Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A sample bibliography in the style of Kate Turabians Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations, 6th ed, 1996. Updated and compared with Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. 2003.
Direct Quotes
Lincoln appeals to the emotions of his audience during his first inaugural address: The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. 1
Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, 1861, ed. K. W. Jennison, The Essential Lincoln, New York: Franklin Watts, 1971, 157-169.
1. Abraham
Direct Quotation
It is best to use a direct quotation whenever The original language is official legal or scientific terminology, The original language is especially expressive, beautiful, or otherwise significant, It is necessary to present someones exact words without any interpretation or change, You wish first to present an authors exact words, then to give your interpretation of those words.
Paraphrasing
Lincolns first inaugural address tugs at the heartstrings of his audience. He appeals to the people of North and South to remember their treasured shared heritage of constitutional government, so that the nation could continue united, despite ongoing disagreements. 2
Its not exactly 2. Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, what was said, 1861, ed. K. W. Jennison, The Essential Lincoln, New but it still needs York: Franklin Watts, 1971, 157-169 to be cited!
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing gives you the opportunity to explain the original source by Putting someone elses thoughts into your own words, Making those thoughts clearer and more to the point, Applying thoughts from one context to another context, Giving further examples of how the idea works.
Summarizing
The first volume of Carl Sandburgs biography of Abraham Lincoln covers his childhood, youth, and early adult years.3
Carl Sandburg, Carl, Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1926, 1939.
3.
Citation Options
Footnotes? Bibliography? Whatever happened to Parenthetical References and Works Cited?
Although the Turabian Manual does have a parenthetical reference style, the footnote-bibliography style is required at UCC. So thats what youll see here
Whats a Bibliography?
A bibliography is an alphabetical list of all the information sources used to research a topic. For each source, full bibliographic detail is listed. This includes author, title, volume, year of publication, page numbers, etc. A bibliography is found at the end of a research paper. This is usually not annotated. Annotated bibliographies contain a brief description of each source following the bibliographic entry.
(Sample) Bibliography
Barclay, Linwood. Science Gives Aphrodite a Pain in the Butt. Toronto Star 21 September 2002. (Ontario Edition). K02. http://lexis-nexis.com/universe Butler, Judith. Antigones Claim. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. Lefkowitz, Mary R. Greek gods, human lives: what we can learn from myths. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003. Lefkowitz, Mary R. and Maureen B. Fant, comps. Womens Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Morpheus. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org Schein, Seth L. Verbal Adjectives in Sophocles: Necessity and Morality. Classical Philology 93, no.4 (1998) 293-307. http://search.epnet.com. Bibliography entries are listed in alphabetical order. Entries are single spaced, with one space between entries. Format your entries with a HANGING INDENT. A period separates each complete citation element.
Capitalize the first and last words of titles, and all other words in the title, except
Articles (a, an, the) Prepositions (of, in between, among, etc.) Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, etc.) The to in an infinitive (When to Move)
Whats a Footnote?
Footnotes (found at the bottom of the page) tell the reader exactly where the information cited can be found. The first note indicating use of a source will give full bibliographic information (author, title, date of publication, publisher, etc.) plus the page number for the information cited. Additional footnotes immediately following the first can be noted with Ibid. (meaning in the same place), followed by the page number for the information cited. Additional footnotes referring to a previous note, but not immediately following list the authors name (title of work when necessary) and the page number.
tes
Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Sayings, comps. Mary R. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. Fant, Womens Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation, (Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992),151. 24. 1 Tim. 2:12, (King James Version). 25. Maximus, 152.
Format
Tools
Table
Window
Help
Reference
1. Place the cursor in the place in your text where a footnote should go. 2. Click Insert on the toolbar. 3. Then click Reference and select Footnote.
4. A box will pop up, and you can type the information (use the N forms). 5. The computer will automatically insert a superscript numeral at the point where the footnote is needed, and will number each footnote at the bottom of the page. 6. If you need to add additional footnotes in the middle of a paragraph, the computer will automatically renumber all the footnotes in your document.
The following pages contain citation examples for many different kinds of information. On each page, you will see two examples for each item cited. Follow the format and punctuation for each citation given.
1John
The bibliography entry has a hanging indent. The footnote has a paragraph indent. In the bibliography entry, periods separate complete citation elements (author, title, publication info) In the footnote, commas are used. In the footnote, publication information is contained in parentheses.
Only in the bibliography entry, the first author is listed last name first, so that it can be alphabetized by the authors last name. All subsequent authors are listed with the first name first. In the footnote, all authors are listed with the first name first. Footnotes cite specific information, in this example, found on page 54.
n is found
Treat an edited book just like a book by one or two authors, but add eds. after the editors names.
List the author first. In the footnote, list the editor after the title, with ed. before her name. Spell out Edited by in the Bibliography entry. Treat translators (trans.) or compilers (comp.) like editors.
When there is no author or editor listed, the bibliography or footnote will begin with the title. In this footnote, we are citing specific information found on page 381. The information is cited to a section of the book titled Smithsonian Institute Press. The section title is in quotation marks and the title is italicized.
Note: State reprint before the original edition when citing a reprint.
An Organization as an Author
B
Congressional Quarterly Inc. The CQ 2003 Almanac Plus: 108th Congress, 1st Session, Vol.LIX, 2004. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc. 1996. Quarterly Inc., Congress Restricts Junk E-Mail, The CQ Almanac Plus: 108th Congress, 1st Session, Vol.LIX, 2004: January-December, (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 2004), 18-6 18-8. Section (pages) where
info was found.
12Congressional
An organization, Congressional Quarterly, Inc., is listed both as the author (first element of citation) and as the publisher of the book above.
Continued
Continued
An Article from a Well-Known Encyclopedia B Bouwsma, William J. Calvin and Calvinism. New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia, 15th ed.
According to the Turabian Manual, well-known reference books need not be listed in bibliographies. The example above is intended to show students who are required to list such articles an acceptable way of doing so.
Facts, 2004.
Normally, an almanac, like an encyclopedia, would be cited in a note, but not listed in a bibliography.
In this case, all volumes of the book have the same title. The volume number is indicated right before the page range (5.377406).
Continued
M.Ogilvie, Caesar, In The Cambridge History of Classical Literature, Vol. 2, Latin Literature, ed. E. J. Kenney and W. V. Clausen, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 283. Specific cited info is
found on this page.
3R.
In this case, each volume has a different subtitle. The volume number is indicated between the title and the subtitle. Had either example been a single-volume work, no volume number would be indicated.
Familiar religious texts are usually referred to in text, listing the abbreviated name of the book of the Bible (in Roman type, not Italic, not underlined). Chapter and verse are separated by a colon. Never cite a page number. Indicate the version of the Bible in parentheses. Religious texts are included in bibliographies only when information from a modern commentator is referred to. The usual bibliography entry is the first one above.
As in the example above, list as author the largest government agency first (in this case, U. S.; then list the Department level, then list the office or bureau within the department.
Continued
In this case, the government document was reprinted by a nongovernment publisher for sale, so that information is added at the end of the citation. Very often, the publisher of official government documents is the Government Printing Office (GPO) in Washington, D. C.
E. Martin, The Black Freedom Struggle and the Enduring Dilemma of Brown, Black Scholar 34, no.2 (2004): 17-18.
volume issue
2Waldo
In these examples, each issue of the journal is paginated beginning with page one. In this case the issue number is indicated after the volume.
In the example above, the journal uses continuous pagination throughout the year. Therefore, we do not list the issue number.
In section 11.44, Turabian states that News items from daily papers are rarely listed separately in a bibliography or reference list. Newspaper articles are usually cited in footnotes. However students required to list a newspaper could follow the bibliography format above.
If a book or film review is found in a magazine or newspaper, instead of a journal, cite the reviewer, the title of the book or film reviewed, and the books author or film director. Then cite the magazine or newspaper where the review is found.
It is desirable to list the publication information, especially the date, for the source from which this electronic version was transcribed in the footnote. Electronic versions lacking this information are considered less authoritative.
Page numbers, if available, should be listed before the Web address for the article. When required, the date of access follows the citation in the footnote.
Page numbers, if available, should be listed before the Web address for the article. When required, the date of access follows the citation in the footnote.
Page numbers, if available, should be listed before the Web address for the database servoce. When required, the date of access follows the citation in the footnote.
Page numbers, if available, should be listed before the Web address for the database service. When required, the date of access follows the citation in the footnote.
Whenever, as in this example, there is no author listed, the citation begins with the title of the article.
List these elements, when available: the authorizing body, author or editor, title of the paper, date series or publication numbers, place of publication, page reference, Web address, and access date (when required).
Follow the format for a document in print, then add the Web address and access date (if required).
List as much as can be found: author, title of the page; title or owner of the Web site, Web address; date of access (if required).
B Halsall, Paul. Internet Ancient History Sourcebook. Fordham University. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall /ancient/asbook.html. N Halsall, Internet Ancient History Sourcebook, Fordham University, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall /ancient/asbook.html, (accessed July 18, 2005).
15Paul
Site as much as can be found: Author of Content, Title of Page, Owner of Site, URL, and Date of Access, if required.
Format: List as much as can be found: author, title of the page; title or owner of the Web site, Web address; date of access (if required). Continued
Caveat Lector
If the author of a Web site is not a well-respected authority on the subject, if the site is not peer-reviewed, or if you just dont know that much about the author, then it is not a good idea to base your research on the content of such a site. Web sites selected by librarians, or listed in reference books are likely to be more reliable than random searches. Look for US Government Web sites when appropriate. Web sites by professors at major universities are more reliable than student Web sites. Evaluate information found on the Web by comparing it to print resources.