VOL'.

41, 1955

GEOPHYSICS: C. L. PEKERIS

469

data available to us in advance of publication. Fay Jones, Emily Hermann, Elizabeth S. Skinner, and Annette Trefzer assisted in reducing the data and preparing the manuscript. This work was carried out under Contract N6-onr-271 Task Order 8 with the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.
* This is Contribution No. 132 of the Lamont Geological Observatory of Columbia University. 1 F. A. Vening Meinesz, Theory and Practice of Pendulum Observations at Sea (Delft: Technische Boekhandel en Drukkerij, J. Waltman, Jr., 1929). 2 F. A. Vening Meinesz, Theory and Practice of Pendulum Observations at Sea, Part II: Second Order Corrections, Terms of Browne and Miscellaneous Subjects (Delft: Drukkerij, A. J. Waltmans 1941). 3J. Lamar Worzel and Maurice Ewing, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 31, 917, 1950. 4J. Lamar Worzel and G. Lynn Shurbet, Crust of the Earth (Geological Society of America

[in press]).
6 Charles L. Drake, J. Lamar Worzel, and Walter C. Beckmann, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 65, 957, 1954. 6 C. B. Officer and Maurice Ewing, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 65, 653, 1954. 7 Maurice Ewing, J. L. Worzel, N. C. Steenland, and Frank Press, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 61, 877, 1950. 8 D. B. Ericson, Maurice Ewing, and Bruce C. Heezen, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 62, 961, 1951. 9 Maurice Ewing, George P. Woollard, and A. C. Vine, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 51, 1821, 1940. 10 Maurice Ewing, A. P. Crary, and H. M. Rutherford, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 48, 753, 1937. D. C. Skeels, Geophysics, 15, 413, 1950.

THE SEISMIC SURFACE PULSE BY C. L. PEKERIS

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS, WEIZMANN INSTITUTE, REHOVOT, ISRAEL

1. Introduction.-The problem under investigation is to determine the motion of the surface of a uniform elastic half-space produced by the application at the surface of a point pressure pulse varying with time like the Heaviside unit function. The original formulation of the problem is due to Lamb,I who synthesized the solution for the pulse from the periodic solution. Lamb's method is, however, very intricate. In a previous publication2 the author gave an exact and closed expression for the vertical component of displacement for the case when the pressure pulse varies like the Heaviside unit function H(t). The derivation of this result, as well as the solution for the horizontal displacement, are given in this paper. The seismic pulse problem was treated nearly simultaneously by Cagniard,3 and more recently by Pinney4 and Dix.5 Because of the complexity of the analysis, it was thought worth while to reproduce in this and a subsequent publication the original solution for the surface source and the buried source. 2. Formal Solution.-In this section we derive a formal solution for the problem of the motion produced by a seismic source buried below the surface in a uniform elastic half-space, when the time variation of the pulse is H(t). The solution for the surface source will then be obtained by letting the depth of source H approach zero. Referring to Figure 1, we choose a cylindrical system of co-ordinates with origin at the level of the source and the surface situated at z = -H. Quantities

470

GEOPHYSICS: C. L. PEKERJS

PRoc. N. A. S.

referring to the portions of the medium below and above the source will be designated by the subscripts 1 and 2, respectively. The space variation of the source will be specified by the condition that at the level of the source (z = 0) the surface integral of the applied stress (Pzz - Pzz2) shall be equal to Z (negative): 27r- (pzzl - pzz2)r dr = Z. (1)

One representation of this point source is

(Pzzl - Pzz2) = lim f(e, r),
eo

f(E, r) =-

Jo( r)e e dt

Z2 (W2 + r2)-3/2

(2)

Z =-H

SURFACE
t SOURCE

The vertical displacement w and the horizontal displacement q can be derived (Lamb, p. 29) from
q = okT + Xrz, w= SUZ + XZZ -k2X,

Z=O

(3)

where the subscripts denote partial differentiation, and the potentials d and x satisfy the wave equations for dilatational FIG. 1.-A point source is situated at a depth H below the and equivoluminal motion, resurface of a uniform elastic half-space. spectively: V2,- h2 = 0, = 0, V2X(4)
2

h2

21

C2

c2

Cp2

+ p

3c2.

(5)

Here c, denotes the velocity of compressional waves, c the velocity of shear waves, and p denotes the operator 6b/t. X and j& are the elastic constants of the medium, which in the sequel we shall assume to be equal. The normal stress pzz and the shear stress prz are given by

Pzz = Xh2o + 2A(6bzz + xzzz - kxz)

PTz = A

(6)
(7)

(2z + 2xzz

- k2X)

It is understood that after we have obtained the operational representation of w(r, z, p), say, the actual w(r, z, t) will be obtained by performing the integration over the Bromwich contour
1
w

(a+ic

(ePt\
w

(r,

z,

t)

(r,

z,

p)dp.

(8)

VOL. 41, 1955

GEOPHYSICS: C. L. PEKERIS

471

Appropriate solutions of equations (4) in regions 1 and 2 are & = Ae'a"Jo(tr), (9) xI = Bek"zJo(ur), X 2 = (Cek )Jo(ar) + De x = (Ee kIz + (10) where k a = (Q2 + h2)'12, (11) key = (Q2 + k2)'/A and the functions are to be integrated over a suitable path in the t-plane. This path, as well as the functions (of t and p) A, B, C, D, E, and F, are determined from the following six boundary conditions. At the level z = 0 the required continuity of q, w, and Prz yields

Fek3z)Jo(4r)j

(db + Xz)1 = (b + X.)2,

(12)

(4z + Xzz - k2X)2, (24oz + 2Xzz - k2X)i = (24z + 2Xzz - k2X)2, while the source condition (1) is met, in the limit of vanishing E, by putting
('0Z +
Xzz -

k2X)I

(13) (14)

(Pzz'l-Pzz2) = (2 )Jo(tr)t

(15)

and integrating with respect to t from zero to infinity. At the surface z = -H, Pzz and prz, as given by equations (6) and (7), must vanish. Solving these six boundary equations for A, B, C, D, E, and F, we get
F 1 F127jk~h2)
-

D =-kF,
+

B = E+F
-

A = C-D,

(16)
(17)

ekaH

kOF { [(2t2 M

k2)2 +

4k2t2aO]e-kaH
-

4t2(2t2 +

k2)e-kH}l

ek HE = M { 4k(2t2 + k2) aoge kaH M

[(2t2 + k2)2 + 4k2t2calIe- klH}

-

(18)

(19) Substituting these values into formulas (9) and (10), we can derive from equations (3) the expressions for the operational representation of the displacements everywhere in the medium. The values of the latter at the surface are
w(p)

M-[(242 + k2)2

4k2t2a3].

w(r, 0, p)

Jo(tr)t[-(242 + k2)ekaH
f

22eklHI (j ) dt
(20)

q(p)

q(r, 0, p)

= -

J1(tr)42[-2k2at8e-kaH + (2t2 + k2)e-kPHI X

d. (2 1)

472

GEOPHYSICS: C. L. PEKERIS

PRoc. N. A. S.

3. Vertical Displacement.-The expression for the operational representation -of the vertical displacement in the case of a surface source can be obtained from formula (20) by letting the depth of source H approach zero:
w(p) = -K

Zk-1

2Xa Jo(r)ta[(242 + k2)2 - 4k2d2a]t.

t2 2 2

(22)

By writing t = kx, this expression simplifies to

()~ (Z )N(kr),
N = frO Jo(krx)xm(x) dx,

(23)
(24)

where

VX2 + 1/3,

t =\Vx2 +1,

k =P
c

(25)

and k appears only in the external factor and in Jo(krx). The interpretation of the external factor is simply /abt. In order to interpret the integral, we transform it into the form f exp [- kf(r, x) Jg(x) dx, with f(r, x) real. The interpretation of the latter is fg(x)H [t - (1/c)f(r, x) I dx, H denoting the Heaviside unit function. This can be accomplished by transforming the path of integration in equation (24) into one along the imaginary axis v in the complex x-plane, when Jo(krx) goes over into Ko(krv), the interpretation of which follows from the representation Ko(krv) = exp (-krv cosh 0) d@. (26)

Now m(x) has branch points at x = i (i/V/3), Pi, and poles at

3 + /3m. (27) x 8= /2 We shall cut up the x-plane in such a manner as to leave m(x) regular to the right of the imaginary axis, in order to be able to apply to the integral in ecuation (24) the theorem of Bateman and Pekeris,6 leading to
1 f Ko(krv)vm(iv) dv, N = f Jo(krx)xm(x) dx = - I()

(28)

I denoting the imaginary part. This is shown in Figure 2, where the values of a and 0 in the various portions of the imaginary axis are also indicated. Near the pole iy the path is indented by a semicircle passed in the positive direction. It is easy to see that the integral over the semicircle is real and therefore does not contribute to equation (28). We must, however, take the principal value of the integral in equation (28) once we pass the pole. Since, moreover, Im(iv) = 0 for v < 1/V3, we obtain

VOL. 41, 1955

GEOPHYSICS: C. L. PEKERIS

473

IP J Ko(krv)vm(iv) dv, v/a/3 where P denotes the principal value.

T

(29)

iVIi

v 'm~~~X,

+vI -1.0

I/V3_

X-* PLANE, X U+iV -o

5 U -

IO

VI --VI TV
--10 is _VT js )
FIG. 2.-The complex x-plane is cut up by branch lines (thick) at the branch points v = _(1/V\3) and v = 41.0. The poles are situated at v = ' 1/2A3 + \3. a and ia denote the values of VI/'3 + X2 and of VY2 on the various portions of the v-axis.

Now the interpretation of Ko(krv) is

o

(rp cosh 0)
cosh-' ( -)

O V > T,
v

w ( where r (ct/r), and ---denotes operational interpretation. Hence

=

<

a, (30)

474

GEOPHYSICS: C. L. PEKERIS

PROC. N. A. S.
v

kKo(krv)
kN
kN

--

! (s) cosh-'

(-) =
=

(re2

v2)-1/2,

< -,

0,

V> T

(31)

--

0,
)-IP
t

1
Tr <

z-\i
-\/3-

--o(-

wrr

1/-,-

vm(iv) (T2

V2) -1/2 dv,

Tr >

I-. (32)

Using the values of a, 8 shown in Figure 2 to evaluate Im(iv), and substituting in equation (23), we get
w(r)
=

0,

<

-1

/3
(33)
(34)

W(T) w(r)
where
Gi (r)
=

( 2 (
I3Z 2r)

(r)
[Gi(r) + G2(r) ],

-T < 1, V=3<
r

7r2,ur

> 1,

Jiv

V/T2

V/V'2
-

-'/3(1 - 2V2)2 dv 24V2 + 56v4 - 32v6)' V2(3

-

(35)

G2 (T)

v3V"2

1[4V2
-

4/3]dv
-

-IT2 V2(3

(36) 32v6)

24V2 + 56v4

The integrals Gi(T) and G2(r) can be evaluated in closed form by partial fraction decomposition. Writing, in equation (35),
V2
=

1/3 +

(c2 sin2 0;

w2 =

T2

1/3,

(37)

the integral is transformed into

Gl(r)

-Pf

r/2
dO

12+

[1/12 + C2 sin2 0]

(-b +

W2

sin2 6)
5

(c

+
=

w2

sin20)}'
-

(38)

3 +

b 3

5/12 + -\

C= 3-

'/i

5/12. (39)

Using the result

fJ/2 dO(a2 +a,2 sin2 0)-1
=

(a2 +

(40)) o2)Y1/ (420

VOL. 41, 1955

p fr/2

GEOPHYSICS: C. L. PEKERIS

475

dO(-32

+ 02 Sin2 o) -1

0,
-

_ (p32

,)-12

$ >'o, (41)

we obtain
G1 (T) = 9 X

96
V

( 6'

V/3
-

+
\

-1 /4

93 V/3 + 5 '/4(3 + N/- -2

/3-

3 -1/3

F 2T _ 1/4(3

3) J)

T < y,

Gi(T)

- -6 + V

_/4

-i 3J 5r
2 IT

T > -.

(42)

/4(3

+/3) J
= 1,

Similarly, using the substitution

I
=

1 +

Si12

-2

(43)

in equation (36), we obtain

G2(T) =

1/24fd7/2 0 [
1

3 * (3 + 4CW2 sin2 G) -

(1 + V3).

(1 - V3 + 4-2 sin2 )-1

=

(1 -

+ V3 + 4,2 Sin2 0)-I] -3)(i 5

-

96

\3/3 +
\

V/T2

+
r2
-

1/4

1/4(3 + V/3)

II3 -/3
Ir

'/4(3
5

/3)J

7r< 7,

Ir

96 It follows that
w(r)
=

/34 +
2

'. 3 N/3

N/T

1/4

Ir 2

'/.(3

N/3)

T > 7.

(44)

I T< , /3

(45)

W(T)

6
=
-

321rUr

__H

I + 4 4 v4

N33N/3 + /3 V 3

5
2
Ir 2

4/4
-

-V: < T < 1,

(46)

476

GEOPHYSICS: C. L. PEKERIS

PRoc. N. A. S.

w(T) = - 16

rS6

1,

1 <

< -y = /2\3 +

A/3, (47)

T> (. (48) 87r/.r' 4. The Horizontal Displacement.-The operational representation q(p) for the horizontal displacement at the surface in case of a surface source can be obtained from formula (21) by putting H = 0: (p) = _Z Em Ji(tr)42[(2t2 + k2) - 2k2C13] dk4

W(T)

3Z

q~p)

= -

27r2A Jo

[(2t2 + k2)2

4k2a21](

which simplifies again, by the substitution t = kx, to

q(p)
=

6Q(aQ)
fOT Jo(krx)n(x)x dx,
(2x2 + 1)-2VX2 + 1 \X2 + 1/3
(2X2 + 1)2 - 4X2V/x2 +
1

(50)

(51) V/X2
+

1/3(

By cutting up the complex x-plane in the manner shown in Figure 2, we may again apply the Bateman-Pekeris theorem to equation (51), leading to

Q =

Jo(krx)n(x)x dx
In(iv) = 0,

= -

(2) I f Ko(krv)n(iv)v dv - '/4Ko(k'y), (53)

v<

where the last term arises from the residues at the poles x = i iy. Now
-\3

'A/12
0,

1/3 '/1 -V2(12V2 - 6) (3-24V2 + 56V4-32V6) '

< V < 1
v

(54)

A/3
> 1,

so that

1/3 \/1I -v2(12 - 24v2)v dv Ko(k-y) (55) 4 =o7r Ji,,v'3 (3 24V2 + 56V4 32v6) In order to obtain the interpretation of 6Q/br, we differentiate equation (30) with respect to r and get

1Cr1 Ko(krv)-\V2

(a)Ke(krv) _ O.
- .~7

v>
v

(56
a,

r-1T 2

<

(56)

V2

Voi,. 41, 1955

GEOPHYSICS: C. L. PEKERIS

477

which, when substituted into equation (50), yields

q(T)
q (T)

0,

1
Tr

<

-<

TR1 (T),
-

-<

< 1,

q(r)
q(r)

(2

)TR2(T),
(T2 - y2)/,

1<

T < y,

(57)

= -

(2 2 T)7R2(T) + 8i

T> r

where
RI (r)
=

(r

24V2) dv \//2 - v2(3 - 24V2 + 56v4 - 32v6) J/l/3V

-

VV'v2

1/3 V1

v2(12

(58)

( 1

V\V 2

1/3

/I

- V2(12 - 24V2) dv

J/V/3V /T2

V2(3 - 24V2 + 56v4 - 32v6)

(59)

By partial fraction decomposition, Ri(T) and R2(T) can be expressed in terms of elliptic integrals, as follows: Using the substitution (37) in equation (58), Ri(T) is transformed into

RI?(r)

= - 1

('u2 /3

dO

18

<2 Jo
(6
-

/I -k2 sin2 0
4

(1 +8k2 sin2 6)
(6 -+-

i/3)
sin2 0]

4V/3)
-

[1 = - i J

(2V3

- 20)k2

[1 +
-

(12V/3 + 20)k2 sin2 0]

20)k2, k] +
+ 20)k2, k)}, (60)
(61)
dO

{6K(k) - 1811(8k2, k) + (6

4/3)H[-(12V/3
4V/3)II[(12Vi/3

(6 +
where
k12
=

1/2(372

1),
/2

r/2
K (k)
=

V/I

dO kd

sin'

11(n, k)

=
o

(1 +

sin2 )

d' /1 k2 sin2O
2

(62)
are

H(n, k) can be expressed in terms of incomplete elliptic integrals,7 for which tables available. Similarly, the substitution
v2
2

1=+ 2sin2 0

3 transforms the integral in equation (59) into

(63)

478

GEOPHYSICS: C. L. PEKERIS
i i2

PROC. N. A. S.

R2 (7) =

4wJ

dO (9 3 .+ (8 sin2' + 1) - VI - K2 sin2 l

(3 +
(8 sin2 0
- - 4- { 3K(K) -

\/3)
5-3V/3) 911(8, K)
-

(3- 3) (8 sin2 O 5 + 3V/3))

-

(2V/3

3)II [-(12V3 - 20), K] +

(2V/3 + 3)HI[(12V/3 + 20), K] }, (64)

K

3T2 2

(65)

Substituting these into equations (57), we finally get

q(T)

= 0,
-

r<V

q(r) = V/32TZ {6K(k) -181(8k2, k) + (6

4V3)HI-(12/3 -20)k2, k] +
< T <

(6 +
q(r)
=

4V/3)H(12V3 + 20)k2, k]},

<

V/3/2TKZ {16K(K) - 18H1(8, K) + (6 - 4 V3)HI[-(12V/3 - 20), K] + l67r2Mr 1 < T < y = '/2 13 + (6 + 4V3)II[(l2V/3 + 20), K]},

/3,
(66)

q(r)

V/ /27KZ {6K(K)
(6 ,-

18H(8, K) + (6 - 4V3)H[-(12V3 - 20), K] +

~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Z

oT2Hr ~ ~

4V/3)1I[(12V3 + 20), K]

,T

r>y
r

5. Discussion of Results.-The vertical displacement at the surface w(T) due to the application of a point surface pressure pulse of the form H(t) was computed from equations (45)-(48), and is plotted in Figure 3. The applied pressure being downward, the steady-state vertical displacement is downward. The initial displacement, however, at the time of the arrival of the P-wave, is upward. We note that the shear wave is marked only by a discontinuity in slope of w(r). The displacement becomes infinite at the time of the arrival of the Rayleigh wave, and subsequently it reverts to the steady-state value. Similarly, the horizontal displacement q(r) was computed from equations (66), and is plotted in Figure 4. The ultimate displacement is inward, but the initial displacement at the P-epoch is outward. The arrival of the shear wave is marked only by a change of slope of q(r), which is even less marked than in w(r). Near the time of the arrival of the Rayleigh wave the infinity in q(r), as well as in w(T), varies with distance like 1/xr/, which is characteristic of surface waves.

VOL. 41, 1055

GEOPHYSICS: C. L. PEKERIS

479

r*21T

__I 14

I T__

r v

S R

.0 *8_r t.o

L4

.6

1.

.0

FIG. 3.-Vertical displacement at the surface w(t) due to the application of a Heaviside unit pressure pulse H(t) at the surface. w(t) = -(Z/7r/Ar)G(r), T = (c~t/r). Z (negative) is the surface integral of the applied pressure. w(t) was computed from equations (45)-(48). P denotes arrival time of the compressional wave, S of the shear wave, and R of the Rayleigh wave.

.6

.4
d

S R

.2I

_y

.'

AF

FIG. 4.-Horizontal displacement at the surface q(t) due to the application of a Heaviside unit pressure pulse H(t) at the surface.. q(t) = -(Z/T7r.)E(r); T = (c8t/r) Z (negative) is the surface integral of the applied pressure. q(t) was computed from equation (66). P, S, and R denote times of arrival of compressional, shear, and Rayleigh waves, respectively.

6. Summary.-Exact and closed expressions are derived for both the horizontal displacement q(t) and the vertical displacement w(t) of the surface of a uniform elastic half-space due to the application at the surface of a point pressure pulse varying with time like the Heaviside unit function H(t). The- applied pres-

480

MATHEMATICS: A. A. ALBERT

PROC. N. A. S.

sure pulse is specified in equation (2) and is such that its integral over the surface is finite. Both w(t) and q(t) turn out to be, in this case of a surface pulse, of the form (1/r)f('r), where r = (ct/r), c denoting the shear velocity. The solution for w(t) is given in equations (45)-(48) and is plotted in Figure 3. The solution for q(t) is given in equation (66) and is plotted in Figure 4. Both w(t) and q(t) become infinite at the time of arrival of the Rayleigh wave, but the arrival of the shear wave is marked only by a change in slope of the displacements. 1 H. Lamb, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., ser. A, 203, 1, 1904.
C. L. Perkeris, these PROCEEDINGS, 26, 433, 1940. L. Cagniard, Rtflexion et refraction des ondes seismiques progressives (Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1939). 4 E. Pinney, Bull. Seis. Soc. Amer., 44, 571, 1954. 5 C. H. Dix, Geophysics, 19, 722, 1954. 6 H. Bateman and C. L. Perkeris, J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 35, 655, 1945. 7 P. F. Byrd and M. D. Friedman, Handbook of Elliptic Integrals (Berlin: J. Springer, 1954), p. 225.
2

ON INVOLUTORIAL ALGEBRAS BY A. A. ALBERT

UNIVERSITY OF

CHICAGO*

Communicated May 18, 1955

The main result of this note is the proof of a conjecture of A. Weil.' Let 21 be an n-dimensional associative algebra over a real field 0. It will be convenient to regard 21 as consisting of the set of all vectors x = (i,, .... ,7) with co-ordinates at in a and the product xy as being defined by
xy =

xRy,

(1)

where R, is an n-rowed square matrix whose elements are linear forms in the coSince 21 is associative, we have ordinates sj of y = (n,, . . ., t (2) Rxy = RxRy. A linear transformation x -- x* of 2 over a is said to define an involution over of 21 if (3) (x*)* = x, (xy)* = *X for every x and y of W. Assume that x x* is an involution of 21 over a and that there exists a linear functional 8(x) on 21 to a such that (4) 6(xx*) > 0 for every nonzero x of 21. Then we have the following result. THEOREM 1. The algebra 21 is semisimple. For the radical 91 of 21 is the set of all properly nilpotent elements z of W. If z is in 9, we have (ZX*)n = 0 for every x of 21, [(zx*)fI* = (xz*)n = 0, and z * is in 91. Then y = z + z* is in % for every z of N and y* - y. If y $ O for some