CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEMS

Universe X (Element x)

Fuzzy Set A Fuzzy Boundary

Figure 2.1. Venn diagram of a fuzzy set.

Membership Grade A(x) 1.0

0 Fuzzy x Fuzzy

Figure 2.2. The membership function of a fuzzy set.

A A

0 Figure 2.3. Fuzzy-set complement or fuzzy-logic NOT.

Membership Grade 1.0 Hot 0.5 Not Hot

10

20

30

40 Temperature (C)

Figure 2.4. An example of fuzzy-logic NOT.

A B AB

0 Figure 2.5. Fuzzy-set union or fuzzy-logic OR.

A B AB

0 Figure 2.6. Fuzzy-set intersection or fuzzy-logic AND.

(a)

Membership Grade 1

0.0

1.0

2.0

Speed (m/s)

(b)

Membership Grade 1

0.0

10.0

20.0

Power (hp)

(c)

Membership Grade Speed 1 2.0 0.0 0 0.0 20.0 Power

Figure 2.7. (a) Required speed; (b) Required power; (c) Required speed and power.

A A AA

0 Figure 2.8. An example of excluded middle in fuzzy sets.

A B A B B A

0 Figure 2.9. An example of grade of inclusion.

A(x)
1.0 1.0

B(y)

0.3

0.7 0.5 x [0, 1]

1.0

0.3

0.5 0.7 y [0, 1]

1.0

Figure 2.10. Membership functions of fuzzy sets A and B.

Figure 2.11. A graphical representation of various fuzzy implications operations.

A = 0 A = 1

=1

= A ( x)
=0
x

A ( x)

0 Figure 2.12. Graphical proof of the representation theorem.

Figure 2.13.

An interpretation of fuzzy resolution (a) High fuzzy resolution (b) Low fuzzy resolution.

1 0.5

Less Fuzzy More Fuzzy

Figure 2.14. Illustration of fuzziness.

(a)

(b)

1.0

A ( x)
1 A

1.0

A ( x)
1 Ay
2

0.5

0.5

0 S

0 S

(c) 1.0

A ( x)
1 A

0.5

0 S

Figure 2.15. Illustration of three measures of fuzziness: (a) Closeness to grade 0.5 (b) Distance from cut (c) Inverse of distance from the complement.

(i) (ii)

1.0

1.0

x 0.5 1.0 1.5

(iii)

x 0.5 1.0 1.5

(iv)

1.0

A1/2

1.0

0.5

A
x 0.5 1.0 1.5

1.0

2.0

3.0

A1 2 = { x | A ( x) 0.5} = [0.75, 1.25]

Figure 2.16. (i) A, (ii) Support set of A, (iii) A1/2, (iv) B

1.0

A1/2

1.0

B1/2

0.5

0.5

A
0.5 1.0 x 1.5 1.0 Figure 2.17. Fuzziness of A and B.
2.0

B
x
3.0

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Figure 2.18. Relation R in a two-dimensional space (plane): (a) A crisp relation; (b) A fuzzy relation.

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Figure 2.19. Cartesian product ( A1 A2 ) relation of: (a) Two crisp sets; (b) Two fuzzy sets.

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Figure 2.20. A crisp mapping from a product space to a line: (a) An example of crisp sets (b) An example of fuzzy sets (Extension principle).

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Figure 2.21(a).A non-fuzzy algebraic system with a fuzzy input.

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Figure 2.21(b). Application of the extension principle.

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(a) Output y

(b) Output y

Footprint of

Input u

Input u

Figure 2.22. (a) Fuzzy decision making using a crisp relation (Extension principle). (b) Fuzzy decision making using a fuzzy relation (Composition).

Membership Grade

0 Figure 2.23. An example of fuzzy projection.

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Figure 2.24. (a) A fuzzy relation (Fuzzy set); (b) Its cylindrical extension.

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 A(xi)
1.0
1.0

A1(xi)

xi

xi

Figure 2.25. Discrete membership functions of various fuzzy sets and fuzzy relations.

A2(xi)
1.0

B(yj)
1.0

xi

yj

Figure 2.25. (Contd).

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 A1 A2(xi)
1.0
1.0

A1 A2(xi)

xi

xi

Figure 2.25. (Contd).

A B (xi, yj)

xi

yj

Figure 2.25. (Contd).

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 C(A) (xi, yj)

xi

yj
Figure 2.25. (Contd).

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 C(B) (xi, yj)

xi Figure 2.25. (Contd).

yj

1.0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x0 =0 x1 =1 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 7 8

C (zk)

zk

R (xi,yj) :

x2 =2 x3 =3 x4 =4

z = x+y

y0 =0 y1 =1 y2=2 y3=3 y4=4

Figure 2.26. Crisp mapping of R(xi, yj) in X x Y to C(zk) in Z.

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