LTE Radio Procedures Huawaei PDF

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LTE Radio Interface Procedures
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Contents
1- FAQs Frame Structure//Throughput Calculations etc 2- Reselection 3- SIBs 3- Registration IDLE Mode 4-Paging 5-Handover 6-DL Power Connected Mode Control 7-DL Scheduling Self Optimization Network 8-ANR 9-ICIC
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Page 2
FAQs
Page 3
Frame Structure (FDD)
Related Concept 1- Radio Frame 2-Subframe 3-Slot 4- Subcarrier 5- Resource Block (Scheduling Minimum Unit) 6- Resource Element
Channel BW (MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 RB Number 6 15 25 50 Subcarrier Number 72 180 300 600
15
20
75
100
900
1200
Page 4
Number of Scheduled User in 1 TTI

Scheduling information is in PDCCH frame. 1- Total Number of RE for PDCCH=100(RB for 100Mhz)*12(SC)*3 2- Total Number of bits for PDCCH in 1 TTI=100*12*3*Modulation
2bits for QPSK 4bits for 16QAM 6bits for 64QAM Based on CQI Take 6 as example: Total Number of bits for PDCCH in 1 TTI=100*12*3*6=21600
Number of bits required by each user for scheduling= 17 Total User support for scheuding =21600/17=1270 Users Note : Actually need to consider PCFICH+PHICH (from diagram) i.e. (1270-PCFICH-PHICH)/17 ~~ 1000 users approx
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Downlink Calculation
Downlink maximum throughput = Number of RB 12 (Number of Sub-carrier with one RB) 14 (Number of Symbols with a Sub-frame) [ 1 (RS overhead and PDCCH overhead) ] Modulation symbols efficiency MIMO 1000 (Number of Sub-frame in one second) Coding rate
Example: Calculate the FDD LTE system 10M, 2 * 2 MIMO, 64QAM, the Coding rate is 1. The single cell downlink physical layer theory rate = 50*12*14*(1-(2/21+1/21))*6*2*1000*1 =82.4Mbps 50 50 RB 12 One RB includes 12 sub-carrier 14 A sub-frame 14 symbol 6 64QAM each symbol represents 6 bits 2 2*2 MIMO 1000 1s=1000ms 2/21 RS overhead (total symbol of one RB=12*14=168, RS symbol number=16, 16/168=2/21) 1/21 PDCCH overhead (If downlink sub-frame PDCCH accounted for only a symbol, and the PDCCH symbol is the first symbol of the sub-frame, this is the minimal overhead in PDCCH, a downlink sub-frame occupies 8 subcarriers, so the minimal PDCCH overhead is 8 symbols, 8 / (14 * 12) =8/168= 1/21.
82.4Mbps this is an ideal value, because the SCH, BCH also take up some of the resources, and consider the coding rate, the actual Downlink peak rate around 70Mbps Page 6
Uplink Calculation
Uplink maximum throughput = Number of RB 12 (Number of Sub-carrier with one RB) 14 (Number of Symbols with a Sub-frame) ( 1 RS overhead ) Modulation symbols efficiency 1000 (Number of Sub-frame in one second) Coding rate Example: Calculate the FDD LTE system 10M, None MIMO, 16QAM, the Coding rate is 1. The UE uplink physical layer theory rate = 46*12*14*(1-1/7)*4*1000*1=26.5Mbps 46 46 RB 12 One RB includes 12 sub-carrier 14 A sub-frame 14 symbol 4 16QAM each symbol represents 4 bits 1 Coding rate 1/7Pilot overhead 1000 1s=1000ms UE cat4 does not support 64QAM and MIMO in uplink, and consider the PUCCH occupied 4RB, the pilot overhead is 1/7, the uplink can reach the peak rate 25.6Mbps, in fact should also consider the impact of sounding and PRACH, the uplink peak rate around 25Mpbs
Page 7
Carrier Frequency EARFCN Calculation(3GPP : 36.104)

Channel raster
The channel raster is 100 kHz for all bands, which means that the carrier centre frequency must be an integer multiple of 100 kHz.
Table 5.7.3-1 E-UTRA channel numbers

Downlink Uplink E-UTRA FDL_low [MHz] NOffs-DL Range of NDL FUL_low [MHz] NOffs-UL Range of NUL Operating Band 1 2110 0 0 599 1920 18000 18000 18599 2 1930 600 600 - 1199 1850 18600 18600 19199 3 1805 1200 1200 1949 1710 19200 19200 19949 4 2110 1950 1950 2399 1710 19950 19950 20399 5 869 2400 2400 2649 824 20400 20400 20649 6 875 2650 2650 2749 830 20650 20650 20749 7 2620 2750 2750 3449 2500 20750 20750 21449 8 925 3450 3450 3799 880 21450 21450 21799 9 1844.9 3800 3800 4149 1749.9 21800 21800 22149 10 2110 4150 4150 4749 1710 22150 22150 22749 11 1475.9 4750 4750 4949 1427.9 22750 22750 22949 12 728 5000 5000 5179 698 23000 23000 23179 13 746 5180 5180 5279 777 23180 23180 23279 14 758 5280 5280 5379 788 23280 23280 23379 17 734 5730 5730 5849 704 23730 23730 23849 18 860 5850 5850 5999 815 23850 23850 23999 19 875 6000 6000 6149 830 24000 24000 24149 20 791 6150 6150 - 6449 832 24150 24150 - 24449 21 1495.9 6450 6450 6599 1447.9 24450 24450 24599 33 1900 36000 36000 36199 1900 36000 36000 36199 34 2010 36200 36200 36349 2010 36200 36200 36349 35 1850 36350 36350 36949 1850 36350 36350 36949 36 1930 36950 36950 37549 1930 36950 36950 37549 37 1910 37550 37550 37749 1910 37550 37550 37749 38 2570 37750 37750 38249 2570 37750 37750 38249 39 1880 38250 38250 38649 1880 38250 38250 38649 40 2300 38650 38650 39649 2300 38650 38650 39649 NOTE: The channel numbers that designate carrier frequencies so close to the operating band edges that the carrier extends beyond the operating band edge shall not be used. This implies that the first 7, 15, 25, 50, 75 and 100 channel numbers at the lower operating band edge and the last 6, 14, 24, 49, 74 and 99 channel numbers at the upper operating band edge shall not be used for channel bandwidths of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz respectively.
Carrier frequency and EARFCN

The carrier frequency in the uplink and downlink is designated by the E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (EARFCN) in the range 0 - 65535. The relation between EARFCN and the carrier frequency in MHz for the downlink is given by the following equation, where FDL_low and NOffs-DL are given in table 5.7.3-1 and NDL is the downlink EARFCN.
FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL NOffs-DL)

The relation between EARFCN and the carrier frequency in MHz for the uplink is given by the following equation where FUL_low and NOffs-UL are given in table 5.7.3-1 and NUL is the uplink EARFCN.
FUL = FUL_low + 0.1(NUL NOffs-UL)
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Example
FDL (center Freq) = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL (EARFCN) NOffs-DL) Or
NDL (EARFCN)= 10*(FDL (center Freq) - FDL_low ) + NOffs-DL

Say FDL (center Freq) = 1815 NDL (EARFCN)=10*(1815-1805)+1200 NDL (EARFCN)=1300
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IDLE Mode Behavior

Idle Mode Overview PLMN Selection Cell selection & cell reselection System Information reception Tracking area registration Paging monitoring procedure
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Idle Mode Overview

A UE that is powered on but does not have an RRC connection to the radio network is defined as being in idle mode. In the case of idle mode management, the eNodeB sends configurations by broadcasting system information, and accordingly, UEs select suitable cells to camp on. Idle mode management can increase the access success rate, improve the quality of service, and ensure that UEs camp on cells with good signal quality.
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PLMN Selection
A PLMN identity consists of a Mobile Country Code (MCC) and a Mobile Network Code (MNC). When a UE is powered on or recovers from lack of coverage, after the cell search, the UE first selects the last registered PLMN and attempts to register on that PLMN. If the registration on the PLMN is successful, the UE shows the selected PLMN on the display, and now it can obtain service from an operator. If the last registered PLMN is unavailable or the registration on the PLMN fails, another PLMN can be automatically or manually selected according to the priorities of PLMNs stored in the USIM.
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Cell Selection & Reselection

Cell search is a procedure in which a UE achieves time and frequency synchronization with a cell, obtains the physical cell ID, and learns the signal quality and other information about the cell based on the physical cell ID. Before selecting or reselecting a cell, a UE performs a cell search on all carrier frequencies. In the Long Term Evolution (LTE) system, Synchronization Channels (SCHs) are specially used for cell search. There are two types of SCH: Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH) and Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH). The cell search procedure on SCHs is as follows: The UE monitors the P-SCH to achieve clock synchronization with a maximum synchronization error of 5 ms. Physical cell IDs have one-to-one mapping with primary synchronization signals. Therefore, the UE acquires the physical cell ID by monitoring the P-SCH. The UE monitors the S-SCH to achieve frame synchronization, that is, time synchronization with the cell. Cell ID groups have a one-to-one relation with secondary synchronization signals. Therefore, the UE acquires the number of the cell ID group to which the physical cell ID belongs by monitoring the S-SCH. The UE monitors the downlink reference signal to acquire the signal quality in the cell. The UE monitors the Broadcast Channel (BCH) to acquire other information about the cell.
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Cell Selection Criteria
During cell selection, a UE needs to check whether a cell fulfills the cell selection criteria. The cell selection is based on the RSRP of the E-UTRAN cell. Before a UE can select a cell to camp on, the RSRP of the cell must be higher than the user-defined minimum receive (RX) level Qrxlevmin of the cell.
The formula for cell selection decision is as follows:

Srxlev > 0 where Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) - Pcompensation
Qrxlevmeas is the measured RX level in the cell (RSRP), expressed in decibels with reference to one milliwatt (dBm). Qrxlevmin is the minimum required RX level (set in the eNodeB) in the cell, expressed in units of dBm. Qrxlevminoffset is the offset to Qrxlevmin. This offset is taken into account when the UE attempts to camp on a cell in a higher-priority PLMN. That is, when camped on a cell in a VPLMN, the UE considers this offset parameter, which was signaled from the associated cell in the higher-priority PLMN, in the Srxlev evaluation. Pcompensation is generated according to the function max(PMax - UE Maximum Output Power, 0). The value is expressed in decibels (dB). PMax is the maximum allowed transmit power of the UE in the cell, expressed in units of dBm. It is used in uplink transmission.
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Cell Reselection
The signal strength of both serving cell and neighboring cells varies with the movement of UE and so the UE need to select the most suitable cell to camp on. This process is called cell reselection. Cell reselection process:

Measurement Start criteria Cell reselection criteria
Intra frequency Interfrequency (within LTE) InterRAT ( LTE to Other RAT)

Page 15
Intra frequency Measurement
If the intra frequency measurement triggering threshold is not configured, the UE performs intra frequency measurements always. If the intra frequency measurement triggering threshold is configured:
Srxlev > SintraSearch,
the UE does not perform intra frequency measurement.
Srxlev <= SintraSearch,
the UE perform intra frequency measurement.
Srxlev = Smeas - SMin

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Inter Frequency // RAT Measurement
For the neighbor with higher priority
The UE always perform inter frequency / RAT measurement
For the neighbor with Low or equal priority

If the threshold is not configured , the UE always perform inter frequency/RAT measurement If threshold is configured:
When Srxlev > SNonIntraSearch, UE does not perform inter frequency / RAT measurement When Srxlev <=SNonIntraSeach, UE perform inter frequency / RAT measurement
From SIB, UE can get the serving cell & inter frequency / RAT neighbors priority For the high priority cells, UE measure them always, for low priority cells, UE measure them incase of serving cell signal is lower Than threshold. The intra frequency cells have the same frequency priority, frequencies of different RATs must have different priorities
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Intra Frequency//Same Priority Cell Reselection Decision
A UE makes a cell reselection decision according to cell reselection criteria. When making a decision on reselection to an intra-
frequency or equal-priority inter-frequency cell, the UE checks whether the signal quality of a neighboring cell is higher than that of the
serving cell. The UE evaluates the neighboring cell only after the cell meets the cell selection criteria.
The cell-ranking criteria R_s for the serving cell and R_n for neighboring cells are defined as follows:

R_s = Qmeas,s + Qhyst
R_n = Qmeas,n - CellQoffset
where: Qmeas,s is the measured RSRP of the serving cell, expressed in units of dBm. Qhyst is the hysteresis for the serving cell used in the ranking criteria, expressed in units of dB. It is set in the eNodeB. Qmeas,n is the measured RSRP of the neighboring cell, expressed in units of dBm. CellQoffset is the offset for the neighboring cell used in the ranking criteria, expressed in units of dB. It is set in the eNodeB. According to the cell reselection criteria, the UE should reselect the new cell only if both the following conditions are met: The new cell is ranked higher than the serving cell during the cell reselection time. More than one second has elapsed since the UE camped on the serving cell. During cell reselection, the UE needs to check whether access to that cell is allowed according to the cellAccessRelatedInfo Information Element (IE) in the SIB1. If the cell is barred, it must be excluded from the candidate list, and the UE does not consider the cell as a candidate for cell reselection. If the cell is unsuitable because it is part of the list of forbidden TAs for roaming or it does not belong to
the registered PLMN or an EPLMN, the UE does not consider this cell and other cells on the same frequency as candidates for
reselection for a maximum of 300 seconds. Page 18
Inter-RAT/Inter Frequency High Priority Cell Reselection Decision
For the high priority cells, the UE perform cell reselection if following conditions
are met:
In reselection time, Sxlev of a neighbor is higher than ThreshXHigh More than one second has elapsed since the UE camped on the serving cell.
Note: If the highest cell is unsuitable because is part of list of forbidden Tac for roaming or it does not belong to registered PLMN or an EPLMN, the UE does not consider this cell as candidate for reselection for a maximum of 300 seconds.
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Inter-RAT/Inter-Frequency low Priority Cell Reselection Decision
For low priority cells, the UE perform cell reselection if the following condition are
met:
No cell on a higher priority frequency meets the criteria In reselection time, Srxlev of the serving cell is lower than ThrshServLow, but Srxlev value of the evaluated neighbor cell is greater than ThreshXLow
More than one second has elapsed since the UE camped on the serving cell.
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System Information Block Contents

SI Block MIB SIB1 SIB2 SIB3 SIB4 SIB5 Content Downlink bandwidth of a cell, Physical HARQ Indication Channel (PHICH) parameters, and System Frame Number (SFN) Parameters related to cell access and cell selection and scheduling information of SI messages Common radio parameters used by all the UEs in a cell Common cell reselection parameters for all the cells and intra-frequency cell reselection parameters Intra-frequency neighboring cell list, reselection parameters of each neighboring cell used for cell reselection, and intra-frequency cell reselection blacklist Inter-frequency E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (EARFCN) list and reselection parameters of each EARFCN used for cell reselection Inter-frequency cell list and reselection parameters of each neighboring cell used for cell reselection Inter-frequency cell reselection blacklist
SIB6
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) neighboring EARFCN list and reselection parameters of each EARFCN used for cell reselection
UTRA Time Division Duplex (TDD) neighboring EARFCN list and reselection parameters of each EARFCN used for cell reselection
SIB7 SIB8
GERAN neighboring EARFCN list and reselection parameters of each EARFCN used for cell reselection CDMA2000 pre-registration information
CDMA2000 neighboring frequency band list and reselection parameters of each band used for cell reselection
SIB9 SIB10 SIB11
CDMA2000 neighboring cell list of neighboring frequency band Name of the home eNodeB Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) primary notification ETWS secondary notification
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MIB
i) MIB is transmitted at a fixed cycles (every 4 frames starting from SFN 0)
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System Information Type-1
1- MCC/MNC 2- Tracking area code: TAC 3- Cell identity Scheduling information of other SIBs
i) SIB1 is also transmitted at the fixed cycles (every 8 frames starting from SFN 0).
SIB1
Parameters related to cell access and cell selection and scheduling information of SI messages
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System Information (Sib-3)
SIB3
Common cell reselection parameters for all the cells and intra-frequency cell reselection parameters
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System Information(Sib-4//Sib-6)
SIB6 SIB4 Intra-frequency neighboring cell list, reselection parameters of each neighboring cell used for cell reselection, and intrafrequency cell reselection blacklist
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) neighboring EARFCN list and reselection parameters of each EARFCN used for cell reselection UTRA Time Division Duplex (TDD) neighboring EARFCN list and reselection parameters of each EARFCN used for cell reselection
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Tracking Area Registration

EPC send paging messages to all enodeB in the TA. A TA is identified by Tracking area identifier (TAI), which consist of MCC+MNC+TAC
TA in SIB1:
A UE informs the EPC of its Tracking area in 2 ways.
Attach/Detach
TA update (Periodic + Normal)
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Attach//Detach
When a UE needs to obtain service from a network but is not registered to the network, the UE perform an attach procedure for TA registration
When the UE fails to access the EPC or the EPC doesnt allow the access of the
UE, a detach procedure is initiated. After the detach procedure, EPC no longer pages the UE.
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TA Update (Periodic + Normal)
TA update are performed in the following situations:

The UE detects a new TA The periodic TA update timer expires(T3412) The UE perform reselection to an E-UTRAN cell from another RAT
The RRC connection is released because of load balancing

The information on UE capabilities stored in the ECP changes The DRX parameter changes
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Paging Monitoring Procedure

Key Concept 1- DefaultPagingCycle (T), DRX Cycle Coefficient. 2- Paging Frame (PF) Function of IMSI 3- Paging Occasion (PO)
Paging Parameters in SIB2 BCCH-DL-SCH-Message ::= SEQUENCE +-message ::= CHOICE [c1] +-c1 ::= CHOICE [systemInformation] +-systemInformation ::= SEQUENCE +-criticalExtensions ::= CHOICE [systemInformation-r8] +-systemInformation-r8 ::= SEQUENCE [0] +-sib-TypeAndInfo ::= SEQUENCE OF SIZE(1..maxSIB[32]) [1] | +- ::= CHOICE [sib2] | +-sib2 ::= SEQUENCE [00] ...... | | +-pcch-Config ::= SEQUENCE | | | +-defaultPagingCycle ::= ENUMERATED [rf128] | | | +-nB ::= ENUMERATED [oneT]
SFN for PF SFN mod T = (T div N) x (UE_ID mod N)

For Subframe PO The subframe number i_s of a PO is derived from the following formula: i_s =Floor (UE_ID/N) mod Ns
*Occasion (PO) is a subframe where there may be P-RNTI transmitted on PDCCH addressing the paging message. * Paging Frame (PF) is one Radio Frame, which may contain one or multiple Paging Occasion(s).
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Meaning of Parameters
SFN for PF SFN mod T = (T div N) x (UE_ID mod N)
For Subframe PO The subframe number i_s of a PO is derived from the following formula: i_s =Floor (UE_ID/N) mod Ns
T=DRX Cycle N=N is min(T,NB). The NB parameter specifies the number of PO subframes in a DRX cycle. Based on the actual configuration on the eNodeB, NB can be set to 4T, 2T, T, T/2, T/4, T/8, T/16, or T/32. Ns =max(1,NB/T). UE_ID is IMSI mod 1024.
SIB-2
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Understanding of NB
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Example
IMSI: IMSI(448835805669362) N=N is min(T,NB) N=min(T,T) T=128 Ns =max(1,NB/T) Ns=max(1,NB/T) Ns=max(1,T/T) 1 UE_ID is IMSI mod 1024 (448835805669362) mod 1024=1010
SFN for PF SFN mod T = (T div N) x (UE_ID mod N) For Subframe PO The subframe number i_s of a PO is derived from the following formula: i_s =Floor (UE_ID/N) mod Ns
SFN mod T=(128 div 128) x (1010 mod 128)= 114 i_s=Floor(UE_ID/N) mod Ns= Floor(1010/128) mod 1= Floor(7.890625) mod 1=7 mod 1= 0
9 10 11 12 13 . . 114 123 124 125 126 127 P PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF F PF PF PF PF PF PF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 PO
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Connected Mode

Handover Power Control (DL) Scheduling (DL)
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Handover Procedure
Mobility Management Overview Intra Frequency handover Inter Frequency handover Inter RAT handover
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Mobility Management Overview
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Handover Procedures Entities
mobility robust optimization (MRO)
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Measurement Triggering
Only voice
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Handover Events
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Key Concept
Step
Direction
UE <---> SS UE <---> SS UE <--- SS UE ---> SS
Message
< Power On and Registration > < Now UE is in IDLE mode > Paging RRC Connection Request
Target Cell Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 1
Memo
RRC Connection Reconfiguration is use to Modify/establish/release RB/to perform Handover, to setup/modify/release measurement
1 2 3 4
5
6 7 8
UE <--- SS
UE ---> SS UE <--- SS UE ---> SS UE <--- SS UE ---> SS UE <--- SS UE ---> SS UE ---> SS UE <--- SS UE ---> SS UE <--- SS UE ---> SS
RRC Connection Setup

RRC Connection Setup Complete Security Mode Command Security Mode Complete RRC Connection Reconfiguration RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete RRC Connection Reconfiguration RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete Measurement Report RRC Connection Reconfiguration PRACH RACH Response RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete
Cell 1
Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 2 Cell 2
Main IE: Measurementconfiguration Mobilitycontrolinformation Nas-DedicatedInformation RadioResourceConfiguration Securityconfiguration Ue-RelatedInformation
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
reactivating default EPS Bearer
Measurement Control for Target Cell
Handover Command
PASS/FAIL
18
19 20 21
UE <--- SS
UE ---> SS UE ---> SS UE <--- SS
ueCapabilityEnquiry
ueCapabilityInformation ulInformationTransfer + Detach Request RRC Connection Release Page 39
Cell 2
Cell 2 Cell 2 Cell 2
Gap Mode
A measurement gap is a time period during which the UE performs measurements on a neighboring frequency of the serving frequency. Measurement gaps are applicable to interfrequency and inter-RAT measurements. The UE performs inter-frequency or inter-RAT measurements only within the measurement gaps. One UE normally has only one receiver, and consequently one UE can receive the signals on only one frequency at a time. When inter-frequency or inter-RAT measurements are triggered, the eNodeB delivers the measurement gap configuration, and then the UE starts gap-assisted measurements accordingly. As shown above, Tperiod denotes the repetition period of measurement gaps, and TGAP denotes the gap width, within which the UE performs measurements
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Intra-Frequency handover
Event A3 will be trigger for Intra-frequency handover.
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Handover Procedure
LTE Vs WCDMA Jargon
RRC Connection Reconfiguration == Measurement Control Measurement Report == Measurement Report RRC Connection Reconfiguration == Physical Channel Reconfiguration or ActiveSetUpdate RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete == Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete or ActiveSetUpdateComplete
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Page 44
The data forwarding process is as follows: After the source eNodeB sends a handover command to the UE, the UE detaches the connection from the source eNodeB. The source eNodeB then forwards the uplink (UL) data that is received out of order and the DL data to be transmitted, to the target eNodeB. Data forwarding prevents a decrease in the data transfer ratio and an increase in the data transfer delay that are caused by user data loss during the handover. Intra-eNodeB handovers do not require data forwarding. In the case of inter-eNodeB handover, the source eNodeB selects a data forwarding path by using the X2/S1 adaptation mechanism.
Page 45
When a handover fails, the UE performs a cell selection procedure and then initiates a procedure of RRC connection reestablishment towards the selected cell. The eNodeB makes a decision based on whether the context of the UE is present or not. If the eNodeB accepts the re-establishment request, the UE accesses the selected cell, thus avoiding drop of the call caused by the handover failure.
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Inter-Frequency Measurement
Page 47
Event A2 Triggering Algorithm

In a coverage-based inter-frequency handover, event A2 triggers inter-frequency measurements. The triggering of this event indicates that the signal quality in the serving cell is lower than a specified threshold. Ms: The measurement result of the serving cell Hys: The hysteresis for event A2 Thresh: The threshold for event A2, it can be defined separately with RSRP or RSRQ
Page 48
Event A1 Stop Algorithm

Ms: The measurement result of the serving cell
Hys: The hysteresis for event A1
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Event A4 Handover Execution
Mn: The measurement result of the neighboring cell. Ofn: The frequency-specific offset for the frequency of the neighboring cell. Ocn: The cell-specific offset for the neighboring cell. Hys: The hysteresis for event A4 Thresh: The threshold for event A4
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Inter-RAT Measurement
Measurement Trigger
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Measurement Object
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Handover Trigger B1 Event

Mn: The measurement result of the neighboring cell Ofn: The frequency-specific offset for the frequency of the neighboring cell Hys: The hysteresis for event B1. The hysteresis values for inter-RAT handovers to UTRAN,
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LTE UMTS PS Handover Flow
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Power Control
Page 55
Classification of Power Control
Page 56
Downlink Power Control Classification

The configured power must meet the requirements for the downlink coverage of the cell
Fixed power assignment

Fixed power assignment is applicable to the cell-specific reference signal, synchronization signal, PBCH, PCFICH, and the PDCCH and PDSCH that carry common information of the cell. Users configure fixed power based on channel quality. The configured power must meet the requirements for the downlink coverage of the cell.
Dynamic power control

Dynamic power control is applicable to the PHICH and the PDCCH and PDSCH that carry dedicated information sent to UEs. Dynamic power control lowers interference, expands cell capacity, and increases coverage while meeting users' QoS requirements. However, these channels can also support fix power assignment, and in fact, this is our recommendation because the AMC function can also meet the requirement of QoS.
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Cell Specific RS Power Setting

The cell-specific reference signal is transmitted in all downlink subframes. The signal serves as a basis for downlink channel estimation, which is used for data demodulation.
The power for the cell-specific reference signal is set through the ReferenceSignalPwr parameter, which indicates the Energy Per Resource Element (EPRE) of the cell-specific reference signal.
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Synchronization Signal Power Setting

The synchronization signal is used for cell search and system synchronization. There are two types of synchronization signals, the Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH) and the Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH). The offset of the power for the P-SCH and S-SCH against the power for the cell-specific reference signal is set through the SchPwr parameter.
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PBCH/PCFICH Power Setting

On the PBCH, broadcast messages are sent in each frame. The messages carry the basic system information of the cell, such as the cell bandwidth, antenna configuration, and frame number.
The offset of the power for the PBCH against the power for the cell-specific reference signal is set through the PbchPwr parameter.
The PCFICH carries the number of OFDM symbols used for PDCCH transmission in a subframe. The PCFICH is always mapped to the first OFDM symbol of each subframe. The power for the PCFICH is set through the PcfichPwr parameter, which indicates an offset of the power for the PCFICH against the power for the cell-specific reference signal.
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PDCCH/PDSCH Power Setting
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Dynamic Power Control - PHICH
Page 62
Dynamic Power Control - PDCCH

When PDCCH carry the following dedicate info, power control should be performed to ensure the receive reliability Uplink scheduling information (DCI format 0) Downlink scheduling information (DCI format 1/1A/1B/2/2A) PUSCH/PUCCH TPC commands (DCI format 3/3A)
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PDSCH Power Presentation

Regarding power control for the PDSCH, the OFDM symbols on one slot can be classified into two types. Above table shows the OFDM symbol indexes within a slot where the ratio of the EPRE to the EPRE of RS is denoted by A or B.
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Automatic Neighbor Relation

ANR is a self-optimization function. It automatically maintains the integrity and effectiveness of neighbor cell lists (NCLs) to increase handover success rates and improve network performance. In addition, ANR does not require manual intervention, which reduces the costs of network planning and optimization. Neighbor relations are classified into normal and abnormal neighbor relations. Abnormal neighbor relations exist in the cases of missing neighboring cells, unstable neighbor relations, PCI collisions, and abnormal neighboring cell coverage. ANR automatically detects missing neighboring cells, PCI collisions, and abnormal neighboring cell coverage and maintains neighbor relations.
ANR classifications
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Concepts Related to ANR

-NCL -NRT -TempNRT -BlackList -HO Black List -X2 Black List -WhiteList -HO White List -X2 White List -PCI Collision -Abnormal Neighbor Cell coverage
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NCL
An NCL of a cell contains the information about the neighboring cells of a cell. Unless
otherwise stated, neighboring cells mentioned in this document exclude intra-eNodeB neighboring cells. NCLs are classified into intra-RAT NCLs and inter-RAT NCLs. Each cell has one intra-RAT NCL and multiple inter-RAT NCLs. An NCL includes the ECGIs (for E-UTRAN cells) or CGIs (for inter-RAT cells), PCIs, and EARFCNs of the neighboring cells. The eNodeB adds newly detected neighboring cells to the NCL. The NCL is used as a basis for creating neighbor relations. Neighboring cells in the NCL can be automatically managed (for example, added, deleted, or modified) by ANR. They can also be
managed manually.
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NRT
An NRT of a cell contains the information about the neighbor relations between a cell and its neighboring cells NRTs are classified into intra-RAT NRTs and inter-RAT NRTs. Each cell has one intra-RAT intra-frequency NR one intra-RAT inter-frequency NRT, and multiple inter-RAT NRTs. The intra-RAT intra-frequency NRT and intra intra-frequency NRT are referred to as the intra-RAT NRT in this document. shows an example of the NRT. The information in this table is for reference only. Table 3-1 An example of the NRT
SN LCI Local Cell PLMN TCI No Remove No HO
1 2 3
LCI#1 LCI#1 LCI#1
46001 46001 46001
TCI#1 TCI#2 TCI#3
TRUE FALSE TRUE
TRUE FALSE TRUE
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TempNRT
A TempNRT is a temporary NRT. It has the same data structure as the NRT. Each cell has an intra-RAT intra-frequency TempNRT and an intra-RAT inter-frequency TempNRT but does not have an inter-RAT TempNRT. The Intra-RAT intrafrequency TempNRT and intra-RAT intra-frequency TempNRT are referred to as the intra-RAT TempNRT in this document. After detecting a new intra-RAT neighbor relation, the eNodeB adds it to the intra-RAT TempNRT. Then, the eNodeB regularly maintains the neighbor relation in the TempNRT. If the new neighbor relation is normal, the eNodeB adds it to the intra-RAT NRT.
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Blacklist
HO Blacklist An HO blacklist contains the information about neighbor relations that cannot be used for a handover or removed automatically from the NRT by ANR. The neighbor relations in the HO blacklist must meet the following conditions: NO Remove = TRUE NO HO = TRUE A neighbor relation can be added to the HO blacklist manually. X2 Blacklist An X2 blacklist contains the information about an eNodeB and its neighboring eNodeBs. X2 interfaces cannot be set up automatically between the eNodeB and the neighboring eNodeBs. If an X2 interface has been set up, it will be removed automatically.
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Whitelist
HO Whitelist An HO whitelist [1] contains the information about neighbor relations that can be used for a handover but cannot be removed automatically from the NRT by ANR. The neighbor relations in the HO whitelist must meet the following conditions: NO Remove = TRUE NO HO = FALSE A neighbor relation can be added to the HO whitelist manually. X2 Whitelist An X2 whitelist contains the information about an eNodeB and its neighboring eNodeBs. The X2 interfaces established between the eNodeB and the neighboring eNodeBs cannot be removed automatically
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PCI
A PCI is the identifier of a physical cell. A maximum of 504 PCIs are supported, according to reference document. Therefore, PCI collisions occur inevitably. PCI collisions negatively affect handover performance and the handover success rate. For details about PCI collision handling,
The PCI of an E-UTRAN cell corresponds to: The primary scrambling code (PSC) of a UTRAN FDD cell The cell ID of a UTRAN TDD cell The base transceiver station identity code (BSIC) of a GSM/EDGE radio access network (GERAN) cell The pseudo number (PN) offset of a CDMA cell
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Abnormal Neighboring Cell Coverage
Abnormal neighboring cell coverage (also called cross-cell coverage) refers to the coverage of a cell that is not a neighboring cell of the serving cell but can be detected by a UE in the serving cell. The eNodeB regards this cell as a neighboring cell of the serving cell and therefore attempts to add the neighbor relation to the NRT,. The signals of an abnormal neighboring cell are generally unstable and therefore the success rate of handovers to this cell is low. The coverage of neighboring cells may be abnormal in any of the following scenarios: l The antenna tilt or orientation changes because of improper installation or a natural phenomenon such as strong wind. l In mountains, the signals of the umbrella cell cover lower cells.
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Classification of ANR
Intra-RAT ANR
Intra-RAT Fast ANR Inter-RAT ANR Inter-RAT Fast ANR
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Intra-RAT ANR
1. The source eNodeB delivers the inter-frequency measurement configuration to the UE and requests the UE to measure inter-frequency neighboring cells that meet the measurement configuration. Source 2. The UE detects that the PCI of cell B meets the measurement configuration and reports it to the source eNodeB. Then, the source eNodeB checks whether the intraRAT NCL of cell A includes the PCI of cell B. If yes, the procedure ends. If no, the following steps continue. 3. The source eNodeB instructs the UE, using the newly discovered PCI as a parameter, to read the ECGI, Tracking Area Code (TAC), and PLMN ID list of cell B. 4. The source eNodeB schedules appropriate idle periods to allow the UE to read the ECGI, TAC, and PLMN ID list of cell B over the broadcast channel (BCH). 5. The UE reports the detected ECGI, TAC, and PLMN ID list of cell B to the source eNodeB.
The source eNodeB adds the newly detected neighboring cell of cell B to the intra-RAT NCL of cell A and adds the neighbor relation to the intra-RAT TempNRT
Neighbor
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Intra-RAT Fast ANR

Before a UE performs handovers, the eNodeB can obtain the information about all neighboring cells with the signal quality reaching or exceeding certain RSRP (it is specified by the FastAnrRsrpThd parameter) based on the reporting of periodic UE measurements. This reduces the impact of event-triggered UE measurements on handover performance when the UE performs handovers.
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Inter-RAT ANR
1. The source eNodeB delivers the inter-RAT measurement configuration (including target RATs and EARFCNs) to the UE, activates the measurement gap mode, and instructs the UE to measure the neighboring cells that meet the measurement configuration. 2. The UE detects that the PCI of cell B meets the measurement configuration and reports it to cell A. If the source eNodeB detects that its NCL does not include the PCI of cell B, it proceeds to the following step. 3. The source eNodeB instructs the UE, using the newly discovered PCI as a parameter, to read other parameters of cell B, such as CGI. 4. The source eNodeB schedules appropriate measurement gaps to allow the UE to read the CGI and other parameters of cell B over the BCH. 5. The UE reports the source eNodeB the CGI and other parameters of cell B. The source eNodeB adds the newly detected neighboring cell to its inter-RAT NCL and adds the neighbor relation to the inter-RAT NRT.
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Inter-RAT Fast ANR

After inter-RAT fast ANR is activated, the eNodeB delivers the inter-RAT measurement configuration to the UE and instructs the UE to detect neighboring GERAN, UTRAN, and CDMA cells by using periodic measurements. The principles of inter-RAT fast ANR are the same as those of intra-RAT fast ANR
Page 78
PCI Collision Handling

A PCI collision occurs if two cells in an NCL have the same PCI but different ECGIs. PCI collisions may be caused by improper network planning or abnormal neighboring cell coverage (also known as cross-cell coverage). If two intra-frequency neighboring cells have the same PCI, interference will be caused. When a PCI collision occurs, the eNodeB cannot determine the target cell for a handover. This deteriorates the handover performance and reduces the handover success rate. Therefore, eliminating PCI collisions is an important issue in network optimization. After a PCI collision is eliminated, the PCI is unique in the coverage area of the cell and unique in the neighbor relations of the cell. PCI collision detections are triggered after intra-RAT ANR updates neighboring cells. PCI collision handling involves automatically detecting PCI collisions and reallocating PCIs. PCI reallocation is a process of allocating a new PCI to a cell whose PCI collides with the PCI of another cell. This aims to eliminate PCI collisions. If Optimization Analysis Mode is set to Immediate or Scheduled, the M2000 triggers PCI reallocation in the mode specified by the value of Optimization Analysis Mode. The M2000 also provides suggestions on PCI reallocation upon receiving a PCI collision alarm.
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Overview ICIC
All physical resource blocks (PRBs) occupied by user equipment (UEs) in a cell are mutually orthogonal in the frequency domain; therefore, intra-cell interference is very low. However, inter-cell interference is relatively high because the frequency reuse factor is 1, in which case every cell can provide services over the entire system band. For cell edge users (CEUs), the impact of the inter-cell interference is especially severe. Therefore, to increase the cell capacity and CEU throughput, inter-cell interference must be mitigated. ICIC DL UL
Static
Dynamic
Static
Dynamic
ICIC is a technology that collaborates with power control and media access control (MAC) scheduling technologies to mitigate inter-cell interference. ICIC divides the entire system band into three frequency bands and uses different frequency bands at the edge of neighboring cells. CEUs, which cause high interference or may be sensitive to interference, are preferentially scheduled in the cell edge bands to mitigate inter-cell interference. The interference mitigation enhances the network coverage and improves the CEU throughput
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Technical Principles of ICIC

Key Concept: A3 Event for ICIC CEU/CCU Power Control MAC Scheduling
The relationships between the key techniques are described as follows: i) CEU/CCU identification is a technique of identifying the UE type (CEU or CCU) based on event A3. ii) Edge band mode assignment is a technique of allocating different edge bands to neighboring cells. Edge band adjustment is a technique of expanding or shrinking the edge band of a cell based on inter-cell interference and the cell load. Edge band mode assignment and edge band adjustment collaborate to determine the edge band of each cell. iii) Power control and MAC scheduling collaborate to allocate PRBs to UEs based on cell edge bands and UE types. PRBs in edge bands are mainly allocated to CEUs, and those in center bands are mainly allocated to CCUs.
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CEU/CCU Identification Principles

When initially accessing a network, a UE is recognized as a CCU by the serving cell; after a handover, the UE is recognized as a CEU by the target cell. After a short period following the initial access or handover, the eNodeB starts to use event A3 for ICIC (referred to as ICIC event A3 in this document) to determine whether the UEs are CEUs or CCUs.
eNodeBs identify CEUs and CCUs based on ICIC event A3 as follows: i) If an ICIC event A3 report contains the measurement result only about the serving cell of a UE, the eNodeB treats the UE as a CCU. An example of this is when the UE moves from the cell edge to the cell center. ii) If an ICIC event A3 report contains the measurement result about at least one neighboring cell, the eNodeB treats the UE as a CEU.
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ICIC Event A3 Based on RSRP Measurement
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Entering Condition for ICIC Event A3
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Leaving Condition for ICIC Event A3
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More Parameter of ICIC Event A3
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Edge Band Mode Assignment

Edge band mode assignment is a technique of allocating different edge bands to neighboring cells. There are three edge band modes: MODE1, MODE2, and MODE3, whichrepresent low-, medium-, and high-frequency bands, respectively. The bandwidth of each band is about 1/3 of the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) bandwidth. The PRBs available to CEUs in a cell using a specific edge band mode correlate with the ICIC policy and system bandwidth. The policy can be either dynamic ICIC or static ICIC. If there are three cells per eNodeB, as shown in Figure 3-2, neighboring cells use different edge band modes so that CEUs in the cells are served by different frequency bands in the system band. Theoretically, the use of three edge band modes can eliminate inter-cell interference in the frequency domain.
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Edge Band Adjustment (Only in Dynamic ICIC)

There are two ICIC policies: static ICIC and dynamic ICIC. The difference between them is that only dynamic ICIC adjusts edge bands.
i) Edge band expansion condition The current cell expands its edge band if its edge band is heavily loaded while the edge bands in its neighboring cells are lightly loaded. Figure is used as an example to describe edge load evaluation: Yellow grids for the current cell represent the PRBs defined in static ICIC, and green grids with Y denote the PRBs that CEUs in the current cell actually use beyond the edge band defined in static ICIC. In this situation, the current cell determines that the number of PRBs required by CEUs is greater than the number of cell edge PRBs defined in static ICIC. The edge load of the current cell is high while the edge load of the neighboring cell is low. ii) Edge band shrinking condition Active shrinking: The current cell actively shrinks its edge band if its edge load is relatively low. Passive shrinking: When the neighboring cell expands its actual edge band within the edge band defined in static ICIC, the current cell shrinks its edge band if the PRBs used by the current and neighboring cells collide. Figure shows an example of passive shrinking.
Page 88
Scheduling
The eNodeB implements scheduling at the media access control (MAC) layer and provides time-frequency resources for uplink and downlink through scheduling. On the premise of guaranteed quality of service (QoS), scheduling aims to transmit data on the channel with better quality and maximize system throughput by using different channel qualities among UEs.
Page 89
Scheduling Policies

Max C/I l Round robin (RR) l Proportional fair (PF)
l Enhanced proportional fair (EPF)
Scheduling Policy Max C/I RR PF EPF
Effect Factor Channel quality None Service rate and channel quality Service rate, channel quality, and QoS requirement
Scheduling Priority The UE with better channel quality has a higher priority in scheduling. Each UE has equal opportunity to be scheduled. The UE with a small ratio between the service rate and channel quality has a higher priority in scheduling.
Usage Scenario To verify the maximum system throughput To verify the upper limit of scheduling fairness To verify the system throughput and fairness In operating networks
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Scheduling Scheme
Semi Persistent
Dynamic
Semi-Persistent Scheduling Semi-persistent scheduling is introduced to reduce the overhead of control signaling. Semi-persistent scheduling is a process where one user uses the same time-and-frequency resources in a specified semi-persistent scheduling period (20 ms in Huawei eNodeB) until they are released. Semi-persistent scheduling is mainly used for processing services with a constant rate, regular packet arrival, and low delay requirements, such as the Voice over IP (VoIP). By adopting semipersistent scheduling, VoIP services can save the overhead of control signaling and increase the VoIP capacity. Dynamic Scheduling In dynamic scheduling, scheduling is performed every Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of 1 ms and all the UEs to be scheduled are notified with the scheduling information through control signaling within this TTI. Dynamic scheduling has no requirements on the size and arrival time of data packets. Therefore, dynamic scheduling is applicable for all services.
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DL Scheduler
Downlink scheduling allocates time-and-frequency resources at the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) for transmission of system messages and downlink data. Downlink scheduling described in this chapter is based on the EPF scheduling strategy.
Downlink scheduling calculates available scheduling resources based on the current remaining power. In addition, the scheduling priority and Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) are determined based on the amount of data at the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, QoS requirements of bearers, and UE channel quality. In downlink scheduling, the UE channel quality information is obtained through the CQIs reported by the UE. The prioritization and MCS selection of scheduling depend on the CQI information. Therefore, if reported CQIs cannot properly reflect the actual channel conditions, the downlink resource efficiency is low.
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DL Scheduling
VoIP service The VoIP service experiencing semi-persistent scheduling has the highest priority. Semi-persistent scheduling is used in the talk spurts of the VoIP services. Control-plane data and IMS signaling Control-plane data consists of common control messages and UE-level control messages. Common control messages consist of broadcast messages, paging messages, and random access response messages. UE-level control messages consist of Signaling Radio Bearer 0 (SRB0), SRB1, and SRB2. The scheduling of IMS signaling is the same as that of UE-level control messages. HARQ retransmission data Other initial transmission services Other initial transmission services refer to the initial transmission services of other QCIs excluding VoIP services and IMS signaling.
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VOIP
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Control-Plane Data and IMS Signaling
The scheduling priority of control-plane data is only lower than that of VoIP services. Control-plane data is subject to dynamic scheduling. Control-plane data consists of common control messages and UE-level control messages. The scheduling of IMS signaling is the same as that of UE-level control messages. Handover and Power control is also UELevel Control messages.
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HAQR Retransmission Data
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Total Process of Other Services Prioritization

*UEs that experience semi-persistent scheduling in the current
TTI *UEs that experience HARQ retransmission scheduling in the current TTI *UEs that run out of HARQ process numbers *UEs that enter the measurement gap *UEs that enter the DRX dormant period *UEs that stay out of synchronization and have failed radio links Rate of non-GBR service > Min_GBR (DLMINGBR) Within Time T: Rate of GBR service > T*{Maximum number of DL-SCH transport block bits received within a TTI}
Page 97
Prioritization of Remaining Services

Prioritization of Non-GBR Service CQI The service with higher spectral efficiency of the corresponding wideband CQI has a higher priority. Average rate of non-GBR services The non-GBR service with a larger average rate has a lower priority. UE differentiation factor The UE differentiation factor reflects the priority of UEs of different levels. The UE with a higher level set by operators has a higher priority in scheduling.
Max C/I
PF ARP
Allocation Retention Priority
Weight factor {Bit Torrent Vs Non-Bit Torrent And/Or QCI} Weight factors in downlink scheduling are classified into QCI class weight factors and service type-based weight factors. Huawei eNodeB can distinguish between Bit Torrent (BT) and non-BT services using a switch under the DlSchSwitch parameter. Larger weight factor leads to higher priority of scheduling
SPI
Service Priority Indicator
Max C/I + PF+ARP+SPI=ePF
Page 98
Prioritization of GBR
Prioritization of GBR Service Channel quality The instantaneous channel quality of the UE is taken into account. The UE with better instantaneous channel quality has a higher priority. In the case of the same channel quality, the GBR service with QCI of 1 has a higher priority than other GBR services. Delay The closer the waiting time of the first packet in the buffer is to the Packet Delay Budget (PDB), the higher the priority is. The PDB value depends on the QCI. Relative priority The prioritization of GBR services is different from that of non-GBR services. This factor is added to compare the priority of GBR services with that of non-GBR services.
Max C/I
PF
SPI
Service Priority Indicator
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MCS Selection & Resource Allocation
Page 100
Calculation of Throughput based on MCS

If you know the MCS index, you can calculate the throughput for that specific MCS index as follows: Calculation Procedure for downlink(PDSCH) is as follows : i) refer to TS36.213 Table 7.1.7.1-1 ii) get I_TBS for using MCS value (ex, I_TBS is 21 if MCS is 23) iii) refer to TS36.213 Table7.1.7.2.1 iv) go to column header indicating the number of RB v) go to row header 21 which is I_TBS vi) you would get 51024 (if the number of RB is 100 and I_TBS is 21) vii) (This is Transfer Block Size per 1 ms for one Antenna)
If we use 2 antenna, it is 51024 bits * 2 Antenna * 1000 ms = about 100 Mbps

Calculation Procedure for uplink(PUSCH) is as follows : Same as the downlink as above except that you have to refer to 36.213 Table 8.6.1-1 at step i) Uplink Analysis Parameter Calculation
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Thank you
www.huawei.com
Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved. The information in this document may contain predictive statements including, without limitation, statements regarding the future financial and operating results, future product portfolio, new technology, etc. There are a number of factors that could cause actual results and developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the predictive statements. Therefore, such information is provided for reference purpose only and constitutes neither an offer nor an acceptance. Huawei may change the information at any time without notice.

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LTE Radio Interface Procedures

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Frame Structure (FDD)

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Number of Scheduled User in 1 TTI

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Carrier Frequency EARFCN Calculation(3GPP : 36.104)

Table 5.7.3-1 E-UTRA channel numbers

Carrier frequency and EARFCN

FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL NOffs-DL)

FUL = FUL_low + 0.1(NUL NOffs-UL)

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NDL (EARFCN)= 10*(FDL (center Freq) - FDL_low ) + NOffs-DL

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IDLE Mode Behavior

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Idle Mode Overview

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Cell Selection & Reselection

Cell Selection Criteria

The formula for cell selection decision is as follows:

Measurement Start criteria Cell reselection criteria

Intra frequency Interfrequency (within LTE) InterRAT ( LTE to Other RAT)

Intra frequency Measurement

Srxlev > SintraSearch,

the UE does not perform intra frequency measurement.

Srxlev <= SintraSearch,

the UE perform intra frequency measurement.

Srxlev = Smeas - SMin

Inter Frequency // RAT Measurement

For the neighbor with higher priority

The UE always perform inter frequency / RAT measurement

For the neighbor with Low or equal priority

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Intra Frequency//Same Priority Cell Reselection Decision

R_s = Qmeas,s + Qhyst

R_n = Qmeas,n - CellQoffset

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Inter-RAT/Inter Frequency High Priority Cell Reselection Decision

Inter-RAT/Inter-Frequency low Priority Cell Reselection Decision

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System Information Block Contents

SIB9 SIB10 SIB11

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i) MIB is transmitted at a fixed cycles (every 4 frames starting from SFN 0)

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