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by the foreign Europeans. For example, according to Crusader sources, in November 1098, the Crusaders massacred every civilian in the Syrian city of Maarra, and then proceeded to eat the bodies. Tales of such brutality at the hands of the Franks slowly brought the Muslim world out of its slumber. But in the early 1100s, victory still seemed far away. It was not until the leadership of Imad al-Din Zengi in the 1130s that the tide began to turn. To be continued in Part 3 of the Crusades series on Lost Islamic History. Sources: Hodgson, M. (1961). The Venture of Islam . (Vol. 2). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Crusades in The New Catholic Encyclopedia, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966, Vol. IV Maalouf, A. (1984). The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. New York: Schocken.