Secondary porosity:
Rock porosity created after rock formation and exposure to various diagenetic processes such as compaction, cementation, solution, dolomitization, fissures, fractures, hydration etc.
I. Fissures, fractures / joints porosity (carbonate rocks): formed due
to tectonic movement, compaction or hydration

Fracture
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Porosity Classification - Geological

2. Secondary porosity (continued):
II. Matrix or total porosity: Matrix porosity is that of rock matrix, whereas
total porosity includes martix porosity and porosity due to fractures, joints, and fissures

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Porosity Classification - Geological

2. Secondary porosity (continued):
III. Solution porosity: The porosity portion due to the presence of vugs and
cavities created by dissolution of minerals in a carbonate rock.

Microscopic vuggy / moldic Vugular (left) and vugular with cavity (right)
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Porosity Classification - Geological

2. Secondary porosity (continued):
IV. Dolomitization: A chemical process, in which a magnesium cation
replaces a calcium cation in each carbonate molecule of the rock, that results in the formation of dolomite rock.

Fractured dolomite (left) and Conglomerate (right)

(A) Dolomite: = 20.2%, = 850 mD (B) Vuggy: large voids, = 5% , = 86 mD (C) Conglomerate: = 8.8% , = 3 mD & sand: = 18% , =9 mD
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Porosity: Effect of Packing

Porosity remains same for the identical shaped grains. Spherical packing (ideal case only!)
Bulk volume is the figure marked by connecting centre of each sphere, equivalent to ONE complete marble Pore volume = void space with the marbles Bulk volume = area x height = (2rx2rx2r)= (2r)3 Solid Volume = (4/3)R3 x (1/8) x 8 = (4/3) R3.
8 R 3 (4 / 3)R 3 = 0.476 = 47.6% Porosity () = 8R 3

NOTE: Porosity is a function of packing only as the radii cancel.

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Porosity: Effect of Packing

Porosity remains same for the identical shaped grains. Hexagonal packing (ideal case only!)
Bulk volume is the figure marked by connecting centre of each sphere, equivalent to ONE complete marble Pore volume = void space with the marbles Bulk volume = area x height = (2r)2 x 2r sin60o = (2r)3 sin60o Solid Volume = (4/3)R3 x (1/4) x 4 = (4/3) R3. Porosity () =
8R 3 sin 60o (4 / 3)R 3 = 0.395 = 39.5% 8R 3 sin 60o

NOTE: Porosity is a function of packing only as the radii cancel.

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Porosity: Effect of Packing

Porosity remains same for the identical shaped grains. Rhombohedral packing tight packing
The smallest volume element is a parallelepiped prism. The center of the upper base coincides with the center of the sphere that falls in the cavity created by the four spheres in the lower layer. Rhombohedral packing is a tight packing

Bulk volume = (2r)3 x sin45o = (2r)3 / 2 Solid Volume = (4/3)R3 x (1/4) x 4 = (4/3) R3.
3 o (4 / 3) R3 Porosity () = 8R sin 45 = 0.259 = 25.9% 8R3 sin 45o

NOTE: Porosity is a function of packing only as the radii cancel. Ideal case only!
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Porosity: Effect of Packing

Particles size distribution:
A distribution that describes the weight per cent of all sizes of particles forming the rock body.

(A) Different sized & shaped sand grains (B) Spherical idealized grains with other three sized packing
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Factors Impacting Porosity

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Uniformity of grain size Degree of cementation or consolidation Degree of compaction during and after deposition Method of packing Sphericity, 6) Angularity.
Porosity declines rapidly with the addition to fine matrix particles that fill in the interstitial spaces In practice, however, coarser sands sometimes have higher porosities than do finer sands or vice versa. Porosity increases with improved sorting. As sorting quality decreases, the pores between the larger, framework-forming grains are in filled by the smaller particles.
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Factors Impacting Porosity

Porosity increases with improved sorting. As sorting quality decreases, the pores between the larger, framework-forming grains are in filled by the smaller particles.
Poor Grain Sorting Good Porosity increase

Porosity in petroleum literature usually means effective porosity that contributes to the fluid flow through a porous medium. Laboratory porosity values are generally expected to be higher than in situ values since rock at reservoir conditions is subject to overburden stresses, while core recovered at surface tends to be stress relieved
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Porosity Measurement: Maps

Isoporosity map:
A map showing lines (contours) of constant porosity. The increment between any two neighboring lines is constant called contour interval. The contour lines do not intersect. They are continuous and terminate at the edge of map or reservoir.

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Porosity Measurement: Maps

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Porosity: Maps
Hydrocarbon pore volume (HCPV) in a reservoir:
The volume of oil and gas that exist in the pores of a reservoir rock. Units: Reservoir Barrels (RB).

VHC = 7758 AhS HC

VHC = hydrocarbon volume in reservoir (RB) A = reservoir areal extension (acres) h = average reservoir net thickness (feet)

= average effective porosity (fraction)

S HC = average hydrocarbon saturation (fraction)

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Porosity: Maps
Initial oil-in-place (N):
The amount of oil in a reservoir in units of Stock Tank Barrels (STB).

N = 7758 AhS o / Bo
Bo = oil formation volume factor (RB/STB). 1B = 5.61459 ft3

Initial gas-in-place (G): The amount of natural gas in a reservoir in

units of standard cubic feet (scf)

G = 7758 AhS g / Bg where Bg = gas formation volume factor (RB/scf) or G = 43,560 AhS g / Bg where Bg = gas formation volume factor (ft3/scf)
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Porosity: Averaging
The average porosity of n rock samples is given by general average equation:

General average porosity equation :

V pi
avg =

Vbi i
=
i =1 n

Ai hii
=
i =1 n

w L h
i

i i i

V
i =1

i =1 n

bi

V
i =1

bi

Ah
i =1

i =1 n

i i

w Lh
i i =1

i i

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Porosity: Averaging

V
Volume average porosity : avg =
i =1 n

bi i

V
i =1 n i =1 n

bi

h
Thickness average porosity : avg =

i i

h
i =1

Arithmetic average porosity : avg

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1 n = i n i =1
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