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(B) Rewrite the following statements by selecting the correct options: (5 Marks)
1. The image formed by a concave mirror is ..................... . (a) always virtual and erect focus 2. A concave mirror forms a virtual image of an object placed ..................... . (a) at infinity (b) at the centre of curvature of the mirror (c) at the focus of the mirror (d) between the focus and the mirror 3. A convex mirror always forms an image which is ..................... than the object size. (a) larger (b) smaller (c) double (d) three times (b) always virtual and inverted
(c) virtual if the object is placed between pole and focus (d) virtual if the object is beyond
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4. No matter how far you stand from a spherical mirror, your image appears erect. The mirror may be ........... (a) Plane (b) concave (c) convex (d) either plane or convex 5. In case of a concave mirror, an erect image is ..................... . (a) real and enlarged (b) real and diminished (c) virtual and diminished (d) virtual and
enlarged
2. Attempt the following. (10 Marks) 1. Atomic size increases down the group.
i. The atomic numbers of the elements increase as we go down the group. Thus, the elements placed lower have more electrons. ii. To accommodate these electrons new shells are added to the atom. iii. These new shells take the outermost electrons farther from the nucleus causing atomic size (radius) to increase as we go down the group.
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v. Uses of indicators: The acidic or basic nature of a compound can be judged. It is used in agriculture to determine the pH of the soil.
4. Give Scientific Reason : The material used for fuse has low melting point.
i. A fuse is used to protect a circuit and the appliances connected in the circuit by stopping the flow of an excess electric current. For this, a fuse is connected in series in the circuit. ii. When the current in the circuit passes through the fuse, its temperature increases. When the current exceeds the specified value, the fuse must melt to break the circuit. For this, the material used for a fuse has low melting point.
5. Define
1. Magnetic field: - The region around magnet, in which the force of attraction and repulsion exists, is called as magnetic field. 2. Solenoid: - A coil of many turns of insulated copper wire wrapped in the shape of cylinder is called a solenoid.
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2. Explain Hypermetropia with its correction.
It is the defect in which human eye can see distant objects clearly but is unable to see nearby objects clearly. The image of near object falls behind retina. Two possible reasons of Hypermetropia are : Weak action of Ciliary muscles causes low converging power of eye lens. The distance between eye lens and retina decreases on account of either shortening of eyeball or flattening of lens. In this case focal length of the eye lens is too long. A convex lens of suitable focal length can correct this defect. The rays coming from nearby object are first converged by convex lens and then converged by eye lens to retina.
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5. Distinguish between Myopia and Hypermetropia
1. Myopia In this defect human eye can see nearby objects 1. distinctly but is unable to see distant objects clearly. Image of distant object is formed in front of 2. retina. 3. Eye ball is lengthened or lens is curved. 4. This defect is corrected using concave lens. Hypermetropia In this defect human eye can see distant objects distinctly but is unable to see nearby objects clearly. Image of nearby objects falls behind retina. Eye ball is shortened or lens is flattened. This defect is corrected using convex lens.
2. 3. 4.
Q4. Attempt the following ( 5 marks) 1. How could the modern periodic table remove various anomalies of Mendeleevs periodic table?
i. Hydrogen was placed in group 1 and in group 17 as it resembles alkali metals as well as halogens. Therefore, no fixed position could be given to hydrogen in Mendeleevs periodic table. But in Modern periodic table it is placed in group 1. ii. Mendeleev arranged the elements in their increasing order of atomic masses. But some elements with higher atomic masses are placed before those having lower atomic masses. E.g. Cobalt (Co) with atomic mass 58.93 is placed before Nickel (Ni) having atomic mass 58.71. But in Modern periodic table the elements were arranged on the basis of the atomic number of elements. Thus atomic number of Co is 27 and that of Ni is 28. So Nickel is placed after Cobalt. iii. Though isotopes of the same elements have different atomic masses, they cannot be placed separately in the periodic tale. Since isotopes are chemically similar, they had to be given the same position in the periodic table. Isotopes occupy the same position in the Modern periodic table. iv. In Modern periodic table elements are classified according to their electronic configuration into different blocks. Thus, various anomalies (irregularity) which were seen in Mendeleevs table due to the arrangement according to atomic masses were overcome by the Modern Periodic table.
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Section B
1. (A) Say true or false with reason (5 Marks)
*1. In ..................... mode of reproduction, the offsprings are with minor differences. *2. Both the parents contribute equal amount of ..................... material to the offspring. *3. Dominant character masks the ..................... character. *4. Selection by nature is not ..................... but ..................... . 5. Mendels experiments were based on a number of visible contrasting characters of garden peas ..................... .
Answers....
Asexual Genetic Recessive Deliberate, natural Pisum sativum
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2. Attempt the following. (10 Marks) 1. State two functions of MPCB for prevention of water pollution.
MPCB is the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board. Their functions are: i. To plan comprehensive programmes for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution. ii. To inspect sewage or trade effluent treatment and disposal facilities. iii. To support and encourage the developments in the fields of pollution control, waste recycle, reuses, eco friendly practices, etc. iv. To educate and guide the entrepreneurs in improving environment by suggesting appropriate pollution control technologies and techniques. v. To create public awareness about the clean and healthy environment and consider the public complaints regarding pollution.
2. Define eco efficiency. What are the ways to achieve eco efficiency?
Eco efficiency mean the creation of goods and services using fewer resources and creating less waste. Eco efficiency can be achieved by: i. Use of alternative raw materials: e.g. Agricultural residues like rice straw and wheat straw are good substitutes for wood. ii. Shifting to renewable sources of energy: e.g. renewable sources of energy such as biofuels, solar power, wind power, tidal power, hydropower, geo thermal power etc. do not create pollution and are inexhaustible. iii. Technology that reduces pollution: e.g. solar water heater, solar cooker, wind mills etc. Are examples of pollution free technologies. Use of CNG and unleaded petrol in vehicles also reduces pollution. iv. Reusing and recycling waste: e.g. waste products like paper, glass, plastics and metals can be recycled to make new products. v. Durable goods: e.g. use of fibre optic cables in place of copper telephone wire not only reduces the use of mineral sources but also provides better communication.
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iii. Physiological effects: Nausea, fatigue, anxiety, visual disturbances, insomnia, hypertension, cardio vascular disease.
b. Stigma c. Ovaries
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2. Write short notes on Reflex action
The sudden action in response to some happenings in the environment is called as reflex action. It is an involuntary action which we perform automatically. The path way taken by nerve impulses in a reflex action is called reflex arcs. Reflex arcs allow rapid response. A nerve from all over the body meet in a bundle in such a connection is commonly called as the spinal cord, before impulses are sent to the brain. Hence, reflex arcs are formed in the spinal cord, although the messages reach the brain. Pulling away our hand on touching a hot object, narrowing of the eyes in sunlight, watering of the mouth on smelling something delicious etc. are examples of reflex action.
iv.
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5. Give scientific reasons : Calcium floats over water during the reaction with water.
Ans. i. Calcium reacts with water less vigorously so that the heat evolved is not sufficient for the hydrogen formed, to catch fire. ii. Instead, calcium starts floating because the bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the water calcium.