Stress Analysis of Timoshenko FGM Beam Under Non-uniform Thermal Loading

Abstract Thermal stress analysis of the FGM (Functionally Graded Material) beam under the frame work of Timoshenko beam theory is presented in this study. Various types of spatial variations in temperature and material properties along thickness of FGM beam are considered and there effect on axial thermal stress distribution is investigated. The study reveals that temperature distribution along thickness plays very important part in distribution of thermal stresses for FGM beam. Furthermore it is also found that the value of thermal stresses is lower if the distributions of temperature and material properties are of same type. In addition, a comparative analysis in between axial thermal stresses distributions for Bi-material (Alumina-Nickel) and full FGM beam under non-uniform thermal load is performed to show that the thermal stress distribution in Bi-material beam is discontinuous and this discontinuity can be removed completely by using FGM beam in place of Bi-material beam. Different material gradation approaches are used to achieve smooth variations of material properties in FGMs. The results are compared with those available in the literature for the validity of the present methodology. [Keywords]FGM Beam, Timoshenko Beam Theory, Functionally Graded Beam, Bi-material

Nomenclature Youngs modulus Youngs modulus at top Youngs modulus at bottom thickness of beam thermal expansion coefficient temperature distribution temperature distribution index Axial displacement Transverse displacement Axial displacement at mid-plane Thermal expansion coefficient Poissons Ratio width of beam length of beam Axial strain Mechanical moment Thermal moment Moment of inertia Axial stress

1. Introduction Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) are more advanced form of composite materials, which are developed to overcome the limitations of composites such as delamination, huge residual stress, and large deformations [1]. The widespread use of FGMs particularly as a type of barrier coating in the aerospace industry for resolving thermal problems as encountered in high performance aircraft, such as gas turbine engines and rocket nozzles [2] draws a great interest in FGMs by researchers. For instance Suresh and Mortensen [3], Reddy [4], and Sankar [5] has led to the development of several design approaches for analyzing FGM structures that are currently used in many applications throughout the world. FGMs are generally used in applications where high temperature environments/fields are involved. In these high temperature environments, material properties of FGMs become temperature-dependent. The influence of the temperature on the material properties have been reported by Chen and Awaji [6] where the temperature dependence of the mechanical properties of Aluminum-Titanate were investigated. Becker et al. [7] presented an approximate solution for thermoelastic analysis of a particular class of FGMs. Thermoelastic equilibrium equations for a FGM beam structure are analyzed to establish a relationship between variations of temperature and elastic constants by Shankar and Tzeng [8]. Chakraborty et al. [9] proposed a new beam finite element for static and dynamic analyses of beam structures with varying thermal and elastic properties along the beam thickness.

In this context, thermal behavior of the FGM (Functionally Graded Material) beam by using Timoshenko beam theory is investigated in this study. The material properties are assumed to vary exponentially along the thickness of FGM beam. The exponential and hyperbolic temperature distributions along thickness are considered for thermal loading of FGM beam. The effect of temperature distribution on axial thermal stresses in FGM beam is investigated. Different combinations of variation in temperature and material properties along the thickness of FGM beam are considered to study the effect on axial thermal stress. It is found that temperature distribution along thickness plays very important role in the distribution of thermal stresses in FGM beam. It is also concluded that the thermal stresses are greatly reduced, when the variation of material properties are opposite to that of the temperature distribution. The results are compared with those available in the literature for the validity of the present methodology. 2. Material gradation across thickness of FGM beam

2.1 Exponential variation

Material properties are varied exponentially through the thickness of FGM beam. Youngs modulus ( ) and coefficient of thermal expansion ( ) across the thickness of FGM beam, are given by Eq. (1) and (2) respectively. ( ) , Where (1) ( ) , Where (2) Where ( ) and ( ) are the material properties at bottom and top of the FGM beam, respectively, and the beam is assumed to be in a state of plane strain normal to the plane and -axis is along the thickness of FGM beam. 3. Temperature distribution across thickness of the FGM beam

3.1 Exponential distribution The temperature across the thickness of FGM beam is assumed to vary in following manner ( ) (3) Where and are the constants. can be obtained by applying thermal boundary conditions at the top and bottom of FGM beam. If are the temperatures at bottom ( ) and top ( ) of FGM beam, respectively, then using Eq.4, and are evaluated as:

3.2 Hyperbolic distribution Hyperbolic temperature distribution along the thickness of FGM beam is also considered for thermal loading of beam. According to hyperbolic distribution the temperature across the thickness of FGM beam is assumed to vary as: ( ) ( ) (4) Where ( is the temperature at the top ( ) of the FGM beam, whereas the temperature at the bottom ) of FGM beam is assumed to be zero.

4. Governing equations 4.1 Timoshenko beam theory The displacement field of a beam, based on the Timoshenko beam theory can be expressed as ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )) ( ) ( ) ( (5) In the above equations, u and w are the displacements of beam along and axes, respectively. It may be noted that is the displacement in direction at the middle surface of the beam and is the rotation of transverse normal plane about y axis due to transverse shear stain. is assumed to be negligible. Then the stress-strain relations are given by

( ) Where the plane strain Youngs modulus is given by

( )

The expressions for axial strain based on Eq.6 can be given as: ( ) The axial thermal stress across the thickness of FGM beam subjected to thermal load can be given as: ( ) ( ) * ( ) ( )+ Axial load and moment are given by (N, M)= Substituting value of ( ) from Eq. 7 in Eq. 8 (N, M)= ( ) ( ( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( ) ( ) (8)
( )

(6) (7)

When the beam is in equilibrium, the axial forces must be zero; this gives the first boundary condition. Hence ( )) For (9)

Where and are the length and width of FGM beam, respectively. Additionally, in the absence of any mechanical load the moment about y- axis ( ) is only due to thermal effect. Thus, the second boundary condition for the problem can be given as follows, (10) Where = ( ) = ( ) ( )

(Moment of inertia) which gives the value of

( ) ( ( ) )

(11) The third boundary condition is considered at the end points ( resultant moment will be zero ( ) ( ( )) ) of simply-supported FGM beam, where (12)

Using Eqs. 9-12 three unknowns (i.e. and ) can be evaluated, and thereafter using Eq. 7, axial thermal stress along thickness of the FGM beam can be calculated. 5. Model Verification Verification of results obtained in the present study is done by comparing them with past literatures [3, 8]. Comparison is made for thermal axial stress (in Pa) across the thickness of bi-material (Ni - Alumina) and trimaterial (with FGM in middle) cantilever beams (refer Fig. 1) under constant thermal load ( ) with the results obtained by Suresh and Mortensen [3]. In addition, comparison is also made for normalized axial thermal stress for a simply-supported, full FGM beam of unit width under thermal loading, with the results reported by Sankar and Tzeng [8].

Figure 1 Three layered composite FGM beam subjected to thermal loading [3] Material Table 1: Material properties taken from [3] Youngs Poissons Thermal Modulus(E) expansion Ratio ( ) (GPa) coefficient( ) (K-1*10-6) 207 390 0.3 0.3 13.1 6.9

Nickel Alumina

Both the material properties (i.e., elastic modulus and thermal expansion coefficient) and the temperature are assumed to increase exponentially across the thickness of the FGM beam. As shown in Fig. 3, the normalized axial thermal stress obtained in the present study [for the same value (i.e., 10) of ratios of Youngs moduli( ), thermal expansion coefficients ( ) and change in temperatures at top and bottom] are in good concurrence with the corresponding results of Sankar and Tzeng [8]. 6. Present Study The present model is used to study the thermal response of a FGM beam. The FGM beam of length (L) 0.4 m, thickness (h) 0.04 m and width (b) 0.04 m, as shown in Fig. 4, is assumed to have graded material properties between pure Alumina at the top (i.e., z =0.02) and pure Nickel at the bottom (i.e., z = -0.02). The material properties of Alumina and Nickel, also called parent materials, are given in Table 2. The FGM beam is simplysupported at its ends (i.e., at x = 0 and x = L). The effects of variations in mechanical and thermal properties on thermal stress distribution for FGM beam along thickness are considered. Both temperature and material properties are varied (in the same and opposite directions) exponentially through the thickness of FGM beam. Youngs modulus ( ) and coefficient of thermal expansion ( ) across the thickness of FGM beam, are given in Eqs. (1) and (2) respectively. In addition, the axial thermal stress distributions for two types of temperature variations are also examined. The simply-supported FGM beam under exponential and hyperbolic type of thermal load distributions is investigated to calculate the thermal stresses across the thickness of the FGM beam. The axial thermal stress for bi-material (i.e., Alumina and Nickel) beam is also calculated to compare it with that of full FGM beam of same thickness.

(b) Reprinted from [3] (a) Present Study Figure 2 Comparison of axial thermal stress (MPa) in bi-Layer (Nickel-Alumina) and tri-layer (Nickel-Alumina with FGM Layer in middle) subjected to a thermal gradient of

Normalized axial thermal stress

Normalized axial thermal stress

Figure 3(a) Present study Figure 3(b) Reprinted from [8] Figure 3 Normalized Axial Thermal Stress Distribution in FGM Beam for Identical Distribution of Temperature and Material Properties

7. Results and discussion The effects of variations in mechanical and thermal properties on thermal stress distribution for FGM beam along thickness are shown in Fig.5. Both temperature and material properties are varied exponentially through the thickness of FGM beam. It can be noted from Fig. 5 that the thermal stress rises significantly along the thickness of FGM beam, if material properties and temperature varies in same direction (i.e. ). From Fig.5, it can also be observed that the value of thermal stress in FGM beam is much lower, when distributions of temperature and material properties across the thickness are in opposite direction (i.e. ).

Table 2: Material properties Youngs Modulus (GPa) 393 199.5 Thermal expansion coefficient (K-1*10-6) 8.8 13.3

Material

Poissons Ratio

Alumina Figure 4 FGM Beam under thermal loading Nickel

0.3 0.3

Figure 5 Comparison of axial thermal stress (Pa) across the thickness of FGM beam for identical and opposite distribution of temperature and material properties

Figure 6 Comparison of axial thermal stress (pa) distribution across the thickness of FGM beam for exponential and hyperbolic temperature distributions

The comparison of thermal stresses for exponential and hyperbolic temperature variations, along thickness of FGM beam is presented in Fig. 6. It can be observed from Fig.6 that hyperbolic temperature distribution has higher value of thermal stress along thickness of FGM beam. Furthermore, it was also found that the same type of temperature and material properties distribution (either exponential or hyperbolic) across the thickness of FGM beam results in minimization of the axial thermal stresses. The comparison of axial thermal stresses distributions for Bi-material (Alumina-Nickel) and full FGM beam under exponentially varying thermal load along thickness of FGM beam is shown in Fig. 7. It can be seen from Fig. 7 that the axial thermal stress distribution in Bi-material beam is extremely discontinuous at the interface of Alumina and Nickel and this discontinuity in thermal stress distribution can be removed completely by using FGM beam in place of bi-material beam. 8. Conclusions Thermal behavior of the FGM (Functionally Graded Material) beam using Timoshenko beam theory was investigated. It was found that temperature distribution along thickness plays very important role in the distribution of thermal stresses for FGM beam. It was also concluded that the thermal stresses are greatly reduced, when the variations of material properties are opposite to that of variation of temperature along the thickness and when both material properties and temperature increase through the thickness in the same direction, they cause a significant rise in thermal stresses. Furthermore, it was found that for the same type of temperature and material properties distribution across the thickness of FGM beam minimize the axial thermal stresses. It was also concluded that full FGM beam results in continuous distribution of thermal stress along the thickness in contrast to discontinuous thermal stresses in bi-material beam made of same parent material

Figure 7 Comparison of Axial Thermal Stress (pa) Distribution in Alumina-Nickel And Full FGM Beams under Exponential Temperature Distribution across the Thickness

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

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