Objective: Determining the electrical equivalent between heat energy in calories and electrical energy in joules.

Apparatus: joule heat calorimeter with a resistor heater attach to its end, thermometer , current sensor, a voltage probe, science workshop setup, connecting wires, switch, DC power supply, and science Workshop Interpharse. Theory: The experiment is achieved by finding the electrical energy dissipated when water is heated is heated by submerging a heating resistor in water and running current through the resistor. Also the heat absorbed by water (in calories) is determined. Using the law of conservation of energy, if there are no energy losses to surrounding, all the energy given off by the resistor should be absorbed by the water. The electrical energy delivered to the resistor is given as E=IVT (J) The resistor is immersed in a known amount of water to absorb the heat. The rise in temperature is measured. If ( kg of water is contained in a calorimeter of mass kg and of specific heat cal/ , and T is the rise in its temperature, the heat absorbed is the heat absorbed is Q= ( T) + ( T) calorie

Where m is the mass of water, c is the specific heat of water (1cal/g. ), and T is the change in temperature of the water. Procedure of Experiment setup: One terminal of the switch is connected to the positive terminal of DC power supply and the other terminal of the switch is connected in series with probe from the energy transfer-calorimeter, and the terminal A of the science workshop interpharse. Also probe from the energy transfer-calorimeter is connected to the positive terminal of the current sensor. The negative terminal of the current sensor is connected in series with the probe from terminal B of the science workshop interpharse, and the negative terminal of the DC power supply. The probe from the terminal A of the science workshop interpharse is connected to the side of the current sensor. Before the connections, the switch is left open and it is switch on when connection is completed.

Experiment Procedure:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Measure and record the room temperature. Weigh the empty container, and record its mass. Fill the container to indicate water level, and record its mass. The container with water is transfer into the energy calorimeter. The apparatus is setup as stated below. Schematic of the Setup for the Joule Heat Study

DATA COLLECTION

Study of Joule Heat Room temperature ( ) = Mass of calorimeter cup (g) = Mass of calorimeter cup +water = Mass of water (g) = 53.7 Initial temperature of water ( ) = Final temperature after heating it electrically ( Temperature Change ( =

Trial 1 20.0 24.8 80.8 56.0

Trial 2 20.0 24.8 78.5

18.0 22.5 4.5 276.552 4.935 0.443 474 1036.3 3.747

22.5 27.0 4.5 295.780 4.925 0.443 660 1440.0 4.868

=Tf-Ti=

Q = Heat absorbed by water (cal) = Average Voltage (V) = Average Current (A) = Total Time(s) = E = Electrical energy delivered (j) = Electrical Heat Equivalent = E/Q = Average E/Q= Expected Value Experimental % deviation 4.186j/cal 4.308 2.91%

4.308

Source of Experimental Error: 1. If temperature of the water in the container is higher than the room temperature before the experiment start, this will cause disparity in the date used to calculate the electrical heat equivalent needed for that mass of water. 2. When ice is added to the water is not allowed to completely melt, this would cause a much cooler temperature than expected at the specified voltages and current reading. 3. The present of ice in the container might skewed the mass of water since ice is less dense than water, this would also cause disparity in the data used to calculate the joules equivalent of electrical energy.

Conclusion: This experiment shows the relationship between the equivalent of electrical energy and heat energy using joule heat calorimeter with a resistor heater attach to its end. Post Lab Question: 1. Define the electrical equivalent of heat Answer: the electrical equivalent of heat is the amount of joules of electrical energy that are equivalent to one calorie of thermal energy. 2. In which unit of measure is it expressed? Answer: the unit is expressed in joules per kilocalorie. Since electrical energy is in joules and heat energy is kilocalories 3. What are the similarities and difference between the electrical equivalent of heat and the mechanical equivalent of heat? Similarities: both of them can be converted to order form energy e.g. they can be used to run turbine which generate electricity. Difference: the efficiency of converting electrical energy to thermal energy is always 100% but converting mechanical energy to thermal energy is less than 100%, this is because some of the efficiency was used to overcome friction. 4. If no heat is lost to the surrounding, what is the efficiency of converting electrical energy to thermal energy? Answer: Since there is no heat lost to the surroundings, the efficiency of converting electrical energy to thermal energy 100%

5.

What precaution should one observe to get the most accurate result?

Answer: a. b. In order to get accurate result, the water used should be clean from impurity and should also be either at the same temperature or one-two degree below the room temperature. When ice is added to the water , the water should be stirred properly until all ice is dissolved before using for experiment.