TaYar MinWai Memorial 2009 - Aung Din - MoeMaKa

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
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
rsufESmzHk; ESifh aemufausmzHk; yef;csD'DZdkif;


twGif; yef;csDum;rsm;




xkwfa0/ jzef@csd tGefvdkif;



pmrsufESm tjyiftqif

yg0ifa&;om;=uolrsm;
atmif'if/ a&$bkef;vl/ wm&mrif;a0/ rif;udkEdkif/ acvGef;/ udkòzd;/ rdk;v+difn/ ndrf;ndK/ yef'dk&m/ pef;pef;wif/
aEGql;vuFm/ xdkufolEdkif/ armiftdk;/ atmifa0;/ aebkef;vwf/ xifrif;rif;vwf/ cufrm/ bdk-unf/
pdk;xufcdkif/ ar_idrf;/ rif;Zif/ jrifhpdk;/ yef;csD xdefvif;/ rif;vGif/ armifpGrf;&nf/ armif&pf
rmwdum
  
1? tydkif; (1)
usaemfeJŒ uAsma&;aom vlwa,mufta-umif; (odkŒr[kwf)
a&$bkef;vl (odkŒr[kwf) wm&mrif;a0 12
2? tydkif; (2)
a&$bkef;vl&JŒ 1988 ta&;awmfyHkumvrSma&;cJhwJh awmfvSefa&; uAsm 4 yk'f 27
(1) ausmif;zGifhcsdef 29
(2) ausmif;om; twˆKy`wWd 37
(3) O'gef; 43
(4) ar#mf 45
3? tydkif; (3)
wm&mrif;a0&JŒ uAsm&Snf 3 yk'f 47
(1) acgif;avmif;oH pmwrf; 49

(2) opPmw&m;twGuf rD;tdrfwvHk;ESifh 59
(3) rD;awmuf &pforf 71
4? tydkif; (4)
psmye rSwfwrf;"mwfyHkrsm; 82
5? tydkif; (5)
wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& uAsmrsm; 95
(1) -u,faºuG owdkŒom; (rif;udkEdkif) 97

(2) wm&mrif;a0odkŒ tvGrf; (atmif'if) 98
(3) xm0& tdyfaysmfoGm;wJh-u,f (acvGef;) 100
(4) vlrkdufrsm;ESifh cGJcGmjcif; (udkòzd;) 101
(5) arSmfom;rD;v#H (rdk;v+difn) 103
(6) vGrf;qGwf-u,f (ndrf;ndK) 104
(7) wm&maºuGwJhn (yef'dk&m) 105
(8) wm&mrif;a0 (pef;pef;wif) 106
(9) xm0&vif;r,fh wm&modkŒ (aEGql;vuFm) 107
(10) a&$bkef;vl (odkŒr[kwf) wm&mrif;a0eJŒ e,fpnf;rjcm; uAsmrsm; (xdkufolEdkif) 109
(11) ta0;u yef;csDum; (armiftdk;) 110
(12) vkvif-u,f (atmifa0;) 113
6? tydkif; (6)
wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& pmpkrsm; 115
(1) rdk;acgifwJhavmurSm tudkŒudk,fpm; usaemfwdkŒ (aebkef;vwf) 117

(2) usaemfrodaom wm&mrif;a0 (xifrif;rif;vwf) 119
(3) E+wfqufjcif; (cufrm) 121
(4) a&$bkef;vludk owd&jcif; (bdk-unf) 129
(5) i&Jcef;u jcaoFh (pdk;xufcdkif) 133
(6) -u,faºuGwyGifh æ (ar_idrf;) 137
(7) udka&$bkef;vl ESifh wavSwnf;pD; (rif;Zif) 143
(8) wm&mrif;a0 (odkŒr[kwf) jrm;xufjrifhatmif ysHwJhiSuf (jrifhpdk;) 153
(9) yef;acwfu vrif;odkŒ vGrf;csif; (yef;csD xdefvif;) 161
(10) nDav;rGef tvnfvmwkef;u (rif;vGif) 171
(11) wm&mrif;a0 eJŒ olŒarG;pm;tazta-umif; (armifpGrf;&nf) 179
(12) 88 xJu wa,muf (armif&pf) 183
aus;Zl;rSwfwrf; 187
“vrf;wlolrsm;csif;om
'%f&mudk ðypk
aoG;wdwfatmif ukovdk@
'dk@aemufu vlawGvnf;
owd&ae=uOD;awmhr,f æ ”
atmifcsdrhf
8 wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& pmpkrsm;
a&$bek f;vl (wm&mrif;a0)

(1966 = 2007)
twˆKy`wWd tusOf;
trnf&if;rSm cspfnDnDjzpfonf? 1966 pufwifbm 13 &ufae@ &efukefòrdŒwGif zcif

(OD;ausmf&eSd f) rdcif a':vS=unf wdk@u arG;zGm;onf? armifESrrsm;tjzpf tudk cspu
f ku
d kd (atmif'if/
) ESifh nDr cifpENmrdk; wdk@ jzpfonf? 1986-87 wGif txu
(2) &efuif;òrdŒe,fu 10 wef;udk jrefrmpm*k%fxl;jzifh atmifjrif+yD; 1988 wGif &efukefwUodkvf
v_dife,fajrwGif t*Fvdyfpmt"du ESifh ynmoif=um;cJhonf?
1988 vlxkta&;awmfy}kH u;D wGif ausmif;om;wOD;tjzpf wufºupG mG yg0ifvy_ &f Sm;cJ+h yD; 1988
'DZifbm - Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyfwGif A[kad umfrDw0D ifwa,muftjzpf aqmif&Gucf Jhonf? Edkiif aH &;
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;a=umihf 1990 rS 1994 ckESpftxd tusOf;cscHchJ&+yD; 2005 ckESpf arvwGifvnf;
rdom;pkESihftwl ,m,D txdef;odrf;cHchJ&onf?
ta&;tcif;umvtwGif; a&$bkef;vl trnfjzifh‘ausmif;zGichf sed f’uAsm&Snrf mS xif&mS ;onf?

tvm;wl tjcm;xif&Sm;aom awmfvSefa&;uAsmrsm;a&;om;ol ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;
tjzpf od&Sd=uonf?
axmifrS vGwfajrmufvm+yD; ‘wm&mrif;a0’ uavmiftrnfudkc, H l+yD; pma&;q&m uAsm

q&mwOD;tjzpf pmayavmuwGif pwif&yfwnfch&J m 1994 &ifcek forH *~Zif;wGif ‘avpD;a=umif;
xJrS vlrsm;’onf ‚if;. yxrOD;qkH; pmrljzpfonf?
1995 ckESpf ‘pmay*sme,f’r*~Zif;wGifazmfjycJhaom ‘tmvl;pm;olrsm;’ 0wˆKwdkjzifh jzL;

rdwfaqGrsm; pmayqk &&Scd ho
J nf? 0wˆKwdk/ 0wˆK&Sn/f uAsmESifh aqmif;yg;rsm;pGma&;om;ch+J yD; ‚if;.
tcsKdŒaom 0wˆKrsm;udk AD'D,dk±kyf&Sifrsm; ±dkuful;cJhonf? armifa,m ESifh pefwD,m*dk uavmifcGJ
wdk@jzifh pmaya0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf?
,if;wdk@teuf armifrsKd;rif;(&ifwGif;jzpf) ±dkuful;I a'G;/ eENmv_difwk@d o±kyfaqmifxm;aom

‘aumif;uiftaºuG aumufwJhvuf’/ 'g±dkufwm vGifrif; ±dkuful;+yD; aewdk;/ td¹ENmausmfZif
rdk;rc pme,fZif;tzGJhu xkwfa0jzefhcsdonf/
atmif'if pDpOfonf? 9
wdk@ o±kyfaqmifxm;onfh ‘wudk,fawmfa&;wJh u}uD;cacG;’wdk@ xif&Sm;onf? 'g±dkufwm

armifol& (Zm*em) ±dkuful;cJo
h nfh ‘jrif;pD;xGuaf om tdyrf ufrsm;’ ±kyf&Sirf mS rl jrefrmjynfwGif;Y
jyocGifh r&&SdcJhyg?
2007 =o*kwv
f 5 &ufae@wiG f uG,vf eG o
f nf? uG,v
f eG cf sed w
f iG f ZeD; raemf[&D (pma&;q&mr)
ESifh om; acwfae wdk@ usef&pfcJhonf?
wm&mrif;a0 a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonfh vHk;csif;pmtkyfrsm;udk vufvSr;f rDor# azmfjyvdkufyg

onf?
1? yef;acwfu vrif;
2? ta&SŒòrd@±dk;rS rdk;a&pufrsm;
3? vli,fwa,muf&JŒausmufxGif;&mZ0if
4? jym
5? yef;vufz0g;rSm yg;tyfcGifhr&SdwJh aumifrav;
6? usaemfESifh {'ifuacsonf
7? usaemfESifh a=u;oGef;,Ofaus;r_
8? usaemfESifh =u,fjrifvjrif avmu"H
9? ewfysKdrtwGuf yef; ('DZifbm 2000)
10? udk,fhvufeJ@ zrf;rdwJh e*g;aiG@wef; (atmufwdkbm 2002)
11? rdk;acgifvdk@ wD;wJhAHkoH (Zlvdkif 2004)
12? òydifjrif;wdk@&JŒ cGmoH (Zefe0g&D 2005) 'kwd,t}udrf
13? usaemfwl;azmfcJhonfh ajrpdkifajrcJrsm; ta=umif; (pufwifbm 2005)
14? a&$zdeyfrSm tpdrf;a&mif=uufajccwfeJ@aumifrav; (Zefe0g&D 2006) wwd,t}udrf
15? aumif;uiftaºuG aumufwJhvuf (Zefe0g&D 2006)
16? b,fbufvufxJrSm 0Sufxm;wJhyHkjyif (ZGef 2006)
17? tmvm'if rodvdkufwJh rD;cGuf (Zlvdkif 2006)
18? u|ef;awmfrS tjyef (=o*kwf 2006)
19? 0uFygudk zGifhwJhaomh (pufwifbm 2006)
20? jrif;pD;xGufaom tdyfrufrsm; (Edk0ifbm 2006)
21? reufjzefcgrSm xm;cJhwJhrsufESm (Edk0ifbm 2006)
22? igonfom yef;jzpfI aemufw}udrf jyefyiG hcf iG h&f cJhaomf ('DZifbm 2006) 'kwd,t}urd f
23? usaemfESifh aqmif;&moD'\e (Zefe0g&D 2007)
24? udk,fa&;udk,fwm yk&ydkuf (azazmf0g&D 2007)
25? tvHrxlcJhaom vufrsm; (ar 2007)
26? oifESifheHeufcif;udkom 0ifcGifhðyrnf (ZGef 200&) wwd,t}udrf
27? ol@tdk;ykwfuav;udk usaemf jyefray;yg (Zlvdkif 2007)

tydki;f ( 1 )
usaemfeJ@ uAsma&;aom vlwa,mufta=umif; (odk@r[kwf)

a&$bkef;vl (odk@r[kwf) wm&mrif;a0

usaemfeŒJ uAsma&;aom vlwa,mufta=umif; (odkŒr[kwf)

a&$bkef;vl (odkŒr[kwf) wm&mrif;a0
atmif'if
(1)
usaemfhudkarG;+yD; 4 ESpfavmuft=umrSm araru usaemfhtwGuf nDi,fav;wa,muf

xyfraH rG;zGm;ay;ygw,f? 1966 ckESpf/ pufwifbm v 13 &uf/ t*F gae@rmS yg? ol@udk arG;zGm;awmh
ivsifrv_yfygbl;/ av}uD;rdk;}uD; rusygbl;/ rdk;óud;awGvnf; rypfygbl;/ t&mcyfodrf;u yHkrSef
twdkif;ygyJ? usaemfwdk@rdom;pkrSm vluav;wa,muf wdk;wmuvGJvdk@aygh? jrefrmEdkifiHuawmh
AdkvfcsKyfae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppftkyfpdk;r_atmufa&mufwm 4 ESpfausmfcJhyg+yD?
usaemfhrdbrsm;u tr0rf;uGJwa,muf&JŒpum;udkem;a,mif+yD; usaemhfudk ‘cspfudkuk’d vdk@

trnfay;xm;wmrdk@ ol@udkvnf; vG,fvG,fululyJ ‘cspfnDnD’ vdk@ trnfay;vdkuf=uygw,f?
araru usaemhu f dk ‘om;}uD;’vdk@ac:+yD; ol@udkawmh ‘om;i,fav;’vdk@ ac:ygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ ol@&JŒ
tdrfemrnfu ti,fav; jzpfvmygw,f? oluvnf; pum;ajym&if ol@udk,fol“i,fi,f”vdk@
okH;avh&Sdygw,f?
aemuf 2 ESpft=um nDrti,fqkH;udkarG;awmh usaemfu 6 ESpfom;&Sd+yD; 0wˆKpmtkyf

awG pzwfaeyg+yD? pma&;q&m rdk;a0 &JŒ pHkaxmuf0wˆKawGzwf+yD; tvGwfpHkaxmuf wifarmif
aqGeJ@ ol@&JŒvufaxmuf rdk;pENmwdk@udk oabmusaecsdefrdk@ nDrav;udk ‘cifpENmrdk;’ vdk@ trnf
ay;vdkufEidk yf gw,f? usaemfrsm;vufO;D r_r&cJ&h ifjzifh nDrav;crsm ‘csprf r’ jzpfvmp&mta=umif;
&Sdygw,f?
om;orD; 3 a,muf&d&S if t}uD;qk;H eJ@ ti,fqkH;u rdbarwœmyd&k +yD; tvwfu rdbarwœm
csKdŒwJhw,fvdk@ajym=uwm =um;zl;/ awG@zl;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@rdom;pkrSmawmh tJ'Dvdk r[kwfyg?
tvwfjzpfwJh ol[m rdbESpfyg;pvkH;&JŒ tcspfqkH; eJ@ tvdkvdkuf tcH&qkH;yg? t}uD;qkH; usaemfeJ@
ti,fqkH; nDrav;wdk@uawmh tqlcH&qkH;eJ@ rdom;pkwm0efawGudk trsm;qkH; r#a0,l&olawG
jzpfchyJ gw,f?
(2)
usaemfwdk@armifESr 3 a,mufpvkH; awmifOuUvmyòrdŒe,f 9 &yfuGufu trSwf (10)

tajccHynm rlvwef;ausmif;rSm oli,fwef;uae av;wef;txd ynmoif=um;cJh&ygw,f?
usaemfu ig;wef;wESpfudk awmifOuUvmyòrdŒe,f tajccHynm tv,fwef;ausmif; trSwf
(3)rSmaecJh&+yD; 6 wef;uae 10 wef;txd &efuif; txu (2) pdef@rdkufu,frSm wufcJhygw,f?
'ga=umifhvnf; usaemhf nDeJ@ nDryg &efuif; txu (2) ausmif;om;awG jzpfvmcJh=uygw,f?
a&$bkef;vl[m i,fi,fwkef;uawmh pmawmfwJh ausmif;om;wa,mufyg? twef;xJrSm

xdyfqkH;rSm&Sd+yD; yxr/ 'kwd,/ wwd, qkawG pmar;yGJwdkif;rSm &cJhwmyg? wwef;+yD; wwef;
rSefrSefatmifcJhayr,fh 10 wef;rSm wpfaeygawmhw,f? 10 wef;pmar;yGJudk av;}udrf/ ig;}udrf
avmufajz&+yD; ESpf}udrfajz&wJh nDrav;xuf wESpfaemufus+yD; 1986-87 pmoifESpfusrSyJ
10 wef;udk jrefrmpm*k%fxl;eJ@ atmifygw,f? 1988 rwfvta&;tcif;jzpfcsdefrSm usaemfu
&efukefpufr_wuUodkvfrSm pufr_tif*sifeD,m aemufqkH;ESpf/ nDrav; u "mwkaA' t"du
'kwd,ESpfeJ@ a&$bkef; u t*Fvdyfpm t"dueJ@ yxrESpf/ &efukefwuUodkvf vd_ife,fajrrSm
ausmif;wufae=uwmyg?
tJ'Dvdk 10 wef;pmar;yGJ wzkef;zkef;us&wmeJ@ywfouf+yD; azaz u rSwfcsufcsygw,f?

“uAsm a&;vdk@ æ” wJh/ 'gvnf; rSefEdkifygw,f? ol tv,fwef; ausmif;om;b0rSmuwnf;u
uAsmawG a&;aeyg+yD? a&;awmhvnf; jrefrmpm uAsm!Gef@aygif;usrf;}uD;awGudk taotcsm
zwf¶a_ vhvm +yD;a&;wmyg? a&S;uAsm a&;[efrsm;udktwk,+l yD; av;csK;d awG/ a'G;csKd;awG/ tdik cf sif;
awG/ &wkawG a&;Edkiyf gw,f? tJ'Dacwfu vlóudufrsm;wJh okH;a=umif; uAsmav;awG a&;ygw,f?
tJ'Dacwfu ±kyf&Sifa=u;rHk wdk@/ *Dwya'om wdk@/ ,k0wD/ *Dw owif;pOfpwJh *sme,fawGrSm
azmfjycH&ygw,f? pmrlc r&yg? pmapmifudk udk,fhydkufqHeJ@ udk,f 0,f&ygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u
ol@uavmifemrnfu ‘rD;cdk;jzL’ yg? 1982 rSm ol@&JŒ ‘rD;cdk;jzL’ emrnfeJ@ yxrqkH; r*~Zif;uAsm
‘ppfjyef’ r*~Zif;rSm yHkESdyfazmfjyygw,f? tJ'DuAsmuvnf; av;csKd;&Snf}uD;ygyJ?
jrefrmpmudk Edik ef if;u|r;f usiv
f Gef;vdk@ twef;xJrSm ol@a&;om;wJh pmpDpmuHk;awG[m trSwf
trsm;qkH;&+yD; q&m/ q&mrrsm;&JŒ todtrSwfðyjcif;/ csD;usL;jcif;cH&ygw,f? òrdŒe,ftqifh/
wdik f;tqifh pmpDpmukH;òydiyf aGJ wGrSm ausmif;udk ud,k fpm;ðyyg0if&+yD; qkawGvnf; &cJhygw,f? ol@&JŒ
t"dutm;enf;csufuawmh odyH`qdkif&m ¶lyaA'/ "mwkaA'/ ocsFm wdk@udk pdwfr0ifpm;wmygyJ?
'ga=umifhvnf; 0dZ…m/ odyH` bmompkHajz&wJh 10 wef;udk awmf¶HkeJ@ratmifwmyg? aemufydkif; 10
wef;udk 0dZ…m owfowf/ odyH` owfowf/ cGJvdkufwJhtcgusrSyJ 0dZ…mwGJoufoufudk,l+yD;
pdwfóudufjrefrmpm *k%fxl;eJ@ atmifygawmhw,f? t*FvdyfpmrSmvnf; *k%fxl;rSwfeD;yg;&vdk@
&efukefwuUodkvfudk t*Fvdyfpm t"dueJ@ wufa&mufcGifh&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh 1988 rwfv
ta&;tcif;upcJhwJh vlxkta&;awmfykH}uD;u ol@&JŒynma&;vrf;a=umif;udk tqkH;owfay;
vdkufygw,f? b0wuUodkvfu ausmif;+yD;cJhayr,fh &efukefwuUodkvfuawmh ausmif;r+yD;cJhyg?
(3)
1988 vlxt k a&;awmfy}Hk u;D [m jrefrmEdik if u H oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom jynfoal wG&ŒJ b0awG
udk t}uD;tus,f ¶dkufcwfajymif;vJapcJhygw,f? tJ'DxJrSm usaemfwdk@rdom;pkuav;vnf; ygcJh
wmaygh? azazu Edik if Ha&;orm;a[mif;/ owif;pmq&ma[mif;}uD;jzpf+yD; om;orD; 3 a,muf
pvkH;u wuUodkvfausmif;om;awG jzpfaewJhtcg ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_upcJhwhJ Edkiif v H kH;qdkif&m
v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;rSm usaemfwdk@rdom;pkwpkvkH; us&mae&muae wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh=uwmaygh?
usaemfwdk@ nDtudkESpfa,mufpvkH; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif armifarmifausmfeJ@wGJzuf+yD;
‘Armjynf jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&; vli,fwyfO;D ’ (Burma Youth Liberation Front) udk &efukef
wuUodkvf ZGefta&;tcif; wywf=umqENjyr_awGt+yD;rSm ajratmuf tzGJ@tpnf;wcktjzpf
zGJŒpnf;wnfaxmifcJh=u+yD; e,fpyfa'otajcpdkuf awmfvSefa&;tzGJŒrsm;eJ@pwif qufoG,fcJh
=uygw,f? armifarmifausmu f awmh ZGev f ukerf Sm xdik ;f -jrefrm e,fpyfudk v#KŒd 0SufxuG fcGmoGm;
ygw,f? tJ'D aemuf =o*wfpf 8 &uf vlxt k ºkH urG _}u;D ay:ayguv f ma&;twGuf usaemfw@dk tm;vk;H
jrefrmEdik if w
H eHwvsm; c&D;awGxu G +f y;D jynfoal wG ausmif;om;awG=um;xJrmS v#KdŒ0Supf mG pnf;¶k;H
a&; qif;=u&ygw,f?
1988 'DZifbm/ Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyfudk jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;=uwJhtcg usaemfu 'k-OuUÏ (2)

jzpfvm+yD; a&$bkef;vl u A[dkaumfrDwD0if wa,mufjzpfvmcJhygw,f? 1989/ rwfv 23 &uf
ae@rSm OuUÏ rif;udkEdkif tzrf;cH&/ {+yD 23 &ufae@rSm usaemf tzrf;cH&+yD;wJhaemufrSmawmh
a&$bkef;vlwa,muf ol@&JŒ ‘ausmif;zGifhcsdef’ uAsmeJ@xif&Sm;vm+yD; Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf&JŒ
A[dktvkyftr_aqmif aumfrDwD0ifwa,mufvnf; jzpfvmygw,f? tJ'Daemuf ol tdEdN,
e,fpyfbufudk xGufcGmoGm;+yD; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;vkyfzdk@ óud;pm;ygao;w,f? tqif
rajyr_awGrsm;vGef;wmeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHxJ jyefvnf0ifa&mufvm+yD; 1990 azazmf0g&DrSm tzrf;cH
&ygw,f? ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;&JŒ ppfa=uma&;pcef;rSm &uf&ufpufpuf n‡Of;yef;ESyd fpufc&H +y;D aemuf
ppfcHk¶kH;u ol@udk tvkyf=urf;eJ@ axmif 5 ESpf csvdkufygawmhw,f?
ÐÐÐ
(4)
usaemfu tif;pdefaxmifxJrSm 1989 {+yDvuae 1990 arvtxd 13 v/ yk'fr 10 (u)

eJ@ txdef;odrf;cHcJh&+yD; 1990 arv 23 &ufae@/ a&G;aumufyGJvkyfzdk@ 4 &uftvdkrSmrS tif;pdef
axmifwGif; ppfcHk¶kH;wif+yD; jypf'%fcscH&wmyg? 13 vvkH;vkH; rdom;pkeJ@ tquftoG,f r&cJhyg?
jypf'%f 4 ESpfuscH&+yD;rS w&m;0if tusO;f om;jzpfvm+yDrdk@ ESpfywf wcg axmif0ifpm awG@cGih&f yg
w,f? yxrqkH; axmif0ifpmrSmyJ azazeJ@ araruajymvdk@ a&$bkef;vlwa,muf axmif ig;ESpf
us+yD; 5 aqmifrSm a&mufaew,fqdkwm od&ygw,f?
pawG@awG@csif; araru usaemfu h dk “om;}uD;&,f æ/ rif;nDav;udk rif;tem; ac:xm;Edik zf k@d

óu;d pm;=unfhygu,
G f” wJh? tJ'D tcsed frmS usaemfw@dk axmif0ifpmawG@&wJh tcsed f/ ae@&ufuvnf;
rwlvdk@ azazeJ@ararcrsm wywfudk ESpf}udrfvm&ygw,f?
tJ'geJ@ axmifydkifwef;pDvSnfhwJhtcsdefrSm usaemfu usaemfhnDudk usaemfeJ@twlxm;ay;

zdk@awmif;qdkawmh axmifydkifu cGifhðyygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ a&$bkef;vlwa,muf usaemf&Sd&m 5 wdkuf
(wdkuftrSwf 5) udk a&mufvmygawmhw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u usaemfu 5 wdkuf/ tcef;trSwf 19
rSmyg? tcef;azmfawGu udkwifjrifh (OD;&JxGe;f tr_wJ)G / omauw NLD u jrifhaomif; eJ@ vSoef;
wdk@yg? a&$bkef;vl a&mufvmawmh 8 ay/ 12 ay tcef;usOf;uav;xJrSm usaemfwdk@ 5 a,muf
twlae=u&ygw,f?
ol a&mufrvmcifu usaemf pdwfylcJh&wm&Sdygw,f? oleJ@ usaemfu nDtudkt&if;awG

jzpfayr,fh odyf+yD;wnfhvSwm r[kwfygbl;? olu 4 *%ef;orm;jzpf+yD; usaemfu 8 *%ef;
orm;jzpfaevdk@vm;awmh rodygbl;? r=umc% jiif;ckef/ pdwfqdk;/ a'goxGuf/ &efjzpfaeusyg? 'D
tcef;usOf;uav;xJrSm xyf+yD;tqifrajy=u&ifjzifh usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufwifru usefwJh
tcef;azmfawGyg t}uD;tus,f pdwfnpf=u&rSmyg?
'gayr,fh usaemf ar#mfvifhxm;oavmuf jy\em rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&SdcJhyg? axmif0ifpm

awG@zdk@vnf; twlxGufcGifh&cJhvdk@ azazeJ@ ararvnf; tweftoifh pdwfcsrf;omcJh=u&ygw,f?
odyfr=umygb;l ? nDtudkESpfa,muf wcef;xJtwl&SdaewmudkróudufwJh axmifrª;wa,mufu
ol@udk usaemfhtcef;xJuae okH;cef;ausmf tcef;trSwf 22 udk a&$Œajymif;vdkufygw,f?
1990/ pufwifbm 26 &ufae@uawmh tif;pdefaxmifrSm ordkif;0ifwJh ae@wae@yg?

a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;zdk@jiif;qefaewJh e0w ppftkyfpkudk tif;pdefaxmifxJu
Edkiif aH &;tusOf;om;awGu wnDw!Gwfwnf; qENjycJh=uwmyg? 2 wdkufe@J trsKd;orD;aqmifawG
upwifcJh+yD; usefwJhwdkuftm;vkH;u EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vkH; yg0ifqifE$J+yD; EdkifiHa&;
tusO;f om;rsm;tm;vkH; vGwfajrmufa&;eJ@ tm%mv$aJ jymif;a&; atmf[pf awmif;qdkc=hJ uwmyg?
wdkufcef;usOf;uav;&JŒ oHwHcg;udrk sufEmS tyf+y;D 'Dru
dk a&pDaºu;G a=umfoHawG toHuek fatmf[pf
cJh=uwmyg? tm%mydkiaf wGbufuvnf; &uf&ufpufpuf t=urf;zuf wk@H jyefchw J myg? wdkucf ef;
awGxJu tusOf;om;wcsKŒd udkqGJxkwf+yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef eHygwwf kwfawG/ cg;ywfawG/ vufoD;
awG/ ppfzdeyf}uD;awGeJ@ ¶dkufESufcJhygw,f? tJ'DxJ a&$bkef;vlvnf;ygoGm;cJh+yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef
¶dkufESufcH&ygw,f? tJ'DaemufrSmawmh a&$bkef;vludk axmiftm%mydkifawGu wdkufuae
taqmif 5 udk ajymif;a&$Œvdkufygawmhw,f? wdkuftm;vkH;u EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vkH;udk
vnf; axmif0ifpm 2 v ydwfvdkuyf gw,f? vlowfra_ wGeJ@axmifuswJh ESpf}uD; &mZ0wftusOf;
om;awGudk wdkufwef;pD;awGcef@+yD; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGudk =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf; tkyfcsKyfyg
awmhw,f?
(5)
'DvdkeJ@ a&$bkef;vleJ@usaemf axmifxJrSm uGJuGmoGm;+yD;wJhaemuf aemufw}udrf jyefqkH=u

&jyefygw,f? 'Dwcgawmh tif;pdefaxmifrSm r[kwfawmhygbl;? &efukefuae rdkif 200 ausmf
uGma0;wJh rauG;wdkif;twGif;u o&ufaxmifrSmyg?
axmifxJrSm Edik if Ha&;tusO;f om;wa,muf[m wae&mwnf;rSm =um=umae&avh r&Sdyg

bl;? tm%mydkifawGu ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jy+yD; wae&mu wae&m ajymif;a&$Œaewmyg?
usaemfvnf; 1990 tukefavmufrSm 5 wdkufuae 4 aqmifudk a&$Œajymif;cH&ygw,f? tJ'D
taqmifrSmvnf; 6 vavmufyJaevdkuf&w,f xifygw,f? aqmif;wGif;}uD; at;pufpuf
wnrSm tif;pdefaxmifu EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; 99 a,mufudk o&ufaxmifudk ¶kwfw&uf
a&$Œajymif;vdkufygw,f? reuf 2 em&DavmufrSm vufeuftjynfhtpkHeJ@ tusOf;axmif0efxrf;
awGu taqmifawGu0kd kid ;f +y;D tusO;f om;tm;vkH;udk tdyf&muEd;_ +y;D yHkpHxkid cf ikd f;ygw,f? +y;D awmhrS
axmift&m&SdawGu axmifajymif;pm&if;rSmygolawGudk emrnfac:+yD; &SdwhyJ pPnf;,l+yD; xGufvm
cdik f;ygw,f? wu,fawmh bmypPn;f rS ,lcsderf &yg? ud, k ht
f yd f&mvdyaf wmif jynfph akH tmif rvdyEf idk f
cJhyg? tom;vGwf}uD; }udrf;armif;aewJh 0efxrf;awGu usaemfwdk@udk EGm;tkyf}uD;armif;ovdk
armif;+yD; axmifA;l 0udk ac:oGm;=uygw,f? axmifAl;0rSmawmh taqmifaygif;pkHeJ@ wdkuaf ygif;pku H
a&G;cs,fac:xkwfvmwJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; 99 a,mufeJ@ usaemfwdk@udkxdef;zdk@&nf&G,f+yD;
usaemfwk@d eJ@twl axmifajymif;vdu k f&r,fh ESp}f uD; 0g&ifh&mZ0wftusOf;om; pdk;jrwfwdk@ qH=k u&yg
w,f? 'D axmifajymif;tkyfpkxJ usaemfu 4 aqmifuygvm+yD; a&$bkef;vl u 5 aqmifuae
ygvmygw,f? axmifAl;0rSm usaemfwdk@ tm;vkH;udk yHkpHqHyif n‡yf/ ajcusif; ¶dkuf/ +yD;wJhaemuf
tif;pdefblwmudk um;}uD; ESpfpD;eJ@ ac:aqmifoGm;ygawmhw,f? tif;pdeu f ae jynfudk avmfu,f
&xm; tcsKyfwGJeJ@ac:oGm;+yD; jynf axmifrSm wntdyf&ygw,f? aemufw&ufrSm jynfqdyu f rf;
uae oabFmeJ@ o&ufudkac:aqmifoGm;+yD; tifrwefrSemrnfqdk;eJ@ ausmf=um;vSwJh o&uf
axmif}uD;xJudk usaemfwdk@ &efukefu EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGudk ypfxnfhvdkufygawmhw,f?
o&ufaxmif&JŒ i&Jcef;rsm;ta=umif;awmh wae@usrS a&;ygOD;r,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf usaemfwdk@
nDtudkESpfa,muf o&ufaxmif/ taqmif 2 rSm jyefqkHpnf; =u&jyefyg+yD?
o&ufaxmifrSm usaemfwdk@ra&mufcifuwnf;u Edkiif Ha&;tusOf;om;wcsK@d &Sdaeygw,f?
a&SŒae OD;aZmfrsKd;0if; wdk@/ ruo OuUÏ rif;aZ,s wdk@yg? 1990 pufwifbm 26 axmifwGif;
qENjyr_}uD;udk axmiftm%mydkifawGu t=urf;zufòzdcGJt+yD;rSm &uf&ufpufpuf ¶dkufESuf+yD;
olwdk@udk axmifajymif;vdkufwmyg? olwdk@tm;vkH; wdkufxJrSmae&ygw,f? a&mufa&mufcsif;
usaemfwdk@tkyfpkxJu 10 a,mufudk wdkufxJydk@vdkuf+yD; usefwJhvlawGudk taqmif 2 aqmifrSm
&mZ0wftusO;f om;awGeJ@ twlxm;ygw,f? o&ufòrdŒ[m c¶dkiòf rdŒjzpf+yD; &efukefuae rdkif 250
ausmf uGma0;ygw,f? &efukefuaevmzdk@qdk&if yxr jynftxd um;eJ@jzpfap/ &xm;eJ@jzpfap
vm&ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf jynfuae atmifvH udk um;xyfp;D / atmifvH qdyu f rf;uae oabFm
(odk@r[kwf) ul;wdk@orŠmefp;D +yD; {&m0wDjrpf}uD;udkjzwful;+yD;rS o&ufudk a&mufygw,f? {&m0wD
jrpf}uD; vd_if;}uD;csdefrSm jrpfudkjzwfzdk@rjzpfEdkifvdk@ a&+idrfwJhtcsdefxd apmifh=u&wwfygw,f?
usaemfwdkŒtrsm;pku &efukefom;awGjzpf=u+yD; rE Wav;eJ@ yJcl;wdkif;rsm;u vlwcsKdŒvnf;

ygygw,f? {&m0wDwdkif;eJ@ u&ifjynfe,fu zxD;}uD;awGvnf; ygygw,f? tif;pdefaxmifrmS wkef;
uawmh rdom;pkawGu 2 ywfwcg axmif0ifpmvmEdki=f uayr,fh o&ufaxmif ajymif;vdkufwJh
tcgrSmawmh yHkreS f rvmEdik af wmhygb;l ? c&D;ua0;wJhtjyif ukeu
f sp&dwfursm;vGef;awmh rdom;pk
awG tawmf'kuaQ &muf=u&ygw,f? wcsKŒd u 3 vrS wcgavmuf/ wcsKdŒu 6 vrS wcgavmufyJ
vmEdkiyf gawmhw,f? tJ'Dawmh rdom;pkuaxmif0ifpmvmawG@&if; axmufyw Hh ht
J pm;taomuf
eJ@ aq;0g;awGudkom tm;udk;tm;xm;ðyae&wJh usaemfwdk@twGufvnf; tqifrajyr_awG ydk+yD;
rsm;vmwmygyJ?
(6)
usaemfwk@d a&mufwt hJ csderf mS o&ufaxmifyidk u f Adv

k }f u;D aomif;!Gef@yg? a&SŒwef;ppfrsuEf mS
rSm ausmif;om;wyfawGeJ@wku d cf Jhzl;+yD; ta&;edrcfh h+J yD;wJhaemuf ol@q&m jynfxJa&;0ef}u;D AdkvfcsKyf
bkef;jrifh&JŒ apmifr=unfh¶_r_eJ@ axmifydkifjzpfvmwmyg? 'gha=umifh olu ausmif;om;awG/ u&if
awmfvSefa&;orm;awG/ EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk rkef;ygw,f? +yD;awmhvnf; usaemfwdk@udk tif;pdef
axmifu qdk;vGef;vdk@ axmifajymif;vdkufwmvdk@vnf; em;vnfxm;ygw,f? 'gha=umifh olu
usaemfwdk@tm;vkH;udk oHr%dpnf;urf;awGeJ@ wif;wif;usyfusyf tkycf sKyyf gw,f? olup+y;D &efvdk
aerSawmh ol@vufatmufu t&m&SdawG 0efxrf;awGuvnf; usaemfwdk@tay: tEdkifusifh
qufq=H ur,fqw dk m txl;&Si;f jyzd@k vkrd ,frxifyg? usaemfw@dk e@J twlae&wJh &mZ0wftusO;f om;
awGudkvnf; av#m&h ufawG qkcsr,fv@dk jr‡LqG,f+yD; usaemfwk@d tay: tEdkiu f sifhcdkif;/ tjypf&Smcdkif;/
axmufvSrf;cdkif;=uygw,f? a&qGJ/ qeftyd fxrf;/ awmif,m pwJh tvkyf=urf;awGudkvnf; aeyl
usJusJrSm vkyf=u&ygw,f?
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tESufcHae=u&wmyg? tJ'Dvdk zdESdyfae&wmudkrStm;r&ao;vdk@ aemufwrsK;d xyfxGifjyefygao;
w,f? 'Dvdkyg æ?
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w&ufrSm axmifydkifu trdef@wck xkwfjyefygw,f? tJ'guawmh tJ'Dtcsed u f p+yD; tusO;f
om;awGtm;vkH;[m axmif0ifpmawG@csdefrSm tcsdefaph&if wm0efus0efxrf;u yHkpHvdk@atmfrSm
jzpf+yD; tusOf;om;u rdom;pke@J pum;ajymaewm csufcsi;f &yf+yD; rdom;pka&SŒrSmwif =urf;ay:rSm
yHkpHxdkif&rSmyg? tusOf;om;u yHkpHxdkifaewJhtcsdefrSm rdom;pku axmif0ifpmcef;xJu xGufcGm
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usaemfwdk@ axmifxJrSm yHkpHxdkif&ygw,f? yHkpH (1) (2) (3) (4)/ yHkpH}uD; qdk+yD; &Sdygw,f? yHkpH
(1) u xdkifyHkpHyg? axmifzGifhcsdef/ axmifydwfcsdef/ vla&wGufwJhtcsdefawGrSm xdkif&ygw,f?
wifyv†ifacGrSm vufESpfzufudka&SŒqef@+yD; vufoD;qkyf+yD; 'l;ay:wifxm;&ygw,f? rsufESmudk
vnf; ikH@xm;&ygw,f? yHkpH (2)u &yf yHpk Hyg? axmift&m&Sed @J awGŒ&wJt h csed /f taqmifrSm axmifyikd f
wef;pDvSnfhwJhtcsdefawGrSm &yf&ygw,f? rwfwyf&yf/ vufz0g;ESpfzufudkcsdwfquf+yD; vkHcsnf
cg;yHkp a&SŒrSmcsxm;&ygw,f? rsuEf Smudkvnf; iHk@xm;&ygw,f? yHkpH (3)u ta&;ay:yHkpHvk@d ac:yg
w,f? tvkyfvkyfaewkef; axmift&m&Sd tem;a&mufvmwJhtcsdefrSm ta&;ay: xdkif&wmyg?
aqmifha=umifhxdkif&if; vufEpS zf ufudk a&SŒxkwf/ vufo;D qkyf+yD; 'l;ay:wifxm;&ygw,f? rsuEf Sm
uawmh xk;H pHtwdik f;iH@k xm;&ygw,f? tckaxmif0ifpmawG@csderf Sm tJ'D yHpk H(3) xdik f&r,fv@dk trdef@
xGufvmwmyg? yHkpH (4)uawmh tjypfay;yHkpHrdk@ a&SŒuyHkpHokH;ckxuf trsm;}uD; ydkqdk;ygw,f?
yHkpH}uD;qdkwmuvnf; axmifwGif;rSm ta&;ay:tajctaewckjzpfcsdefrSmxdkif&wmrdk@ tvGef@
tvGeu f kd qd;k w,fv@dk yJ ajymyg&ap? aocsmwmu tJ'yD kpH aH wGtm;vk;H rSm rsuEf mS udik @Hk xm;&wmyg?
cGihðf ycsurf &bJ rsufEmS armh=unfh&if tjypf&ySd gw,f? yHkpHxkid w
f mrrSef&if tjypf&ySd gw,f? wdu k yf dwf
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ðyusifhzdk@/ vlwa,muftay: tjcm;wa,mufu vlyg;0 apmfum;Edkifzdk@/ pHepfwus wDxGifxm;
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=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh trdef@ukrd vdkufem&ifvnf; tjypf&dw S ,fqk+d yD; axmif0ifpm tydwfcH&r,f/
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rduk yf gw,fqw dk Jh &mZ0wftusO;f om;wcsKŒd axmif0ifpmrSm/ olwk@d &JŒrdom;pkawGa&SŒrSm ususee
yHkpHxdkif+yD; jyefvmcJh=uyg+y?D olwdk@tm;vkH;u usaemfwdk@ Edik if aH &;tusOf;om;awG b,fvdk wkH@jyef
=urvJqdkwm apmifh=unfhae=uav&JŒ?
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f rhJ dom;pku enf;wJhtjyif
a0;vHvGef;vdk@ 3§4 v avmufrS wacgufvmEdkif=uwmyg? 'Dawmh wywfrSm EdkifiHa&;
tusO;f om; 2 a,muf 3 a,mufavmufyJ axmif0ifpmvmwm &Sdygw,f? tJ'D trdef@xu G fwJh
tywfrSm axmif0ifpmvmzdk@ usaemfwdk@taqmifu tvSnfhuswmu usaemfwdk@ nDtudk

ESpfa,mufyg? &JabmfawGtm;vkH;u usaemfwdk@nDtudk udk bmzdtm;rS ray;ygbl;? vGwfvGwf
vyfvyfqH;k jzwf+yD; ,Hk=unfovdk &ifqkid fzdk@yJ ajym=uygw,f? [kwfygw,f/ 'g[mjzifh wa,muf
csif;&ifqdkif&r,fh wdkufyGJyg?
usaemfwdk@ nDtudk ESpfa,muf acgif;csif;qdkif=uygw,f? a&$bkef; u ajymygw,f? “udkudk

qkH;jzwfyg/ i,fi,f aemufuvdkuyf ghr,f” wJh? 'ge@J usaemfhtpDtpOfudk ol@ukd &Si;f jyw,f? olu
csufcsif;yJ oabmwlygw,f?
axmif0ifpmvmwJhae@ukd a&mufyg+yD? reuf rdk;vif;uwnf;u bk&m;&Scd ;dk +yD;/ bk&m;pmawG

&Gwfzwf+yD; udk,fhudkudk,f pdwf&Sif;vif;atmif vkyf=uygw,f? b,foleJ@rSvnf; pum;rajym
jzpfyg? 'DvdkeJ@ reuf 10 em&Davmuf axmif0ifpm¶kH;u 0efxrf;wa,mufeJ@ taqmifaxmifrª;
a&mufvm+yD; usaemfwdk@ ESpfa,mufudk axmif0ifpmawGŒzdk@ vmac:ygw,f? nDtudkESpfa,muf
pvkH; wòydifwnf;rawGŒ&yg? wa,muf+yD;rS wa,muf awGŒ&rSmyg? 'geJ@ wdkifyifxm;wJhtwdkif;
usaemf t&ifvdkufoGm;cJhygw,f? taqmif¶H;k cef;rSmyJ usaemfu taqmifaxmifrª;udk owif;ydk@
p&m&Sda=umif; ajymygw,f? axmifrª;ucGifhðywJhtcgusrS usaemfu usaemf 'Dae@ axmif0ifpm
awG@&r,fhtcGifhta&;udk pGef@v$wfa=umif;/ axmif0ifpmawG@rSmr[kwfwJhta=umif; wifjyvdkuf
ygw,f? ol rar#mv f ifw
h m=um;vdu k &f wJhtwGuf axmifrª;vnf; tvef@w=um; jzpfoGm;ygw,f?
“bmjzpfvdk@vJ” vdk@ tarmwaum ar;ygw,f?
“axmif0ifpmawG@csdefrSm q&mwdk@u yHkpH vdk@ atmfvdkuf&if usaemfwdk@u rdom;pkeJ@pum;

ajymaewm csufcsif;&yf+yD; ta&;ay: yHkpx H dkif&r,fvdk@ trdef@xw
k fxm;w,fvk@d usaemfwdk@ od&yg
w,f? tJ'Dvkv d yk fz@dk twGuf usaemhrf Sm jy\em&Syd gw,f? usaemhaf zazu touf 70 ausmyf g+yD/
araruvnf; touf 60 ausmfyg+y?D olwk@d rmS vnf; ESv;kH a&m*g/ aoG;wdk;a&m*gawGe@J yg? +yD;awmh
[dk;ta0;}uD;uae usaemfwdk@udkawG@zdk@ um;wwef/ &xm;wwefeJ@ {&m0wDjrpf}uD;udkjzwf+yD;
vd_if;awG/ avawG=um;u pGe@f +y;D vm=u&wmyg? usaemfw@kd ukd c%wðzwfawGŒ&csdefrSmyJ usaemfw@dk
olwdk@a&SŒrSm yHkpHxdkif&wmudkom awG@vdkuf&&if olwdk@ &ifusKd;=urSmyg? usaemhfa=umifh olwdk@
pdwx f cd u
dk &f / a=uuGJ&wmrjzpfapcsiyf gbl;? 'gah =umifh usaemhf&ŒJ axmif0ifpmawG@&r,fhtcGiht f a&;
udk usaemf pGef@v$wfygw,f/ usaemf rawG@Edkifyg”
axmifrª;vnf; bmjyefajym&rSef;rodjzpfoGm;+yD;wJhaemuf usaemhfudk taqmifrª; ¶kH;cef;

rSmyJ 0efxrf;wa,mufeJ@xm;cJh+y;D axmifyidk x
f Howif;yd@k zk@d xGucf GmoGm;ygw,f? 15 rdepfavmuf
t=umrSmawmh axmif0efxrf;awGwtkyf}uD;eJ@ jyefa&mufvm+yD; usaemhfudk axmifydkif¶kH;cef;qD
tjypf&Sdolwa,mufvdk twif;qGJac:oGm;=uygawmhw,f?
axmifydkif ¶kH;cef;xJrSmawmh a'gotrsuf acsmif;acsmif;xGufaewJh axmifydkifu usaemhfudk

}udrf;armif;ygawmhw,f?
“a[haumif æ rif; bm vlyg;0wmvJ/ 'g axmifuG/ igu axmifydkifuG/ igxkwfjyefwJh
pnf;urf;udk rif; vdkufem&r,f”
usaemfuvnf; jyefajymygw,f?
“Adkvf}uD;/ axmif0ifpmawG@w,fqw
kd m usaemhf&JŒtcGit
fh a&;yg? tck usaemhf&JŒtcGiht
f a&;
udk usaemfhbmom pGef@v$wfwmyg”
axmifydkifrSm ajymp&mpum; r&Sdawmhygbl;? axmifrª;udk “'Daumifhudk jypf'%fwdkufudk ydk@

vdkuf”vdk@ !$ef=um;ygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ usaemhfudk jypf'%fwdkufxJ ydk@vdkufygawmhw,f?
jypf'%fwdkufrSm tcef; 12 cef;&Sd+yD; wjcm;wdkufydwfcH&olawG tJ'Dtcsed frSmr&Sdvdk@ wwdkuf

vkH;rSm usaemfwa,mufwnf; &Sdygw,f? odyfr=umygbl;/ usaemhfab;u tcef;wcef; wHcg;
zGiho
f H/ jyefydwfoH =um;&ygw,f? 0efxrf;awG xGufcGmoGm;wJt h oH=um;&+yD; c%t=umrSmawmh
“udkudk/ b,ftcef;rSmvJ” vdk@ atmfar;vdkufwJh a&$bkef;vl&JŒtoHudk =um;vdkuf&ygw,f? oleJ@
usaemfeJ@t=um; tcef;wcef; jcm;ygw,f? usaemfwk@d óudwifwkid yf ifxm;wJhtwdik ;f yJ oluvnf;
ol@tvSnrfh Sm axmif0ifpmawG@z@dk udk pGe@f v$wfa=umif; a=ujimvdu
k fwt
Jh wGufa=umifh usaemhfvydk J
axmifydkifu ac:awG@ }udrf;armif;+yD; wdkufxJydk@vdkufwmyg?
aemufem&D0ufavmuf=umawmh aemufwa,muf xyfa&mufvmjyefygw,f? oluawmh

(1) aqmifu pnfolxGwf yg? pufr_wuUodkvf ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpf+yD; trsKd;om;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf&JŒ A[dkaumfrDwD0if/ v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f OD;wifxGwf&JŒom;yg? ol@tar
uvnf; 'Dae@rSmyJ axmif0ifpmvmawG@+yD; oluvnf; usaemfwdk@vdkyJ yHkpH rxdkifcsifvdk@ axmif
0ifpm rawG@csifa=umif;jiif;qefvdk@ axmifydkifu wdkufxJydk@vdkufwmyg? ola&mufvmwJhtcsdef
[m ae@v,f wem&Dausmaf eyg+y?D usaemfwk@d ukd b,fou l rS ae@v,fpmxrif; rau|;yg? wduk cf ef;
usOf;uav;xJrSmvnf; xdkifp&m 0g;zsmawmif r&Sdyg?
ae@vnf 3 em&DavmufrSmawmh usaemfwdk@ nDtudkESpfa,mufudk axmif0efxrf;awGu

vmac:ygw,f? axmifydkif¶kH;cef;rSmawmh axmifydkif/ 'k axmifydki/f axmifr;ª }uD; eJ@ tjcm; axmif
t&m&SdawGtjyif usaemfw@dk &JŒrdbawGyg &Sad e=uygw,f? usaemfwk@d tcef;xJukad &muf a&mufjcif;
yJ axmifydkifu usaemfwdk@rdbawGudk “uJ æ/ cifAsm; om;awGudk cifAsm;udk,fwdkif ar;=unfh/
usKyfwdk@u ¶dkufovm;/ r¶dkufovm; qdkwm”
azazu “om;wdk@ æ azazhudk rSefrSefajymprf;/ rif;wdk@udk axmift&m&SdawGu ¶dkuEf Sufxm;
ovm;? n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufovm;”
usaemfwdk@ ESpfa,mufpvkH;u t¶dkufrcH&ao;a=umif; ajymygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u a&$bkef;

&JŒb,fbuf rsufvkH;rSm aoG;ajcOaeygw,f? ntdyfwkef;u rsufvkH;em;udk ydk;aumif jzwfoGm;
vdk@/ ,m;vdk@ vufeJ@yGwfoyf&if;u jzpfwmyg? 'gudkjrifawmh araru ol@om; t¶dkufcHxm;&

w,fvdk@xif+yD; “[,f =unfhprf; æ/ ighom;av; rsufvkH;rSm aoG;ajcOaeygvm;/ om;av;/
om;av;udk olwdk@¶dkufxm;ovm;”qdk+yD; pdk;&drfw}uD; ar;ygw,f? 'geJ@yJ a&$bkef;u ol nu
tdyf&if; rsufvkH;udk vufeJ@yGwrf dv@dk jzpfwmygv@dk tjrefjyefajz&ygw,f? azazu axmifydkifbuf
vSn+fh yD; “tckxd t¶dkurf cH&ao;bl;qdak wmh igw@dk jyefoGm;&if rif;u ighom;awGudk ¶dkufrmS vm;”
touf 70 ausmf azazu axmifydkifudk “rif;”eJ@ “ig”eJ@ajymwmudk touf 40 ausmf

axmifydkif tawmfcH&cufaeyHkygyJ? a'gow}uD;eJ@ wkH@jyefygw,f? “usKyf cifAsm;om;awGudk
vufzsm;eJ@awmif rxdbl;” azazu ol@udkr=unfah wmhbJ usaemfwk@d udk “bma=umifh axmif0if
pmrawG@Edkif&wmvJ”vdk@ ar;ygw,f? usaemfu axmifydkif aemufqkH;xkwfjyefwJh axmif0ifpm
awG@csdef rdom;pka&SŒrSm yHkpHxdkif&r,fhtrdef@udk&Sif;jy+yD; usaemfwdk@taeeJ@ tJ'Dvdk azazeJ@arar
a&SŒrSm yHkpH rxdkifcsifvdk@ tckvdk axmif0ifpmawG@cGifh pGef@v$wf&wJhta=umif; &Sif;jyygw,f?
tJ'geJ@ azaz u axmifydkifudk ar;ygw,f? “'Dvdk pnf;urf;rsKd; b,faxmifrSmrS r&Sdbl;/

rif;u bmvdk@ 'Dtrdef@udk xkwf&wmvJ/ tusOf;om;awG[mvnf; vlawGyJ/ olwk@d udk vlawGvydk J
qufqHoifhw,f/ 'Dtrdef@uawmh tawmhfudk vlrqefwJhtrdef@yJ”
axmifydkif a'goaygufuGJygawmhw,f? “'g usKyf axmif/ usKyf óudufovdk tkyfcsKyfr,f/

usKyfóudufovdk trdef@xkwfr,f/ cifAsm; bmrS ajymp&mrvdkbl;? cifAsm;om;awG 'DaxmifxJrSm
&Sdaeoa&GŒ usKyftrdef@udk emcH&rSmyJ”
araru 0ifajymygw,f? “at;uG,f/ rif;u 'Daxmifudk tkyfcsKyfaeovdk/ rif;u wdk@om;

awGudk tkyfcsKyfaeovdk/ rif;udkvnf; tkyfcsKyfaewJhvl&SdwmygyJ/ rif;eJ@aqG;aEG;vdk@r&&if rif;udk
tkyfcsKyfwJhvlawGeJ@wdk@ pum;ajym&rSmaygh”
axmifyidk f quf+yD; onf;rcHEidk fawmhygbl;? “awmf+yD/ awmf+yD/ cifAsm;wdk@ rauseyf&if óuduf

wJhae&m wdkif/ usKyf *¶krpdkufbl;/ a[haumifawG æ 'Daumif ESpfaumifudk jyefac:oGm;awmh/
cifAsm;wdk@vnf; oGm;=uawmh æ”
usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufvnf; uref;uwef; 'l;axmuf+yD; azazeJ@ararudk uefawmh=u&

ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf 0efxrf;awGu usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufudk wdkufxJjyefxnfhvdkuf=uygw,f/
pnfolxGwfudkvnf; ol@rdcifeJ@ axmifydkif¶kH;cef;rSm tvm;wl ay;awG@ygw,f?
aemufrS usaemfwdk@od&wmu azazeJ@ararudk axmift&m&Sad wGu usaemfwk@d ESpaf ,muf

u axmif0ifpmrawG@Edkifbl;vdk@ jiif;qefa=umif;ajymwmudk azazeJ@araru vufrcHygbl;? “'g
rif;wdk@ ighom;awGudk ¶dkufESufxm;vdk@/ olwk@d udk,frSm '%f&m'%fcsufawG&SdaevdkŒ/ ighom;awGu
igwdk@udk rawG@apcsifwmyJ jzpf&r,f”vdk@ azazu pGyfpGJygowJh? +yD;awmh axmifydkifeJ@ awGŒcGifh
awmif;awmh axmifydkifu awG@zdk@jiif;qefygowJh? tJ'DrSmwif 'DudpPudkwdkifr,fqdk+yD; o&ufòrdŒ
v,facgifu c¶dkif (c0w) OuUÏ¶kH;udk csDwufoGm;ygowJh? (c0w) OuUÏu tawG@rcHayr,fh
wm0ef&Sdolwa,mufu axmifyidk fxHzkef;quf+yD; 'DudpPudk wdk;wd;k wdwfwdwfajz&Si;f zdk@ wdkufwGef;
ygowJ?h tJ'Dtcsed frSm &efuek fuvmwJh tbdk;}u;D / tbGm;}u;D ESpaf ,muf olw@dk om; ausmif;om;
tusO;f om;awGudk axmif0ifpmawG@cGihrf &vdk@ a'goayguu f aJG e=uw,fqw
kd ho
J wif;u o&ufòrdŒ
usOf;usOf;uav;rSm ysŒH ESH@ausmf=um;aeyg+yD? tJ'D tbdk;}uD;/ tbGm;}uD; ESpfa,mufukd =unfhjrif
csifvdk@ o&ufaxmifa&SŒudk pka0;a&mufvm=uolrsm;vnf; &Sd=uygw,f? azazu c¶dkif (c0w)
OuUÏ¶kH;udkoGm;r,fqdk+yD; jrif;vSnf;iSm;awmh vdkufydk@ay;csifwJh jrif;vSnf;orm; 5 a,muf 6
a,mufavmuf &SdygowJh? vdkufydk@ay;wJh jrif;vSnf;q&m}uD;uvnf; c¶dkif (c0w) OuUÏ¶kH;rSm
apmifah y;/ +yD;awmh axmifudkjyefydk@ay;wJhtjyif ydkuq
f aH y;awmhvnf; r,lbl;wJh/ 'ga=umifhvnf;
aemufq;kH rSm axmifyidk u
f ol¶u dk fEuS x
f m;wmr[kww f tJh a=umif; oufaojyzdk@twGuf azazeJ@
ararudk ol@¶kH;cef;udkac:+yD; usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufeJ@ ay;awG@wmyg?
wdkufujdk yefa&muf+yD; odyfr=umcifrSm usaemfwk@d &JŒaxmif0ifpmypPn;f awGudk 0efxrf;awGu

vmyd@k ygw,f? azazeJ@ arar o,faqmifvm=uwJh tpm;taomufawG/ aq;0g;awGyg? txkyf
awGtm;vkH;uawmh aoaocsmcsm&Smxm;vdk@ z±dkz&Jjzpfaeygw,f/ naeapmif;rSmawmh 0efxrf;
awGu usaemfwdk@taqmifrSmusefcJhwJh tdyf&mvdyfawG vmydk@jyefygw,f? wdkufrSm usaemfwdk@
=umr,fqkw d Jhoabmygy?J
wdkufrSmae&wJhumvawG[m usaemfwdk@nDtudkESpfa,muf&JŒ teD;pyfqH;k / tnD!GwfqH;k /

wa,mufeJ@wa,muf em;vnfr_t&SdqkH; ae@&ufawGyg? usaemfwdk@ pum;awGtrsm;}uD;ajym
jzpf=uw,f? twdwf/ ypPKy`ef/ tem*wf usaemfwdk@b0awG&JŒ umvokH;yg;ta=umif;awG aqG;
aEG;jzpf=uw,f? uAsmawG trsm;}uD; pdwful;eJ@a&;+yD; wa,mufa&;wJhuAsm wa,mufudk
&Gwfzwfjy+yD; a0zeft=uHðy=uw,f?
nwnrSmawmh olu usaemhfudk ar;ygw,f?
“udkudk axmifuvGwf&if bmvkyfr,f pdwful;xm;ovJ”
usaemfu “t&ifqkH; tvkyfwckck &Sm&rSmayghuGm/ azaz a&m/ arar a&m/ nDrav; a&m/
olwdk@tm;vkH; yifyef;vS+yD/ tdrfrSmvnf; taºuG;awGwifaewm rsm;vS+yD/ 'DtaºuG;awG tjref
qkH;qyfEdkifatmif óud;pm;&rSmaygh”
olu “i,fi,fawmh axmifuvGw&f if pmayavmuxJ ajcpkHypf0ifawmhr,f/ pma&;q&m

wa,muftjzpf &yfwnfawmhr,f”
usaemfu “aumif;ygw,fuGm” vdk@ axmufcHvdkufwJhtcg olu “i,fi,f udkudk@qDu

wck awmif;csifw,f” vdk@ ajymygw,f?
“bmrsm;vJuGm” vdk@ usaemfuar;vdkufawmh olu æ “‘wm&mrif;a0’ qdkwJhemrnfudk

i,fi,fh uavmifemrnftjzpf okH;csifw,f? udkudk tJ'Demrnf i,fi,fhudk ay;Edkifrvm;´”
‘wm&mrif;a0’qdkwm usaemhf&JŒuavmif trnfcGJwckyg/ ‘'wˆ’ qdkwJh uavmiftrnfeJ@

uAsmawGa&;aewJhtcsdefrSmyJ pum;ajya&;&if okH;zdk@ ‘wm&mrif;a0’ qdkwJh uavmiftrnfudk
arG;xm;cJhwmyg? 1986 avmufuxkwfa0wJh awmifOuUvmyòrdŒe,f ESpfvnfr*~Zif;wtkyfrSm
usaemhf&JŒ ‘acwf &JŒ [mo’qdkwJh uAsmwyk'f ‘wm&mrif;a0’uavmifeJ@ azmfjycJh+yD;yg+yD? tck
usaemhfnDu 'Demrnfudk usaemhx
f Hu awmif;cHaeygw,f? usaemf =unf=unfEl;El;yJ “,lyguGm”
vdk@ ay;vdkufygw,f?
(7)
wdkufrSm ESpfywfavmufae+yD;wJhtcg usaemfwdk@udk taqmifjyefydk@ygw,f? axmifydwfcsdef

wef;pDae=uwJhtcsdefrSm 0efxrf;awGa&mufvm+yD;awmh wdkufcef;wHcg;awGzGifh+yD; usaemfwdk@udk
ypPnf;awGodr;f +y;D xGucf h=J uzd@k ajymygw,f? tJ'aD emuf taqmifudk jyefac:oGm;ygw,f? taqmif
udjk yef0ifwht
J csdefrmS axmifyw d fcsed f vla&wGufz@dk +idrfoufpmG wef;pDae=uwJh tusOf;om;tky}f u;D
udk jzwfoef;oGm;&ygw,f? olwk@d tm;vkH;u usaemfw@kd ukd 0rf;omwJ/h aus;Zl;wifwJh rsuv f ;Hk rsm;eJ@
=unfhae=uygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm axmifydkifu axmif0ifpmawG@csdefrSm yHkpHxdkif&r,fhtrdef@udk
jyef¶kyfodrf;vdkufyg+yD?
axmifydw+f yD; wef;ðzwf+yD;wJhtcsderf mS awmh Edkiif aH &;tusOf;om;awGa&m/ &mZ0wftusOf;

om;awGa&m/ usaemfw@dk nDtudkEpS fa,muftem; 0dki;f tHka&muf&dv S m=u+y;D usaemfw@dk ukd aus;Zl;
wifpum; ajym=uygw,f? trde@f ¶kyo f dr;f oGm;vdk@ tm;vkH; 0rf;omaysmf&$iaf e=uayr,fh usaemfw@dk
udk taqmifudkjyefydk@vku
d f+yDjzpfayr,fh usaemfuawmh pdwx f ifhaeqJygyJ? axmifyidk u
f usaemfwk@d
tay: wenf;enf;eJ@ taumuf=uHvrd hOf D;r,fv@dk xifaeqJjzpfygw,f? usaemfxifwm rSefa=umif;
odyfr=umcifrSmyJ odvdkuf&ygw,f?
aemufwywfavmuft=um ae@v,fbuf xrif;pm;+y;D taqmifc%ydwfcsderf mS axmifr;ª

wa,mufeJ@ 0efxrf;awGa&mufvm+yD; a&$bkef;vludk ypPnf;awGodrf;+yD;vdkufcJhzdk@ ac:xkwfoGm;
ygw,f? a&$bkef;vnf; ol@ypPnf;av;awG uref;uwef;odrf;+yD; vdkufoGm;&ygw,f? taqmif
udk jyefa&mufrvmawmhyg? naeapmif;avmufrmS usaemfw@dk =um;&wmu a&$bek f;vludk o&uf
axmifuae om,m0wDaxmifukd ajymif;vdkuf+yD wJh? axmifyidk u f tusOf;OD;pD;Xme !$efcsKyfqD
pmwifygowJh? ‘atmif'if’ eJ@ ‘a&$bkef;vl’ nDtudk ESpaf ,mufudk waxmifxJrmS twlxm;&if
tkyfcsKyf&cufwmrdk@ wa,mufa,mufudk ol@&JŒo&ufaxmifuae tjcm; axmifwaxmifudk
ajymif;a&$Œay;zdk@ awmif;qdyk gowJh? 'Dvked J@ usaemfwk@d nt
D udkESpaf ,muf o&ufaxmifrSm twlae
&wJhumv tqkH;owfcJh&ygawmhw,f?
ÐÐÐ

(8)
usaemfu 1993 *sLvdkifvrSm o&ufaxmifu vGwyf gw,f? a&$bke;f vlu 1994 azazmf0g&D
rSm om,m0wDaxmifu vGwyf gw,f? ol rvGwfcifrSm usaemf om,m0wDaxmif udk ok;H }urd f
oGm;+yD; a&$bkef;vludk axmif0ifpmawG@cJhygw,f? om,m0wDaxmif&JŒ =urf;ñuwf &ufpufra_ wG
udk ol =u=Hh uHhcH&ifqdkifco
Jh vdk ol@tifol@tm;eJ@ Edkio
f avmufvnf; wkH@jyefawmfvSecf hyJ gao;w,f?
olvGwf+yD;wJhaemuf 1995 azazmf0g&DvrSm usaemf puFmylEdkifiHudk tvkyf&Smzdk@xGufcGm

oGm;cJhygw,f? tJ'Daemuf 1996 rwfvrSm ESpfywf=um/ 1998 Zefe0g&DvrSm ok;H ywf=um/ ESp}f urd f
jyefchcJ sed af wGrmS oleJ@ jyefawG@cyJh gao;w,f? tJ'Dtcsderf Sm ol[m ‘wm&mrif;a0’ qdwk Jh atmifjrif
ausm=f um;wJh pma&;q&mwa,mufjzpfaeyg+yD? ol@&ŒJ atmifjrifrt _ wGuf usaemf 0rf;om *k%f,l
&ygw,f? 1998 Zefe0g&DvrSm ol@udkusaemf aemufqH;k awG@cJh&wmyg/ tJ'Daemuf usaemf jrefrm
EdkifiHudk jyefra&mufjzpfawmhygbl;?
ol@&JŒaemufqH;k tajctaeudk usaemhfqt

D a=umif;=um;wmu udZk m*emyg? 2007 =o*wfpf
4 &ufae@ ae@v,fydkif; (&efukefrSmawmh 4 &ufae@n) rSm udkZm*emeJ@usaemfeJ@ tGefvdkif;
csufwif;vkyfaecsdefrSmyJ udkZm*em u ajymygw,f? “cifAsm;nD tajctae raumif;bl;” wJh?
olu tJ'Dvdkajymayr,fh usaemfu odyf+yD;qdk;w,frxifcJhrdyg? tJ'Dn reuf 3 em&Davmuf
rSmawmh rav;&Sm;rSm tvkyfvkyfaewJh nDrti,fqkH; zkef;qufvmygw,f? nDru zkef;xJrSm
idk&if;eJ@ “udkukad & æ ti,fav; ckeuwif qkH;+y”D vd@k ajymygw,f? tdyf&mu ua,mifacsmufcsm;
x&if; ol@udk usaemfjyefrawG@Edkifawmhbl;qdkwmudk vufcHem;vnfvdkuf&ygawmhw,f?
tJ'D&ufawGtwGif; usaemfholi,fcsif;awGudk qufoG,fygw,f? rif;udkEdkif udk/ udkudk}uD;

udk/ jrat; udk? usaemf olwdk@awGudk awmif;qdkygw,f?
“ighnDuGm æ Auo acgif;aqmifwa,mufvnf; jzpfcJhygw,f? EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;
wa,mufvnf; jzpfcJhygw,f? aowJhtxdvnf; tm%m&Sifudk 'l;raxmufcJhygbl;? 'Dawmh
ol@&JŒtokbrSm ¶kyftavmif;udk ausmif;om;or*~&JŒ cGyfa'gif;tvHv$rf;ðcH+yD; Auo OuUÏ
rif;udkEdkif u trdef@jyefwrf; zwfapcsifygw,f”
usaemhfoli,fcsif;awGtm;vkH; tvkyfrsm;ukefygw,f? usaemhfudkvnf; olwdk@tvdkvdkuf

csif=uygw,f? a&$bkef;vludkvnf; olwdk@cspf=uygw,f? wu,fawmh olwdk@tm;vkH;u wcsdef
csdefrSm a&$bkef;vlwa,muf olwdk@eJ@jyefvnfvufwGJ+yD; ‘88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;’tkypf krSm
yg0ifvmvdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhaecJh=uwmyg? wzufrSmvnf; olwdk@rSm tuef@towfawG&Sdae
jyefygw,f? a&$bkef;vluvnf; wdkuf&if;cdkuf&if; usqkH;oGm;wm r[kwfjyefygbl;? aemufqkH;
awmh or*~tvHvr$ f;zdk@eJ@ trde@f jyefwrf;zwfzk@d qkw
d m rjzpfEidk w
f ht
J a=umif;/ 'gayr,fhvnf; olwdk@
tm;vkH; tokbudkoGm;+yD; olwdk@oli,fcsi;f udk taumif;qkH; E_wfquf=ur,fvdk@ ta=umif;jyef
ygw,f?
'DvdkeJ@ 1988 vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD; 19 ESpf ESpfywfvnfrwdkifrD w&uftvdk/ 2007 ckESpf

=o*wfpf 7 &ufae@rSm a&$bkef;vl (odk@r[kwf) wm&mrif;a0 udk a&a0; ok\efrSm tm;vkH;
E_wfqufcJh=u&ygw,f? rif;udkEdkif/ udkudk}uD;eJ@ 88 rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm;u a&$bkef;vlodk@
aemufq;kH E_wqf ufjcif; qdik f;bkwu
f idk faqmifwufa&mufcJh=u+yD; rif;udkEkid u
f tm;vkH;&JŒudk,fpm;
‘=u,faºuG owdk@om;’uAsmudk &Gwfqdk*k%fðycJhygw,f?
(9)
‘uAsma&;aom vlwa,mufta=umif;’qdkwm a&$bkef;vlrjzpfcif wm&mrif;a0 rjzpfcif

u ‘rD;cdk;jzL’trnfeJ@a&;cJhwJh okH;a=umif; uAsmuav;yg? 'Dpmpkudka&;awmh usaemfeJ@ oleJ@
ywfoufcJhor# twljzwfoef;cJhor#awGxJu trSwfw&jzpf&wmawGudk pkpnf;wifjywmrdk@
‘usaemfeJ@ uAsma&;aom vlwa,mufta=umif;’ vdk@ acgif;pOfay;vdkufygw,f?
tudk}uD; udkatmifcsdrfh &JŒ uAsmwydk'fudk owd&rdygw,f?
‘vrf;wlolrsm;csif;om
'%f&mudkðypk
aoG;wdwfatmif ukovdk@
'dk@aemufuvlawGvnf;
owd&ae=uOD;awmhr,f’ æ wJh?
trSefygyJ? vrf;wlo/l bmompum;wlol/ cHpm;csufwlorl sm;/ &ifcek foHwo l lrsm; tcsi;f csif;
om wa,muf&JŒa0'emudk wa,mufuodem;vnf+yD; tm;ay;Edkif=uwmyg? az;rðypkzdk@ ròidjiif
=uwmyg? aoG;pufawGudk rsuf&nfrsm;eJ@ wdwfap=urSmyg? tJ'DvlawGudkvnf; bmompum;
wlwJh/ ESvkH;om;wlwJh/ vrf;wlwJh/ &ifckefoHwlol aemufvlawGu trSwf&ae=urSmyg? tck
a&$bkef;vl udk wm&mrif;a0 udk usaemfwdk@ trSwf&ae=uovdkaygh? ?
av;pm;pGm
atmif'if
17 *sLvdkif 2009


tydkif; ( 2 )
 
 
ausmif;zGifhcsdef
ausmif;om; tˆK`Wd
O'gef;
ar#mf


ausmif;zGifhcsdef
a7GSbkef;vl
(1)
igwdk@ausmif;awmf}uD;&JŒ
armfuGef;xdef;odrf;a&;tcef;rSm
[pfwvm±kyfxkudk
vlwpk xkqpfae=uw,f?
olwdk@[m ²²²
±kyfwk&JŒa&SŒrSm usdefpmawG &Gwfzwf
ysm;&nfpufawGudk rD;±d_Œ ylaZmf
qdkif&mEkdufjzLavsmfavsmfawG oGef;=uJyufcs
[pfwvmyg;pyfxJu
usnfqefwawmifh xGuftHusvmw,f?
olwdk@[m ²²²
ausmufoifykef;ay:rSm tJ'DusnfqHeJ@
‘ausmif;zGifh+yD’ qdkwJh pmudka&;
aoG;pGef;vufawGeJ@ ysLiSmpGm
zdwfac:=uyg+yD?
(2)
a[mif;EGrf;aewJh tcef;vGwfwck[m
wjznf;jznf; ESpfig;q,favmuf jyefi,f&G,foGm;w,f?
t&ifu rjrif&wJh [kdwkef;u t&dyfawG
eH&HawG/ cHkwef;vsm;awGqDu vGef@vl;x
tJ'g ²²² ‘atmifqef;’wkd@/ ‘ausmf+idrf;’wdk@/ ‘odef;az’wdk@/ ‘ndKjr’wdk@&JŒ
0d^mOfawGyJ ²²²
ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk olwdk@jrwfEkd;
ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf olwkd@±kef;uef
tm%m&Sifudk zDqefcJh=uw,f?
ck ²²² olwdk@&JŒ 0d^mOfawG[m
“urBmra=ubl; ²²² ²²² ²²²
igwdk@aoG;eJ@a&;cJh=uwJh armfuGef;aw; ²²²”
oDcsif;av; em;qif&if;
&mZ0if&JŒ wausmhjyefpdrfac:yJGukd
rsuf&nfw0J0JeJ@ apmifh=unhfaeygw,f?
(3)
'Dbufacwf 1987 - 88 ESpfrsm;xJrSmyg
wuUodkvfpm=unfhwkdufxJrSm
jzL0g;0g;t&dyfwcsKdŒ
pmxdkifzwfae=uw,f?
wcsKdŒzwfwm æ uAsmpmtkyf
wcsKdŒzwfwm æ ordkif;pmtkyf
wcsKdŒzwfwm æ EkdifiHa&;pmtkyf
±kwfw&uf
tjzL&dyfwck[m xkdif&mux
“Armjynfudk u,fwif&awmhr,f”
aemufxyf tjzL&dyfwck pmtkyfydwf
“Armjynfudk u,fwif&awmhr,f
Armjynfudk xdwfwHk;cwfay;&r,f”
olwdk@[m wdwfqdwfpGm
tcef;jyifudk xGufoGm;=uygawmhw,f?
pm=unfhwkduf&JŒ pmtkyfydwfoHrsm;
vG,ftdwfvG,foHrsm;
zdeyfpD;oHrsm; tqHk;rSm
aemufxyf tjzL&dyfwck xyfxGuf ²²²
²²² ²²² aemufxyf ²²² ²²²
²²² ²²² aemufxyf ²²² ²²²
(4)
pmroifjzpfwJh pmoifcef;wckrSm
t±dk;pkwtkyf tpnf;ta0;vkyfaew,f?
t±dk;pkwcku ²²² xkdif&mrS jznf;n‡if;pGmx
“usaemfwkdŒ awmfvSefa&;
tm%m&SifawG aemufqHk;ae@txd”
ponfjzifh ajym=um;
tm;vHk;+idrfoufem;axmifae=uw,f?
tcef;xJrSm
tusOf;axmifu ajy;xGufvmwJh
AdkvfcsKyf&JŒ rdef@cGef;awG
owdWAHk;udk aESmifxHk;cwf
ywf=um;tufaewJh &efol@rsufESmawG
tJ'DrSm ²²² t±dk;pkwcku vufoD;qkyf
ol@ E_wfu wdk;wdk;av;ajym
“awmu tazeJ@ tarawmh
usaemfhudk ar#mfae=uawmhr,fAsm æ”
a=uuGJpGm ol@rsufvHk;aygufxJu
rsuf&nfjzLwpuf
pD;oufusvmw,f?
(5)
y&0%f t0iftxGufvrf;awGrSm
tcsKyfum;jymjym}uD;awG
'&=urf; ESifae=uw,f?
tJ'Dum;}uD;awGxJrSm
“urBmra=u/ Armajy æ 'g wkd@ajy
'g wdk@ajr æ wkd@ydkifwJh ajr” qkdwJh
aw;oHom,m
nDnmpGm yJhwifay:xGuf
ausmif;om;vufawG aoG;pdrfh,kdpD;cJh+yD
tcsKyfum;jymjym}uD;&JŒ OD;xdyfrSm
olwdk@&JŒwHqdyf ²²² wkd@&JŒtvH
OD;acgif;cHGrSm t±dk;ESpfacsmif; uef@vef@jzwfxm;wJh o¾efomjzpfw,f?
ausmif;acgif;avmif;tdk}uD;[m
xGufcGmoGm;wJh tcsKyfum;aemuf
ajy;vdkufcvkyfwkduf+yD; vJòydus
csKdvGif&SwwJh acgif;avmif;oHxGuf&r,fhtpm;
“om;a& æ tar vdkuf&Smaew,fav æ om;a&”
qdkwJh idk±d_ufnnf;wGm;oHtjzpfeJ@om
&mZ0ifwkefcgatmif jrnf[nf;vmcJh+yD?
(6)
eDarmif;aomvrf;}uD;/ vrf;i,frsm;rSm
a'gif;tvHwvlvl v$ifhxlvdk@
ausmif;om;awG csDvmyg+yD
&ifwtHkvHk;yGifhxGufaewJh ausmif;om;u
a&SŒqHk;u tvHudkif+yD; aoG;yGufyGuftefxGufaewJh
ausmif;om;awGu
aemufu csDwufvdkufygvmw,f?
“'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&; ²²² wkd@ta&;”
“tm%m&SifpepfusqHk;a&; ²²² wkd@ta&;” wJh?
udk,fhudkudk,f wcgwnf; tokbcs&if;
wdkufyJG0ifcJh=u&wJh igwdk@&JŒawmfvSefa&;
b,fawmhrS ²²² t±_H;ray;bl; a[h ²²²
aoewfoHwcsufazmuf&if
&mZyv†if rD;[kef;[kef;awmufoGm;r,f ²²²
aemufqHk;ae@txd ²²²
(7)
idkufjrnf;aewJh tif;vsm;a&jyif[m
±kwfw&uf &J&JeDapG;oGm;w,f?
csufjcif;yJ a&aiGŒysHwuf
aumif;uifxufrSm wdrftjzpf rkd;pufcdk
ausmif;awmf}uD;ukd rdk;aoG;awG jyef&Gmcs
v#yfawGjyuf/ rdk;awG+cdrf; ²²² ²²² ²²²
'def;'Hk; qlnHoGm;w,f ²²²

tJ'Dtcg ²²² ausmif;awmfrSm ²²²
yef;awG zswfueJ yGifh=u
iSufqdk;awG a0gueJ xysH=u
opf&GufawG wvufvuf awmufy=u
cHkwef;vsm;awG tkwf*ltjzpf ajymif;vJ=u
ajr}uD;awG wkefcgawmfvJ=u
wkd@ta&; æ wdk@ta&; æ wkd@ta&; æ wdk@ta&;
aºuG;a=umfoHawGeJ@
Armjynf}uD; w0kef;0kef;±kef;uef
Edk;x+yD; aemufqHk;+idrfoufoGm;wJhtcg
igwdk@ausmif;awmf}uD;[m ²²² ²²²
wvJhvJh w0if;0if;
aoG;eDa&mif awmufycg ²²²
tmZmenf ol&Jaumif;wdk@&JŒ
*lAdrmef}uD;yrmom wnf&Sdaeygawmhw,f ²²²?
(8)
ausmif;om;awGeJ@ ausmif;awmf}uD;=um;
ck ²²² aoG;yifv,f}uD; jcm;aeyg+yD ²²²
“ausmif;zGifh+yD” qdkwJh tm%m&SifawG[m
aoG;yifv,f}uD;udk ausmfeif;
xHk;wHwm;}uD;udk ausmcif;ay;w,f?
wcsKdŒawGu ausmif;wufvm=uvdrfhr,f ²²²
tJ'DxJu wcsKdŒ[m ²²²
“ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifhyg”vdk@
pdwfraumif;pGmajym&if; ²²²
xHk;wHwm;udk av#mufeif; ²²²
ausmif;cef;twGif; 0wW&m;t&xdkif
igwdk@ ²²² em;vnfcGifhv$wfEkdifygw,f ²²²
wcsKdŒuawmh ²²²
‘*k%fwk *k%fòydif’ aumif;a=umif;ajym&if;
xHk;eH@oif;wJh yef;cif;udkjzwf ²²²
&nf;pm;xm;zdk@ ausmif;jyefwufvdrfhr,f?
tJ'Dvkd ²²² vlpm;awGudkawmh ²²²
igwdk@u cGifhv$wfonfhwdkifatmif
&mZ0ifu cGifhrv$wfoa&GŒ
olwdk@[m ²²² ordkif;rSm ²²²
‘opPmazmuf’rsm;om jzpfw,f?
(9)
ausmif;om; eJ@ ausmif;
wae@awmh aygif;&rSmyJ
igwdk@awG aoG;yifv,fudk jzwful;+yD;
ausmif;}uD;qD ta&mufoGm;=ur,f?
aoG;yifv,f}uD;[m
waiG@aiG@yljcpf qlyGuf
xufaumif;uif rkefwdkif;wdk@ tpysKd;
aoG;vd_if;wHydk; w0kef;0kef;jyif;xef
igwdk@awG
igwdk@awG vSnfhrjyefbl;/
igwdk@xJu wcsKdŒ[m æ
udk,fht±dk;udk,fcsKd; avStjzpf xGif;xk
igwkd@txJu wcsKdŒ[m æ
udk,fhtom;udk,fvSD; avSeH&Htjzpf cif;±kduf
igwdk@txJu wcsKdŒ[m æ
ukd,hfvufz0g; udk,f±kdufjzwf
avS&Guftjzpf pyfcsKyf
rkefwdkif;udk cJG0if
aoG;yifv,fudkjzwf+yD;
ausmif;awmf}uD;qDoGm;zkd@
vkyfaew,f æ?
(10)
aemufqHk;rSm æ
a'gif;tvHudk ²²² ajzmif;qefatmif v$ifhxl&if;
trSefw&m;wckxH
igwdk@ opPmt"dÏmefðy
tdk æ ol&Jaumif;wdk@
tkd æ usqHk;cJhavaom
'Drdkua&pD wkdufyJG0if
oli,fcsif;a[mif; æ
ol&Jaumif;wdk@
xm0pOf rysufjy,fEkdifavmufatmif
jrifhjrwfpGm usqHk;cJhaom æ
oifwdk@. 0dnmOfwefcdk;awmfrsm;onf
igwdk@. a&SŒaemuf0J,m æ
xufatmuf0ef;usifY
ysHŒESH@wnf&Sd=uukefawmh.?
xdkaom ²²²
oifwdk@. 0dnmOfwefcdk;awmfrsm;onf
igwdk@. cE<mudk,fae&mtESH@tjym;odk@
xkd;azmuf,dkpdrfhpD;0ifum
&J&ifhjcif;rSm igwdk@tm;jzpfwnfapawmh.?
tkd ²²² ol&Jaumif;wdk@
tdk ²²² usqHk;avaom
'Drdkua&pDwkdufyJG0if
oli,fcsif;a[mif; ol&Jaumif;wdk@
Armjynfudk &Sdcdk;um
TaoG;yifv,ftm;
igwdk@ jzwfultHh
rkd;vHk;jynfh aumif;csD;=obmay;oHrsm;=um;rSm
igwdk@.ta&;awmfyHk atmifjrifygapownf;? ?


ausmif;om; tˆK`Wd
a7GSbkef;vl
(1)
rif;&JŒ¶kyftavmif;[m
jcaoFh*lxJrSm &Sdvdrfhr,f
tarSmifpkef;pkef;rSm
t&mtm;vHk; arhazsmufypf
aemufwacwf rif; atmifjrifapuG,f
tufuGJaeaomvufrsm;eJ@
bk&m;ocifxH igwdk@qkawmif;
rif; æ aumif;&mok*wdvm;ygap æ vdk@
igwdk@&JŒ
aoG;wpufudk xuf0ufcGJ
rif; cHwGif;xJ
wJwJav;av#mcs=unfh&if
E_wfcrf;aorsm;u
zGzGwdk;wdk;av; v_yf&Sm;atmfjrnf
'D æ rdk æ u æ a& æ pD æ
'Drdkua&pDvdk@ æ qdkvdrfhr,f
nDav;&,f
&Edkirf ,fqdk&if
rif;&JŒt¶d;k wr_efudk
edAŠmefbHktxd,l+yD;
bk&m;&Sifudk jy=unfhcsifw,f æ
rif;[m ol&Jaumif;av; jzpfw,f
rif;[m tmZmenfav; jzpfw,f
rif;[m Armausmif;om;av; æ jzpfw,fav?
(2)
a&iwfovdk æ iwfcJh&wJh
Armjynfu ‘vl@tcGifhta&;’[m
tusOf;axmifxJrSm
ocsõKif;ajrrSm
w&m;¶Hk;&JŒ &mZ0wfr_awGxJrSm æ &Sdaew,f²²
rif; æ pGef@cGmcJhwJh
pmoifausmif;uav;
rif;owif;awG ar;ae+yD
rif;&JŒ pmtkyfa[mif;xJrSm
q&mr&JŒ rSwfcsuf æ
rif;twGuf æ
“aemufxyfpmtkyftopfvJyg” wJh
pmtkyf rvHkavmufr_
azmifwdef rvHkavmufr_
rkef@pm;qif;csdefrSm ausmif;cef;xJtdyfaer_ æ pwJh
vlr_udpPt00
rif;csnf;rS r[kwfcJhygbl;uG,f
wdkufyGJrSm
c|efjrpGm awmif;qdkEdkifzdk@
acgif;avmif;tdk}uD;udk E_wfquf
csDwufvmwJh tmZmenfav;a& æ
cGyfa'gif;&JŒ
wa=umif;pmc|ef
ordki;f pifudkxrf;
&mZ0if=urf;cuf aoG;puf&$Jpdk
ckawmh æ
rif;&JŒ cHkeHygwfav; ‘idk’ae+yD æ?
(3)
a&$bkef;a&mifvuf0if;wJh
ESif;jymjym reufOD;rsm;rSm
'dk@urBmudk
jyefvmOD;rSmvm; æ [if æ
“trsKd; bmom omoemtwGuf
om; æ E_wfqufcJhygw,f” wJh
rif;xm;cJhwJh pmwdkuav;
rif;wdk@tdrfudk ay;vdkuf+yD
,dkifeJ@usOf;ajrmif;aewJh
rif;wdk@&JŒ tdrfuav;xJrSm
rif;&JŒ azaz[m
vufoD;udk uspfuspfygatmif
qkyfxm;w,f æ
rif;&JŒarar[m
tcef;axmifhrSm
+idrof ufpGmxdkif+yD;
rsuf&nfpD;a=umif;wckudk tazmfðy
(&ifxJrSmawmh)
om; jyef‘vk’ae&Smawmhr,f?
“aumif;rGefpGm
oò*õ[f +yD;pD;yga=umif;” æ wJh
tavmif;udkrS
rjrif& rawGŒ&
b,fae&mrSm usqHk;cJhovJ nDav;&,f æ
a'gif;¶kyfuav;vdkyJ
rif;&JŒ twˆKy`wWd[m
tawmifyHygw,f
wdkufyGJ0ifw,f
EG,fvdkywfcsnf cdkifusnfepfpl;
a&mufav&mb0tqufqufrSm
rif; æ armfzl;&jcif;rsm;pGmeJ@
uif;a0;ygvdrfhr,f æ?
(4)
tdrfx&HrSm
wcgcg rif;rsuf&nfokwfwJh
pkwfcsmcsm vG,ftdwfuav;
acwfab; acwf'%foifhae&Smw,f æ
“acwf vGwfvyfrS
ausmif;om; vGwfvyfr,f”
t&G,feJ@rvdkufatmifawG;
‘ausmif;om;ta&;’qdkwm
rif;rSm r&SdcJhygbl;
“bk&m;acwfrSmqdk&if
&[E WmjzpfwJhtxd vdrRmr,f”
'gayr,fh æ
“tarSmifacwfrSmawmh
tm%m&Sifudk zDqefw,f”
nDav;&,f rif;odyfrSefw,f æ
cH,lcsufudk
tajrmufqHvdk ypfazmuf
ta0;qHk; tjrifhqHk;
b0wqHk; rif;a&mufcJhw,f æ
ppfarmif;oH=um;&if
cGmw&Syf&Syfjzpfcsiwf Jh
acwf&JŒ ppfjrif;uav;vdk rif;[m
&mZ0ifudk xdk;cGJ
wdkufyGJudk 'kef;azmuf
rD;awmufq;l jcpf
acwfopfylaZmf
awmfvSefwJh nDav;a&
cGyfa'gif;taygif;&JŒ
aumif;csD;=obmoHap
rif;a&muf&mt&yfu =um;ygap æ
(5)
nDav;a&
&mZ0ifa&;&m
pmtkyfydwf
awmfvSefa&;rSm ‘tdyf’awmhaemf
pdwfcsoGm;yg
t&mtm;vHk;udk arhazsmuf
aoG;eJ@wnfaqmufwJh tkwf*lwvHk;
wavmuvHk; vif;apom;uG,f æ
wdrfom;¶dk;&D
'Drdkua&pD awmifwufvrf;u
cyf=urf;=urf;ausmufav;awGtjzpf
pGJepfusefwifvdk@ æ atmifjrifrSmyg
ArmjynftwGuf
vdktyfwhJ
‘vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD’
ta&SŒzuft&yfrSm
jcaoFhawG csDvm+yD
ppfjrif;awG òydifvm+yD
cGyfa'gif;awG ysHvmae+yDav²²
nDav;&,f
+idrf;csrf;pGm
at;jrpGm
&Sif;oef@pGm
aemufb0rSm jrifa,mif=unfhprf;uG,f
bmyJjzpfjzpf
,rf;aiG@wvlvl=um;xJrSm
rif;cspfwJh Armjynf}uD;[m
a'gif;tvHudk yef;vdk yefvdk@ vSvdk@ æ
a=omf æ
a'gif;tvHudk yef;vdk yefvdk@
vSvdk@ygyJ æ nDav;&,f æ ? ?


O'gef;
a7GSbkef;vl
jym0if;0dk;0g;wJh
aqmif;ESif;rsm;uom
ordkif;&JŒbmompum;jzpfr,fqk&d if
wvdrfhvdrfh c,Gif;wJh
aoG;ESif;pufawG
wdk@ajrrSm rd_if;r_dif;a0a&mhr,f?
aool&JŒ t±dk;awGu
&Sifoludk bmvkyf&r,fvdk@
tHhcsD;zGzG &nf!$ef;=uwm
ordkif;vdk@ qdk&r,f?
&mZ0ifqd;k &JŒ
t±dk;wGefoH
b,fol@xHyg;
o,faqmifoGm;rvJ ESif;wdk@&,f?
'Dbuf urBmacwf&JŒ
&J&ifhwJh ordkif;a=umif;[m
wkd@jynfu ausmif;om;tavmif;awGqDrSm &Sdw,f?
om;aysmuf&SmaewJh tarudk
ol@atmufu ajru
“arar” vkd@ wkd;wdk;av; ac:aew,f
arar&,f arar&,f arar&,f?
Zmbk&if&JŒ pepfqkd;a=umifh
jynfhwefqmjzpf&wJh
±k&Sm;rav;[m
tdyf&mxJrSm idkaew,f/
ae0if;&JŒpepfa=umifh
olykefjzpf&wJh ausmif;om;awG
vrf;ray:rSm wkdufyGJ0ifaew,f?
'Dae@yGJ[m
±H_;±_H; EkdifEdkif
,SOfòydifjcif;om t"du qkdwhJ yGJr[kwfbl;
olaoudk,fao tòyid fE$J
0dnmOfcsif; ±dkufcGJwJhyGJ jzpfw,f?
“a[h æ óud;pif”
ig &ifaumh+yD; vmcJhr,f? ?

jrefrmjynf +idrf;csrf;ygap
aoG;pawG pdkvl;
tvHOD;rSm udk,fhtrnfcsdwfvdk@
óud;pif&yd f0,f
usaemfwdk@ wdkufyGJ0ifaeygw,f?
ydwfrxm;&ao;wJh
om;}uD;wdk@&JŒ ausmif;pmtkyfrSm
a'gif;±kyfav;awG om;i,fqGJawmh
arar rsuf&nf0Ja&mhr,f?
&Spfq,fh&SpfckESpf&JŒ
ar#mf vufeufeJ@ vG,ftdwfwdkufyGJrsm;
r_ef0g;jyma0
a7GSbkef;vl
urBmra=ubl;
bDvl;wacwf/ a'gif;wacwf?
wae@ae@av
raoao;&if jyefvmcsifw,f
&ifcGifrSm axG;vdk@óudyg arar&,f?
aoG;pawG pdkvl;
óud;pif&yd f0,f
usaemfwdk@ wdkufyGJ0ifaeygw,f? ?


tydki;f ( 3 )

acgi;f avmif;oH pmwrf;

oPmw&m;twGuf rD;tdrfwvHk;ESifh
rD;awmuf &pforf


acgif;avmif;oH pmwrf;
wm7mrif;a0
(1)
=u,fwm&mawG pl;pl;0g;0g;iHk@=unfhaewJh ua0n
ararh æ udk usaemfowd&vdkufwm æ
nOfhiSufawGu urBmtay:,HrSm vl;vmysHoef;
va&mifudkawmifyHeJ@ wzsef;zsef;¶kduf=uw,f æ?
avmutwkrSm æ vlom;twkwa,muf
udk,fhaygufc|ef;udk,fxrf;+yD; vrf;av#mufaew,f
arar æ
usaemfhtwGufawmh ararh&ifcGif[m
aomuuif;a0;wJh +idrf;csrf;a&; ‘e,f’ yg
tck æ b,frSmvJ
b,frSmvJ æ?
jrLr_efrdk;ESif;awGu a&$a&mifw0if;0if;awmuf
ararhtkwf*ludk apmifha&Smuf=uvdrfhr,f
aumif;&mbHkodk@oGm; tm;vHk;udkarhxm;cJhygawmh
arar æ?
(2)
usaemfrSwfrdor# æ
ararhrsufvHk;[m aqmif;&moD qefvGef;w,f
jrLawGzHk;/ ESif;pufawGzHk;
aea&mifawGvnf; cg;ukef;atmif ¶kef;cJh&aygh
opfudkif;ajcmuf}uD;u rD;awmufuav;udk arG;zGm;
jymteE Wwdkifatmif axG;ydkufysKd;axmifoGm;ovdk
arar[m æ
ol@udk,foljzef@cif;+yD; usaemfhudk av#mufeif;cdkif;cJhw,f æ?
rkom;wv$m rm,mwxyf/ 0wf&nfwpufeJ@

tdk æ cwWma& æ
ykcufv$JaomvufawGeJ@ usaemfhudkpdkufysKd;cJh¶Hkomru
olr æ udk,fwdkifu æ
usaemfhtwGufqdk&if ykcufjzpfjycJhw,f æ?
‘tar’tjzpf
pkefa&opfpD;a=umif;/ awmifusacsmif;uav;
at;vdk@ar$;vdk@ wnfcJhjyefw,f?
(3)
ajcaxmufawGu avSum;xpftwdkif;wufoGm;+yD; æ
vlu æ avSum;ajc&if;rSm usefcJh&w,f
b,folrqdk
udk,fht&dyfxJrSm udk,fjyefcdkcsifvdk@r&bl;
usaemfhudk ‘arar’ jyefay;=uyg æ?
jyuQ'defxJrSm =u,fyGifhjya&;p&mrvdkwJh
omreftnw& rGef;vGJtdkwcku
‘ararh’udk vkoGm;w,f æ?
aeylt&yf&JŒaumif;uifeuQwfjzLrsm;[m
vif;tm;jyif;xef/ vli,fwa,muf&JŒESvHk;om;twGif;udk
w¶SL;xdk; qif;csw,f æ?
vufzrdk;eJ@ zsufzsuf vufz0g;eJ@ zsufzsuf
yg;ay:pD;wJhrsuf&nfpufav;uawmh ysufoGm;rSmyg
'gayr,fh arar&,f æ?
(4)
ararhrSm
emusifcJh&wJh *E W0ifouU&mZfrsm;
qufxHk;&Snfvsm;vsm;eJ@ &SdcJhw,f æ?
i,fi,fwnf;u
‘0’vHk; b,frSmpzwf&rSef;rodwJhusaemf[m
ararhta=umif;udkvnf; ckxd pmvHk;raygif;EdkifcJhbl; æ?
ararhrSm
bmomaA'rwl/ zwfwJhpmcsif;rwl/ cl;wJhyef;csif;rwl
rdwfaqGeJ@rwlwJh rdwfaqGawG&Sdw,f æ?
arar[m
tuQ&meJ@azmfðyvdk@rpGrf;wJh/ ,Ofaus;r_tcef;cef;udk
v$rf;¶Hkzefqif;xm;oljzpfw,f æ?
usaemfharar[m
olrsm;ararawGxuf æ Edk@&nf ydkrxGufygbl; æ
'gayr,hf rsuf&nfawmh ydkxGuf&ifxGufr,f æ
usaemfuvnf; qdk;cJhw,fav æ?
(5)
zkefr_ef@ysHŒpif æ
usaemfh&JŒ pdwful;w,Of,Of wGif;a[mif;
tck æ vif;Edk@awG atmif;ae+yDarar æ?
vGefcJhwJhtESpf 20 ausmf
usaemf jrif;¶kyfpD;+yD;/ opfom;cGm}uD;eJ@ c&D;awGESif
ararhvufckyfoH wvGifvGifaygh æ?
pdwfrvdk&if aumif;bdGKifOD;xkyfudk qGJjzJ

*spfum;awG wufeif;/ &xm;wpif;vHk; aqmifhuef
usaemhfxrif;yef;uef txltyg;
arar cGH@au|;rSpm;cJhw,f²²?
araru OHKzGvdk@ ref;r_wf&if
'kuQtaygif;[m wdwfqdwf+idrfouf
usaemfha&SŒarSmufrSm a=umuf&GHŒpGm vufydkuf&yf=uw,f æ?
“vluav;&JŒtdyfcsdef wef/ AsKdif;a&SŒu ysH”wJh
rdk;tHk@aewJhrsufvHk;eJ@ ararhykcHk;rSm rSDwG,fidkufrsOf;
usaemfuvnf; tdyfykyf}uD;w,f æ
usaemftdyfwdkif; ararhAsKdif;uvnf; a&SŒrSmysHw,f æ?
usaemfhtdyfruf
ararhvnfwdkifudk zufvdk@aygh æ?
(6)
[if;vif;yGifhaewJh usaemfh&ifbwfudk zHk;zdk@
tusôrSm =u,foD;wvHk;vdkae+yD æ arar æ?
i,fi,fuwnf;u æ
araru cHwyfvkyf/ usaemfu ol&Jaumif;vkyf
&efolawGeJ@ a0a0qmqm "m;csif;ckwfzl;w,f æ?
usaemfhb0 awmufav#muf
arar[m cHwyfqefolwa,mufygyJ æ
usaemfhbufrSm &yfwnf/ umuG,f/ wdkufcdkuf
olrudkawmh jrm;tpif;pif;pdkufcJhw,f æ?
usaemfhudk tvdkvdkuf æ usaemfhudk r¶dkuf

usaemfhudk¶kdufvnf; usaemf ridk æ araryJ idk æ?
ararajymwJh aus;vufeDwd
“rwwfbJref;&if wap>rkef;vdrfhr,f”
aq;rsufvHk;eJ@ =unfh æ wJh?
(7)
avudkaveJ@r_wfwmurS vGJOD;r,f æ
usaemfhudk araru æ
ynmvSvSwwfapcsifwm æ taotcsmaygh æ?
aumif;uifay:u ‘v’ eJ@ Asnf;pmvHk;xJu ‘v’

bma=umifhrwlwmvJ æ
usaemfeJ@ tazmfrsm;
ausmif;awmfrSm oabmuGJjym;=u æ?
usaemfu vlysif; æ
opfyifajc&if;rSm &yfvdkuf/ opfyifzsm;udk wufvdkuf
pmar;yGJawGrSm æ
tqifhawGu 1 rS 100 ra&&m æ?
wpwp æ
vli,foDcsif;/ ESif;qD"m;oGm;/ &if=um;pdkufepf
usaemf[m awavukef;rSm uAsmq&mjzpfvmw,f²²?
vli,fwa,muf&JŒ&ifacgif;rSm æ
tdyfrufawG tajr‡mif;ajr‡mif;x æ
*rBD&vrif;uvnf; 0dkuftkyfjzmqif;usaeawmhw,f²²?
(8)
w&ufrSm
jrLjymrd_if;r_ef/ tdyfrufudk apmifvdkðcHqJ æ
=u,fawGtukefaºuGwJh n
usaemfhtay: óud;jywfusw,f æ/
usaemf æ
raysmfavvGifh/ &ifteifhqHk; aqmif;
ESif;awG ajymif;jyefpD;arsmvm æ?
arar[m æ
usaemfjyefvmr,fh oef;acgif,Hudk jcH&Hapmifh=uyf
tvif;&JŒewforD;vdk æ rD;tdrfudkif+yD; apmifhaew,f²²?
em=unf;yifhouf/ t&ufaomufvmwJh om;
tarhtm; pum;rqdk
tarum; æ om;udk,fpm; rsuf&nfrJhpGm idk æ?
om; æ
b0qdkwm a&pD;xJuaA'g æ ra&&mbl;uGJ@
'gayr,fh æ
ar#mfvifhcsuf&JŒ t¶kyfrsm;/ ta&mifrsm;/ t&dyfrsm;
v$ifhrypfeJ@ odrf;xm; æ
0dnmOf¶kef;uef wae@rSm olwdk@jyef&Sifoefvdrfhr,f²²?
ararhpum;u
usaemfh&JŒrdk;cg;a&rsm;udk
wpufcsif; æ wpufcsif; æ wpufcsif; æ csKdapcJh æ?
(9)
0gqdkyef;cl;/ pHy,fOD;wdk@ ar$;oufa0a0
rkwfokefav&JŒrSwfwrf;
rD;udkvnf; usaemf erf;cJh æ a&udkvnf; usaemf erf;cJh æ?
arar[m æ
jcHaxmifhrSm a'vD,mawGysKd;&if;
rdk;pdkaewJhqHEG,fcufudk vufeJ@oyfwif
olrvnf; &ifhusuf=unfvifaew,f²²?
ararcsKyfwJh
Zmr%D¶kyfeJ@ tusôcsnfr#if=urf;=urf;
usaemf æ vrf;rSm0wf&ef æ?
EGm;u oliHk@pm;wJhjrufawGudk
0HykavGwaumif&JŒatmfoH=um;w,fvdk@ ajymqdkaeqJ
oGm;=updk@av æ
rkqdk;ajcaxmufrsm;eJ@ usaemfoGm;&m usaemfvdkuf

avqefawG ypfpvufcwfwdkufwJh cifwef;
y'dkif;yef;awGvnf; aAmif;vefatmif cg&rf; yGifha0 æ?
(10)
om; æ
“1? wdrfawGysHwm rdk;ay:rSm bmeJ@rSr+idbl;
2? wawmvHk;udkvnf; =unfh wyifcsif;vnf; =unfh” wJh
ararhqkawmif; bk&m;ausmif;rS 0wfðyoH

avmu"HtopfopfawGeJ@ jrifh¶dkif;
rdk;ukwfpuf0dkif;wjcrf;udk xdk;azmuf
usaemf qufav#mufaew,f æ (zdeyfvnf; tcgcgaygufcJh)
naygif; 1400
0uFygawmif=um;rSm æ uHewfbk&m;eJ@ pD;csif;xdk;
usaemfóud;pm;/ trSm;rsm;vnf; csif;csif;eD æ?

{&m0wD arar/ ydawmufyif[m arar

za,mif;wdkifjzLjzL[m arar/ eHeufcif;a=u;¶kyf[m arar æ?
ck æ ararqHk;+yDqdkwJh owif;rSm
usaemf[m t&m&m0if;&Sif;aygufuGJ æ eDvJh æ
vlwqHk; æ 0dnmOfwqHk;/ tºuGif;rJh Akef;Akef;vJus
“arar æ”
(11)
arar[m æ em&DoHeJ@ tdyf/ em&DoHeJ@ Edk; æ
b,fawmhrS xrif;tdk;a0ruswwfwJh rdef;rrsKd; jzpfw,f²²?
rD;avmifaewJh i&JyifysKdrSm/ yGifhtdkav;yrm/ 0g0gEGJŒEGJŒ

owWdopfawGeJ@ a0&JcJhw,f æ?
om;i,f&JŒrsufESmudk
tvuFmvdkvnf; zwf/ ykp>mvdkvnf; zwf
qdkvdk&if;udk csufcsif;&SmazGawG@wwfw,f²²?
vifr&Sdawmhayr,fh
om;i,ftwGuf &ifcGifwck&SdwJhrdef;r
vluE Wm&wdk@&JŒ ausmufwdkif/ ajrcdk;ajraiGŒudk ydkifw,f æ?
(tvif;jymrSwfausmuftwGuf rifwaygufjzpfw,f æ)
(12)
tarr&SdwJhom;rSmom
apwef&JŒv$oGm;udk cg;oD;uGJ&S
t¶kd;ðryfatmif udkufòrdcJh&+yD æ?
rsufESmudk vuf0g;eJ@tkyf¶kHuvGJvdk@
bmrSvnf;vkyfray;EdkifwJhae&m æ ta0;rSm æ
usaemfu æ [dk; æ ta0;}uD;rSm æ?
usefwmawGuawmh bmrSrajymif;vJygbl;
rD;cdk;aiG@awGuvnf;
¶dk;&mtajctaetwdkif;/ vd_if;xaumhvef
'&GwfwdkufysHwufqJ æ?

tarh&JŒ ajcvdk/ vufvdk aecJhwJhaumif

tarr&Sdcsdefrdk@ vrf;ay:rSm jyef@vdk@ usJvdk@ æ?
trSm;vuQ%m/ trSefvuQ%m/ bmeJ@rSvmrwdkif;wmeJ@

‘tar’qdkwm xm0& tuef@towfrJhw,f
cspfaomarar æ aumif;&mbHkodk@ a&mufygap æ?
(aumif;&mbHkwdk@.wHcg;onf rdcifrsm;twGuf yGifhapownf; æ)
(13)
aemif æ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=um&if
ararhtkwf*ludk/ 0wf¶HkjzLeJ@ vlwa,mufvmr,f
teufa&mifuwfjym; ryg/ vGrf;ol@yef;acG ryg
avxefvrf;rSm qHr#ifawG vGifh0J æ
tJ'Dvl[m æ om;yJaygh arar æ
b,foHo&mrSmjyef&Sm&if ararhudkawG@EdkifrvJ æ
usaemfha&SŒarSmuf va&mifawG auG@aumufvGef;vScsnfh æ?
tarhudk,fpm; æ
tarhudk,fyGm; æ
=u,fpifrsm;udk vufz0g;eJ@yef/ jrif;cGmoHrSm tyfESHvdrfhqif;
t0ga&mifrD;¶SL;rD;yef;vdk
‘vif;’+yD;rS aysmufr,f æ?
usaemf æ
arar æ
rm,mawmifajcrS '&rfwD;olrsm;/ rsufvSnfhwD;vHk;rsm;
oDcsif;tuGJtp æ wyk'f+yD;qHk;oGm;yg+yD æ?
arar æ
aumif;&mok*wdvm;ygap æ
acgif;avmif;xdk;oH wdk;wdwfvGifha0 æ
æææ
æææ
æææ? ?
(pDpOfol&JŒrSwfcsuf æ
'DuAsmudk pdwful;cHpm;r_eJ@ a&;zGJ@cJhw,fxifygw,f? ol@pdwfxJrSm usaemfwdk@&JŒ
usef;rma&;raumif;vSwJhrdcif}uD; ol@t&ifuG,fvGefvdrfhr,fvdk@ xifxm;cJhyHk&+yD;
'D ararhvGrf;csif; uAsmudk óua&;cJhwmjzpfygvdrfhr,f/ olcspfwJhararu
'Dpmtkyfuav;xkwfa0csdefrSm ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&SdaeqJyg? oluom ararhudk
t&ifcGJcGmoGm;ESifhwmyg?
atmif'if)
(raemf[&D &JŒ http://www.manorhary.blogspot.com/ rS ul;,lonf)


oPmw&m;twGuf rD;tdrw
f vkH;ESifh
wm7mrif;a0
1?
t&Sif æ
oif.ac:&m
xyfcsyf æ ig æ vdkufygrnf?
=u,fwyGifhudkqJ,
G l
ighudk æ xlyg?
[dk;rSm æ
aotHhrl;rl;vlu
ajrjyifay:u ol@t&dyfudk
uysmu,m tdwfxJ,laumuf
vufonf;awGawmif acGacgufae+yD?
'DrSm æ
OD;acgif;cGHxuf
qHjzLawG 0yfwGm;wufaewJh tbdk;tdk
awmifa0S;usKd;udk &Da0=unfhai;
ol æ bmawG awG;+yDenf;?
prf;a&udkiHk@aomufrS
udk,fhrsufESmudk,f jyefjrif&aomvlrsm;
tjcm; bmudkawG@pGrf;rvJuG,f?
twœqkid f;bkwfukd
vnfrsKdrSm oHikwfeJ@¶dkuf
vrf;rSm;vdkufaom c&D;onfrsm;
oHo&m&xm;udk apmifhaeonf?
0g;wyif&dyfrSm
jcaoFhwdk@yif tdyf0Hhygovm;?
0g;wyif&dyfY
olawmfpifwdk@ aysmfydkufcJh=u+yD?
tarSmifu euf.
=u,fu vufrnf
Tc&D;a0;ovm;
ig æ a&mufatmifoGm;ygrnfav æ?
2?
aEG æ aEG rdk; rdk;
wGif;xJrSm ESif;cJawG ykyfodk;aea&mhovm;?
aqmif;udkyef+yD;
ajrmufjyefava&mufvmrS
jyma0r_dif;tkyf
a[m æ ESif;awG wqkyf+yD; wqkyf?
oJuEœm&u
oJawGeJ@z@GJ pnf;jyovdk
rm,mavmu
rm,mawGeJ@ r_H&DtHkcsaew,f?
ausmufqpf¶kyfu
acgif;ndwfjy¶Hkr[kwf
vufckyfwD;+yD; vuftkyfcsDjywm
ig awG@cJhzl;+yD?
aoG;pufawGaemufrSm
vufonf;eDpuf&J&Jawmufjywm
ig awGŒzl;+yD?
u|JcsKdr_wf+yD;
u|Jtkyfudk azsmfajzwm
aysmfp&mrS r[kwfyJuG,f?
12 óud;uaom
avmu. ua0vufacsmif;rsm;
ightm; æ qGJac:
ig æ rarG@aysmfawmhyg+yD t&Sif?
3?
igonf æ wcgu za,mif;wdkifuJhodk@jzpf.
xdk@a=umifh
rD;awmufudk cspfavonf?
rdk;.tjrifhudkrod æ [k
udk,fhudk,fudk txif&Sd.?
trSefum; æ
ajr.teufrSmyif a00g;qJ?
pD;arsm&mwGif
aA'gudk ukyfzuf
teufa&mif v_dif;acgif;rsm;=um;rSm
a'gotrsufacsmif;acsmif;yGm;vsuf?
xkdaom æ rae@uigonf
0gusifa[mif;EGrf; aevHk;udkxrf;I
awmifpG,fwef;rSm 0ifa&mufaysmufuG,fcJh+yD?
T,ae@ æ ig æ onf
rD;cdk;uJhodk@ rdk;ay:xdk;wuf
E_wfqufxu G fcGm
tm;vHk;udk v$wfcscJhcsifyg+yD?

igonf ig. bk&ifjzpfI

igonf ig. jynfoljzpf.?
ighudk igu tkyfcsKyfI
ightvkyfudk ig vkyf&ayawmhrnf?
4?
Oykofonf oDvusKd;awmh
bk&m;&Sdcdk;&if; &Sufavonf?
igwdk@onf æ vlom;rsm;jzpf.
vufz0g;rSm
trSm;vuQ%m ygavonf?
[dkcsKd; æ onfauGŒ
c|wf,Gif;aom armif;wHjzifh a&$Œvsm;
vrf;av#mufaeaom ocFsKdif;rSwfwdkifrsm;jzpf.?
tyfcsnfESihjf yefcsKyfxm;aom
puf¶kyf.tpdwftydki;f rsm;yrm
wcgwcg
rSDwG,f&mvnf; rJhwwfonf?
tdk æ vlom;tm;vHk; csrf;ajrhygapom; ´´

tm;vHk;xJrSm
igonfvnf; yg0ifcsrf;ajrhygapom;?
olwyg;udkvnf; cGifhv$wf
udk,fhudk,fudkvnf; cGifhv$wf
tem&GwfrSefor#
qGJc|wzf ,f&Sm;=uyg?
eif;vmaom ajcaxmufudk
ajrr_ef@oJausmufwdk@u
cGifhv$wf=uovdkrsKd;
¶dk;om;jynf0h
wa,mufudkwa,muf cGifhv$wf=uyg?

5?
xrif;0dki;f rSm
v#mESifhcyfIpm;=uolrsm;
oGm;=um;xdk;wH pl;=uavonf?
pyg;aph (100) ESifh

oifvHkavmufygu
pyg;aph (101)
aemufvltwGuf jzpfygapuG,f?
qifjzLawmfrSD+yD;awmhvnf;
=uHrpky=f uygEiS fh/
=uHau|;+yD;awmhvnf;
qifudkESmarmif; rðzwf=uygESifh?
anmif&GufawGeJ@rdk;wJh
a&tdk;pifav;yrm
om,majrhcsrf;
aeylvrf;rSm wGJac:=uyg?
trSefpifppf
acgif;iHk@ay;vdkufjcif;[m
acgif;armhxm;&jcif;avmuf
anmif;nmvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg?
0ifoufESih,
f lcJhor#
xGufoufESifh jyefay;&rnf?
'g æ urBmtp&JŒ
yxroDtdk&DyJjzpfonf?
iguawmh (&rnfqdkygv#if)
aovGef+yD;cgrS
tiftm;wp jyef,loHk;
ightacgif;udk igyJ zHk;oGm;csifawmh.?

6?
+idrf;csrf;a&;twGufawmh
vif;yGihjf rifhjrwf&OD;rnf?
xdk@twGuf
udk,fhudk,fudk wHjrufpnf;vSJ+yD;
wzGm;zGm; a¹cGcsypf&rnf?
vufoD;qkyfjcif; æ qdkwm
wkefcgjzLazsmh axmhvefauG;vkyf
vufacsmif;awGtcsif;csif; jyefzrf;csKyf=ujcif;jzpf.?
udk,fhudk,fudk 'dkif;eJ@umxm;+yD;rS
olwyg;udk "m;jzifh&G,f&Jv#if
ol&Jaumif;[k rac:csif
wcgu
Tvufwdk@ tvHvkcJh=u.?
xkd æ qkwHqdyf
,ck b,fqDcsdwfrnfenf;?
ig&h dyfðrHudk
¶kyfyHkpmwrf;
bmrSruyfwrf;
vrf;ab;rSm jrufjzifhaqmufrnf?
rmeudkajzavsmh
a&pifat;jzifh ig uefawmhygthH?
ajcz0g;rS OD;uif;
arwœmjzLjzifh vif;vdkvSygawmhonf ight&Sif æ?
7?
(avmu}uD;onf tHhzG,ftwd+yD;.?
e*dkrlv wdrfonf[kxif&aom wGif;rsm;yifv#if
qif;=unfhcgrS euf&Sv_dufpm;
ydkI æ edrfh0ifoGm;wwf.)
=uufajccwf æ .
qHk&yfrSmae &Da0axGjym;aomnrsm;
rdk;cg;&eH@ oif;ysHŒaewwf.?
igha&SŒrSvlrsm;
ighudkydwfIumxm;.
ighaemufrSvlrsm;
ighudkwGef;I ausmfoGm;.?
xdk@aemuf æ
acsmufurBm;a&mufrS
a=umuftm;jzifh vSnfhjyef
igESifhwzef æ
vlcsif;vJ=ujyef.?
atmifjrif=uygapuG,f
aea&mifva&mif jzef@cif;
tvif;wa0a0eJ@
ae@awG nawG
+idrf;csrf;onfxuf +idrf;csrf;ygap?
olzkef;pm;vnf;
ajrom;yef;uefrSm
aumufESHyifwdk@a0òzd;
toa& wdk;onfxuf wdk;ygap?
olºuG,f}uD;vnf;
i&Jjynfu "m;udk
a&Smif&Sm;ydkif;csifh
ESdrfhcstyfaom OD;acgif;jzifh
jrifhonfxuf jrifhygap?
8?
idkaºuG;zdk@twGuf
touf0ifvmaomvlrsm;
opPmw&m;udk
[m;wkduf&,farmae=uonf?
&Sifaorif;u
tpG,fw0if;0if;ESifh apmifhpm;
oufwrf;u|o H nfESifh
wrvGefrSm
tcGHcGmI pm;vdrfhrnf?
[dkpOfcgu
igonfvnf; pdk;a=umuf
ausmufawmifudk yef;ESifhjyefayguf&if;
ajcajr‡muf vufajr‡muf
ajcmufjcm;zl;onf?
wkwfaumufr&Sdol æ ESifh
csKdif;axmuf r&Sdol æ
vrf;av#muf&efrSmyif
'kuQcsif; rwl=u?
wa*smufa*smufESifh
&$HŒ¶kyfom;aumif
rkqk;d vdkjyefavSmifonfh
arSmf¶Hkaxmifacsmuf
rsufvSnfhq&mawG aºuGtHacgufaeonf?
rsupf dudkrSdwf+yD;
udk,fxJudk wdwfwdwfuav;jyef=unfhaomtcg
n‡dKŒjym,Sufoef;
wavmuvHk; teufa&mifv$rf;awmh.?
xdkodk@jzifh
ESif;&nfpdkaom
r_dyGihfuav;.yifajc&if;rSm
rmeudktdyfarG@cs
xm0& ig æ xm;cJhcsifyg+yDav?
9?
avmu"Hw&m;u
e*g;&Spfaumifyrm
ajrudkxdk;cJG avudkqGJjzJ
vlawGxJrSm
ysHoef;oGm;vmaeonf?
,Ofaus;r_t&
wae&mwGif zdeyfpD;&aomigwdk@onf
,Ofaus;r_t&yif
wae&mwGif zdeyfc|wf&OD;awmhrnf?
bk&m;ajymwmudkrS
ig æ r,Hk&bl;qdkv#if
rm&fewfajymwmudk
ig æ ,Hk&awmhrnfavm?
tpdk;r&aom
avmu.em&DpufoHudk
vufwHwdk@u armif;ESifzefwD;
eD; æ eD; æ eD;I vmcJh+yD?
rD;udk ausmfjzwf
a&udk ausmfjzwf
oHcsyfum0wf¶Hk
ðcHvdk@ rvHkygbl;uG,f?
w&m;&dyfrSm
pdwfudkxkwf+yD; zkefcg
+yD;awmh æ
udk,fxJrSm jyefvnfaomhydwf
oknuav;vdk
+idrfoufwdwfqw d fae&rnf?
apwDtdka[mif;rS
acgif;avmif;oH wkd;zGwdk;n‡if;
tdk æ t&Sif æ
ajrrSxaom ighudkjrifyg?
10?
tcsKdŒaomvlrsm;
v,fxGefoGm;&if;
EGm;ay: tdyfae=uygovm;?
tcsKdŒaomvlrsm;
v,fxGefoGm;&if;
pyg;jzpfatmif pdkuf=uygovm;?
vlom;wa,muftaeESihf
rkd;aumif;uifatmufrSm
cdkifrmuspfvspf
wm0efausaom aywqpfr#awmh
jzpfoifhonf?
t&yf&yfrSvmaom avwdk@Y
ajrpdkufausmufwkdifwdk@
rwkefv_yf=uouJhodk@
igwdk@ aeoGm;&rnf?
t&Sif,laqmifonfh
=u,fwaxmifjrifhacgif 0if;yonfhnum;
v$v$azG;qGwf
vSHoGm;wdk@udkyif acG!$wfapawmh.?
"rRaw;ukd
aoG;tpufpufwkdifatmif jzef;qGwf
E_wfqufawmf&Gwfqkod Hrsm;
wdk;um us,fum ig æ =um;ae&.?
avjynfnif;wGif
a&$tqif;jzifh oGm;ESifh=uolrsm;
OayuQmudk
bmrSrajymbJ xm;oGm;.?
xdkolwdk@aemuf
ig waumufaumufvdkufygawmhtHh?
xkdolwdk@aemuf
ig awmufav#mufvdkufygawmhtHh?
=u,fa&mifauG@aumuf
xdkaom aumif;uifrsOf;a=umif;rsm;atmufrSyif
ightm;
vrf;jyappm;awmfrlygavmh ²²² jrwfaom igh ²²²t&Sif? ?
(Ak< æ odk@)
(wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& http://www.taryarminwaimemorial.blogspot.com/

rS ul;,lonf)


(1)
tckvkd æ
vSyat;pufaewJhnrSmyJ
ig æ ysKd;xm;wJh jrESif;qD[m æ
=u,fw&m jcH&H+yD; aºuGusoGm;cJhw,f? rD;awmuf &pforf
wm7mrif;a0
wdrfv$mrsOf;aumufawGuvnf;
cspfolwpa,muf&JŒ rD;tdyfrufrSm
a&$rsuf&nfawG pkdvufvm+yDvkd@
r_dif;ndKŒaewJh aumif;uif}uD;ukd
wD;wkd;ajym=um;vkdufw,f?
‘cspfjcif;arwWm[m’ æ [m
arSmfq&mwa,muf&JŒed*kH;vkd
aemufqkH;rSm æ
rD;ckd;vkH;rsm; jzpfoGm;a&mhrvm; æ vkdŒ
E_wfcrf;ukduf+yD; æ ig pOf;pm;zl;w,f?
vli,fwa,mufukdðypm;zkd@
b,fewfbk&m;xHrSm
eifhvufawG jzef@um;awmif;cHcJhovJ æ
igh&mZ0if cyfusJusJukd
i&JrD;xJ wGef;csvkdufcsifw,f?
oHa,mZOf æ qkdwm
ta&m0ifvkd@raumif;wJh acG;uav;ygyJ æ?
avmu"H OD;wkef;u æ
tvGeft=uL;aomufcJhwJh t&ufwcGuf
ckrS æ pHy,f&Gufay:rl;vJ æ
tonf;uGJw,f æ qkdwm
oDcsif;av;awG wkd;wkd;nnf;&if;u æ
xd&ScJhwJh æ aoG;rJh'%f&m wcsufyg æ
okd;ausmif;om;&JŒ cHEkdif&nfeJ@
ewfbDvl;awG&JŒ owd&jcif;rsKd;u
ighukd æ pD;rkd;xm;w,f æ?
puf±kyfukd 'l;axmufusapwJh
eifh&JŒ æ rsuf0ef;pdrf;vJhrSm æ
ig æ b,fvkdrS arhr&wJh
r[mvuFm wpykdif;wp æ &Sdaeav&JŒ?
tJ'DvkdeJ@yJ
ig jyefvnf csnfaESmifcJhygr,f æ
cspfaom æ zJóud;0guav;&,f æ
(vufeufrygbJ æ
ppf0uFygrSm ig æ rwkduf&Jbl; æ)
nHhw,fvkd@yJ æ
vufnd‡K;xkd;+yD; ajymvkdufygawmh æ?
v#yfppfr#ifwef;vkd æ
ylvif;jyif;xefvGef;wJh
ol±l;wa,muf&JŒ ayG@zufr_awGxJ æ
ck æ &xm;wkd@ O=oqGJvkduf=u+yD æ
“ æ +yD;qkH;oGm;yg+yD æ
æ tm;vkH; +yD;qkH;oGm;yg+yD æ”wJh?
(2)
ta&SŒavawGwkdufwke;f u
cg;ukef;aewJh igwkd@&JŒ jr&myiftkd}uD;[m
wkef,ifcsnfheJ@pGm ,drf;xkd;aeawmhw,f æ?
ausmif;awmf&JŒ pnf;tjyif
aESmif;&dyfawG opfvGifvGifeJ@
xifa,mifxifrSm;
vrf;ay:rSm igpOf;pm;wm æ
eifhta=umif; acgif;pOfrsm;pGmygyJ?
xdyfxm;&,f æ
tD*spfjyuQ'defxJu
rkd;wdrfawG &Gmr,fhae@
eifeJ@ig jyefvnfqkHawG@=u&if
'Dta=umif;awG ajymjycsifygao;w,f æ?
igu qyfjymylazmif;ukd ckdpD;+yD;

jrifhrkd&fawmif}uD;eJ@wkdufrdrSm
pkd;&drf&Smol r[kwfcJh æ/
'gayr,fh
avayGvrf;a=umif;rsm;rS
wkef0g;azsmhat;
‘opPm’ukd yJhwifoHeJ@yJ jyefay;EkdifcJhol æ?
ighukdowf æ igh&ifbwfukd xkd;cGJazmufvSef=unfh

ighvufoD;xJrSm uspfuspfygatmif qkyfxm;wJh
oknwvkH;yJ &Sdvdrhfr,f æ?
0kdif,móud;awG
‘axmif;’ceJ rD;yGifhjywfawmuf+yD;
±kwfcsnf; arSmiftwdusoGm;wJh
‘tE<’wkd@&JŒ tdrftkdrSm æ
awavyDopGm æ igaew,f?
wdwfqdwf æ jymvJhaewJhn æ
a&wGif;xJ acgif;ikH@+yD; æ
‘æ’ukd cspfw,f æ vkd@
b,fqDb,f0,f æ [pfatmf wrf;w&wm æ

bma=umifhygvJ æ?
‘tkH@ykH;cspf’oDcsif;ukd
rqkdcsifbJ qkd&wm
a&$&nfpdrfxm;wJh vufypfAkH;ukd
ukdufrsKd&ovkdygyJ æ vkd@
tufuGJaewJh r,f'vif}uD;u æ
ighukd ajymjyw,f?
tJ'DvkdeJ@ æ
rkd;ukd qef@ajr‡mufxm;wJh
rrDEkdifaom urf;vufawG[m
[kd; æ wkef;uvkdyJ
ighqDrSm æ ajrr_efawG pGef;xifv#ufygyJav æ?
(3)
“vlqkdwm æ
vif;a0pdrf;jrwJh yef;nrsm;pGmxuf
o&Jajcmuf&m nwnukd æ ykdowd&wwfw,f”
igaooGm;cJhvkd@&Sd&if
igh&JŒocFsKdif;*lrSm æ
=uufajccwfwckukdom
rSwfwkdiftjzpf pkdufay;xm;yg?
wu,fawmh æ tJ'g[m
igodor# avmu"rRukd
tºuGif;rJh azmfjyoGm;jcif;yJ jzpfvdrhfr,f?
[kd;i,fi,f æ ausmif;rajy;wwfcifwkef;u
ca&yGifhjyxm;wJh ocsFmwyk'f
ightay: ckeftkyf+yD;
rifeDawG &JceJ okwfoGm;zl;w,f?
ig æ owWdaumif;uifrSm æ eDvGifxpfcsKef;
wpf æ ESpf æ okH;
teuf±_dif;qkH; xkd;usypfvkdufw,f?
xl;vSw,fawmhvnf; r[kwfygbl;av æ
a=umufrufzG,f&m vlawG&JŒ
r[mbkwf aA'ifxJrSmrS
iguvnf; ‘t"dywdbGm;’ jzpfcsifcJhwmukd;?
tdrftjyef nrsm;pGmrSm æ
b,folrS rajymcsifwJhpum;awG ayG@ykduf
ukd,fhukdukd,f ‘vlrkduf’vkd@ jyefac:cJh&w,f?
1993 æ 1994 æ
ighuAsmav;awG aqG;ajrŒa=uuGJ
vrf;ab;tkwfckHay: vJusaew,f æ?
ESif;jrm;wvuf&JŒ tqdyfeJ@
edrdwfraumif;wJhykHjyif
rjrifbl;aom ae@rsm; æ nrsm;
ydawmufykdif;zsm;rSm æ 0yfwGm;pk±kH;
ighukd æ csnfxkH;cJhwm æ
(ck æ tcsdefwkdifatmif æ)
tvif;pdrf;wef;awG &pfzGmvkd@uG,f?
(4)
òrdŒjyifvrf;auG@u
awG@cJhzl;wJh *spfypDawGvkd
jzpfco
Jh r#udk
&,fumarmum jyefajymEkdifwJh tusifhav;
aoG;at;at;eJ@ óud;pm;arG;EkdifcJh+yD?
bmyJjzpfjzpf
ausmufacwf/ a=u;acwf
EsLuvD;,m; uifqm/ tem*wfacwf
tm;vkH;twGuf
aocsmwJh igh æ a=unmcsufuawmh
eifhukd xm0& cspfaer,fqkdwmygyJ æ?
xdyfxm;&,f æ
jzpfEkdifr,fqkd&if æ
*Eˆ0if yef;yk&yk'frSm æ
eef;okH;tuQ&meJ@ jc,fr_ef;
eifhemrnfav; pmokH;vkH;ukd
pD&D oDukH;ay;csifw,f æ?
eifhtay:xm;wJh igh&JŒcspfjcif;arwWm[m
rkd;ay:ukd OD;armh+yD;
0if;ypGm vif;jrwkefcgaewJh
a&$0ga&mif rD;awmufrD;v#HvkdygyJ æ?
ausmif;a&SŒu pHy,f±kHrSm
AD;eyfpf&JŒ euQwfwkd@ wvufvuf jyma0r_efoif;
ausmif;cef;wGif;rSm æ
vrif;uav; omcJhzl;w,f æ
cspfaom ausmif;oGm;azmf&JŒ
yef;±kyfv$mukd ar#mfawG;&if;
aqG;vsnd‡K;acG ajzrajyolav; twˆKy`wWd
jr&myif}uD; odygw,f?
urBmOD;vlwkd@vnf; (*leH&HrSm)
i,fu|r;f rsufESma00g;
ynm&Sif}uD;rsm;&,f æ
ygVdpmvkH;awGeJ@
ightay: rqkH;jzwfygeJ@OD; æ?
“cspfolukdawmif
cspfw,fvkd@ rajym&JwJhaumif æ
&mpkwaxmifae&pfcJh æ
xkdokd@jzifh pum;rJhapownf;”
jr&myif}uD;&JŒ
nnf;wGm;oJhoJh oef;acgif,H
iSufqd;k tkyfeJ@twl
±kwfw&uf vef@ysHoGm;w,f æ?
csKdŒwJhaom ausmif;om;b0
qEN&JŒ rajyvnfr_
teDa&mifrSwfwrf;wckeJ@ cspfoltwGuf yefopPm
a=omf æ ighukdav æ
em;vnfyg æ em;vnfyg æ
em;vnfprf;yg æ?
(5)
tJh'Dae@&ufawGrSm
rm&fewf&JŒ b,fbufvufu
teufa&mif usrf;csyfwykd'f[m
ighukd pD;eif;wkdufckdufzkd@
jrif;uóud;wkd@ukd jyifvkd@ ‘o’vkd@aecJhaygh?
bmyJajymajym
a&$eJ@puf0,fv@kd r&wJh
aemufqkH;uvl&JŒ tawG@tñuHrSm æ
oHr_efawG uyfygae&JŒ
ig æ bmukdrS ra=umufcJhbl;?
a[m'Davmu awmufav#muf
“ausmufoifykef;ay:u okneJ@pm&if
Avmpmtkyfay:u oknu jrwfw,f”wJh
tJ'DatmfoHukd ig&,faecJhw,f?
“rif;uaum æ bmvJ”vkd@
teE WawGu 0dkif;ar;awmh
1æ2æ3æ4æ5æ
ig æ tukefpOf;pm;w,f
6 æ 7 æ 8æ 9 æ 0 æ
wckrSr[kwfbl;
ightwGuf *%ef;r&Sdbl; æ?
aoG;eJ@,ufwJh uwWDygpvkd
eDvG&Sif;awmuf
a=umufcref;vdvd vSywJh
ESvkH;om;u *DwoHpOf
ESif;q0d^mOfrSm wifwJhurŠnf;
vuG,fna&mufwkdif; æ ig
*pfwmwD;aer,f æ?
usqkH;awmhr,fh ppfol&Jtkdu
i,fb0u "m;eJ@cspfolukd
jyif;&SpGm owd&vkdufovkdrsKd;
eifhukd igowd&aew,f?
xdyfxm;a& æ
xdyfxm;a& æ
xdyfxm;a& æ
opfckwform;awGr&SdwJh wkdif;jynfrSm
ig æ v,form; jzpfcsifw,f æ
eif æ bk&ifr æ vmrvkyf&bl;aemf?
awmfawmf=um æ
wHpOfwvuf&JŒ usifh0wfrSm
oefvsuftwGuf yef;cl;ay;cGifhrygvkd@ æ
&GmZeyk'feJ@ rkd;a&xJ
ig æ wa,mufwnf;
rsuf&nf0Jae&ygOD;r,f æ?
iguvnf; cufw,f æ
uAsmwyk'feJ@
aer0if tifyg,m
b,f[m,lrvJvkd@ ar;vm&if
'kwd,t&mukd ig æjiif;w,f æ?
tJ'DvkdeJ@yJ
arSmufxm;wJh
igh&JŒ uHaumf&Guf zJcsyfuav;awG
avmu}uD;ukd tr#a0&if;
umvrsm;pGm æ =um+yDaumav æ?
(6)
awmifndKrSm ysKd;wJhrkd;awG
eifhrsufESmvkH;ukd wkd;oufwJhtcg
awmifyifv,fu aA'gawG[m
aqmufwnf&mr& jzpfukef=uw,f?
a[; æ igajymr,f æ
æ æ tufqpfwdrfckd; æ wkd@
rkwfokefukd E_d;yg
'Dvlqd;k twGufvnf;
rkd;=urf;wkd@ wpufpuf&Gmyg æ?
“rxkdufwefolqdw k m
vGifharsm&rSmygyJ æ”
cGJcGmjcif;[m æ
c&rf;jymusnzf ;l ukd
tqdyfcsKdawG vdrf;okwf
ESvkH;om; wnfhwnfhqD
csdef&G,f armif;ðzwfvkdufw,f æ?
oufjyif;a0a0
ca&wkd@ ESif;pufzm;vsm;
rsuf&nfukdpm;wJh
acsmufcsm;zG,f pum;rJhn
ig[m æ xufykdif;csKd;cH&wJh
wjcrf;yJh ‘v’yJ jzpfw,f?
tdyfrufxJu urBmppfvkd
t±kd;òydif;òydif;naetkdu æ
ajrukd&Sdckd; æ
jrLckd;wkd@ aysmif;td!GwfwGJ
vli,fb0&JŒ
n&dyfwkd@ r_efa00rf;enf;cJh&w,f?
tcifqkH; rjzpfcJhayr,fh
tcifqkH;awGta=umiff; ajymwkdif;
owd&rdaeus oli,fcsif;wa,mufqD
ig æ ra&mufa&mufatmif oGm;r,f æ?
+yD;awmh æ
c±dk;c±dkif æ vufzuf&nfqkdifav;rSm
uAsmta=umif; pmta=umif;awGajym&if;
ukd,fhukdukd,f jyefvnfzefqif;ypfr,f æ uG,f?
t&uform;u
olwyg;ukd vGrf;qGwfwm
&,fp&m r[kwfygbl;
w&Hwcg&JŒ
jyefrvmwJholwkd@
od=uzkd@aumif;w,f æ?
avnif;uav;a& æ
ig cspfjrwf&wJh urBm&JŒxdyfxm;ukd
ol@qEH G,fcufav;awG
zGm;ceJ vGifh0JoGm;±kH
wcsufavmuf tkH@onf; wkdufcwfay;yg æ?
avpD;xJrSm
zGm=uJvSyae&Smr,fh
ol@&JŒauomqHjrukd
ta0;uae æ ±_dufar$; vGrf;qGwfyg&apOD;aemf æ?
(7)
txD;usefawmifukd tkyfpkd;zkd@
ewfjynfu &GmcswJh
ightwGuf æ tnw&rdk; æ a&
aeygapawmh æ?
tJ'Dn[m
wjcrf;yJh ‘v’u
toufay;+yD; umuG,fcJh&wJh
tvHrvSJrD ‘n’ æ jzpfw,f?
jruf±kdif;u æ
rkd;ukyfpuf0kdif;ukd erf;r&ovkdrsKd;
aeeJ@vu æ
wa,mufukdwa,muf rykdifqkdifEkdif=uovkdrsKd;
±kd;om;pGm æ wkd@a0;vkduf=uygpkd@?
cspfolukd jrwfEkd;±kHeJ@
t&m&mukd vufjzef@rdk; apmifha&SmufcsifwJhvli,f
ck æ c|if;csufeJ@ vufeufcsvkdufygw,f æ?
awavb0&JŒ
yxrqk& trSm;awGukd
vG,ftdwfndKxJ xnfh+yD;
rD;tdrfvufqGJ æ
&mZ0ifxJrSm c&D;quf&OD;r,f?
xdyfxm;a& æ
uacsonfwkd@&JŒ aw;awGeJ@
+idrfat;aysmf&$if xm0pOf csrf;ajrŒapom; æ
aumif;aom rkd;aomufcsdefYvnf;
+idrfoufwnf=unfap æ
ig æ qkawmif;ay;aer,f æ?
yef;cl;&if;
oli,fcsif;awGeJ@ae&if; æ
pum;ajym&if; æ
oDcsif;av;awGqkd&if æ
rif; æ ighukd arhoGm;rSmyg æ?
ckawmh æ oGm;awmhaemf
ig cspfjrwf&wJh aea&mifjcnfawGeJ@ rdef;rysKdukd
‘b0’ qkdwJh rm,mEkdifiHtkdu æ
apmifhóudvkd@ aea&mhr,f æ
omrn vrf;cGJrSm æ
0rf;renf;ovkd igwkd@E_wfquf
reufjzefcgrSm æ atmifjrifygap
reufjzefcgrSm æ atmifjrifygap
reufjzefcgwkdif;rSm æ atmifjrifygap æ
xdyfxm;a&? ?
(wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& http://www.taryarminwaimemorial.blogspot.com/

rS ul;,lonf)
tydkif; ( 4 )

(=o*wfpf 7/ 2007 ck/ &efuek f a&a0; ok\ef)

a&$bkef;vl (wm&mrif;a0)
(1966 =2007)
psmye vufurf; a=umfjim


rdom;pk&JŒ trSwfw& vGrf;olŒyef;jcif;av;awGaygh æ

olŒtwGuf
0rf;enf;jcif;rSwfwrf; pmtkyfav;
om,m0wDaxmifrS
oli,fcsif;rsm;&JŒ vGrf;olŒyef;jcif;
&Spfq,fh&Spf rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm; &JŒ aemufqkH; E_wfqufpum; æ?

psmye udk vdkufygydk@aqmifay;r,fholrsm; 33 vrf;/ avxefukef;rSm pka0;ae=uwmyg?

psmyeum; udk
jyifqifaewJh
udkausmfol
udkausmfol eJ@ udkZm*em
raemf[&D eJ@
roef;jrifhatmif

±kyfuvyfudk jyifqifae=uwJh udkausmfol eJ@ roef;jrifhatmif
rSefacgif;xJu wm&mrif;a0
±kyftavmif; udk o,faqmif=upOf

yef;awG=um;u
wm&mrif;a0
acwfaeav; ESifh raemf[&D

om;&JŒ psmyeudkoGm;r,fh
azaz OD;ausmf&Sdef
olŒudk cspfcif=uwJh
pmaye,frS yk~dKvfwcsKdŒ
88 rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm;udk,fpm; rif;udkEdkif udk,fwdkif a&;zGJŒ&GwfqdkwJh

=u,faºuowdk@om;
33 vrf;rSm um;r&vdk@ qüjyae=uolrsm;
udkudk}uD; ESifh rif;udkEdkif
("mwfyHktcsKdŒudk tifwmeufu ,lygw,f?

cGifhðycsuf rawmif;cHEdkifcJhjcif;twGuf av;pm;pGm awmif;yeftyfygw,f)

tydkif; ( 5 )

=u,faºu owd@k om; (rif;udkEdkif)

wm&mrif;a0odk@ tvGrf; (atmif'if)
xm0& tdyfaysmo f Gm;wJh =u,f (acvGef;)
vlrdkufrsm;ESifh cGJcGmjcif; (udkòz;)
arSmo f m;rD;v#H (rdk;v_difn)
vGrf;qGwf=u,f (ndrf;ndK)
wm&maºuwJh n (yef'dk&m)
wm&mrif;a0 (pef;pef;wif)
xm0&vif;r,fh wm&modk@ (aEGql;vuFm)
a&$bkef;vl (odk@r[kwf) wm&mrif;a0eJ@ e,fpnf;rjcm; uAsmrsm; (xdkufolEdkif)
ta0;u yef;csDum; (armiftdk;)
vkvif=u,f (atmifa0;)


=u,faºu owd@o
k m;
rif;udkedkif
oli,fcsif;
rif;[m ,Hk=unf&mudk
&ifaoG;vdkvnf; arG;cJhw,f?
oli,fcsif;
rif;[m '%f&mawGudk
qDrD;vdkvnf; xGef;cJhw,f?
oli,fcsif;
rif;[m udk,fhtem
udk,fhv#meJ@ jyefoyf
&SifwwfcJh+yD;+yDyJ? oGm;ESifh oli,fcsif;
aetpif;pif;ylwJh
oli,fcsif; uBmajr&JŒ '%f&mawGudk
rif;[m vufz0g;awGeJ@ umuG,fzdk@
udk,fhta&jym; udk,fv$m igwdk@ ae&pfcJhOD;r,f?
udk,fht±dk;udk tyfvdkaoG;
udk,fh0wfpHk udk,fcsKyfvdk@ oGm;ESifh oli,fcsif;
ususee vScJh+yD;+yDyJ? uBmajr&JŒ a=uuGJjcif;"mwfjym;xJ
rif;&JŒ uAsmawG
oli,fcsif; rmwdumpDzdk@
oGm;ESifh oli,fcsif; igwdk@ ae&pfcJhOD;r,f?
=u,ftpif;pif; aºuwJh
a[m'DuBmajr&JŒ temw&awGudk oGm;ESifh oli,fcsif;
pGrf;or# ukpm;zdk@ ausmif;eH&Hw0dkuf
igwdk@ ae&pfcJhOD;r,f? a'gif;tvH jyefpdkufwJhwae@
igwdk@ æ æ æ ? ?




wm&mrif;a0okd@ tvGr;f
atmif'if
nDav;
=o*wfpf&JŒ rkd;a&pufawGxJ
rif;uawmh cGJcGmoGm;cJh+yD
r_efr_dif;at;pufwJh aumif;uifrSm
òyifjrif;waumif&JŒ cGmoHawGom
yJhwifxyf usef&pfcJh æ?
nDav;
rif;cspfwJh b0ukd
rif;trsm;}uD; jyefay;qyfcJh
rif;cspfwJh vl@avmuukd
rif;taEG;axG;qkH; ±d_uferf;cJh
'%f&mawGtjynfheJ@/ rif;&JŒESvkH;om;u
aoG;pufpufus/ ikdnnf;aewmawmif æ rS?

tEkynmeJ@ EkdifiHa&;
b0ESpfckpm arG;zGm;
b0ESpfckrSm }uD;jyif;
b0ESpfckpvkH;ukd yckH;ay:rSmxrf;
wwfpGrf;or#/ rif;wm0ef,lcJhwm
tif;pdefaxmif}uD; odygw,f æ
o&ufaxmif}uD; odygw,f æ
om,m0wDaxmif}uD; odygw,f æ
‘tmvl;pm;olrsm;’ æ odygw,f æ uG,f æ
uH=uRmukd r,kH&JcJhayr,fh
wkd;wkd;av; qkawmif;cJhzl;yg&JŒ
“wae@awmh jyefqkHawG@=ur,f æ” vkd@
ckawmhvnf;
'DuH=uRmuyJ
igwkd@ukd &uf&ufpufpuf æ cGJ æ
oGm;ESifhuG,f
b0qkdwm wkdwkdav; æ vkd@
rif; oufaojycJh+yD
tJh'D æ b0wdkwkdav;ukdyJ
teuf±d_if;qkH; cspfruf=uzkd@
tjrifhrm;qkH; ay;qyf=uzkd@
tawmufyqkH; wG,fzuf&J=uzkd@
t±kd;om;qkH; a=uuGJwwf=uzkd@
rif; æ igwkd@ukd oifjycJh+yDyJ æ? ?


xm0& tdyfaysmfoGm;wJh =u,f

acvGef;
=u,fwyGifh
vGifhxGufaºucdkuf
yifhoufawG ±d_uf&jyefw,f æ?
‘ryGifhbJ zl;cJh&wJhaumifrdk@ arSmifw,f’ wJh

tckawmh cifAsm;
tvif;awG=um; xGufoGm;cJh+yD?
‘w,fvDzkef;ac:oHawG =um;wmawmif
jyefrxl;jzpfwJhaumif’ wJh
tckawmh cifAsm;
jyefxl;p&mrvdkatmif xGufoGm;cJh+yD?
‘ighrSmwa,mufwnf; jzpfae&wJhtxJ ‘avmurm,mqdkwm

a0gueJ aysmufqHk;vdkuf&’ wJh twD;cH&wJhAHkawG&JŒ *DwygyJ’ wJh
tckawmh cifAsm; tckawmh cifAsm;
taiG@awG=um; aysmufuG,foGm;cJh+yD? AHkoHawGr=um;wJht&yfqD xGufoGm;cJh+yD?
‘,Hk=unfxm;prf; a&cdk;a&aiG@awGuvnf;
yifv,fudk ypfaygufpdkufysKd;Edkif&r,fqdkwm’ wJh
tckawmh cifAsm;
yifv,fudk pdkufysKd;jy+yD; xGufoGm;cJh+yD?
‘arara& æ rdk;wdrfawGxJ ajcypfvufypf

om; 0iftdyfypfvdkufcsif&JŒ’ wJh
tckawmh cifAsm;
ajcypfvufypftdyfaeyHkrsm;
usaemfwdk@ac:wmawmif r=um;awmhbl;? ?



vlrku
d rf sm;ESifh cGcJ Gmjcif;
udkjzdK;
vlawGaygh æ
enf;enf;awmh ±l;ae=uw,f
'g[m vlwa,mufaowm r[kwfbl;
tEkynmwckaooGm;wm
bmeJ@ tpm;xdk;jy=urSmvJ
a=uuGJzl;yg&JŒvdk@ ajymjyae±HkeJ@aum
&ifckefoHawG jyef&EdkifrSmvm;
pum;tvGefrsm;wJh vlawG
tck aoae=u+yDvm;
cifAsm;[m ayghpwm; r[kwfwm
enf;enf;awmh emw,fAsm
romawG vdkufy@dk =u
bk&m;awG wnfvdkuf=u
0rf;enf;jyvdku=f u
owif;awG a&mif;pm;vdkuf=u
&ifxJu atmifh+yD;emvmw,f
cifAsm; apmapmxGufoGm;wmvnf;
cyfaumif;aumif;ygyJAsm
vlawG[m tEkynmudk em;rSrvnf=uwm
cifAsm;&JŒ ESvHk;om;}uD;udk csxm;wmawmif
b,faumifrS vmrpm;=ubl;
usaemfwdk@rSmu wrf;wrdef;armae&
vJao=u
vJao=u
“ighb0wckvHk;eJ@ vJaovdkuf=u”
tWrmeawGudk c0gcs+yD;
c%jzpfjzpfaygh tEkynmjrpfxJ
ckefcsvdkufw,f
usaemf bmrSjyefr&awmhbl;
tEkynmudk ±kyfawGeJ@ wefzdk;jzwfae=uw,f
vlawG b0ajymif;ukef=u+yD
Aef;*dk;&JŒyef;csDwcsyf[m oef;csDwefcJhcsdefrSm
rm&DvifrGef±dk;&JŒ"mwfyHkwcsyf b,favmufwefygovJ
usaemfh&ifxJrSm cHjyif;pdwfawGcsnf;yJ
cyf±dkif;±dkif;yJ ajymvdkufawmhr,f
aomufoHk;udkruswJh aorif;uGm
tEkynmudkrS ac:oGm;w,f
bmrS vm&Sif;jyrae=ueJ@awmh
b,favmuf ±dkif;=uvJqdkwm
bk&m;yg odoGm;+yD
‘vlrdkufawGaum vlaumif;awGudkaum cifAsm;xm;cJh+yD’
&ifxJrSm twm;tqD;r&SdolawG
vGrf;=u æ? ?

arSmfom; rD;v#H
rdk;vSKdifn
vli,fwa,muf&JŒausmufxGif;&mZ0if
tyDjyifq;Hk jzpfapr,fh
a[m'Dpum;vkH;rsm;&JŒvrf;r[m
cHpm;csufawGukd ukd,fpm;ðyzufwG,fcJh
90 vGefvli,fawG[m
ol@,Ofaus;r_rSm xGef;um;cJhzl;w,f?
z,fay;vkduf=uprf;yg
rmefewf&@J twGif;om;ukd
v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ pm;aomufzkd@twGuf
arSmfom;rD;v#H c&D;xGufoGm;jyef+yD?
ar#mfvifhcsufeJ@ aoqkH;aeolawG&JŒ
vrif;uifqmukd ukpm;zkd@
arSmf0ifaewJhpum;vkH;awGeJ@
ol@ukd,fol tavmifu|rf;cHcJhwJh
arSmfom;rD;v#H
umveJ@ tmumoukdyg
ul;pufavmifu|rf;apcJh+yD æ? ?

vGr;f qGwf=u,f
ndrf;ndK
‘aqmif;wckrSm
yg0ifcJhzl;wJh ESif;wpufvdk
pm&if;vnf; r&Sd/ eHygwfvnf; rod
b,ftxdrSvnf; r}uD;us,fygbl;uG,f’ wJh?
ol@udk,fol EdSrfhcs
ajr}uD;&JŒ oauFweJ@
tEkynmudk yef;vdkar$;jrapcJhw,f
vli,fwa,mufua&;wJh ausmufxGif;&mZ0ifawG
usaemfwdk@&iftHkudk wnfhwnfhypfaygufvdk@
cspfoludk ESvHk;om;topfeJ@ cspf=unfhzdk@
b0udk ±_axmifhtopfeJ@csOf;uyfzdk@
avmuudk jrwfEdk;jcif;oufoufeJ@ apmifha&Smufzdk@
ol@&JŒtEkynm aygif;acsmifav;xJrSm
avmuygvw&m;udk pDuHk;a&;zGJ@
avnif;av;vdk woGJ@oGJ@wdkufcwfcJhw,f
tJ'D æ =u,fuav;wvHk;aygh
tHk@ysarSmif&D avmu"HxpfcsKef;rSm
usaemfwdk@ESvHk;om;awG vif;yGifhysKdjrpfzdk@
ol&JŒtEkynmykckH;tm;eJ@ xrf;wifay;aeqJ
c&D;wckudk xGufcGmoGm;cJh&+yD
ESvHk;om;&Sdvdk@ usaemfwdk@ vGrf;qGwf&
ESvHk;om;&Sdvdk@ usaemfwdk@ a=uuGJ&
ESvHk;om;&Sdvdk@ usaemfwdk@ ESarsmwrf;w&
tudka& æ
vGrf;qGwf=u,fuav;u ay;wJhtvif;&mifrSm
atmufarhowd&jcif;awG xyfaygif;vdk@
tudk aumif;&mok*wda&mufygapAsm æ? ?
tJ'Dnu
=u,fawGtm;vHk;
a&qif;aomuf=uw,f æ
yifv,f&JŒ iefysys*k%foWdrSm
tm;vHk; pdkpdkpGwfpGwfeJ@ æ
vrif;u r=unfh&v J dkŒ
rsufESmv$JoGm;w,f æ
wm&maºuwJh n æ
æ
yef'dk7m
"m;oGm;awG òy;òy;jyufjyuf
vufvufxwJh n
raumif;qdk;0g;awG jrL;x
&ifckefoHwðyHwreJ@ AHkwD;u
uAsmawG zdwfpifxGufus
yef; yGifh awG a¹c cs
yÌvuf rdk;awG &Gm us
arm [kduf EGrf; vs
æ
æ
[dk; axmifhwae&mrSmawmh
0wfpHkjzLwvGifhvGifheJ@
*sLEdk&,f
aemufxyf=u,fwyGih&f ,f
tarSmifxJudkpdkufvdk@
ai;=unfhaevdkufwm
t=um æ æ }uD; æ? ?
wm&mrif;a0 avmuudk cHkrif

prf;prf;wif avmuudk cspfcif
avmuudk tvSqif
cHkrifqJ cspfcifqJ tvSqifqJ

avmuu qHk;±_H;oGm;
wm&mrif;a0
=u,fwyGifh
aºuvifhapmayr,fh
pmaumif;uif
tcif;tusif;rSm
wm&mrif;a0
vif;vufvdk@ae
uBmrysufavoa&G@ æ? ?
qdkif;oH AHkoHrygbJeJ@
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cifAsm;&JŒrsufESmudk twif;t"R rvkcJhbl;qdkawmh
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tkd æ tudk a&$bkef;vl
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jrif;pD;xGuf+yD; =unfhvSnfhygOD;? ?
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a&$bek f;vl (odkŒr[kw)f wm&mrif;a0eJŒ e,fpnf;rjcm; uAsmrsm;

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a&$bkef;vl (ar#mf uAsmrS)
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±kwfw&uf jzef@vdkuf=uw,f? zrf;qD;ausmif;om; jyefv$wfa&;/ ausmif;om;or~
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ppfum;awG vkHxdef;awG a&mufvmw,f? vlpkrcGJcif oli,fcsif;u a&$bkef;vl&JŒ
uAsmpm&Gufav; rarhcifay;vkdufzdk@ ajymw,f? 1990 ckESpf Zlvkdifv/ rœav; òrŒjy/
vlxkwdkufyGJeJ@ vrf;ray:u ol&Jaumif;awG/ usaemf tJ'D tjzpftysufav;udk trSwfw&
&Sdaewwfygw,f?
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a&$bkef;vl (O'gef; uAsmrS)

avwcsufwcsuf wdkufvdkufwkdif; va&mifatmufu 0g;&GufawG usaemhfvufay:rSm

t&dyfvmvm xdk;aew,f? 0g;qpfudk jzwfxm;wJh a&aEG;=urf;cGufawGudk pDodrf;+yD;
ppfykcufay:wuftdyfzdk@ usaemf jyifqifrdw,f? nOfheufae+yDav? cifAsm; cke &GwfjywJh
a&$bkef;vl&JŒuAsmav; csa&;xm;&if aumif;r,f? =um&if arhoGm;vdrfhr,f wJh? v&dyfðcHwJh
±dk;r/ aomif&if;&JŒ ppfcsDoDcsif;awG/ aoG;eJ@a&;wJh rSwfwdkifawG wcgwcg usaemf
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aetpif;pif;ylwJh
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vufz0g;awGeJ@ umzdk@
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rif;udkEkdif (2007 ckESpf =o*wfpfv/ wm&mrif;a0&JŒpsmyerSm &Spfq,hf&Spf

rsKd;qufausmif;om;awG&JŒudk,fpm; &GwfqdkwJh =u,faºuowdk@om; uAsmrS)
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tESpf 20 Asm æ
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ta0;u yef;csDum;
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r=umcif wm&mrif;a0 qdkwJh
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ol@&JŒatmifjrifjcif;awGeJ@twl
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ol@&JŒb0rSm taysmfqHk;umvrsm;aygh?
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usaemhf ta0;u yef;csDum;udk
owd&rdch?J
'gayr,fh
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ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifav; tdrfaxmifa&;òyuGJ
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ol@atmifjrifr_ rSwfwdkifawG ta&mifawG azsmhawmha=uuGJ
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usaemfh&JŒ ta0;u yef;csDum;
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2007 =o*wfpf 5 rSm
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
vkvif=u,f
atmifa0;
wm 0efauscJhwJh 88 cGyfa'gif;
&m oufyef t=urf;rzuf awmfvSefa&;orm;
rif; qdk;rif;npfudk ykefuefjcm;em;ol
a0 zl;vmr,fh yef;opfawG rsKd;aphcscJhavw,f? ?



tydkif; ( 6 )

rdk;acgifwJhavmurSm tudk@udk,fpm; usaemfwk@d (aebkef;vwf)

usaemf rodaom wm&mrif;a0 (xifrif;rif;vwf)
E_wfqufjcif; (cufrm)
a&$bek f;vludk owd&jcif; (bdk=unf)
i&Jcef;u jcaoFh (pdk;xufcdkif)
=u,faºuwyGifh æ (ar+idrf;)
udka&$bkef;vl ESifh wavSwnf;pD; (rif;Zif)
wm&mrif;a0 (odk@r[kwf) jrm;xufjrifhatmif ysHwhiJ Suf (jrifhpk;d )
yef;acwfu vrif;odk@ vGrf;csi;f (yef;csD xdefvif;)
nDav;rGef tvnfvmwkef;u (rif;vGif)
wm&mrif;a0 eJ@ ol@arG;pm;tazta=umif; (armifprG f;&nf)
88 xJu wa,muf (armif&pf)


rdk;acgifaewJhavmurSm tudk@udk,fpm; usaemfwdk@ æ æ

aebkef;vwf
yef;acwfu vrif; æ
yef;csDq&mav;wa,muf/ aemuf olcspfwJhtEkynm/ olcspfwJhaumifrav; æ/ ol@&JŒ
tEkynmtay: ±l;oGyrf _ æ aemufqk;H tEkynm&JŒ tqHk;rJhwhpJ Grf;yum; æ? xyfcg xyfcg zwfjzpf
ovdk zwfrdwJhtcgwdkif; usaemf rsuf&nf0J&w,f æ?
oifESifh eHeufcif;udkom 0ifcGifhðyrnf æ? tJ'Dhpmtkyfav;udk zwft+yD;rSm usaemf&JŒpdwfxJ

udk zdk;=u,f&JŒ0d^mOfu uyfygvmw,f?
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ajyjypfvSypGm uaew,f æ? tEkynm&Sirf av;*sLEdk&JŒ ESv;Hk ckefoHawGu usaemfhESvHk;ckefoHawG
eJ@ xyfwlusoGm;w,f?
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uAsm&Snfwyk'f æ usaemhf&JŒESvHk;om;udk nifnifomomav; zrf;qkwf,liifoGm;w,f?
0wˆKav;&JŒtqHk; æ tEkynmorm;wa,muf&JŒpdwfudk &Sif;&Sif;}uD;jrifodoGm;csdefrSm usaemf
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vGrf;w,f æ vGrf;w,f æ?
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vli,fawG&JŒpdwfxJudk xGif;azmuf0if=unhf pdwf0d^mOfwckvHk;rSm tEkynmtwd+yD;wJh
usaemfav;pm;tm;uscJh&wJh pma&;q&m æ
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rdk;acgifaewJhavmurSm tudk@udk,fpm; usaemfwdk@ AHkawG qufwD;r,fAsm æ? ?

usaemf rodaom wm&mrif;a0

xifrif;rif;vwf
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cGifh&cJhygw,f? ol@udk odcJh &if;EêD;cJhwkef;u nDnD/ aemuf a&$bkef;vltjzpfeJ@om?
oleJ@usaemfwdk@wawG pwifwGJcJhwmu vGefcJhwJhESpfaygif;20 ausmf/ 88 ta&;tcif;}uD;

jzpfcgp/ usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;awG wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfeJ@ ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_awG vkyfaecsdef/
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awmifOuUvmybufu tdrf}uD;wtdrfudk ac:oGm;w,f? tJh'Dtdrfa&mufawmh tdrftay:xyf
rSm udkatmif'ifudk vSJ+yD;tem;,laewm awGŒ&w,f? yifyef;+yD; aumif;aumif; rtdyf&ao;wJh
yHyk gyJ? udkatmif'ife@J a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfawG tenf;i,fajym+yD; udkatmif'ifu tckolvyk fae
wJhta=umif;awG/ a&SŒvkyfief;pOfawG &Si;f vif;ajymjycJhw,f? aemuf udkatmif'ifeJ@pum;ajym+yD;
jyefr,ftvkyfrSm a&$bkef; a&mufvmw,f? 'geJŒ a&$bkef;eJ@yg pum;qufajymjzpfcJhw,f? tJh'D
aemufydkif;up+yD; oleJ@ tvkyftwlwl vkyfjzpfcJhwmygyJ?
ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh ol usaemfwdk@tdrfrSm vmaew,f/ ol&,f usaemf&,f tjcm;

taygif;toif;awG aygif;+yD; jynfol@udk,f&HawmfwyfOD; ukd zJG@w,f? olu OuUÏ? yOPrEdkifiHawmf
pmapmifukd xkwfa0cJhw,f? tJh'Duwnf;u ol[m tEkynmorm;ppfppfrSef; odomxif&Sm;
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usaemfw@dk wcGufwzvm; aomuf=uw,f? tJ'Dwek f;u ol aumif;aumif; raomufwwfao;?
odyfóudufyHkvnf;r&? rSwfrSwf&& 1988 &JŒc&pfprwf tóudn æ udkatmif'if&,f ol&,f

usaemf&,f enf;enf;yg;yg;aomuf&if; pum;ajymjzpf=uw,f? aomuf&if;eJ@aygufuGJvm+yD;
udkatmif'ifudk a0zefajymqdkaewJh ol@&JŒyHkudk jrifa,mifrSwfrdaeygao;w,f?
Auoudk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wJhtcsdefrSm ola&m usaemfyg yg0ifcJhw,f? ol[m EdkifiHa&;udk

vnf; wpdkufrwfrwfvkyfchw J ,f? ol@acgif;xJrêmwcsdefv;Hk tJh'DudpPyJ&SdaecJyh gvdrfhr,f? aemufyikd ;f
rSm tm;vHk;vkdvkd tzrf;cH&w,f/ olvnf; ygoGm;cJhw,f? trSeftwkdif;ajym&&if axmif0ifpm
awmh a=umufvk@d oGm;rawG@jzpfcJhyg? axmifxJu ol@owif;awGawmh =um;aecJh&w,f? 1991
rSm usaemfvnf; jrefrmjynfu xGufcJhw,f? ol o&ufaxmifa&mufoGm;wm/ axmifxJrSm
yHkpHrxdkiEf ikd fbl; jiif;wmawG =um;ae&w,f? 1995 avmufjzpfr,fxifw,f? udkatmif'ifqDu
ol wm&mrif;a0 emrnfeJ@ pmtkyfxkwfr,fhta=umif; =um;&w,f? aemuf ol@pmtkyfawG
aecsif;ncsif;yJ ausmf=um;vmw,f? usaemfvnf; vufvSrf;rDoavmuf &SmzwfcJhygw,f?
ol@pmtkyfawGxJrSm ol@&JŒ e*kdyifudkyHkpHudk jrif&w,f? ol t&ufaomufaewm =um;&w,f/
aemuf oltdrfaxmifðywJhta=umif;/ acwfaeav; arG;wJhta=umif; od&w,f? zke;f awGbmawG
awmh rac: jzpfawmh/ olom aooGm;a&m ol@udk wm&mrif;a0tjzpfe@J usaemfpum;rajymjzpfch?J
tquftoG,f rvkyfjzpfcJhyg?
usaemfodwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif cspfnDnD/ awmfvSefa&;orm; a&$bkef;vl/ ol[m

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ygw,f? (oleJ@ywfouf+yD; tao;pdwfa&;csifwm ajymcsifwmav;awG&Sdao;ayr,fh pmody&f n S f
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wm&mrif;a0 ukd ESarsmaerdygw,f? ?

E_wfqufjcif;
cufrm
wu,fawmh olESifhusru pmwapmifaywzGJ@ a&;&avmufatmif r&if;ESD;cJhyg? 'gayr,fh

olESifhywfoufaom trSwf&p&mav;awG usrrSm &SdaecJhonf?
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olESifhywfouf+yD; yxrqkH;rSwfrdaewmu ol. ‘tmvl;pm;olrsm;’ 0wˆKwdkuav; jzpf

onf? 0wˆKudkzwf+yD;+yD;csif; tJh'Dvdka&;wwfcsifvdkufwm[k pOf;pm;cJhzl;wm owd&onf?
aemufawmh tJh'D0wˆKwdkav;u jzL;rdwfaqGrsm; pm=unfhtoif;rSay;aom 0wˆKwdkqk &onf?
xdkqkay;yGJwGif usr &SdaecJh.? qk&0wˆKwdka&;oltaeESifh aus;Zl;wifpum;ajym&ef ol pifay:
wufvmcJo h nf? ¶dk;pif;aom 0wfpm;qif,ify/Hk wnf+idrfaomrsufEmS ESifh “usaemf a&$bkef;vlyg”
qdkaompum;jzifh pwif rdwfqufonf? ajzmifhajzmifhpif;pif; qHyifawGu ol@ezl;ay: 0Jusae
onf? olu r&,frðyH;aomfvnf; rwnfwif;aomrsufESmjzif@ pum;udk wnfwnf+idrf+idrf ajym
oGm;onf? bma=umifhrSef;odayr,fh =unf=unfvifvif rsufESmay;jzifh “usaemf a&$zkef;vlyg”
[k E_wfqufpum;udk pwifvdkufwm usr awmfawmf oabmusoGm;onf? ESpfvdkzG,faumif;
aom vli,fuav;tjzpf cifrifrdoGm;onf?
tJh'DyJrG Sm udkZm*emu olEiS hu

f srudk rdwq
f ufay;cJo
h nf? odk@aomf oluvnf; cyfat;at;
aewwfol usruvnf; vlr_a&;nHhzsif;olqdkawmh ðyH;jyE_wfquf todtrSwfðycJh=u±Hktjyif
pum;a0qm rajymjzpfcJh=uyg? (tcktcsdefrSmawmh usr. vlr_a&;nHhzsif;r_udk twwfEdkifqHk;
óud;pm;jyifaeygonf?)
o&zlr*~Zif;udk OD;+idrf;at;tdrfvkyfawmh o&zlr*~Zif;wdkufodk@ oGm;wdkif;vdkvkd ol@udk awGŒ&
onf? r*~Zif;wdkufrSm [dk[dkonfonf pum;awG ajymjzpf=uonf? xdkumvrsm;wGif olu
wmxGufaumif;aom vli,fpma&;q&muav;tjzpf 0wˆKwdk/ 0wˆK&Snf/ pmayaqmif;yg;awG
udk tm;aumif;armif;oef a&;aeonf? ol@pmawG qufwdkufvdkvdkawG@&awmh usr 0rf;om
onf? tm;usonf? 0D&d,pdkufI avhvmtm;xkwfEdkifol vli,fwOD;tjzpf todtrSwfðy
csD;usL;rdonf? 'gayr,fh usr&JŒtm;enf;csufuawmh olESifhqHkawGŒcsdefawGrSm olESifhywfouf
aom usr.cHpm;csufawGudk ajymrjyjzpfcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf?
tJh'Dvdk pum;wkH@qdkif;wwfjcif;. rESpfòrdŒzG,ftusKd;udk r=umcifrSmyJ usr odcJh&onf?

ol@ oli,fcsif;awGu usr oli,fcsif;awGyJqakd wmh ol@pmawGzwfae&csed fESifh wòydifwnf;vdkvdk
rSmyif ol@ta=umif;awGvnf; =um;ae&onf? tJ'h Doli,fcsif;rsm;xJrS wa,mufjyefajymjyaom
usrESiyhf wfoufonfh ol@cHpm;csufudk=um;&awmh usr awmfawmfpdwrf aumif;jzpf&ovdk E_wfp
v#mp enf;jcif; tm;enf;csufudk jyifzdk@vdk+yDqdkwmvnf; rSwfrSwfrSwf&& owdrlrdcJhonf?
“cufrmu usaemfhudk v_dufvd_ufvSJvSJ Welcome rvkyfovdkyJAs æ”
tJonfvdk ol ajymcJhowJh? usr wu,fyJ pdwfraumif;yg? olESifhusr vlcsif;reD;pyf=u

ayr,fh olESifhywfoufaom usr &ifxJu trSwfxifxif&Sdr_/ wefzkd;wckowfrSwfI tav;
teufxm;r_udk usrudk,fwdkif todqkH; r[kwfvm;? olpma&;ovdk usr ra&;Ekdifwm/ ol
avhvmtm;xkwfovdk usr ravhvm tm;rxkwfEkdifwm usrudk,f usrodonfav?
ol@pum;a=umifh pdwfraumif;jzpfrdaom usru w&ufrSm OD;+idrf;at;tdrfESifh pum;0dkif;

zGJ@rdpOf ol@ta=umif; pum;pyfrd=uonf? ol@óud;pm;tm;xkwfr_awGta=umif;ajym&if; usru
±kwfw&uf rSwfcsufay;rdonf?
“udka&$bkef;u Sensitive jzpfw,faemf”
ol@uckd spfaom OD;+ird ;f at;u b,fvkd t"dy`m,faumuf,o

l nf rod? “tdk æ tJ'v
D kd r[kwf
ygbl;” [k csufjcif;jiif;onf?
“Sensitive jzpfw,fqdkwm ol xdcdkufcHpm;vG,fwmudk ajymcsifwmyg”

usru tJ'Dvdkxyf&Sif;jyawmhrS OD;+idrf;at;u “at; æ 'gqdk [kwfw,f”[k oabmwl
awmhonf? wu,fawmh olrSr[kwfyg? usrwdk@vdk tEkynmESifh wenf;wzHk ywfoufaerdol
rsm;tm;vkH;u cHEdkif&nf&Sdonfhae&mwGif tHhrcef; cHEdkif&nf&Sd=uoavmuf pdwfxdcdkufvG,f=u
jyefawmhvnf; omrefvlawG ðyH;csifp&maumif;avmufatmif El;nHhae=ujyefa&mav?
ÐÐÐ
aemufydkif;rSmawmh usrtay:&SdcJhaom ol@xifjrifcsufawG ajymif;oGm;yHk&onf? o&zl

r*~Zif;wdkuf&Sd&m 32 vrf;xdyfu vufzuf&nfqdkifrSm/ bm;vrf;xJu udkxGef;&D vufzuf&nf
qdkifrSm usrwdk@xdkifjzpfv#if olu &,f&,farmarm yl;aygif;yg0ifvmonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh
ola&m usryg em;axmiform;oufoufyrmyif?
1996 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvqef;xJu w&ufrSm usr vufxyfawmh r*FvmqGrf;au|;yGJudk ol

uokwfu&uf a&mufvmonf? r*FvmqGrf;au|;yJGrSmau|;aom 'efaygufxrif;udkyif rpm;bJ
oGm;awmhrnf jyif.? uokwfu&ufEdkifvGef;aom ol@[efa=umifh usr pdwfraumif;wmukdjrif
awmh usr ycHk;udk cyfzGzGykwfum usr oabmusaom =unf=unfvifviftðyH;jzifh ol ajymcJh
onf?
“usaemf vmcsifvGef;vdk@ a&mufatmifvmwm æ? usaemfhtudk puFmylu jyefvmrSmrdk@

av,mOfuGif; oGm;óud&r,f? awmf=um av,mOfqdkufESifhae&if tudk apmifhae&vdrfhr,f?
'ga=umifhyg? aemufawmh at;at;aq;aq; pm;wmaygh æ”
tJ'Dae@u ol usrwdk@udk 0uf0H±kyf}uD;w±kyf r*FvmvufzGJ@cJhonf? usrwdk@r*Fvmaqmif

rSm olwa,mufwnf; t±kyfvufzGJ@cJhwmrdk@ rSwfrSwf&& &SdcJh=uonf?
wduk fwu dk fqidk fqdkif usr trsK;d om;.tru olESiht f wl q,fwef;rSm usL&Sit f wlwufzuf
tvGe&f if;ES;D aom oli,fcsi;f awG jzpfch=J uowJ?h usr a,mif;ru pum;pyfrdwkid ;f ol t*Fvdyfpm
rSm awmfa=umif;/ oli,fcsif;awGudk az;rulnDwwfonfhta=umif; &$ef;&$ef;a0atmif ajymjy
wwfonf? azazmf0g&DvxJu w&uf rSm olwdk@oli,fcsif;awGpk+yD; usKd ufuU pHuGif ;xJu
jynfaxmifpkyu GJ dk oGm;=uowJ?h narSmifcge;D rSm tdrfjyefvm=u+y;D tdraf &mufcgeD;rS usr a,mif;r
u jycef;awGxJrSm xD; usefcJhwm owd&cJhonf? 0efxrf;om;orD;rdk@ ac|wm pnf;urf;&Sd&ol
a,mif;ru xD;rygbJtdrfjyefv#if rdcifqlrSmpdk;+yD; vrf;cJG+yD;prSmyJ ol@tdrfudk vdkufoGm;cJhowJh?
olESifhawG@um tusKd;ta=umif;ajymjyawmh tdrfa&mufcgp xdkifyifrxdkif&ao;aomolu usr
a,mif;raemuf apG@ueJvdkufoGm;+yD; usKdufuUqHuGif;qD aemufwacguf xyfomG ;cJh=uonf wJh?
n}uD;rif;}uD; usKu d fuUqHuiG f;xJu jycef;aygif;rsm;pGmrSm wcef;0if wcef;xGuf xD;aysmuf t&Sm
xGufcJh=uowJh?
tJ'DZmwfvrf;udk a,mif;rxHrS usr q,fcgxufrenf; =um;cJhzl;onf? Zmwfvrf;qHk;

wdkif; a,mif;rjzpfolu pnfpnfvGifvGif&,farmum “tJ'Daumifav; odyfcifzdk@aumif;w,f”
[k ajymzdk@udkvnf; b,fawmhrS rarhcJhyg?
olu usrudk wcgar;cJhzl;onf?
“rjrifhjrifhoef;u cufrmtrsKd;om;&JŒ trqdk”

“[kwfw,fav”
“avmu}uD;u usOf;vdkufwmAsm? usaemfwdk@u odyfcif=uwm”
“trav; æ odygw,f? n}uD;rif;}uD; xD; t&SmxGuf=uwJh Zmwfvrf;awGav”
olu xHk;pHtwdkif; =unf=unfvifvif &,favonf? ol tJ'Dvdk&,farmawmh bma=umifh

rSe;f rod “usaemf æ a&$bkef;vl yg” [k ol@udk,fol pwifrdwfqufco Jh nfh qkay;yGJrSm ol@udkpwif
jrifawG@cJh+yD; ESpfvdkpGm cifrifcJhrdwmudk jyeftrSwf&oGm;onf?
ÐÐÐ
2007 ckESpf =o*kwfvtwGif;rS w&ufwGif usrudk vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; zkef;ac:=uonf?

usrtdrfwGif zkef;r&Sdwma=umifh zkef;ac:ay;&ol tdrfeD;csif;tr}uD;uyif 'Dae@ zkef;awGvmvS
csnfvm;[k ar;&Smonf? xdkzkef;tm;vHk;u ol aoqHk;a=umif; vSrf;umtoday;=uaom
jynfwGif;jynfyrS zkef;rsm;jzpfonf? jynfyrSrdwfaqG oli,fcsif;rsm;u “ol@tdrfrSm ol@tazeJ@
tar ESpfa,mufyJ&Sdw,f oGm;=unfhvdkufygtHk;” [k wdkufwGef;=uovdk jynfwGif;rSrdwfaqG
oli,fcsif;rsm;u “ol@tdrfudk oGm;=u&atmif” [k csdef;qdk=uonf?
ol@tdrfrSm avmu"Hudk wnfwnf+idrf+idrf &ifqdkifaeaom ol@ rdb ESpfyg;udk awG@&onf?

tdrfeH&Hrsm;ESifhtjynfh pmtkyfawGukd awG@&onf? ol@udkcspfcif=uaom ol@rdwfaqG oli,fcsif;
awGESifh olpmayudk tav;xm;=uaom r*~Zif;*sme,frsm;rS owif;axmufawGtjyif ol@ESifh
a&m ol@rdom;pkESifhyg rdwfaqGoli,fcsif; r[kwfaom/ ar;cGef;csnf;oufoufar;zdk@ a&mufvm
=uolrsm;udkvnf; awG@&onf? olpma&;aeus pm;yGJay:wGifwifxm;onfh ol@qJvfzkef;av;
uvnf; r=umc% w*Grf*Grf jrnf&Smonf? &yfeD;&yfa0;rS ol@rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;. zkef;jzifh
ar;oH/ ol@aemufqHk;c&D;twGuf wm0efcGJa0,lae=uaom ol@rdwfaqG oli,fcsif;rsm;xHrS
qufoG,foHrsm;jzpfonf?
“yef;zvufudpP +yD;oGm;+yD tar”
“,yfawmifeJ@ a&oef@bl;pDpOfwJhbufu tqifajy+yDvm;”
“'Hayguf b,frSm rSmrvJ”
“avxefukef;rSm um;b,fESpD;xm;rvJ tar”
“tar vdkwm&Sd&if usaemfwdk@udk vSrf;ajymaemf”

“tar bmrS pdwfryleJ@aemf? tm;vHk;udk usaemfwdk@tqifajyatmif pDpOfr,f”
ol@aemufqk;H c&D;twGuf jyifqifae=ucsdewf Gif ol tygt0if ol@rdcif. om;orD;t&if;rsm;

xdktdrfwGif&Sdraeayr,fh xdktdrfywf0ef;usifwGif tar ac:oHrsm; v$rf;aecJhonf? ol@taronf
ol.rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm; ol@tudk ol@nDrtm;vHk;wdk@. rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;twGuf tar
ozG,fjzpfaecJhonf? {nfhcef;eH&HwGif uyfaxmifxm;aom "mwfyHkxJrSoluawm@ ysm;yef;cyf
ovdk pDpOfv_yf&Sm;ae=uaom {nfhcef;twGif;rSvlrsm;udk rðyH;wkH@wkH@jzifh =unfhaecJhavonf?
ÐÐÐ
ol@udkoò*õ[frnfhae@wGif &efukefòrdŒwGi;f &Sdp&k yf avxefukef;odk@ usrwdk@ cyfapmapma&muf

aecJhonf? avxefukef; vufzuf&nfqdkifuav;twGif;&Sd cHkykuav;rsm;wGif ol@udk cifrif
av;pm;aom Edkiif Ha&;ESifh pmaytodkif;t0dkif;rSvrl sm;ESihf jynfhESufaeojzifh 33 vrf;udjk zwfum
Adv
k fcsKyfvrf;ray:wGif &yfapmifah e=uaom [D;Edk;um;rsm;ay:wGif usrwdk@ae&m,lxm;=u onf?
um;awGay:rSmvnf; vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; a&mufae+yD? um;ay:wGif eD;pyf&m tkyfpkvdkuf
pum;0dki;f zG@J ae=uwm ol@ta=umif;awGjzpfonf? usrwd@k pum;0dki;f rSmawmh rESi;f a0+idrf;u olr
ESifh wm&mrif;a0 ywfoufeD;pyfcJhyHkawGudk xHk;pHtwdkif; ajc[efvuf[efESifh rmefygyg ajymae
avonf? usruvnf; xHk;pHtwdkif; ai;armem;axmif+yD; &,fp&m&Sd &,fvdkuf/ 0rf;enf;p&m&Sd
rsuf&nf0Jvu dk f&SdaecJhonf?
tm;vHk;u pum;0dkif;rSm tm±HkepfðryfaepOf usrwdk@ae&m,lxm;aomum;. '±dkifbm

jzpfyHk&olwOD; um;ay:wufvm+yD; cyfus,fus,f ajymonf?
“wjcm;um; ajymif;pD;=uyg? 'Dum; xGufvdk@r&awmhbl; æ”
um;ay:rSvlrsm; ±kwf±kwfoJoJ jzpfukefonf? bmjzpfvdk@vJ bma=umifhvJ ar;cGef;oHawG

qlnHvmovdk wcsKdŒu wjcm;um;rSm wae&m&a&; ajy;OD;zdk@ óud;pm;.? odk@aomf wjcm;um;
ay:rS vlrsm;vnf; tv#Kdv#Kdqif;vm=uonf?
“um;awG tm;vHk; xGufcGifhr&bl; æ wJh”
“rxo æ u vmwm;oGm;wm”
“[ æ tokbydk@wJhum;udk wm;&owJhvm;uGm”
wa,mufwayguf pum;oHawGjzif@ vlawGvrf;ay: jyef@usJukefonf? vufudkifzkef;awG

wuGu
D GD w*Grf*Grf jrnfukefonf? a'gow}uD; v_yf&Sm;[efawGjzifh ywf0ef;usifu ±kwf±kwfoJoJ
jzpfoGm;onf? xl;jcm;aomtajctaerdk@ vrf;oGm;vrf;vmawG wuUpDorm;awGu &yf=unfh
a0zef&if; vltkyfu ydk}uD;rm;oGm;onf?
usrESifh rESif;a0+idrf; wa,mufrsufESm wa,muf=unfh&if; um;vrf;rudk jzwful;vdkuf

onf? wuUpu D m; wpD;ay:wuf+yD; “a&a0; udk æ”[kajymawmh um;orm;u “av;axmif”[k
wHk;wdwd jyefajzonf? usrwdk@ESpfa,mufuvnf; “oGm;r,f”[k cyfjywfjywfyif jyefajzvdkuf
onf? ol.aemufqHk;c&D;udk a&mufroGm;&aomtjzpfrsKd; usrwdk@ tjzpfrcHEdkifyg? aemufusrS
a&mufoGm;wmrsKd;yif rjzpfcsifyg? 0l;ueJxGufvmaom um;av;.aemufrSmawmh a'gojzifh
±kwf±kwfoJoJjzpfaeaom vltkyf}uD; usefcJhavonf?
usrwdk@a&a0;okomefudka&mufawmh ol@±kyfuvyfudkyif rxkwf&ao;? ±kyfuvyfxm;&m

a&cJwdkuft0wGif EdkifiHa&;/ pmayESifh tEkynmtodkif;t0dkif;rSvlawG ±kwfpk±kwfpkjzpfaeonf?
ukdZm*em/ OD;+idrf;at;tdrf/ armifrsKd; (a=umifESpfaumif)/ ausmfol/ roef;jrifhatmif +yD;awmh
ol@ZeD;onf raemf[&D ESifh olwdk@. cspfpzG,f om;av; acwfae?
usrwdk@ apma&mufaeoltcsi;f csi;f E_wq f uf{nfch H=uonf? wzGJzaJG &mufvm=uolrsm;tm;

óudqdkoifholudk óudqdk/ ae&mcsay;oifholudk ae&mcsxm;ay;&if; i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifh aºuGvGifh&
&Smaom ol@twGuf ESajrmwo=uonf? wcsed fu wavSwnf;pD;cJ=h uayr,fh ,cktcsed frmS awmh
vlra_ &;udpw
P ckc&k drS S awG@q=kH u&avaom oli,fcsi;f / &Jabmf&b
J ufawG ol@psmyeudk ta=umif;ðy
+yD; qHk qnf;=u&avaomtcg qH kq nf ;&r_ twG uf 0rf ;om=u&ayr,f h qHkq nf ;&aom
ta=umif;t&mtwGuf &ifem 0rf;enf;=u&avonf?
ol@rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;awG ol@±kyfuvyfudk wGef;+yD;xGufvm=ucsdefrSmawmh olu yef;yGifh

rsm;tv,fwGif +idrfoufpGmtem;,l&if; vdkufygvmavonf? usrwdk@wawG ol@udk wdwq f wd f
pGm E_wfquf=uonf?
E_wq
f ufaeoltm;vH;k u a=uuGpJ mG wdwq
f w
d af eayr,fh tm;vH;k &ifxw
J iG f ol@ukd us,af vmif
pGmE_wfqufpum;awG ajymae=urnfqdkwm usr odonf?
“om;av;a& æ om;trSm;awGðycJhwm&Sd&if arar cGifhv$wfw,f æ odvm;? pdwfajzmifh

ajzmifo
h m oGm;aemf æ? aemufb0us&if vlaumif;av;tjzpfjyefvm+yD; touf&Snf&n
S af eaemf
om;av; æ”
toufrJhaeaom om;rsufESmudk wnfhwnfh pdkuf =unfhum rsuf&nfrusbJ ouf&Sd

vlwa,mufudk ajymaeonfhtvm; avoHrSefrSefESifhajymaeonfh ol@arar.toHu usrudk
awmh rsuf&nf ydk;ydk;aygufaygufusvmapygonf?
ÐÐÐ
usrwd@k ol@ukd tav;ðycJh=uonf? E_wfqufuAsmawG/ E_wfqufpum;awG ajymcJh=uonf?

ol@twGuf *k%f,lcJh=uonf? ol@twGuf a=uuGJcJh=uonf? ol@twGuf ESarsmwocJh=uonf?
rD;cd;k acgif;wdkirf S v$iyfh sx
H u
G v
f maom ol@. aemufq;kH ±kycf E<m"mwfwptjzpf rSwf,l&rnfh rD;cdk;aiG@
rD;cdk;r#ifawGudk=unfh+yD; qkwfqdkif;aom ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifh usrwdk@ tdrfjyefcJh=uonf? um;ay: æ
tjyefvrf;rSm rðyH;wHk@wHk@ ol@±kyfv$mu usrrsufaphxJ a0h0Jaeovdkvdk/ ol@toHudkvnf;
=um;a,mifaeovdkvdk?
“cufrmu usaemfhudk v_dufvd_ufvSJvSJ róudqdkbl;vdk@ usaemfxifcJhayr,fh 0rf;yef;wenf;

awmh vdkufydk@cJhom;As æ”
olom usrudk pum;ajymcGifh&OSd ;D rnfqdkv#if rðyH;wHk@wHk@rsufESmjzifh TuJhok@d aemufovdkvdk

twnfvdkvdk ajymavrvm;[k pOf;pm;cJhrdygonf? ?


a&$bkef;vl udk owd&jcif;

bdkjunf
wm&mrif;a0 qHk;oGm;wm 2 ESpfawmif&Sd+yD? ol@ta=umif;trSwfw& pmtkyfav;xkwf

csifw,f wJh? wckcka&;ay;ygqk+d yD; pmtkyfxkwfzk@d ppD OfaewJh rdwfaqGawGu awmif;cHvmygw,f?
wu,fawmh usaemfodcJhwmu wm&mrif;a0taeeJ@ r[kwfygbl;? a&$bkef;vltaeeJ@/ oydwf
arSmufausmif;om;wa,muftaeeJ@ oleJ@ u|rf;0ifcJhwmyg?
oleJ@usaemfeJ@ podwmu 1988 ckESpfta&;awmfyHktwGif;u r[kwfyg? olvnf; ol@e,f

ajr/ ol@tzJG@tpnf;eJ@ vkyfaewmqdkawmh vlcsif;rqHkjzpfygbl;? vlyHkpHu t&yfykyk/ tom;u
vwfvwf/ =unfhvdkuf&if rxHkwufaw;eJ@ayhg? oleJ@ vlcsif;pqHkjzpfwmuawmh 1989 ckESpfrSmrS
pod/ pwJGjzpfwmyg? 'gayr,fh usaemfwdk@ ESpfa,muf[m pOf;pm;yHkcsif; odyfrwl=uovdk/ 0goem
csi;f vnf;wl=uwm r[kwfyg? 'gayr,fh usaemfwdk@ESpfa,muf=um;rSm wlwmuawmh 'Drku d a&pD
vdkcsifw,f/ trSefw&m;udk cspfjrwfEdk;w,f/ vlom;awGudk tusKd;ðycsifw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ usaemfwdk@
ESpfa,muf twltdyf/ twlpm;/ twlykef;ckd=u&if; wa,mufeJ@ wa,muf ydkem;vnfvm=u/
wa,mufta=umif;wa,muf ydkodvm=uygw,f?
tJ'DtcsdefawGuwnf;u usaemfodwmu ol uAsm a&;aumif;w,fqdkwmudk odw,f?
wae@ae@rSm atmifjrifwJh uAsmq&m 'grSr[kwf pma&;q&mjzpfEdkifw,fqdkwmudk usaemf
odaew,f?
yef;uav;rsm; yGifhawmhrnf
zl;wH0ifhvdk@csD
aejcnfrSma&$&nfavmif;
igwdk@ tcsKyfausmif; æ æ
txufyguAsmav;uawmh usaemfwdk@ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzJG@

csKyfrx
S kwfa0cJhwJh or*~owif;pmxJu uAsmav;wyk'fyg? usaemfwdk@u oifykef;}uD;vdk@ trnf
ay;xm;w,f? 'Dacgif;pOfudk t=uHay;+yD; a&;wmuvnf; aemifwcsdefrSm wm&mrif;a0 jzpfvm
r,fh a&$bkef;vlygyJ? tcsdefumvuawmh 1989 ckESpfuyg? tJ'Dtcsdefu usaemfwdk@&JŒ or*~
owif;pmudkzwfcJhwJh y&dwfowftóuduf uAsmuav;ygyJ?
tvm;wl uAsmawG trsm;}uD;vnf; ol a&;cJhygao;w,f?
aemufxyf tJ'Dacwf tJ'Dtcsdeef J@ udkufnDwJh uAsmwyk'fuawmh ‘ausmif;zGifhcsdef’ uAsm

av;yg? tcsdefuvnf; ppftkyfpku ausmif;awGjyefzGifhawmhr,fqdk+yD; avoHypfaecsdef? usaemf
wdk@ ausmif;om;xktwGif;rSmvnf; ausmif;wufr,f/ rwufbl; jiif;ckefae=ucsdefaygh? tJ'D
tcsdefrSm olu ausmif;wufr,f/ rwufbl;qdkwJh ol@&JŒoabmxm;udk ‘ausmif;zGifhcsdef’ qdkwJh
uAsm&Snf}u;D eJ@ xif[yfapcJhw,f? tJ'uD Asm&Snfu ausmif;om;awGudk towfccH Jh&wJh jrifuGif;
awGudk arhaysmufroGm;atmif jc,frlef;xm;wmyg? tJ'D uAsm&Snf}uD;[m tckcsdeftxd 88
rsKd;qufawG=um;xJrSm pJGusef&pfaewJh uAsmwyk'fyg?
‘ausmif;zGifhcsdef’
ausmif;om;awGeJ@ ausmif;awmf}uD;=um;
ck æ aoG;yifv,f}uD;jcm;aeyg+yD æ
‘ausmif;zGifh+yD’ qkdwJh tm%m&SifawG[m
aoG;yifv,f}uD;udk ausmfeif;
xHk;wHwm;}uD;udk ausmcif;ay;w,f
wcsKd@awGu ausmif;wufvm=uvdrfhr,f æ
tJ'DxJu wcsKdŒ[m æ
“ta=umif;a=umif;a=umihfyg”vdk@
pdwfraumif;pGmajym&if;
xHk;wHwm;udk av#mufeif;
ausmif;cef;wGif; 0wW&m;t&xdkif
igwdk@ æ em;vnfcGifhv$wfEdkifygw,f æ
wcsKdŒuawmh æ
‘*k%fwk*k%fòydif’ aumif;a=umif;ajym&if;
xHk;eH@oif;wJh yef;cif;udkjzwf æ
&nf;pm;xm;zdk@ ausmif;jyefwufvdrfhr,f æ
tJ'Dvdk æ vlpm;awGudkawmh
igwdk@u æ cGifhv$wfonfhwdkifatmif
&mZ0ifu cGifhrv$wfoa&GŒ
olwdk@[m æ ordkif;rSm æ
‘opPmazmuf’rsm;om jzpfw,f æ?
tJ'DvdkeJ@ pmoifcef;udkausmcdkif; wdkufyJGquf0if&if; 1989 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;avmufrSm ol

tzrf;qD;cHvdkuf&w,f? tJ'Daemuf axmif 4 ESpfusoGm;cJhw,f? 'gayr,fh ol[m pdwf"mwf
rusbl;? axmifxJudk a&mufaeayr,fhvnf; uAsmawG qufa&;aew,f? tusOf;axmif[m
ol@twGuf axmifv@dk rcHpm;&bl; xifw,f? a&;vdkufwhJ uAsmawG[mvnf; renf;ygyJ? tJ'DxJ
u xif&Sm;+yD; tjcm;axmifawGqDudk ysHŒESHŒvmwmu ‘vGwfvyfa&; ewforD;’ wJh?
'DvdkeJ@ usaemf yxrt}udrf axmifuvGwfvm+yD; 1993 ckESpftukefydkif;avmufrSm xif

w,f? ol jyefvGwfvmw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfwdk@ jyefawG@jzpf=uw,f?
1988 ckESpfrSm olu t*Fvdyfpmar*sm yxrESpf ausmif;om;wa,mufyg? tJ'Dawmh

usaemfu ar;w,f? “rif; ausmif;jyefwufrvm;”ayghvdk@? 'gayr,fh olu acgif;cg+yD; tajzay;
w,f? “'gqdk rif;bmqufvkyfrSmvJ”ar;awmh “ig æ pma&;r,f”vdk@ wHk;wdwd jyefajzw,f?
“rif; pmaypdppfa&;uae vGwfatmifa&;Edkifyghrvm;”vdk@ xyfar;awmh “óud;pm;&rSmayghuGm”
vdk@ jyefajzygw,f? 'Dvked J@ ole@J usaemfrawG@jzpfbJ wvavmuf=umoGm;w,f? +yD;awmh jyefawG@
wJhtcsdefrSm ol axmifuxGuf+yD; yxrqHk;jyefa&;wJh uAsmav;wyk'fudk usaemfhudk jyw,f?
usaemfvnf; acgif;pOfrrSwfrdawmhyg? 'gayr,fh a'gooHenf;enf;rsm;aew,fqdkwmudkawmh
owdðyrdw,f? a'gooH enf;enf;av#mhzk@d awmh t=uaH y;jzpfw,f? wzufuvnf; udk,b fh mom
odaeonfu tcsdefu ol@udk ukpm;ay;vdrfhr,f?
aemufawmh ol@uAsmawG r*~Zif;awGrSm ygvmwmudk awG@&w,f? t&rf;*k%f,lcJh&wm

aygh? bmjzpfvk@d vq
J adk wmh axmifxGuaf wG[m axmifuxGufvm+yD;&if oHk;pm;vd@k &wJh aumifawG
r[kwfygbl;vdk@ xifjrifae=uwJhywf0ef;usifudk tEdkif,lEdkifcJhvdk@yg?
'gayr,fh usaemfu ol@uAsmawGudk zwfcGifhrsm;rsm; r&EdkifcJhygbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh

usaemfu axmifjyefusoGm;vdk@yg? 'gayr,fh axmifeH&Hudkausmfjzwf+yD; wm&mrif;a0 a&;cJhwJh
uAsmawG/ 0wWKawG a&mufvmcJhygw,f? ‘tmvl;pm;=uolrsm;/ yef;acwfu vrif;’wJh?
tJ'DvdkeJ@ usaemfaxmifuae jyefxGufvmawmh oleJ@ ol@trsKd;orD; (raemf[&D) wdk@
usaemfhtrd fudkvm+yD; ol@tdrfudkvdkufcJhzdk@ ac:=uw,f? usaemfvnf;vdkufoGm;+yD; oleJ@pum;awG
trsm;}uD; ajymjzpf=uw,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfowdxm;rdwmu ol t&ufawmfawmfaomuf
jzpfae+yD? rdwfaqGwa,muftaeeJ@ ol@udk t&ufav#mhaomufzdk@ t=uHðyygao;w,f? tJ'Dae@
[m oleJ@usaemf aemufqHk;awG@cJhjcif;ygyJ? rSwfrSwf&& 1998 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 7 &ufae@?
aojcif;w&m;udk vlwidk ;f u vGeq f efEdkirf Smr[kwfb;l qdkwm odygw,f? 'gayr,fh tckvrdk sK;d
i,fi,f&G,f&G,frSm aoqHk;oGm;r,fvdk@awmh rxifcJhrdygbl;? 'g[m tEkynmavmutwGuf
qHk;±H_;rl/ wdkif;jynftwGuf qHk;±H_;rlyg? tckawmhvnf; aºuGvGifhapmvdkufwm æ? ?

i&Jcef; u jcaoFh
pdk;xufcdkif
(tif;pdef eSifh awmifil axmifxGuf)
1990 jynfha&G;aumufyGJtóudumvrSm waygi;f aEGeJ@twl ausmif;om;rsm;/ ausmif;om;

acgif;aqmifrsm;/ ygwD0if/ ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;/ tif;pdefaxmif&JŒwdkuftoD;oD;rSm a&muf&Sdae
csed rf mS ol (a&$bkef;vl) eJ@ usaemfqckH w
Jh ,f? usaemfu 5 wdkuf 15 cef;rSm ae&+y;D udak tmif'ifu
19 cef;rSm/ a&$bek f;vlu tcef; 22 rSmae&ygw,f? oleJ@twl udkxufrdk;(usqk;H - atbDtufpf
'Dtufzf - pDtD;pD)/ udkausmfwifh ('v teft,fvf'D tzGJ@0if) wdk@twl wcef;xJae&ygw,f?
usaemfwdk@ 5 wdkufrSm tcef;aygif; 22 cef; &Sdw,f? tcef; 1 rSm *sifrD (88 rsKd;quf)/
tcef; 6 rSm ppfudkEdkif (c) pdk;odrf; tp&SdwJh emrnf}uD; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG &Sd=uw,f?
ruo twGif;a&;rSL; aZmfrsKd;atmifeJ@ 'k OuUÏ atmifrsKd;wifhu tcef; 18 rSmyg/ vl&$ifawmf
t±dkif; eJ@ 88 rsKd;quf udkjrat;wdk@u tcef; 16 rSmyg? 5 wdkufrSm usaemfeJ@ usaemfhnDt&if;
atmifrsKd;odef; nDtudkt&if; ESpfa,mufae=uovdk/ udkatmif'ifeJ@ a&$bkef;vl nDtudkt&if;
ESpfa,mufvnf;&Sdae=uwJh 5 wdkuf&JŒ xl;jcm;wJhumvwckayhg?
tJ'Dumvu ol[m uAsmawGa&;aecsdefyg? a&csKd;qif;csdefav; 15 rdepfrSm a&tajy;

tv$m;ajy;csKd;+yD;&if ol@tcef;&Sd&modk@ usaemfoGm;um ol&GwfwJhol@uAsmawGudk usaemf em;
axmifwwfwm yHkrSeftvkyfwckvdk jzpfcJhygw,f? ol@&JŒ arSmfqefwJhtawG;tac:awGudk usaemf
wdk@em;axmif=u&if; aemifwcsdef (tem*wfrSm) emrnf}uD; pma&;q&mwa,mufjzpfvmvdrfh
r,fqdkwm b,folrS rcef@rSef;cJh=uygbl;?
1990 arva&G;aumufyt GJ +y;D NLD wm0efcH OD;=unfarmifxHo@dk axmifxu J ausmif;om;
acgi;f aqmifawGu oabmxm;wifjycsuu f dk v#KdŒ0SufpmG ay;ydk@ch=J uw,f? tJ'D v_y&f mS ;r_rmS vnf;
a&$bkef;vlwdk@nDtudkESpfa,muf &J0HhpGmyg0ifcJh=uwm rarhEdkifwJhordkif;rSwfwdkifwckyg?
tJ'aD emufyidk ;f umvawGrmS vnf; axmifxJrSm Edik fiaH &;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG ydrk kjd yif;xefvmw,f?
ppftpd;k &u tm%mrv$J&ifqw kd ahJ cgi;f pOfatmufrSm oabmxm;trsK;d rsK;d &S=d uwJt h wGuf 2 wdkuf
rSm&SdwJh vl@abmifopfygwDOuUÏ udkatmifaZ,s eJ@ óud;orm;rsm;[m 1990 pufwifbm26
&uf reufrSm tusO;f om;vGwfajrmufa&;/ tm%mv$Jajymif;a&; awmif;qdck suf 2 csuef @J qENjyyGJ
pwifvkyfcsdef 2 wdkub f ufu aºuG;a=umfoHawG=um;vm&+yD; odyfr=umcif trsK;d orD;taqmif
bufu ausmif;om;or*~ocD si;f oDqko d aH wG =um;vm&w,f? r=umcif usaemfw@kd 5 wdu k v
f nf;
qENjyyGJxJ yg0ifcJhw,f?
ppftm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;ygap? 'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk atmif&rnf æ pwJh aºuG;a=umf

oHawGudk udkatmif'ifu a&SŒuwdkifay;+yD; usaemfwdk@u aemufu vdkufqkcd Jh=uw,f? r=umcif
axmiftm%m&SifawGbufu axmifAl;0bufuae ydkrdkus,favmifwJh oDcsif;oHrsm; wdk;csJŒzGifh
xm;+yD; axmifwGif;qlyloHudk axmiftjyifbufu r=um;&atmifvkyf+yD; axmifwGif;qENjyyGJ
udk pwifòzdcGJcJh=uw,f?
axmif0g'gawG eHygwfwkwfawGeJ@ wdkuf0if;xJ0ifvm+yD; tcef;wHcg;awGzGifhum qENjyol

awGukd tcef;xJu qGJxkw/f 0if±kdufvkyf=uw,f? ae@v,f2 em&DavmufrSm tcef;xJu vlawG
udk yHkpHxdkifcdkif;w,f? +yD;wmeJ@ tusOf;OD;pD;Xme 'k-!$efrª;csKyf aoewfcg;=um;xdk;+yD; 5 wdkufudk
a&mufvmw,f?
wcef;0ifwcef;xGufoGm;&if; ol@cg;rSm&SdwJh aoewfudkykwfjy&if; “tjyifrSm 'geJ@tkyfcsKyf

wm/ 'Drdkua&pDawmhr&bl; æ 'gyJ&r,f” qdk+yD; vrf;av#muf&if; ol@abmif;bDudk c|wfjyygao;
w,f? a&$bkef;vlwdk@aewJh tcef; 22 a&SŒudka&mufawmh (tm%m&Sif vufwdkifwkwf) 'k!$efcsKyf
u a&$bkef;udk “rif;owWd&dSvm;vdk@” ar;awmh “&Sdw,f” vdk@ ajzvdkufw,f?
“aºuG;a=umfoHatmfao;vm;” vdk@ xyfar;awmh “atmfw,f” vdk@ olu jyefajymw,f?

“rif;eJ@igeJ@ csrvm;”vdk@ 'k!$efcsKyfuar;awmh ol@udk apmfum;wJhtoHyJvdk@ a&$bkef;u rcHr&yf
Edkifjzpf+yD; “csr,fuGm æ ” vdk@ &J&J0Hh0Hh jyefajymvdkufw,f?
tJ'Daemuf tm%m&Sif vufyg;apawG xyfa&mufvm+yD; tcef; 22 u 3 a,mufvHk;udk

tjyifqxGJ kwf+yD; yHkpx
H kid cf dki;f w,f? ppfzed yfawGeJ@ uefw,f? ajcaxmufawG vufawGudk wufeif;
=uw,f? a&$bek f;&JŒrsuEf Smudk 'k!e$ cf sKyfu, kd fwikd f ppfzed yfe@J uefwm olŒrsuv
f ;Hk xJ aoG;ajcOoGm;wJh
txd cHpm;cJh&w,f?
ÐÐÐ
udka&$bkef;a& æ cifAsm;eJŒ w'*Fc% axmifxJ ñuHqHkcJh& æ? cifAsm;&JŒ tm%m&Sifudk

awmfvSefwJh &J&ifhwJhpdwf"mwfudk awGŒchJ& æ? cifAsm;&JŒpdwf"mwf[m ppftm%m&SifawG&JŒ
vufyg;apawGudk wu,f wkefv_yfapcJhw,f? ausmif;om;rsKd;qufawGudk &J&ifw h JhpdwfawG tarG
ay;EdkifcJhw,fqdkwm usaemfudk,fwdkif awG@cJh&ovdk æ cifAsm;&JŒ tcef; 22 xJ jyefa&mufawmh
vnf; “ig.OD;acgif;wGif aoG;csif;csif;wdk@ eD&Jaevifhupm; igum; OD;r!$wf”vdk@ aºuG;a=umfchJ
ao;w,f r[kwfvm;?
tck cifAsm;uG,fvGefwJh 2 ESpfjynfhrSm wm&mrif;a0 (a&$bkef;vl) trSwfw& cifAsm;&JŒ

tif;pdefaxmifwGif;u qENjyyGJordkif;udk rSwfwdkifwcktjzpf urŠnf;xdk;vdkufygw,fAsm æ? ?
(2009 Zlvdkif 14)


=u,faºuwyGifh æ æ
arjidr;f
usrwdk@aumif;uifrSm vif;vufawmufyaeqJ=u,fawG tcsdefrwefbJ aºuG aºuGuscJh&

wm æ rsm;vS+yD? armifacsmEG,fuawmh aºuGwmudku yGifhjcif;yJ æ wJh æ? [kwfrSm =u,f
taºuGawG wzswfzswfawmufyaeqJ&Sdwmudk usrwdk@ jrifae&wmyJav æ?
'gayr,fh quf+yD; tvif; topf topfawG arG;zGm;awmufywmrsKd;awmh r[kwfawmh

+yD? olwdk@&JŒ avmifu|rf;awmufyzl;cJhwJh tvif;a[mif;awGom æ waiGŒaiGŒ æ? tJ't D cg raºuG
cJhbl;qdk&if æ olwdk@&JŒtvif;opfawGudk avmuu pm;oHk;cGifh&OD;rSmvdk@awmh ESarsmwojzpf
&wmawGawmh cHpm;&wmaygah v? odoo d mom rSwfrw S &f & =u,faºuaG wG æ òrŒd r+ird ;f æ azmfa0;
æ rZPsdrvd_if; udkarmifarmif æ zdk;csKd æ pdk;vGifvGif æ 'dk;vHk; æ t,fvfjzL æ xl;tdrfoif æ
armifacsmEG,f æ v$rf;rdk; æ wm&mrif;a0 æ olwdk@[m topfzefwD;&Sif =u,fyGifhawGcsnf; æ?
ckawmh ylylaEG;vufv$wfcJh&wJh =u,fwyGifh wm&mrif;a0awmifrS aºuGcJhwm æ 2 ESpf&SdcJh+yD æ?
ÐÐÐ
ol@ta=umif; wckcka&;zdk@pOf;pm;awmh usrtwGuf tcufawG@&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh pOf;pm;
=unfhawmh tJ'DtcufuyJ a&;p&maumif;aecJhawmhwm?
&efukefwuUodkvfavmu tusOf;av;xJrSm ausmif;olb0a&m q&mrb0yg aygif;&if

ESpf tpdwfausmf usifvnfcJhwJh usru usrxuf wESpfavmufyJi,fwJh wm&mrif;a0eJ@ wcgrS
rqHb k ;l cJyh g? &efuek fwuUodkv(f vdi_ ef ,fajrrSm q&mr jzpfawmhvnf; usru ausmif;wGif; uAsm
pmtkyfawGrSm 0if0ifa&;wwfwJh q&mrrdk@ ausmif;om;avmueJ@ awmfawmf eD;pyfwmyg?
rqDrqdkif pufr_wuUokv d fw@dk aq;wuUodkvw f dk@u ausmif;om;awGxkwfwhJ uAsmpmtkyfxrJ mS
awmif uAsma&;zl;wmyg? 'ga=umifh wm&mrif;a0&JŒtudk}uD; RIT u ‘'wˆ’eJ@awmif uAsm
pmtkyfwtkyfxJrSm qHkzl;ygao;w,f? tJ'Dtcg ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u ol@ae&meJ@ol
emrnf&SdaecJhwJh a&$bkef;vl (wm&mrif;a0) eJ@ wcgom;rS rqHkcJhzl;wm æ rodu|rf; r&if;ESD;cJhzl;
wm[m usrtwGufawmh trSwfw&ygyJ? (+yD;awmh ol@oli,fcsif;qdkolawGuvnf; usreJ@
odu|r;f cifrifolawGyg)?
aemufawmh 1994 avmufrSm wm&mrif;a0qdkwJhemrnfeJ@ 0wˆKwdkawGudk usr p+yD;

owdxm;rdvmygw,f? usrpdwfxif æ [efopf r*~Zif;rSmyg? aemufawmh o&zl? Modern
vdk@ vlawGowfrSwfwJh ol@0wˆKawGudk pum;vHk;toHk;tE_ef;topf æ a&;[eftopfeJ@ tawG;
tac:opfawGa=umifh usr rSwfrSwf&&&Sdwmyg? aemufawmh vHk;csif;0wˆKopf a=umfjimwmrSm
0wWKacgi;f pOfup usrudk pdw0f ifpm;atmifqaJG qmifcw
hJ m rSwrf yd gw,f? ‘yef;acwfu vrif; æ’ wJh?
‘acwf’qdkwJh pum;vHk;udk ‘yef;’qdkwmeJ@ wGJoHk;wm[m wu,fhudk topfyg? t"duuawmh
pum;vHk;awG&JŒ uAsmqefr_ æ? pxGufwJh vHk;csif;xJrSmudkyJ ‘tcef;xJrSm waiG@aiG@ wdwfqdwf
vmonf æ’qdkwmrsK;d / ‘vrf;av;u woGifoGifpD;aeonf æ’ ‘jrLaºuu G soHawGudk em;xJrSm
wzGm;zGm; =um;ae&w,f æ’qdkwmrsKd;/ t"dy`m,fydkay:vGifapwJh æ topf æ? pum;vHk;
avmfvDr_rygwJh topf æ? tJ'D yxrqHk; vHk;csif;0wˆK[m vli,fawG=um;xJrSm pDpDnHnH
jrnfoGm;cJhw,f? yef;acwf&JŒ vrif;[m pmayacwfwacwfrSm wm&mrif;a0udk =u,fwyGifh
vwpif; jzpfoGm;apcJhygw,f? &efuek fwuUodkvf awmifial qmifa&SŒu awmifyEd JyM ifawGatmuf
u uifwD;xdkifcaHk wGrSm at;wdat;puf æ rðyH;r&,feJ@ vmxdkifz;l wJh ±kyfoef@oef@ vli,fav;udk
tcsif;csif; vufwdk@jy+yD; “tJ'g æ wm&mrif;a0”vdk@ pdwf0ifwpm;=unfholawG&SdvmwJhtcsdef
æ usr ol@udk aoaocsmcsmjrifzl;csdefrSmawmh olu wm&mrif;a0&,f vdk@ udk,fydkiftvif;eJ@
[kef;[kef;awmufaecJh+yD? ol@atmifjrifr_u jrefrmpmay yifv,fjyifxJrSmawmh vd_if;vHk;}uD;
wvHk;vdk w0kef;0kef;±dkufcwfvmwm jiif;r&? wm&mrif;a0acwf&,fvkd@ &SdcJh+yD?
aemufawmh &efukef pmaytodkif;t0dkif;usOf;usOf;av;xJ æ usrrSm oli,fcsif; rdwfaqG

awGtrsm;}uD;eJ@ avxefukef; xdkif æ? ol@udkawmh avxefukef;rSmxdkifaewm wcgrSrawG@zl;
ygbl;? avxefukef;a&SŒujzwfav#muf+yD; wcsKdŒudkE_wfqufvnf; olu usefwJholawGudk vSnfh
ywf=unfhavhr&Sdawmh oleJ@ usru wcgrS rdwfjzpfaqGjzpf ðyH;jy&wmrsKd;awmif r&SdcJhwm æ/
usrtwGufawmh tJ'gu qef;ygw,f? bmvdk@qdk usru odyf rdwfaqGaygwmudk;? ol r_efukyf
ukyf cyfwnfwnfaewwfawmh trSeftwdki;f ajym&&if tifrwef rdwaf qGjzpfvG,fwJh usrawmif

ol@udk E_wfqufzdk@ wGef@cJhygw,f? usru eDukd&Jwdk@ æ rif;cdkufpdk;pefwdk@eJ@ armifESrt&if;awGvdk
&,farm ajymifaemufaewwfayr,fh udak &$bek ;f eJ@awmh wcgrS rsufEmS csi;f rqdik cf zhJ ;l ygb;l ? 'gayr,fh
ol@tEkynmeJ@ pmayt,ltq aqmif;yg;awGudkawmh usr rjywfzwfqJ æ? b0xJ vufyrf;
usaewJh touf 30 ausmf rdef;rwa,muftaeeJ@ ol@&JŒwcsKdŒvHk;csif;0wˆKawGudk &ifrckefwwf
awmhayr,fh ol@tEkynmudkawmh todtrSwfrðybJ raeEdkifygbl;? ol@&JŒ tifwmAsL;wckxJrSm
æ jzpfEdkif&if ckcsdefrSm udk,fhudk,fudk aveJ@r_wf+yD; +id‡rf;ypfcsifw,fvdk@ajymwmav;udkawmif
oabmusvGef;vdk@ iSm;ajymjzpfwwfygao;w,f? wu,fyJ taiG@av;vdk aysmufysufoGm;rSm
b,favmufaumif;vdkufovJaygh? aemufawmh usru òrd@jytodkuft0dkif;uaexGufajy;+yD;
e,fòrdŒav;wòrŒd rSm awm&dycf k?d tJ'uD mvawG pma&;wmawGawmif cyfusJusJ æ? wm&mrif;a0
uawmh w&Sdef&Sdef awmufyqJ æ? aemufawmh oleJ@twl vSywJh emrnfav;wck ,SOfwGJ æ?
raemf[&D æ wJ?h ewforD;av;wyg;&JŒ emrnf? tJ'D emrnfav;u vd_ifwuUodkvf&ŒJ aemufqHk;
tcsed af wGrmS uwnf;u usrodch&J wJh uAsmewforD;av;aygh æ? tJ'eD mrnfEpS cf &k JŒ tEkynmawG
vnf; ,SOfwGJ zl;yGifhawmufywJh umvwck? 'g[m =u,fESpfpif; tòydifxGef;vif;wJh aumif;uif
wck? aemufawmh =u,fESpfpif;&JŒtvif;awG pkpnf; æ aewpif; topfxGef;vif;owJh?
‘acwfae’ æ?
ÐÐÐ
udk,fwkid f 'Dvdkavmu"Hudk &ifqidk cf Jhzl;wmrd@k ‘wm&mrif;a0’vd@k awG;vdku&f if æ ‘acwfae’

qdkwmu yJhwifxyf+yD; vdkufvmw,f? aewpif;vdk xGef;yr,fh acwfwacwfrSm =u,fwpif;vdk
at;jrwJh tvif;ay;r,fh taz qdkwmu wu,fawmh pdwftiftm;wck æ?
tJvdkeJ@ ðAef;qdk æ umv,E W,m;}uD;u wGef;wGef;wdkufwdkuf vnfywf æ? bmrSef;rS

rodvdkuf&cif æ 2007 qdkwm}uD;u usrqD jrefjref}uD;a&mufvmw,fvdk@ cHpm;&qJ æ? 19
ESpfjynfh 8 av;vHk;ta&;awmfyHktwGuf txdrf;trSwfpmawG a&;r,fjyifqJ æ? 8 av;vHk;&JŒ
aoG;aomuf&Jabmfwa,mufjzpfwJh wm&mrif;a0 qdkwJh =u,fwyGifh aºuG+yDwJh? vGefcJhwJh 19
ESpf&JŒ 8 av;vHk;rSm aºuGcJhwJh=u,fawGta=umif; a&;zdk@jyifaewJhusr vwfwavm aºuGoGm;&
wJh 8 av;vHk;&JŒ=u,fwyGihv f nf;jzpfwJh ol@aºuGjcif;udkom t&ifa&;vdkuf&awmhw,f? tJ'w D kef;
u usr bavmhrSma&;jzpfcw hJ Jh 0rf;enf;pmav;rSm usr&JŒ ESarsmwor_udk ckvdka&; jzpfchyJ gw,f?
jrefrmjynf&JŒ &opmayavmuxJ v_yfvy_ f&Sm;&Sm;jzpfoGm;wJh tcsdew f csed fudk wm&mrif;a0

u zefwD;EkdifcJhygw,f? vli,fawG&JŒ cHpm;csufawG &ifckefoHawG aygufuGJr_awG tm;vHk;udk olu
udk,fpm;ðyEdik cf w
Jh ,f? wenf;tm;jzifah wmh acwfut
dk rDuk,
d fpm;ðyEdkiw
f hJ tEkynmawG todawG
ol ay;EdkifcJhw,f? ol@pmawGu vli,fawG vlvwfawGudk trsm;qHk; v$rf;rdk;cJhw,f? jrefrmjynf
&opmay a&pD;a=umif;xJrSm tEkynmtaeeJ@ tm;aumif;ovdk aps;uGuft&yg tm;aumif;
xdyfwef;a&mufEdkiw
f ,fqkwd m tvGeef nf;yg;wmyg? tEkynm tm;aumif;ayr,fh aps;uGufrSm
ratmifjrifoal wG æ? aps;uGutf & atmifjrifayr,fh tEkynmrSm wef;r0ifoal wGom rsm;wm?
wm&mrif;a0uawmh 0wˆKwdk æ vHk;csif;0wˆK æ +yD;awmh uAsm? ae&mwdkif;rSm AdkvfpGJEdkifcJhol?
ol@uAsmawG tawG;awGudk a&$bkef;vl qdkwJh uAsma&;olb0uwnf;u oabmuscJhwmyg?
olu tifwmAsL; ajzwmrSmawmif tEkynmeJ@ tawG;tac:ygol?

acwftay: wm0efausol? tJ'Dtjyif EdkifiHa&;rSmvnf; wm0efausol?
bmtwGufeJ@rS tm%m&SifawGudk 'l;raxmufcJhol?
ck ol@owif;ud=k um;awmh ol tifwmAsL;wckrmS ajymzl;wJh pum;wckudk owd&oGm;ygw,f?
tJ'DrSm olajymcJhwm æ
udk,fhudk,fudk aveJ@r_wf+yD; +id‡rf;vdkufcsifw,f æ wJh?
wm&mrif;a0 (a&$bkef;vl)
touf (40) ESpf
5/ 8/ 07 (we*FaEGae@) ae@v,f 12;40 wGif uG,fvGef?
ckawmh ²² ol ajymcJhovdk +idrf;cJh+yDaygh?

'g[m acwfopfpmayavmurSmvnf; qDrD;wwdkif +idrf;oGm;wmygyJ?
wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif æ
trSwf&p&m =o*kwfvrSm atmufarhzG,f rSwfwdkifwwdkif wdk;jyefaygh?
'Dae&mrSm xl;tdrfoif trSwfw&taeeJ@ uAsmq&m apma0 a&;cJhzl;wmav; owd&

w,f?
“aorif;u taumif;óudufvGef;vdk@ tvGrf;udk &GufukefzGifhxm;&w,f æ ” wJh?
ar+idrf;
(=o*kwf 6/ 07)
ÐÐÐ
wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif Armjynf&JŒ =o*kwfvrSm 88 aoG;pGef;ae@awG &SdcJhw,f? xl;tdrfoifeJ@

q&mrif;ok0%f &ufqifh qHk;cJhw,f? aemufawmh wm&mrif;a0 æ? usruawmh apmaºuGoGm;
=uwJh=u,fawG&JŒ awmufyEdkifao;wJh tvif;awGudkyJ ESarsmwo vGrf;qGwfwmyg? +yD;awmh
tJ'D=u,fawGu &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; tm;&SdwJhtvif;a&mifeJ@ vif;ywJh=u,fawG æ? wcgwcgawmh
tJ'D=u,fawGu olwdk@udkolwdk@ ac|csypfae=uwmyJvdk@vnf; cHpm;rdygw,f? bma=umifh tJvdk
awGjzpfae=u&wmvJvdk@ ta=umif;&if;udkqef;ppfrdwJhtcg pdwfxJ wqpfqpf emusifudkufcJ

&ygw,f? 'Dawmhvnf; wm&mrif;a0&JŒ psmyeae@ =o*kwf 7 &ufae@ (wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif 8
av;vHk;tóudae@)rSm usr bavmhrSmyJ aemufxyf 0rf;enf;pmwydk'f a&;jzpfcJhygw,f?
wu,fawmh t*F gae@qdkwm ol@&JŒarG;ae@?

'gayr,fh ol@rdbawGcrsm olwdk@ om;uav;udk arG;xkwfcJh&wJhae@rsKd;rSmyJ
olwdk@ arG;cJh&wJh tJ'D om;av;&JŒ ±kyfcE<mudk ed*Hk;csKyfay;&awmhr,f?
'gayr,fh æ tJ'Dom;av;[m
avmu}uD;xJuae vltaeeJ@om aysmufuG,foGm;ayr,fh
emrnfeJ@ ordkif;a=umif;wckawmh usef&pfEdkifcJholrdk@
rdbawGtzdk@awmh emusifa=uuGJ&ayr,fh *k%f,lp&mvdk@ qdk&rSmyg?
æ ESarsmp&m aumif;vSygw,f?
odyfawmfwJh pma&;q&mwa,muf æ
odyfarSmfatmifwJh uAsmorm;wa,muf æ
odyfc|efwJh pmayorm;wa,muf æ
usrwdk@ qHk;±_H;&jyef+yD?
wu,fawmh olvkyfcsifwmawG
olvkyfEdkifpGrf;wmawG trsm;}uD; usefaeOD;rSm?
usrwdk@ wm&mrif;a0 udk qHk;±_H;&wm[m
pmaytEkynmavmu}uD;wckvHk;&JŒ qHk;±H_;r_wckvnf; jzpfygw,f?
tJ'D 0rf;enf;pm 2 ESpfjynfhcJhyg+yD?

'gayr,fh æ usrwdk@&JŒ ESarsmwor_ qHk;±H_;r_awGuawmh vwfqwfqJ æ? +yD;awmh æ
acwfaeav;twGufvnf; wm&mrif;a0 qdkwJh =u,fwyGifh vif;vufcJhwJh aumif;uifu
awmufyqJ æ? ?
(15 Zlvdkif/ 2009)


udka&$bkef;vl ESifh wavSwnf;pD;

rif;Zif
(tydkif; 1)
trsm;tusKd; aqmif&GufcGifh&jcif;onf b0ukd t"dy`m,f jynfh0&ifhusufaponf[k xifyg

onf? cspfjrwfEkd;jcif;/ tepfemcHjcif;/ wm0ef,lwwfjcif;/ apmifhxdef;wwfjcif;/ onf;cHem;vnf
jcif;/ av;pm;jcif;/ cGifhv$wfjcif; pwJh t&nftaoG; aumif;wkd@onf trsm;eJ@qufpyfrS trsm;eJ@
qkdifwJh tvkyfukdvkyfrSom jznfhqnf;cGifh&onfh tavhtxrsm; jzpfygonf? trsm;aumif;usK;d
aqmif=unfzh ;l rSom cHpm;csuef @J vl/ &nfrSef;csufeJ@vl pwJh vlxu
J vlawGuo
kd mru ,kH=unfcsuf
eJ@vlqkdwJh vlpm;rsKd;ukdyg &if;ESD;av;pm;cGifh&wwfwm jzpfygonf?
ukda&$bkef;ESifh wavSwnf;pD;cJh&jcif;ukd jyefpOf;pm;rdwkdif; 'DvkdtawG;rsKd;awG ykdckdifrmvm

wwfygonf?
(tykdif; 2)
“'DuAsmu rif;wkd@twGuf a&;xm;wm? a[mh'DrSm æ”
ajymajymqkdqekd J@yJ ukda&$bke;f u tjzLtpdrf; 2 a&miftzkH;eJ@csKyfxm;wJh pmtkyfyg;av;awGudk

txyfvkduf usaemfhvufxJ xnfhay;onf?
‘ausmif;zGifhcsdef’ æ wJh?
1989 ckESpf ZGefvxJrSm[k rSwfrdaeygonf? usaemfu 15 ESpf0ef;usif txufwef;

ausmif;om;? t-u-o vkd@twkdaumuf vlodrsm;wJh tajccHynmausmif;om;or*~ukd
vkyfazmfukdifzufawGeJ@twl &efukefwkdif;rSmzGJ@pnf;+yD;vkd@ wjynfvkH;tESH@ zGJ@pnf;Ekdifzkd@ óud;pm;ae
=uwJhtcsdef? Auo (ArmEkdifiH vkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf)rSmvnf; t-u-o
ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpfeJ@ usaemfu wm0ef,l&onf?
1988 ckESpf aESmif;ykdif;vawGxJupvkd@ Auotpnf;ta0;awGrSmyJ ukda&$bkef;eJ@ qkHjzpfcJh

onf? ukda&$bkef;oGijf yifu cyfydefydef/ rsufESm 0kid ;f 0kdi;f ? ab;cGJqHyif ajzmifhpif;pif;u ol@nmbuf
rsufvkH;ukd r=umc% zkH;zkH;oGm;wwfonf? rsuv f ;kH awGu cyfndKŒndKŒESihf taqG;&dyo f ef;aewwf
ovkd *spfuefuefeJ@ rr_wwfwht J =unfhuv kd nf; ol@rsufv;kH rSm awG@&onf? 'gayr,fh ukda&$bkef;
&,f&ifawmh odoo d momyJ rsufvH;k eJ@ p&,fwwfonf? +y;D rS uGr;f aoG;eJ@eD&aJ ewwfwhJ E_wcf rf;ukd
axmifrh S pauG;+yD; ðyH;&,f &,favh&oSd nf? ukda&$bkef;u pyk@d &Syfe@J &Syt f usôvufwdk cyfEGrf;EGrf;ukyd J
oyfoyf&yf&yf 0wfwwfonf? tJh'Dumvu acwfpm;aeovkd ykq;dk ukd cyfwkdwkdr0wfbJ cyf&Snf
&SnfeJ@ ykHusus 0wfonf?
usaemf tygt0if txufwef;ausmif;om; ta&;awmfykHorm;awGuawmh ukda&$bkef;eJ@

tzGJ@uswm rsm;onf? pum;ukd wkd;wkd;eJ@ cyfjznf;jznf;ajymwwfwJh ukda&$bkef;u usaemfwkd@ukd
tcsdefay;onf? 88/ 89 umvwav#muf usaemfeJ@ vufyGef;wwD; taersm;olawGukd
trSwfw&ajym&&if ukday: (ukdrif;ukdEkdif)/ ukd*sifrDESifh ukda&$bkef;wkd@ukdom owd&wwfonf?
usef Auo acgif;aqmifawGu ol@tvkyfeJ@ol±_yfaewm rsm;onf? ukdrkd;oD;ZGefu vl@abmif
opfygwD c&D;pOfawG/ tpnf;a0;awGeJ@ rtm;vyfwwf? auusK(ukdukd}uD;)eJ@u tpnf;ta0;
tjyifcsdefqkdvkd@ ol ykef;a&SmifaewwfwJh uefawmfav;tdrfoGm;rSom awG@&wwfonf? qHyif
*kyfw0ufaxmuft&SnfeJ@ ukdatmif'ifuawmh cyfwnfwnfaewm rsm;onf? ukdndKxGef; u
awmh ol@tpktzGJ@av;eJ@ ol? 'DtxJrSmyJ ukda&$bkef;ukdawmh awmfvSefa&;eJ@ tEkynmwGJaeol
rkd@ usaemfwkd@acwf&JŒ ukdA[def;yJ jzpfavrvm;vkd@ av;pm;rdonf?
ppfwyfu tm%modr;f +y;D aemuf a&$*w

Hk ikd fu zqyvjc/H ajcmufxyf}u;D eJ@ vSn;f wef; Auo
tpnf;ta0;awGrSm qkHjzpf=uonf? Auov_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm tvkyfcGJa0 wm0ef,lcJh=uonf?
vufzuf&nfqdik frmS 'l;csi;f cwf/ wawmifcsif;wku

d x
f idk f+y;D pum;awG trsm;}u;D ajymjzpf=uonf?
ppftpkd;&u ausmif;awGjyefziG rhf ,fvkd@ a=unmawmhvnf; usaemfw@kd acgif;csi;f qkid f jzpf=uonf?
“ausmif;om;awGeJ@ ausmif;awmf}uD;t=um;
ck aoG;yifv,f}uD; jcm;aeyg+yD
‘ausmif;zGifh+yD’ qkdwJh tm%m&SifawG[m
aoG;yifv,f}uD;ukd ausmfeif;
xkH;wHwm;}uD;ukd ausmcif;ay;w,f?
wcsKdŒawGu ausmif;wufvm=uvdrfhr,f”
‘ausmif;zGifhcsdef’ uAsmxJu tykd'fwykd'f?
1989 arv tv,fykdif; rE Wav;rSm ausmif;om;nDvmcH vkyfonf? usaemfeJ@ tuo

vkyfazmfukdifzufwcsKdŒ oGm;wufcJhonf? t"du aqG;aEG;&wJhudpPwcku ppftpkd;&u ausmif;
jyefzGifhwmukd ausmif;om;or*~awGtaeeJ@ oydwf arSmufoifh/ rarSmufoifh jzpfonf? usaemf
u ausmif;zGifhwmukd oydwfrarSmufoifh/ ausmif;om; ausmif;wuf+yD; ausmif;xJrSmyJ
ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG qufvkyfoifo h nf[k ,lqonf? ausmif;zGihw f mukd oydwfarSmuf&if
ausmif;om;trsm;pk vkdufygEkdifrSmr[kwfvkd@ ausmif;om;or*~[m ausmif;om;eJ@ uif;uGm
oGm;vdrfhrnf[k aqG;aEG;onf? 'g[m tuo twGif;rSm trsm;oabmwl qkH;jzwfxm;wJh
rlvnf; jzpfonf? rE Wav; rpkd;&drfausmif;wkdufrSmvkyfwJh nDvmcH tóudtpnf;ta0;awGrSm
nvkH;ayguf jiif;ckefc=Jh u&onf? jiif;&if;eJ@yJ =urf;jyifay:rSm tdyfaysmfoGm;cJhwmukd rSwfrdaeonf?
'Dvkd ausmif;wufa&;/ rwufa&; aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefaewJhumvawGrSm ukda&$bkef;u ol@&JŒ

‘ausmif;zGifhcsdef’ uAsmpmtkyfawGukd usaemfhvufxJ vmxnfhwmjzpfonf? pmtkyftzkH;ukd
tpdrf;a&mifeJ@ ykHESdyfxm;ukdu tjzLtpdrf;0wf txufwef; ausmif;om;av;awG&JŒ pGef@v$wfr_
ukd *k%ðf ycsivf d@k vk@d ukda&$bek f;u &Si;f jyonf? uAsm&JŒ tEkynmcGet
f m;uvnf; }u;D rm;vSonf?
tuo tpnf;a0;awG/ tcrf;tem;awGeJ@ qENjyyGJawGrSmygrusef ukda&$bkef;&JŒ ausmif;zGifhcsdef
uAsmxJu tykd'fawGukd &Gwf=uonf? &Gwfola&m/ emolyg rsuf&nf0J a=uuGJ&onf? tm;jyef
arG;zkd@ vufcsif;qkyfukdif rmefwif; jzpf=uonf?
'gayr,fh ol@uAsm&JŒrufaqhcsfu jyif;xefonf? atmifyGJeJ@om ausmif;awmfqD jyefoGm;

a&; jzpfonf? ppftpkd;&zGiw hf Jh ausmif;ukd jyefrwufa&;qkw d Jhoabmbuf ,drf;onf? usaemfwkd@
tuoawG tm;vkH; bmvkyf&rSef; rod? tuo&JŒrleJ@ qef@usifaewJh 'DuAsmpmtkyu f kd tuo
òrŒd e,feJ@ ausmif;udk,fpm;vS,fawG tm;vkH;qD jzef@ay;&rvm;/ rjzef@bJxm;&rvm; ±kwfw&uf
rqkH;jzwfEkdi?f aemufqH;k awmh tuo acgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd eJ@wikd yf if+yD; pmtkyfukd jzef@ay;zk@d usaemf
qkH;jzwfcJhonf? t,ltqpGJ jyif;xefvSwJh EkdifiHa&; aoG;Ekom;Ekt&G,frSm t,ltqrwlwJh
uAsm&Snw f yk'fudk jzef@ay;zk@d q;kH jzwfcw
Jh mukd thH=oaerdonf? 'g[m ukda&$bke;f &JŒtEkynma=umifh
vm;/ ukda&$bkef;qkdwJh yk*~dKvfa&;oHa,mZOfa=umifhvm;/ ESpfckpvkH;a=umifhvm;/ bma=umifhvJ
tckcsdefxd ra0cGJwwf?
“ausmif;om;eJ@ ausmif;
wae@awmh aygif;&rSmyJ
igwdk@awG aoG;yifv,fukd jzwful;+yD;
ausmif;}uD;qD ta&mufoGm;=ur,f”
'DuAsmykd'fav;ukdawmh 'Dae@xd pGJaerdonf?
(tykdif; 3)
1989 ckESpf Zlvkdifva&mufawmh usaemf pwdrf;a&Smif&onf? 1990 rSm ukda&$bkef; tzrf;cH

&wJh owif;=um;&onf? aemuf ukda&$bkef;eJ@ ukdatmif'if nDtpfukd ESpfa,mufpvkH;ukd o&uf
axmifajymif;vkdufwm =um;&onf? ouf0if;atmif/ pkd;rkd;/ eef;EG,f/ zkd;nD pwJh usaemfh vkyfazmf
ukdifzufawGu ukda&$bkef;wkd@tdrf t0iftxGuf &Sdonf? owif;ar;onf/ pGrf;or# ukd,ftm;
E_wftm;wkd@jzifh ulnDonf? rdbawG pm;0wfaea&; usyfwnf;wm/ ukda&$bkef;wkd@ nDtpfukd ukd
axmif0ifpm ta0;}uD;vkdufawG@&wJh tazeJ@ tar&JŒ 'kuQawGukd =um;&onf?
1992/ 1993/ 1994 ckEpS af wG[m EkdifiHa&;v_y&f mS ;r_awG a&csdeftedrq

fh H;k vkd@ qk&d rnfxifonf?
pD;yGm;a&;tay: tm±kHpkdufr_awG ykdrsm;vmonf? typf&yf +idrf;tzGJ@wcsKdŒu ukr`%DawG axmif
onf? aiGrnf;awG aiGjzLjzpfvmonf? avòydifyGJ/ rm&oGefòydifyGJ/ pawhcsf±d_;/ avxD;ckefolckefeJ@
aysmaf ysmaf rmfarmf òrŒd jyvlwef;pm;w&yf ay:vma&mhovm;vkd@ awG;rdonf? 'Dru kd a&pDa&;vkyfv@kd
usqH;k cJo
h l/ tepfemcHae&olawGukd vlawGu arhrsm;arhae+yDvm;[k usaemf cHpm;rdonf? pmawG
ukd oJorJ rJ J zwfjzpfonf? a'gph wkd ,ufpuD;/ uyfzum/ url;/ eDa&S;pwJh ewWd0g'qefqef/ jzpfwnf
r_t"du tawG;tac:qefqefawGu usaemfwkd@ukd v$rf;rkd;aewJhumv jzpfonf?
wcgawmh ouf0if;atmifu aq;ayghvdyf zifpDcH pm&Guftykdif;tpawGrSm vufa&;ao;

ao;eJ@a&;xm;wJh uAsmykd'fwcsKdŒukd usaemfhqD ,lvmjyonf?
“'g æ ukda&$bkef; axmifxJuae a&;ay;vkdufwm”
rSifa&mif cyfrSdefrdSef uAsmtykdif;tpawGukd tm;pkdufzwf=unfh&onf?

“a=umufrufzG,f&m vlawG&JŒ
r[mbkwf aA'ifrSmrS
iguvnf; ‘t"dywdbGm;’ jzpfcsifcJhwmukd;?
tdrftjyef nrsm;pGmrSm æ
b,folrS rajymcsifwJh pum;awG ayGŒykduf

ukd,fhukd,fukd,f ‘vlrkduf’ vkd@ jyefac:cJh&w,f?”
“xdyfxm;a& æ
uacsonfwkd@&JŒ aw;awGeJ@
+idrf;at;aysmf&$if xm0pOf csrf;ajrŒapom; æ
aumif;aom rkd;aomufcsdefYvnf;
+idrfoufwnf=unfap æ
ig æ qkawmif;ay;aer,f æ
yef;cl;&if;
oli,fcsif;awGeJ@ ae&if; æ
pum;ajym&if; æ
oDcsif;av;awGqkd&if; æ
rif; æ ighukd arhoGm;rSmyg æ?”
usaemfwkd@ cHpm;ae&wJh typfy,fcH cHpm;r_rsKd;ukd tusOf;axmifwGif;u ukda&$bkef;vnf;

cHpm;&[efwlonf?
wcgwavusawmhvnf; trsm;tusKd;aqmifolawG&J@b0[m opfjrpfawGeJ@ wlrsm; wl

ovm;vdk@ awG;=unfhzl;onf? opfyifwyif &Sifoef}uD;xGm;+yD; tukdif;tvuf tcuf tyGifh
toD;awG a0jzmzkd@/ aea&mifjcnf&Sd&mukd wkd;jr‡ihaf EG;axG;apzkd@/ opfjrpfawG[m [kd;teuf±id_ ;f qkH;/
tarSmifrJqkH;xJukd xkd;azmufcJG ykef;v#Kd; ukwfwG,fay;xm;&onf? tJh'Dumvu ukda&$bkef;&JŒ
,kH=unfcsuftjrpfawG oefrmtm;aumif;vSygonf?
(tykdif; 4)
95/ 96 ckESpfawG[m
usaemfhb0&JŒ tcuftcJqkH;umvawGyg/
ukda&$bkef;u ‘wm&mrif;a0’ &,fvkd@ p atmifjrifaecsdef
usaemfwkd@eJ@ ausmcsif;uyf
“pdwf"mwfruseJ@ nDav;a& æ” vkd@
tm;ay;cJhwm tjrJtrSwf&rdygw,f?
'*kHòrd@opf&JŒ arSmifarSmifrJrJ/ rkd;xJ a&xJ
nDtpfukdawG jzwfoef;cJh&ykHyg”
ukda&$bkef; qkH;+yD qkdawmh 'Dpmwkdav;ukd aumufjcpfrdonf?

1994 ckEpS f ukda&$bek ;f axmifu jyefvGwfvmwJt
h csderf Sm usaemfw@kd tuo awGu Auo
wm0efawGukd tifjynfhtm;jynfh wm0efquf,lae=ucsdefjzpfonf? ukda&$bkef;u wm&mrif;a0
uavmiftrnfeJ@ tEkynmavmuukd ajcvSrf;usJusJeJ@ jyef0ifonf? usaemfodoavmuf
'Duavmifemrnfu ukdatmif'ifh&JŒ uavmifemrnfwck jzpfonf? ukda&$bkef;u nDav;rGef
trnfeJ@ pmtenf;i,fa&;+yD;rS ukdatmif'ifqDu uavmifemrnfukd qufcH,ljcif; jzpfonf?
ukad tmif'ifuawmh axmifujyefvGww f mawmif ppftpkd;&&JŒ taESmifht,SuftrsK;d rsKd;ukd ñuH&
+yD; jynfwGif;rSm vkyfukdifpm;aomuf r&avmufatmifjzpfcJhonf? aemufawmh ukdatmif'if
pifumylxGuf+yD; tvkyfvkyfonf[k =um;&onf?
1994 ckESpfrSm usaemf wdrf;a&Smifae&mukd ykHrSef0ifxGufaewJh ausmif;om;wcsKŒd tzrf;cH&

onf? usaemfvnf; ajratmuf Ekdiif aH &;v_yf&mS ;r_awGudk c%t&Sdeaf v#mhum pma&;wJhtvkyfudk
tvSnfhay;jzpfonf? wm&m+idrf;csrf; uavmiftrnfjzifh 1994 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvxkwf &eH@opf
r*~Zif;rSm aqmif;yg;wyk'f p a&;jzpfonf? 'Dhaemuf pmay*sme,f/ tawG;tjrif pwJhr*~Zif;
awGrSmyg Ekdiif aH &;'\eqkdif&m aqmif;yg;awG a&;onf? t"duuawmh tJh'Dumvu acwfpm;
aewJh ‘pdwaf umif;&Sw d Jh tm%m&Sipf epf’ tawG;tac:eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; vGwv
f yfciG o
hf may;+y;D Ekid if aH &;
vGwfvyfciG fhudk xdef;csKyfxm;oifhonfqkdwJh tm&Swefzkd; t,ltqawGukd ±laxmifah ygif;pkH a0zef
a&;om;cJhwmjzpfonf?
usaemf wm&m+idr;f csrf; uavmiftrnfeJ pmawGa&;ae+yDqw kd mukdodawmh ukdatmif'ifu

“'Daumifa&;wm [kw&f ifawmh aumif;wmayg”h vk@d omqkda=umif; ukdatmif'ife@J qcHk w Jh Jh ouf0if;
atmifu usaemfhukd jyefajymjyonf? usaemfu odyf b0ifrus? udk,fav;pm;cJhwJh acgif;aqmif
awGqu D 'DhxufykdwJh todtrSwfðyr_rsK;d ukd usaemf ar#mfvifhcJh[efwlonf? 'gayr,fh ukda&$bke;f
odawmh 0rf;omonf[k qko d nf? ouf0if;atmifuwqifh usaemfe@J awG@zd@k pDpOfcidk ;f onf? 'Dvedk @J yJ
'*kHòrdŒopfu tdrfwtdrfrSm usaemfw@kd yxrqkH;t}udrf jyefawG@jzpf=uonf? ±kyfenf;enf;&ifhomG ;
wmuvGJvkd@ ukda&$bkef;u odyfrajymif;vJ? t&ifuvkdyJ [uf[ufyufyuf &Sdonf? E_wfcrf;
axmifhukd pauG;+y;D ðy;H &,fwwfwmuvnf; t&ifvdyk if? “a[ha&mif (aumif) rif; pGyfpyG f rvkyef J@
OD;” vkd@ t&ifuvkdyJ usaemfhukd owday;wkef;yif?
usaemf wdrf;a&Smifae&wJh tajctaeawGeJ@ Auovkyfief;awGta=umif; ar;onf? tJh'D

umvu Auotrnfe@J v_y&f mS ;aewJh t"du tpktzGŒJ ESpcf k &So d nf? usaemf tygt0if tuo
vla[mif;awGqufcHwJh AuoeJ@ tjcm;wpku Auo pnf;±kH;a&;aumfrwD trnfcHonf?
ukda&$bke;f tygt0if tjyifrSm&Sdonfh Auo vla[mif;tawmfrsm;rsm;uawmh usaemfe@J vl&if;
jzpfwma&m/ Ekdiif aH &;t,ltq eD;pyfwmawGa&ma=umifh usaemfu h dk yhyH ;kd ulnD=uonf? ukda&$bek ;f
u axmifwiG f;ñucH h&J wmawGudk jyefajymjyonf? tJ'h Dumvu wcsKŒd u ukdatmif'ifeJ@ ukad &$bek ;f
wkd@ axmifwGif;wkdufyGJawGukd a&Smifonf/ a=umufonf[k pGyfpGJwm usaemfwkd@ =um;&zl;onf?
ukad &$bek ;f u axmifwiG f;umv olwd@k nDtpfuakd wG wku d yf J0G ifoifhwikd ;f jywfjywfom;om; wkdufyJG
0ifcJhykHeJ@ uGefjrLepf tpGJoefoal wGeJ@ t,ltq rwkdufqkdifcJhwJhtwGuf tckvkd oGm;ykwfavvGifh
pGyfpJcG cH &hJ ykHawGudk &Si;f jyonf? ukad &$bek f;&Si;f jyaeykHu cyfat;at;? ol@u, kd fol ckcu
H muG,faeykH
wpufr#rayguf? vdyfjymoef@veG f;wmvm;/ ol@rsuv

f H;k awGrSm awG@&wwfonf@ *±krpkdufb;l qkdwJh
oabmxm;rsKd;vm; usaemfu t"dy`m,f&Smaerdonf?
EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; uGefjrLepftpGJoefwJhwcsKd@a=umifh rvkdtyfbJ tm;ukef tifukef

awG jzpf&wm/ pdwf0rf;uGJ rnDr!Gwfjzpf&wmawGvnf; rsm;vSonf? wu,fawmh ukda&$bkef;
taza&m/ usaemfhtazyg vuf0JEkdiif aH &;eJ@ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ tokdi;f t0ef;xJu jzpfonf?
tazholi,fcsif;awG/ tJ'h D tepfemcHwJh vuf0Jorm;awG&JŒvufay:rSmyJ usaemfwkd@ }uD;jyif;cJh=u
wmjzpfonf? usaemfwd@k tjrifrSmawmh olwd@k [m wu,f wkdif;cspfjynfcspf yk*~KdvfawGyjJ zpfonf?
olwkd@ukd av;pm;=unfndKonf/ wefzkd;vnf;xm;onf? usaemf uavmifemrnf,lwmukdu
q&m'*kefwm&mukd jrwfEkd;vGef;vkd@ wm&m+idrf;csrf;vkd@ ,lcJhonf? ukdatmif'ifeJ@ ukda&$bkef;wkd@
vnf; xkd@twlyif? pmzwfEHpS yfolwikd f; q&mwm&m&JŒ orkdi;f tpOftvmeJ@ &yfwnfcsuu f dk od=u
onfcsnf;om?
'gayr,fh usaemfeJ@ ukda&$bkef;t=um;rSm wlnDwmwck&Sdonf? tJh'gu trSDtckduif;csif

wm/ vGwfvyfcsiw f myJ jzpfonf? t*Fvyd pf um;rSm Independent jzpfw,f qkdwm&So d nf? usaemf
odyf,H=k unfonf? b,fEdik if aH &; avmif;&dyfrS rrdcsi/f ygwDvdik f; vrf;pOfwckckatmufrSm Ekd@oufcH
rpk@d csiw
f myJ jzpfonf? Ekdiif aH &;q&marG; wynfah rG; tpOftvmukd r,kH=unfawmh? ukd,f,w kH m
uk,
d fvkyfrnf? ausmif;om;or*~qw kd m vGwfvyf&rnf? ukd,frSm;&if uk, d w f m0ef,rl nf? usaemhf
aqmif;yg;awGrmS vGwv f yfwJh vlr_tzG@J tpnf; Civil Society &JŒ ta&;ygyu Hk dk tJh'w
D kef;uwnf;u
p a&;om;zl;cJhonf? Civil Society t,ltqukd a[*,f Hegel upvkd@ usaemf rdwfqufay;cJh
onf? tawG;tjrif pmapmifrSm[k xifonf? ukda&$bkef;u v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ axmufcHonf?
tJh'D yxqk;H awG@whaJ e@rmS yJ usaemfpmawGa&;wJhta=umif; ajymjzpf=uonf? ukda&$bek ;f u

0Dbm Max Weber pmawGzwfjzpfovm;vkd@ usaemfhukdar;wm rSwfrdaeonf? +yD;awmh &o
qkdif&m aqmif;yg;awGa&;zkd@ wkdufweG f;onf? 'ge@J yJ ‘ay:OD;ouf/ c±kda&S;ESifh &owefzd;k rsm;’ qkdwJh
aqmif;yg;ukd [efopfr*~Zif;rSm usaemfa&;jzpfcJhonf? ay:OD;ouf&JŒ tEkynmtjrifukd tDwvD
awG;ac:&Sif c±kda&S; Benedetto Croce &JŒ &oaA'oabmw&m;eJ@ qufpyfa&;cJhjcif; jzpfonf?
'Daqmif;yg; yg+yD;aemuf [efopfr*~Zif;u ‘tawG;[efopf’qkdwJhu¾ zGifhay;onf? usaemf
wyk'fvm;yJ xyfa&;jzpfonf? aemuf ra&;jzpfawmh?
ukda&$bkef;eJ@awmh r=umc% awG@jzpfonf? usaemfykef;aewJhae&mtxd olu vkdufvm

awG@wwfonf? wcgwavawmhvnf; ol@ '*kHtdrfem;u vufzuf&nfqidk frSmxkid +f yD; pum;awG
tr#irf jywf ajymjzpfonf? wcgwavawmh t&ufcu G cf si;f wku
d +f yD; rsu&f nfawG wGifwGiu
f sc=Jh u
zl;onf? pum;awGuawmh qufajymjrJ? ‘tmvl;pm;olrsm;’vnf; ygonf? a':atmifqef;pk
=unf eJ@ usaemfwkd@ qufoG,faqG;aEG;r_awG ta=umif;vnf; ygonf? [efwifwef Samuel
Huntington eJ@ ZifAk'<bmomta=umif;vnf; ygonf? armifa,m&JŒ‘òydijf rif;wkd@&ŒJ cGmoH’vnf;
ygonf? Auo/ ruo eJ@ atmufArmjynf AuoawG ta=umif;vnf; ygonf? *gpD,m
rm;uGwpf f Garcia Marquez eJ@ rDvefueG f'&m Milan Kundera vnf;ygonf? trsK;d om;nDvmcH
vnf;ygonf? aemufq;kH awmh tJ'h Dwek ;f u olóuu
d af eonfh ,Ofaus;r_wuUov dk u
f aumifrav;
ta=umif;eJ@yJ tqkH;owfomG ;wwfwm rsm;onf? pmtkyt f iSm;qkid f zGihx
f m;wJh tJh'Daumifrav;
ta=umif; ðyH;+zD;+zD;eJ@ ajymaewwfonf?
wcgwavawmh usaemfu ukda&$bkef;ukd ‘p’onf?

“vufzuf&nfqkdifxikd v f kduf/ òrdŒxJxGuf r*~Zif;wkdufawGoGm;vkduf/ wcgwav usaemfwd@k
eJ@ t&uf0ikd ;f zGJ@vdu
k f/ aumifrav; jyefvmwJhvrf;rSm apmifhaevkdufeJ@ ukda&$bkef; pmzwfcsdefa&m
&Sd&JŒvm;”
tJ't
D cgrsK;d us&ifawmh ukda&$bke;f qDu pum;jyefr&? cyfwnfwnfeJ@ rodcsiaf ,mifaqmif
aewwfonf? aemufusawmh ol@udk yg&rD&iS w f a,muftjzpf usaemfyjkd rifvmrdonf? ol@bmom
ol tEkynmrSm arSmfatmif+yD;olyif jzpfonf?
wcgwavusawmhvnf; ukda&$bkef;ukd=unf@&wm wckck v#KdŒ0Sufxm;olwa,mufvkd

usaemf cHpm;&onf? 'gayr,fh usaemfwkd@ tay:rSmawmh tjrJaEG;axG;onfom? w&ufawmh
usaemfwkd@eJ@twl xrif;pm;/ waeukefeD;yg;twlae+yD; nbuf t&ufaomuf&if; usaemfeJ@
ouf0if;atmif *pfwmwD;wmukd cyfawGawGeJ@ em;axmifaeonf? '*kHòrdŒopftdrf&JŒ opfom;
jyLwif;aygufuae tqD;twm;r&Sd jzmqif;vif;usaewJh va&mifomom/ yk&pfawG wpDpDjrnf
aewJhnrSm usaemfhykcH;k ukdukdif+y;D “pdwf"mwfruse@J nDav;a&”vkd@ ukda&$bkef;u tm;ay;cJhonf?
(tykdif; 5)
1995/ 1996 ckESpfawGtwGif; Auov_yf&Sm;r_ukd ,l*sDac: ajratmuftoGifomru

ajray:v_yf&Sm;r_wcsK@d tjzpf pm=unfhwkdufzGihwf m/ pmaya[majymyGJawGukd pDpOfwm/ wuUokdvf
twGif; uAsmpmtkyfeJ@ pmapmifawGxkwfwm vkyfcJh=uonf? ‘pkpnf;r_’/ ‘&mpkopfjrpfusOf;’
pwJh pmtkyaf wGu oufaojzpfco hJ nf? tJh'DumvrSmyJ ukda&$bek ;f u aq;wuUovdk f ausmif;om;
armf'ef pma&;q&m vli,fwa,mufeJ@qufoG,fzkd@ wkduw f Gef;onf? usaemfwkd@ oD;jcm; csdef;qkd
awG@jzpfonf? ajratmufEkdifiHa&;udpPawGtjyif ynma&;e,fy,frSm vGwfvyfwJh Civil Soci-
ety oif;zGJ@v_yf&Sm;r_awGvkyfa&; aqG;aEG;jzpf=uonf? tvGwfpmoifwef;awGeJ@ oif±kd;ðypka&;
awGtwGuf b,folu b,fwm0ef,rl nf/ b,fq&morm;awGukd xyfcsO;f uyf=urnf pojzifh
ajymjzpf qkdjzpf=uonf?
1996 ESpfv,favmufa&mufawmh rE Wav;eJ@ &efuek fu Auov_yf&mS ;olwcsK@d tzrf;cH&

onf? aq;ausmif;om; armf'ef pma&;q&mav;&JŒtdru f dv
k nf; axmufvSrf;a&;u 0if&Smonf?
olu tdrrf Sm r&S/d aemufrS &Jpcef;ukdoGm;+y;D tzrf;cHum axmufvrS ;f a&;eJ@ awG@onf[k qko
d nf?
tjcm; zrf;qD;cH&wJh ausmif;om;trsm;pk&JŒtajymt&awmh axmufvSr;f a&; ppfaq;a&;umv
twGif; xkdq&mav;&JŒxGufcsufonf ajzmifhcsufozG,f tukeaf zmfonf[k qkdonf? usaemfw@kd
twGuf txdemcJhaomfvnf; ausmif;om; v_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdefuawmh rao? ausmif;awGqufzGifh

aewmeJ@ a':pk&ŒJ pae/ we*FaEG w&m;yGaJ wGu Ekdiif aH &;todukd Ek;d =um;aponf? &efukew
f uUovdk f/
'*kw
H uUov kd u
f pvk@d e,fòrŒd ausmif;awGtxd tcsdwt f qufrad eonf? txufwef;ausmif;om;
awG=um;rSmvnf; pma0/ pmjzef@vy_ &f Sm;r_awG awG@&onf? tpktzG@J tm;vkH; ukd,fenf;udk,[ fh efe@J
v_yf&Sm;=u/ tcsif;csif; qufpyfv_yf&Sm;=uonfhtwGuf aemufqkH; awmh 1996 'DZifbm
ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ ay:vmcJhonfrSm txift&Sm;yif?
tJh'Dumv0ef;usifwkef;u ukda&$bkef;eJ@jyefawG@awmh aq;ausmif;om; armf'efq&mav;

ta=umif; pum;pyfrd=uonf? ukda&$bkef;u odyfpdwfqd;k [ef rjy? pmayorm;csi;f ukd,fcsif;pm
vkd@yJvm;/ 'grsKd;awGjzpfwwfw,fqkdwm owdxm;aewwfolrkd@vm; rajymwwf? 'gayr,fh
EkdifiHa&;rSm ukd,fhtxGm ukd,fodzkd@/ rEkdifwJhudpPrvkyfzkd@ vkdwJhta=umif;ukdawmh oHa0*ozG,f
oifcef;pmxkwf ajymjyaeonf?
'Dhaemufykdi;f awmh usaemfwd@k xyfrawG@jzpf? vkyfazmfukdifzufawGuwqifh owif;ar;wm/

qufoG,w f mawmh &Sdaeonf? usaemfvnf; vkHðcHa&;t& ykd+yD; usyfoxufusyfvmonf? a&$Œ&
a&Smif& ykdrsm;/ ykdcufvmonf? usaemf/ ouf0if;atmifeJ@ vkyfazmfukdifzufwcsKdŒ &efukefuae
typftcwf&yf wkdif;&if;om;tzG@J wzGJ@&JŒa'oqD a&$Œajymif;wdrf;a&Smifzd@k qkH;jzwfawmh ukda&$bek f;
ukd ta=umif;=um;onf? ukda&$bkef;u *±kpkdufzkd@rSmonf? +yD;awmh ol r*Fvmaqmifawmhrnfh
ta=umif; ðyH;+zD;+zD;eJ@ajymjyonf[k qkdonf? ,Ofaus;r_wuUokdvfu aumifrav;awmh [kwf
[ef rwl? ukda&$bkef;u wm&mrif;a0 tjzpfeJ@ atmifjrifoxuf atmifjrifae+yD?
(tykdif; 6)
usaemf xkdif;a&muf+yD; ESpftenf;i,f=umawmh ukad tmif'ifeJ@ jyefqHo

k nf? tvGef aysmfzkd@
aumif;onf? pum;awG trsm;}u;D ajym/ a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfawG ar;jref;/ wcsKd@w0uf odxm;
wmawGu jyefqkHajymvkduf em;axmifvkdufrS ±kyfykHum;csyfwck jzpfvmonf? ouf0if;atmif
jynfwGif;jyef0if+yD; tzrf;cH&onfhta=umif;eJ@ ukda&$bkef;ta=umif;awGvnf; ajymjzpfonf?
rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&; vkH;yrf;ae&vkd@ umvwcktwGif; EkdifiHa&;wm0efawG vpf[if;cJhwmukd
usaemfwkd@&JŒacgif;aqmifwa,muftaeeJ@ pdwfraumif;wJh t&dyfta,mifukd ukdatmif'if
rsuEf SmrSm awG@&onf? usaemfwd@k tay:vnf; ykd tm;uk;d vmonf? 'gayr,fh ol@pw d ftcef@ roifh
&ifawmh t&ifwkef;uvkd rsufESmxm;wnfwnfeJ@ qlwkef;yif?
aemufykdif; usaemf 0g&Sifwef'DpDajymif;+yD; a&'D,kdtvkyfvkyfjzpfawmh ukdatmif'ifeJ@twl

wtdrfwnf; tcef;azmftjzpfaeonf? 4 ESpfeD;yg; =umcJhonf? usaemfwkd@ pum;qkHwkdif;
ukda&$bkef;ta=umif;u r=umr=um ygjrJ? 2004 ckESpftwGif; ukday:/ auusKeJ@ 88 rsKd;qufawG
axmifujyefvGwf+yD; v_yf&Sm;r_awGjyefvkyfvmawmhvnf; olwkd@eJ@ pum;pjrnfajymjzpf&if
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1988 ckESpfupvk@d wavSwnf;pD;cJw

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usaemfuh ,
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yJ jrnfwGefawmufwD;aerdonf?
(tykdif; 7)
“rif;Zifa& æ”vkd@ Ed_;oH=um;awmh tdyf&may:u ±kwfw&uf xxkdifrdonf? =o*kwfv&JŒ

nu eufoxufeuf arSmifvkd@ aumif;qJ?
“rif;Zifa&/ a&$bkef; qkH;+yD æ”
ukdatmif'if&h ŒJ toHu=dk um;awmh pdwx

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nDtpfukdvnf; [kwfonf/ pmayrdwfaqGvnf; rSefonf/ awmfvSefa&; &Jabmf&Jbufvnf;
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awmh oGm;ESifhcJh+yD?
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aumif;&m ok*wdvm;ygap? ?
July 16, 2009

wm&mrif;a0 (odk@r[kwf) jrm;xufjrifhatmif ysHwJhiSuf

jrifhpdk; (o7ufaxmif? 1991-2005)
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=um;&ygw,f? txJrSm r*~Zif;awG zwfjzpfwJhtcgawGrSmvnf; ol@0wˆKwdkawG pmaya&;&m
aqmif;yg;awGudkawG@wdkif; rSwfrSwf&& zwfjzpfygw,f? ajcmufESpfcGJumvudk jzwfoef;+yD;vdk@
usaemftjyifxGufvmwJhtcgrmS awmh usaemfb h 0uvnf; awmfawmf}uD; ajymif;vJomG ;ygw,f?
axmifuvGwfayr,fh tdrfrjyefEdkifbJ w&m;&dyfomrSm aomifwif+yD; csnfwdkifaysmufaecsdefrSm
xHk;pHtwkdif; udkol&u owif;&oGm;wmrdk@ udkol&qDrSm c%aezdk@a&mufoGm;rS ol@ta=umif;
udkvnf; awmfawmfodvm&ygw,f?
tJ'DaemufrSmawmh olaecJhwJh raemf[&Dwdk@tdrfem;u oli,fcsif;wa,muf&JŒ vlraewJh

tdrfav;wvHk;rSm c%aeaeygw,f? tJ'DaemufrSmawmh raemf[&DeJ@awG@+yD; ol@usef;rma&;
tajctae/ tdrfaxmifa&;tajctae awmfawmfrsm;rsm; od&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh raemf[&D
qDuae vdypf mawmif;+yD;awmh olaeaewJh v_difom,m u (FMI)tdrf,mudk vdkufomG ;ygw,f?
ol usaemfa&mufvmvdrfhr,fqdkwm óudodxm;ykH&ygw,f? raemfu ol@qDrSm vdyfpmawmif;
oGm;w,fvdk@ zkef;xJrSmajymoGm;w,fvkd@ ol ajymygw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfh tdrfaxmifa&;
jy\emudk ol aoaocsmcsm ar;ygw,f? +y;D awmh “[m æ 'Dvkv d kyv
f dk@b,fjzpfrvJ igu,
dk fwdik f
reufjzef oGm;ajymr,f”vdk@ twif;vkyfaewmrdk@ tajctaeawGu odyfrxl;awmhwJhta=umif;
awmfawmf azsmif;zs&ygw,f? 'gudkyJ olrauseyfEdkifao;bJ wAspfawmufawmufeJ@ vkyfaeyg
ao;w,f? usaemfuyJ “wjcm;udpaP wG ajym&atmifAsm”vdk@ awmif;yef&ygw,f? +yD;awmh ole@J
raemf=um;u jy\emudk tusOf;ajymjyygw,f? raemfudk zkef;quf+yD;awmhvnf; usaemf
a&mufvmwJhta=umif; ol ajymygw,f? c%aeawmh ol@udkðypkaewJh ol@wynfhav;udk ol
aomufzdk@ aq;awmif;ygw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfudk xrif;au|;zdk@ jyifqifcdkif;ygw,f? usaemfh
udv k nf; ole@J twlvmaevd@k &wJth a=umif; ajymygw,f? usaemfuawmh use;f rma&;udk *±kpdkuf
zdk@yJ owday;jzpfygw,f? ol@ajcckHawGu awmfawmfav; trf;aewmrdk@yg? usaemfwdk@ xrif;pm;
+yD;awmh usaemfu usaemfwdk@&GmrSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif Adkvfatmifausmf trSwfw&
pm=unfhwkduftwGuf olwdk@t&ifzGihcf JhwJh ‘yef;acwfu vrif;’ pmtkyftiSm;qdkifu pmtkyfawG
tvSLcHawmh csufcsif;yJ olu óudufwJhtcsdefrSmoGm;,lqdk+yD; vSLwJhtjyif ol pkaqmif;xm;wJh
pmtkyfawGxJuygvm,lzdk@ ajymygw,f? pmtkyfu enf;enf;aemaem r[kwfygbl;? umv
aygufaps;eJ@wGuf&ifudk 8 odef;ausmfzkd; &Sdygw,f? &Gmu Adkvfatmifausmfpm=unfhwdkufrSm ck
yef;acwfu vrif; pmay&JŒaumif;r_ukd urŠn;f xdk;Edik cf hyJ gw,f? ol@tvSLpmtkyaf wGa=umifhvnf;
usaemfhrSm &Gmtjyef rsufESmyef;vScJh&ygw,f?
oleJ@usaemfwdk@ ajymcJhwaJh =umif;t&mawGuvnf; rsK;d pHak ecJw

h mrdk@ aemufyidk ;f awG@wJh tcsdef
awGrSmawmh pum;awG odyfrajym=uawmhygbl;? t=um}uD; pum;rajymbJ xdkifae&wmudk
usaemfw@kd ESpaf ,mufpvHk; ydtk &omawG@vm=uygw,f? wcgawmh ol b,folrS toHk;rðyao;wJh
tEkynmyHkpHopfwck wifqufzdk@ vkyfaew,fvdk@ ajymvmygw,f? usaemfuawmh usef;rma&;
udkyJ t&ifqHk;*±kpudk fygAsm vdk@ xyf xyf rSmae&ygw,f? ol b,favmuf acgi;f rmw,f/ ayw,f
qdkwmudkodwmrdk@ ol@udkðypkaewJhvli,fav;udkvnf; zkef;eHywfay;xm;+yD; ol@udk *±kpdkufzdk@eJ@
ta&;&Sd zkef;qufzdk@ rSm&ygw,f?
'DvdkeJ@ usaemf 2005 rSm Recycle qdkwJh wukd,fawmf yef;csDjyyGJudk avmuewf yef;csD
jycef;rSm vkyjf zpfchyJ gw,f? &efukefòrdŒxJukd b,fawmhrS rvmawmhbl;vdk@ajym=uwJh ol@udk jycef;
xJ0ifvmawG@awmh wjcm;vlawGu awmfawmf tHh=oae=uygw,f? usaemfudk,fwdkifvnf;
awmfawmf tHh=oaerdygw,f? ola&mufvmvdk@ 0rf;omayr,fh ol aeraumif;rSef;odwmrdk@
“bmvdk@vm&wmvJ udka&$bkef;&,f” vdkŒ ajymrdygw,f? olu bmrSrwk@H jyefbJ “csmwdwfawGeJ@
vmwmyg? olwdk@uvnf; oGm;csifaevdk@”vdkŒ ajymygw,f? oleJ@ygvmwJh ol@udk &ifckefaeqJ
csmwdwfawGu um;awG wum;csif;vdkuf=unfhae=uayr,fh oluawmh cef;rtv,fu ukvm;
xdkiaf y:uae xdkifae&if;uyJ wum;csi;f udk rsufpda&$Œ+y;D vdkuf=unfhEkid fygw,f? ol tm;&awmhrS
usaemfhudk aoaocsmcsm=unfh+yD; “awmfawmf ajymif;vJoGm;w,f” vdk@ wcGef;ajymygw,f?
tJ'g oleJ@usaemfwdk@ aemufqHk;awG@qHkr_ygyJ? usaemfvnf; ar#mfvifhrxm;bJeJ@ aemufxyf

tdrfaxmifðyjzpfoGm;+yD; EkdifiHtjyifbufudk a&mufvm&ygw,f? tdrfaxmifbuf&JŒtvkyfu
avmavmq,f vef'efrSmrdk@ awmfawmfeJ@ tdrfrjyefEkdifjzpfaewkef;rSmyJ olxGufcGmoGm;awmh
wmygyJ?
usaemf axmifuvGwf+yD; udkol&u ±kyf&Sif±dkufuGif;udk vmcJhygac:wma=umifh oGm;awmh

awmfawmfth=H o&ygw,f? ±kyf&SiftjzpfzefwD;zdk@ rvG,fvSwJh ol@&JŒZmwf!$ef; ‘jrif;pD;xGufaom
tdyrf ufrsm;’udk ±du
k af evd@k ygy?J udo
k l&tdrfrSm vGefcw
hJ hJ q,fESpfausmfavmufuzwf+yD; oabmus
cJhwJh Zmwf!$ef;yg? “rif;udk 0rf;om&atmif wrifac:wm? uJ æ Zmwf0ifcef;wckckrSmawmh
0ifxdkifoGm;uGm? trSwfw& aygh æ a&$bkef;uawmh rvmEdkifbl;”qdkwmeJ@ 0ifxdkifjzpfcJhygao;
w,f? jrefrmEkdiif u
H rxGufcifav;rSm wnf;jzwf+y;D wmrdk@ udkol&tdrfrmS =unfhch&J ygw,f? udo k &l
uvnf; rJjymykqdk;awGeJ@yJ+yD;aewJh AD'D,dkavmurSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;um;av; wifqufcGifh&vkd@
aysmfaecJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh r=umcifrSmyJ udka&$qifqmtzGJŒu ydwfvdkuw f Jhta=umif;vnf; odcJh
&ygw,f? usaemft*Fvefa&muf+yD;aemufrSm tJ'D AD'D,dk udk DVB uae v$ifhxkwfvmwmrdk@
awmfawmfudk tm;&0rf;om&jzpfcJhygw,f? udka&$bkef;udk,fwkdifvnf; aemufqHk;=unfhcGifh&cJhwJh
ol@&JŒvuf&m AD'D,dk Zmwfum;wxkwf jzpfcJhygvdrfhr,f?
‘jrif;pD;xGufaom tdyfrufrsm;’ Zmwfum; DVB uvm+yD; r=umcifrmS yJ olvnf; avmu

xJu xGufcGmoGm;+yDvk@d usaemfwdk@ odch&J wmygy?J ‘vli,fwa,muf&JŒ ausmufxiG f;&mZ0if’rSm
oleJ@ 'DacwfxJ ckefcscGifh ul;cwfcGifh&wJhtwGuf 'Dae@xd*k%f,lae&qJyg? wm&mrif;a0 &JŒ
‘òydijf rif;wd@k &JŒ cGmoH’ acwfay: tEkynmqdkif&m aqmif;yg;awG[m twkid ;f wmwckxd usaemf&h JŒ
yef;csq D &maygupf b0rSm aus;Zl;&Scd hyJ gw,f? wm&mrif;a0 a&;cJhor#xJu ‘yef;acwfu vrif;’/
‘"m;oGm;ay:u qyfuyf’/ ‘ta&SŒòrdŒ±dk;u rdk;a&pufrsm;’wdk@[m usaemfh&JŒ &ifxJrSm 'Dae@xd
v_yfcwfaeqJygy?J aemufqk;H tcsed fxad &;oGm;wJh tdki'f D,m r*~Zif;u 0wˆKwdkawGeJ@ wm&mrif;a0
&JŒ ESvHk;om;pGrf;tm;udk jyoGm;w,fvdk@ ajym&ygvdrfhr,f?
a&$bkef;vl&JŒ Edkiif Ha&;jzwfoef;r_rSmvnf; ol@,Hk=unfcsufudk aemufqk;H tcsdefxd qkwfudkif
oGm;cJhjcif;twGuf *k%f,lcJh&ygw,f?
ol@&JŒ aemufqHk;tcsdefawGrSm udk,fu tem;rSmr&SdcJh&vdk@ udk,fhudkudk,f tjypf&Sdaeovkd

tjrJcHpm;aecJhcsdefrSm ck 2 ESpfjynfh trSwfw& pmpkav; a&;cGifh&vdk@ awmfao;&JŒvdk@ ESvHk;oGif;+yD;
yef;acwfu vrif; odk@ vGrf;csif; pmpDcJhrdygw,f?
avmu avtqefrSm udk,fhudkudk,f tefxkwf

igwdk@tm;vHk; rdk;rcsKyfrD tdrf udk jyef =u rnf? ?
(wm&mrif;a0 &JŒ wdrfjzLwdk@ESifhtwl æ uAsm rS)

nDav;rGef tvnfvmwkef;u
rif;vGif
rd;k awGuvnf; wae@vk;H &Gmvdu

k w
f m? csi;f rdik rf k;d uawmh t&ifEpS fawGxufawmif ydk&mG w,f
vdk@ xifao;w,f? ajrmufbufu vdKG ifqx l pfawmifrSmawmh rd;k pufawG=um; xD;xD;}uD;? nu
tdyfr&wmeJ@ tcef;tjyifxGufxdkifr,fvdk@ pdwful;wmeJ h tjyifudk xGufcJhw,f? tjyifudkxGuf
xdkivf nf; rdk;uvnf; rpJbJ &Gmaew,f? tòi;d w}uD;eJ@yJ? rdk;&Gmaewke;f tdrfa&SŒrSm vlwa,muf
tdrfxJudk0ifvmaeovdkyHkpHeJ@ vlwa,muf0ifvmw,fvdk@ xifw,f? 'geJ@ tdrfa&SŒudkxGufvm
vdkufw,f? wudk,fvk;H vnf; rdk;awGpk&d $Jaewm tay:u *sif;tus0ô wfxm;wmawmif rvHkbJeJ@
twGif;xd cE<mudk,fxdawmif pdkaewm? wvrf;vHk; rdk;rdvmwJhyHkrsKd;yJ? idkufpdkuf idkufpdkuf tdrfxJ
udk 0ifvmw,f? ol0ifvmwJh tdrfa&SŒbufudk rD;rxGe;f xm;awmh csucf sif; b,folreS f; cGJr&bl;?
rD;tvif;a&mifbuf 0ifvmwmawmif udk,fu b,folrSef;cGJr&bl;? OD;aESmufudk tjrefqHk;
pOf;pm;w,f? oluawmh idkufpdkuf idkufpdkuf {nfhcef;xJxd 0ifvmw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfhudk
armh=unfh+yD; E_wfqufw,f?
“a[h aumifav; æ rif;bmvkyfaewmvJ? ighrmS awmh renf; rif;qDa&mufatmif vmcJh&

w,f? rdk;uvnf; &Gmvdkufwm/ at;aewm” ajymvnf;+yD; wqufwnf; ol@acgif;udk armhvdkuf
w,f?
“[m æ udka&$bkef;” usaemf tJ'DtoHyJ ajymEdkifw,f? usaemf wu,fudk t&rf;tH=o
oGm;w,f? usaemf wtHw=o)eJ@ ol@udk =unfhw,f? &ifbwfwckvHk; usm;acgif;tjynfhyHkygwJh
tjzLa&mif wD&Syfudk0wfxm;w,f? yg;pyfrSmvnf; t&iftwdkif; uGrf;0g;xm;w,f? xl;jcm;wm
u ol@vnfyif;eJ@ vufaumuf0wfrSm owˆKwrsKd;udk yHkazmf+yD; 0wfxm;w,f?
“cifAsm; b,fvdkvkyf a&mufvmwmvJAsm? cifAsm; 0 vmw,fAsm? usaemfwdk@ rawG@&

wmawmif q,fpkESpfwpk &Sd+yDaemf? usaemf xifw,f/ aemufqHk;tacgufu udk0if;udk r*Fvm
aqmifrSm r[kwv
f m;” usaemf tqufrjywf ajymcsvku d fw,f? oluawmh ol@ZmwfaumifawG
xJuvdkyJ rxdwxd?
“aumifav;&m æ rif;wdk@udk &Sm&wm vG,fygw,f? tck igvmwm rif;udk awG@csifvdkyg”
usaemf udka&$bkef;udkpawG@zl;wm oCFefu|ef;òrdŒe,fu 16 &yfuGufu tdrfuav;rSmyg?

udka&$bkef;u tJ'Dtdrfuav;udk vmwwfw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u udka&$bkef; tdk;a0 r*~Zif;&JŒ
t,f'Dwmvdk@ xifw,f? rdwq f ufay;wmu qHk;oGm;wJh udkjrwfarmf? olu udkrk;d oD;wdk@ &yfuGuf
rSm aew,f? udkrif;udkEdkifwdk@eJ@vnf; oli,fcsif;aygh? aemufodyfr=umbl;/ udka&$bkef; tzrf;cH&
w,f? tjyifrSmawmh ol@ta=umif; trsm;}uD;ajym=uwm =um;aew,f? udkjrwfarmfvnf;
89 ESpfukefydki;f avmufrmS tzrf;cH&w,f? axmifxJrSm udak &$bek f;eJ@twlae&w,f? udjk rwfarmf
u udka&$bkef;&JŒtvkyftay: pnf;urf;&Sdr_ &Jabmf&Jbuftay: umuG,fEdkifr_awG ajymwwf
w,f? jy\emwckay:&if rnnf;rnL vkyfay;wwfwm/ tJ'Dwkef;u tepfemcJhp&m&Sdvnf;
tepfemcHwwfwJh &Jabmf&Jbufpdwf? udkjrwfarmf&JŒajympum;t& udka&$bkef; uHqdk;w,fyJ
ajym&rvm;? ol@udk zrf;rdoGm;wJhtcsdef ol@'dkif,m&Dav;udk axmufvSrf;a&;u odrf;EdkifcJhw,f?
tJ'geJ@uGif;pyfvkduf+yD; rHk&Gmu ol@&Jabmfwa,muf tzrf;cH&w,f? olawmifhcHxm;ayr,fh
'dki,
f m&Dpmtkyfa=umifhjzpfayr,fh oltawmfav;udk pdwfraumif;bl;? oljyefvGwv f mcsi;f yJ tJ'D
&Jabmfudk rHk&Gmxdawmif oGm;awG@w,f? 19 ESpfeD;yg;u tjzpftysufawG?
usaemf tawG;awGudk jzwfvdkufw,f? ol@udk pum;jyefajymw,f?
“udka&$bkef; bmpm;+yD;+yDvJ? bmpm;csifvJ”vdk@ usaemfu ar;w,f?
“tpm;uawmh rpm;csifawmhygbl;? vufzuf&nfcsKdcsKdwcGuf aomufcsifw,f”vdk@ajym

awmh usaemf tdrfaemufaz; rD;zdk;bufxGuf+yD; udka&$bkef;twGuf vufzuf&nfwcGuf oGm;
azsmaf y;w,f? jyefxu G v
f mawmh udka&$bkef;u vuf&rf;ygwJh ESpfa,mufxdkifcHkrSm xdkifaew,f?
t&iftwdkif; ol wckckudk pOf;pm;aew,f? uAsmawGyJ pdwful;xJrSm zGJ@aevm;rodbl;? rdk;puf
rdk;r_efawG=um;rSm udka&$bkef;pdwfawG tHk@jymaervm;?
ÐÐÐ
'Dae hyGJ[m
±_H;±H_; EkdifEdkif
,SOfòydifjcif;om t"du qkdwhJ yGJr[kwfbl;
olao udk,fao tòydifE$J
0d^mOfcsif; ±dkufcGJwJh yGJ jzpfw,f?
“a[h æ óud;pif”
ig &ifaumh+yD; vmcJhr,f?
(O'gef;)
aemufqHk;rSm æ
a'gif;tvHudk æ ajymif;qefatmif v$ifhxl&if;
trSefw&m;wckxH
igwdk@ opPmt"dÏmefðy
tdk æ ol&Jaumif;wdkŒ
tkd æ usqHk;cJhavaom
'Drdkua&pD wkdufyJG0if
oli,fcsif;a[mif; æ
ol&Jaumif;wdk@
xm0pOf rysufjy,fEkdifavmufatmif
jrifhjrwfpGm usqHk;cJhaom æ
oifwdk@.0d^mOfwefcdk;awmfrsm;onf
igwdk@. a&SŒaemuf0J,m æ
xufatmuf0ef;usifY
ysŒH ESH@wnf&Sd=uukefawmh.?
(ausmif;zGifhcsdef)
udka&$bkef; axmifxJa&mufoGm;ayr,fh ol@uAsmawGuawmh ausmif;om;vli,ft=um;

ysHŒae+yD? O'gef; eJ@ ausmif;zGifhcsdef? tJ'DuAsmawGxGufvmvdk@ udka&$bkef; taz ‘bb’udk ac:ppf
cH&w,f? bb uawmh axmufvSrf;a&;ar;or#udk rajzwJhtjyif pum;wvHk;rS rajymbl;?
axmufvSrf;a&;u bbyg;pyfudk olwdk@vufawGeJ@ twif;[cdkif;w,f? vHk;0 r[bl;? aemuf
qHk;awmh axmufvSrf;a&; t¶_H;ay;&awmhwmygyJ? bbudk tdrf jyefydk@ay;&awmhwmaygh?
udka&$bek f;uAsmawGu ausmif;om;vli,fawGtay: b,favmufxad wmif =oZmv$rf;rdk;ovJ
qdk&if aemufydkif;rSm udkrif;cdkufpdk;pH uawmif ajymzl;w,f? ol udka&$bkef;uAsmawGzwf+yD; ol
uAsma&;cJh&wmyg wJh? udka&$bkef;uAsmawG ol@tay: v$rf;rdk;ygw,f wJh?
ol@eJ@ydk+yD;eD;pyfwmu olvGwf+yD; r=umbl;? usaemfwdk@wawG &efukefòrd@jyifudk c&D;wdk

wacgufoGm;w,f? oGm;wmuawmh ausmufwef;òrdŒrSm&SdwJh a&v,fbk&m;? 'Daemuf oefvsif
usKdufacguf yg? ygwJhvlu udka&$bkef;eJ@ usaemfhtjyif rEœav;axmifrSm usoGm;wJh udkouf0if;
atmif/ udkeef;EG,feJ@ &Srf;jynfu {nfhonfESpfa,mufygw,f? wae@wm c&D;qdkawmh pum;awG
trsm;}uD; ajymjzpfw,f? axmifxJtawG@tñuHuawmh vwfvwf}uD;vGwfvmwJhol@twGuf
ajymp&mtopfawGyJaygh? olu 3 axmif ajymif;cJzh ;l w,fvk@d xifw,f? axmifuxGuf+yD;r=um
bl;/ uAsmwyk'fp+yD; r*~Zif;rSm pygw,f? ‘nDav;rGef’emrnfeJ@? 'Daemufydki;f ‘nDav;rGef’uae
‘wm&mrif;a0’ jzpfoGm;w,f? udka&$bkef;udk wm&mrif;a0 emrnfe@J jrefrmpmaye,frSm 0wˆKwdk
e,fy,frSm atmifjrifw,f? ‘armifa,m’qdk+yD; a0zefa&;awG p a&;w,f?
“udka&$bkef;udk usaemf ar;csifw,f? t&ifuvnf; usaemf ar;zl;w,f? udka&$bkef; bmvdk@

armifa,m eJ@ uAsmq&m =unfatmifwdk@udk a0zefwmvJ? olwdk@bmom olwdk@aeaewm
taumif;om; r[kwfvm;? tJ'Dvdk a0zefvdk@vJ armifndKrd_if;wdk@uvnf; ‘a&$bkef;vl’taeeJ@
qufqHa&; rysucf sifayr,fhvnf; ‘armifa,m’udak wmh tawmfemwmvnf; cifAsm;odom;eJ@”
vdk@ ajymw,f?
csufcsif;tajzray;bJ vufzuf&nfcsKdcsKdudk ol tukefaomufvdkufw,f? vufzuf&nf

yk*HvHk;udk toHrjrnfatmifcsvdkuf+yD;rSm usaemf ar;wmudk ajzw,f?
“topfxGifzdk@twGuf 'DvlawGu ydwfaewmuG” 'gyJajym+yD; udka&$zkef;qufrajymawmh

bl;?
aemufyikd ;f awmh armifa,memrnfe@J usaemf rawG@&awmhyg? usaemf c&D;oGm;ae&vd@k rawG@

jzpf/ rzwfjzpfwmvnf; jzpfEdkifw,f?
“aemufydkif; udka&$bkef; t,ltqawG ajymif;vmw,faemf” usaemf ar;awmh æ
“aumifav;&m æ rif; igh0wˆKawG tukefvkH;eD;yg; zwfbl;vdk@vm;uGm? igu ajymif;wmrS

r[kwb f l;? ighpw
d x
f &J w
Sd mudk a&;wm? o±kyrf Sew
f k@d armf'efwk@d rcGJb;l ? od;k aqmif; pum;vdak ygu
h mG ?
av;onfawmfwa,muf ausm=f um;wmu oljrm;a=umifh r[kw?f ol&ŒJ csed o f m;udu
k rf _a=umifyh J
vdk@ ajymw,fav? igu ightEkynm csdefom;udkufatmif v$wfEdkifzdk@yJ r[kwfvm;”
udka&$bkef; wm&mrif;a0eJ@ atmifjrifaewJhtcsderf SmyJ udrk if;ZifeJ@ usaemfwdk@ tajccHynm

ausmif;om;rsm;or*~u &JabmfawG ArmEdkiif v H Hk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyfuae+yD;
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bkef;tdrfudk usaemfwdk@ r=umr=um a&mufw,f? txl;ojzifh udkrif;ZifeJ@ usaemf? udkrif;Zif
rygvnf; usaemfu ydka&mufjzpfw,f?
ÐÐÐ
Auo &JŒ 94-96 v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk txl;ojzifh usaemfeJ@ ydk+yD;pum;ajymjzpfw,f? udka&$

bkef;udkvnf; today;wJhoabmayg?h udka&$bkef;eJ@ pum;awGtrsm;}uD; ajymjzpfw,f? Edik if Ha&;/
ausmif;om;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDynma&;/ ppftm%m&SifcsKyf+idrf;a&;?
“wu,fawmhumG aumifav;&? yg0g (Power) udk upm;wJhtcgrSm tcif;tusi;f (Space)

eJ@ acgif;aqmifae&m,lr_ (Position) vdkw,fuG? wcgwav yGef; uae+yD; bk&if udk csufvdk@
&w,fav”
udka&$bkef;&JŒ q,fpkESpfausmfwkef;u EkdifiHa&;oabmw&m;u tckxd&Sdaewkef;vdk@ usaemf

ar;w,f?
ol rajzbl;? ta0;u rdk;pufawG=um;u vdGKifqlxpfawmifudk ai;aew,f? t&ifwkef;

uwnf;u axmfavmfuef@vef@jzpfwJhol@twGufu tckcsdefxd axmfavmfuef@vef@jzpfaewkef;
rSmygyJ? udka&$bkef;u e*dkuwnf;u bDvl;qdkwm wu,f&Sdr&Sd oHo, &SdaeolyJav? tEkynm
u udka&$bkef;&ifbwfxJrSm udef;0yfoGm;cJhav+yD?
“udka&$bkef; cifAsm; ‘tmvl;pm;olrsm;&JŒwnaecif;’ udak &;wm bm&nf&G,f+yD; a&;cJw

h m
vJAs”
usaemfu udka&$bkef;&JŒ tatmifjrifqk;H 0wˆKwckudk ar;rdw,f? tJ'D0wˆKwdkav;u jrefrm

pmaye,frSm atmifjrifcJhwJhwckayghav? vGefcJhwJh 15 ESpfavmufwkef;u?
“ukd,fa&;cJhwkef;u t"duuawmh acwfudkvnf; xif[wfcsifw,f? vlawG ppfab;

ppf'%fñuHae&wmudk;? igu tJ'gudk t"du rD;armif;xdk;jycsifw,f”
wu,fawmh udka&$bkef;[m awmifwiG f;&Si+f idr;f r,f&JŒ&mjynft

h dkiaf wGukd óudufw,f? q&m
aZmfaZmfatmif&JŒ ,kZe rcifysKdudkvnf; óudufw,f?
usaemfwdk@&JŒb0awGxJ npfax;=urf;wrf;atmif aq;a&mifqd;k rnfh wdrfwdkufawGa&muf

vmwJh 1996 ckESpfrwdkifcifxd udka&$bkef;eJ@ ydkawG@jzpfw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u udka&$bkef;&JŒ
vrif;av;u rE Wav;vrf;rSm omae+yDav?
cspfolvGrf;&if
ar#mfwdkif;jrifvGef;vdk@
vufnd‡K;!$ef&m
oljzpfygapom;
t&Sifbk&m; æ
“udka&$bkef; cifAsm;rSwfrdvm;? cifAsm;ajymw,f tdrfaxmifa&;eJ@ywfowfwJh oabm
w&m;av? ESpfuawmh =umcJh+yDaemf” usaemfpum;pawmh udka&$bkef;u b,fbuf E_wfcrf;udk
yg;yg;av;wGef@+yD; ðyH;w,f?
“[m æ rSwfrdwmaygh aumifav;&? rif;udk udk,fajymzl;om;yJ? udk,fhrSm tdrfaxmifa&;eJ@

ywfowfwJht,ltqu ESpfckyJ&Sdw,f? udk,fvufxyfjzpfcJh&if bmrSrodwJh omreftrsKd;orD;
jzpf&ifjzpf/ rjzpf&if wae&m&mrSm odyfawmfwJh trsKd;orD;rsKd; jzpf&r,f? tpGef;ESpfbufayghuGm?
bmrSrodwJhvleJ@ odyfodwJhvlaygh? [dkvdkvdk 'Dvdkvdkawmh enf;enf; odwJhvludkawmh vufrxyf
csifbl;”
udak &$bke;f u ol@0wˆKxu

J ZmwfaumifajymovdkrsK;d od;k aqmif;pum;eJ@ ajymw,f? “Little
knowledge is dangerous” wJh?
[dk;ta0;u udka&$bkef;&JŒ yGJawmfnu vif;jymvSyaeqJ? wzuf rdk;aumif;uifodk@

ar#mf=unfhvdkufaomtcg rE Wav;vrf;[m va&mifatmufrS wdrfcdk;awG arsmvGifhaewmudk
awG@r,f? tckawmh tJ'DyGJawmf&J h acgifrdk;rSm ESif;aiG@ESifh rD;ckd;aiGŒawG vl;vdrfhaew,ff?
udka&$bkef;u “ig jyefawmhr,f”ajymw,f? olajymwJhtcsdefu oef;acgifausmf+yDaygh?

usaemfu “aeygtHk; æ” vdk@ wm;ao;w,f?
“rif;u tvkyf&Sdw,f? reufjzef tvkyfudkoGm;&tHk;r,f? rjzpfygbl;” wJh?
usaemfu “[m æ jzpfygw,f? udka&$bkef;&,f at;at;aq;aq; w&uf aeoGm;ygtHk;?

usaemfrSm udka&$bkef;udk ajymp&mawG&Sdao;w,f? aeygtHk;Asm” ajymw,f?
r&bl;? udka&$bkef; jyefzdk@jyifw,f? ol@aemufqHk;tusef uGrf;,mudk yvpfpwpftdwfxJ

u xkwf+yD; 0g;w,f?
udka&$bek ;f rE Wav;vrf;bufudk jyefa&mufjzpfao;vm;vdk har;awmh jyefrajzbl;? ta0;udk

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oGm;cJh+yD?
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ðypm;+yD; xm;cJhwmvm;Asm? rE Wav;vrf;u udka&$bkef;&JŒ&ifbwfwae&mwnf;rSm &SdaerSmyg?
'grSr[kwv f nf; t"dywdvrf;u udak &$bkef; &ifbwfxJrmS vm;? ewfq;dk wd@k vnf; aysmfaeavmuf
+yDxifyg&JŒ? tarSmifwacwfrSm yGifhv#ufajymifajrmuf udka&$bkef; u acwfwacwfudk axmifcJh
+yDav?
aoG;pawG pdkvl;
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ydwfrxm;&ao;wJh
a'gif;±kyfav;awG om;i,fqGJawmh
arar rsuf&nf0Ja&mhr,f?
&Spfq,f&h SpfcEk Spf&JŒ

vufeuf eJ@ vG,ftdwf wdkufyGJrsm;
r_ef0g;jyma0
urBmra=ubl;
bDvl; wacwf/ a'gif; wacwf?
wae@ae@av
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aoG;pawG pdkvl;
óud;pif&dyf0,f
usaemfwdkŒ wdkufyGJ0ifaeygw,f? ?
(a&$bkef;vl . æ ar#mf)


wm&mrif;a0eJ@ olŒarG;pm;taz ta=umif;

armifpr
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u tvGeo f em;*±k%moufryd gw,f? ol@'u k Qolarh+yD; uav;awG&J@'kuu Q dk twwfEdkiq
f kH; ulnD
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taocH&rvm; qdkwmrsKd;txd cspfcif=uygw,f? olwdk@tcsif;csif; oHa,mZOfu axmiftjyif
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cJh&ykHta=umif;/ ol@oli,fcsif;rsm;ta=umif; ponfwdk@udk txyfxyftcgcg jyefvnf ajymjy
avh&Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifh uav;awGu armifomEdk;/ armifpGrf;&nf/ =unfatmif pwJh wifrdk;&JŒ
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OD;av;awGvdk qufqHygw,f? ol axmifuvGwfvmawmh &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;/ awmifil
aqmifa&SŒ/ awmifydEMJyifatmufu pmaypum;0dkif;udk a&mufvmwwfygw,f? wifr;dk u ol@udk
Aspfawmuf Aspaf wmufe@J qq J k&d if; ol@udk aygif;ay:qGx
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rdwfqufay;ygw,f?
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&ygr,f? usaemfhqDudk pmta=umif;/ ayta=umif; vmajymr,f? ol&JŒ i,faygif;oli,fcsif;vdk
usaemfhta=umif;awG jyefjyefajymr,f? wcsKd@uav;awGqdk&if usaemfh&nf;pm;pmwdk@/ usaemf
arhae+yDjzpfwJh usaemfhi,fvuf&m uAsmwdk@udkawmif &Gwfjywwfygw,f? wcsKdŒudk tzGJ@vdkuf
pmoifay;&ygw,f? udk,frEdkifwJh bmom&yfudk olrsm;qDudk vdkuftyfay;&ygw,f? twef;
ratmifao;&if ratmifrjcif; oifay;zdk@ rSmygw,f?
wm&mrif;a0u usaemhfemrnfudkrlwnf+yD; rE Wav;pmayorm;awGukd uvdwhJ aqmif;yg;

wapmifa&;vdkufw,fvdk@ =um;&ygw,f? wifrdk;u wm&mrif;a0 vmawmh“acG;aumifav; æ
rif;bmodvdk@v/J vl}uD;awGudk ruvdeJ@ æ”vdk@qdk+y;D AdkufqGJvdrfygw,f? wm&mrif;a0u wcGD;cGD;
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tJ'Dae@rSm usaemf wuUodkvfpum;0dkif;xJuapm+yD; tjyifxGufvmawmh jynfvrf;rjzwf

tul;rSm ordkif;q&m udkat;csrf;(&cdkif) eJ@ awG@ygw,f? (udkat;csrf;u cktcg *syefrSm ordkif;
ygarmuQ a'gufwmat;csr;f jzpfaeygw,f)? udkat;csrf;eJ@E_wfquf&if; “cifAsm; wynfh a&muf
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ajymjyvdkufygw,f? axmifxJrSm q&mat;csrf;eJ@ wm&mrif;a0 wdk@ awG@qkH&if;ESD;cJh=uw,f vdk@
usaemf odxm;&vdk@ ajymjyvdkufwmyg?
“usaemfhudk uvdwJh aqmif;yg;a&;vdk@ wJh/ q&m*srf;(wifrdk;)u qkH;raew,f”vdk@vnf;

usaemfu ajymjyvdkufygw,f? q&mat;csrf;u “atmifr,f/ 'Dtaumif aeESifhtkH;/ qkH;r&
tkH;r,f ²²” qdk+yD; olwdk@ axmifaqGrsKd;awG qkHzdk@ 0rf;yef;womeJ@ ajy;ygw,f?
r=umcif wm&mrif;a0 pmawG trsm;}uD;a&;vmwmawG@&awmh usaemfwdk@ rDatmif&Sm

rzwfEdkifawmhygbl;? wae@awmh usaemf &,f/ wifrdk; &,f/ yef;csD,Ofrif;ydkuf &,f/ ±kyf&Sif

rif;om;}uD; OD;xGef;a0tdrfudk oGm;vnf=uw,f? c&pf,mefomoemydkifcsKyf tif'±l; jr[ef
(uAsmq&m armifaygufpnf/ ref;wuUodkvf)u um;eJ@vdkufydk@wmyg? tJ'DurS ODxGef;a0udkyg
ac:+yD; yef;csD udn
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ajrmufOuUvmvrf;qkHu pm;aomufqdkifav; 0if&atmif/ opfyiftkyfuav;eJ@ om,mw,f
qd+k yD;0if=uawmh wm&mrif;a0eJ@ rdef;uav;wa,muf at;at;aq;aq; pm;aomufzk@d xdik fae
wm awG@vdkufygw,f? tJ'g oleJ@&cgp ZeD;yg? wifrdk;u tvsifpvdk ajy;oGm;+yD; wm&mrif;a0udk
ayG@zufE_wfqufygw,f? olwdk@ ZeD;armifESHeJ@ usaemfwdk@wzGJ@vkH;eJ@ rdwfqufay;ygw,f?
wm&rif;a0&JŒZeD;u c&pf,mefruav; vdk@qdkawmh c&pf,mefomoemydkifcsKyf}uD;jzpfol

tif'±l;jr[efu qkrGefaumif;awGawmif;+yD; qkH;rygw,f?
“igwdk@ wynfhruav;udk aumif;aumif; aygif;oif;yg? ighwynfhruav; pdwftaESmuf

t,Sufjzpfatmif rvkyfygeJ@/ vkyf&if igeJ@awG@r,f æ” ponfjzifh &,farmaemufajymif qkH;r+yD;
q&mawmfuyJ 'umcHvdkufygw,f?
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ZeD;armifESHykH usaemfhtdrfu "mwfykHt,fvfbef pmtkyfxJrSm &Sd&pfygw,f?
wm&mrif;a0&JŒzcif[m zufqpfawmfvSefa&;orm;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;wOD;vdk@

od&wJhtcg wm&mrif;a0udk pdwfxu J ydk&if;ESD;oGm;rdygw,f? Edkiif aH &;orm;a[mif;}u;D awGq&kd if
udk,fhOD;}uD; OD;av;vdkyJ cifavh&Sdygw,f? udkatmif'ifeJ@vnf; nDtudkqdkwm odvm&awmh
'Drdkua&pDrdom;pktjzpf ydkrdkoHa,mZOf wG,f&ygw,f?
e,l;a,mufrSm ‘qkHqnf;&m’ pmtkyfqdkifqdkwm &Sdygw,f? e,l;a,mufudk a&muf&SdwJh

pmayorm;wdkif; tJ'Dpmtkyfqdkifudk 0if=uygw,f? wifrdk;eJ@ usaemf a&muf&ifvnf; tJ'DrSm
wcsdefvkH; pmxdkifzwf=uygw,f? wifrdk;u pmtkyfqdkifjywif;aygufem;rSm aq;vdyfaomuf&if;
pmzwfavh&Sdygw,f? wm&mrif;a0 topfawG@&if usaemfu ol@qDoGm;ay;ygw,f?
“a&mh cifAsm;om;&JŒpm” vdk@vnf; ajymavh&Sdygw,f? wcgwav av;/ ig; tkyf ykHay;

vdkufygw,f? wifrdk;u “'Daumifa&;wmawmh topftqef;awGcsnf;yJ? bmawGrSef;vnf;
rodbl;” vdk@ qdkavh&Sdygw,f? “awmfawmfa&;EdkifwJh aumif” vdk@vnf; tjrJ rSwfcsufcsygw,f?
rsm;vGef;vdk@ usaemfvnf; pkHatmif rzwfEdkfiyf g? ckawmh wm&mrif;a0vnf; uG,fvGef&Sm+yD?

ol@arG;pm;tazvnf; uG,fveG cf &hJ mS yg+y?D axmifu tv#Kdv#KdxGuvf m=uwJh vli,fawG[m wcsKŒd
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axmifxGufpma&;q&mav;awG&JŒpmawGudk vdkufzwfvdk@ rqkH;Edkiyf g? jynfwiG f;rSm a&;cGifh r&Sdyg?
pmtkyfxkwfcGifhvnf; r&Sdyg? jynfyrSm a&;=u/ xkwf=uvdk@ zwf&ygw,f?
wm&mrif;a0eJ@ wifrdk;wdk@&JŒ pmaytkyfpk[m axmifxJrSm b,fvdkaecJh=uygovJ? b,fvdk

pmayqnf;yl;=uygovJ? okawoe ðy=u&ygvrd hrf ,f? wm&mrif;a0&JŒpmawGudkvnf; jyefvnf
pkpnf; zwf±_+yD; ol@pmayt,ltq/ ol@ta&;tom;udk avhvm+yD; pmwrf;a&;=u&ygvdrfhr,f?
ol@pmtrsK;d tpm;[m acwfwacwfjzpfcw hJ ,fvk@d xifygw,f? ol@pmtrsKd;tpm;rSm ol[m v$r;f rd;k
cJhw,fvdk@vnf; em;vnfxm;ygw,f? wae@awmh wuUodkvfu pmwrf;zwfygvdrfhr,f?
usaemf pdwf0ifpm;wmuawmh wm&mrif;a0 tygt0if axmifwGif; pmayvli,frsm;[m

olwdk@pmayb0udk b,fvdkðypkysK;d axmifcJh=uygovJ? wifrdk;wdk@vdk/ OD;0if;wifwdk@vkd vl}uD;awGu
b,fvdktcef;u ygcJh=uygovJ?
tJ'D 2 csufudk pdwf0ifpm;ygw,f? ?
(Zlvdkif 17/ 2009)

88 xJu wa,muf
armif7pf
1988 ta&;awmfykHrSm tvGefi,f&G,f/ Eke,fwJh ausmif;om;vli,fawG[m ppfvufeuf

tjynfhtpkH/ &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfr_ urf;ukefwJh ppftm%m&SifawGudkzDqefvdk@ awmfvSefcJh=uyg
w,f? tJonf vufeufrJhawmfvSefa&;rSm rdbjynfolawG[m v_dif;vkH;rsm;ozG,f w0kef;0kef;eJ@
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ajcvSr;f awG rqk;H ao;yg? tJonf ajcvSrf;awGaemuf qufavsmufvm=uwJh &J&ifw
h Jh rsK;d qufopf
vli,fawG&JŒ vufqifhurf;c&D;=urf;uvnf; a&SŒodk@ tjrifhrm;qkH; csDwufaeqJygyJ?
[kd; vGefcwhJ hJ tESpf 20 wkef;u usaemfw@dk wOD;udk wOD;vnf; rod=ubl;? wOD;udk wOD;vnf;
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wOD;toufut kd yf+y;D csw
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csDwufvm=uwJh ausmif;om;vli,fawGudk nDtudkarmifESrt&if;awGvkd yuwdtwdik f; cifrif
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&if;rSm aotwl &SifruGJ tumtuG,fay;&r,fh aoG;aomufolykefawGvdkrsKd;? vrf;ay:rSm/
+yD;awmh aoewfajymif;awGa&SŒ csw D uf=uwJhtcg vufcsi;f jrJjrJcsw
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usaemfw@dk wawG tJonfvkd &Jabmf &Jbuf pdwfawGeJ@ usaemfw@dk touf&iS cf h=J uw,f? touf±LS
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ykH}uD;uae usaemfwdk@&JŒ vdyfjymxJudk csif;eif;a&muf&SdcJhvdk@ tJonfpdwf"mwftarGe@J usaemfwdk@
wawG cspfcifvdk@ &J&ifhvdk@ opPmawG&Sdvkd@vmcJhygw,f?
1988 aemufydki;f rSm usaemfwk@d wawG t&yf 10 rsuEf mS b,fae&m/ b,furBmodk@ vGifhpif
usa&mufcyJh gap/ tJonf oHa,mZOfawG[m jrJjrcH ikd jf rpJ mG usaemfw@dk udk csnaf ESmifcw
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cJh=u&wJh &JabmfawGvdk@ odvku
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xJu vlwa,muf a&;vdkufwJh tEkynmawGqdkwm tm;vkH;udk &yfwef@ ai;armrdapatmif
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vm pGJjrJvmwmrsK;d yg? 1988 eJ@ wjznf;jznf;a0;vmwJhtcg usaemfwdk@wawG usaemfwdk@a&muf
aewJah e&mav;awGrmS txD;useo f vdjk zpfc=hJ u&wJh umvawGvnf; trsm;}u;D yg? tusO;f axmif
xJu &JabmfawG/ e,fpyfa'ou &JabmfawG/ usqkH;oGm;wJh &JabmfawG +yD;awmh usaemfwdk@vdk
vGifhpifaysmufqkH;oGm;wJh &JabmfawG[m wpdrf;awG=um;rSm cGeftm;awGwif;+yD; &SifoefcJh=uwJh
&ufawGvnf; trsm;}uD;yg?
'gayr,fh 2004 ckESpfumvrsm;rSm tusOf;axmifxJu usaemfwdk@&JŒ ausmif;om;vli,f

awG ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tusOf;usae&mu vGwfajrmufvm=uwJhtcsdefup+yD; usaemfwdk@a&SŒu
&Jabmf}uD;awG (rif;udkEdkif/ udkudk}uD;/ *sifrD/ vSrsKd;aemif/ udkaX;ºuG,f tp&SdwJh æ) tusOf;axmif
toD;oD;u xGufav#mufvm=uwJh tcsdefup+yD; tJonf ‘vdyfjym’[m usaemfwdk@tm;vkH;
&ifxJrSm ydkrdkjyif;xefpGm Edk;xvdk@vmcJh=uw,f xifygw,f?
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awGudk &Jabmf &JbufawGtjzpf topfwzef aoG;opfavmif;vdkufovdkygyJ? jrefrmjynf
wESH@wvsm;rSm/ jrefrmjynfjyify upifhuvsm;rSma&muf&Sdae=uwJh 1988 ta&;awmfykHu
ausmif;om;vli,fawG[m a&mufwaJh e&mu csufcsif;udk rwfrwfx&yfvk@d usaemfwk@d &JabmfawG
tcsif;csif; jyefvnfvdk@ &SmazGawG@&SdcJhaygh?
usaemfwdk@ tJonftcsdefrSm jyefpOf;pm;rdvdkufwmu igwdk@wawG ae&ma'otoD;oD;rSm

b,favmufyJ a0;uGmaeae/ uGJuGmaeae igwdk@wawG[m wavSwnf;pD; wc&D;wnf; oGm;ae
=uwJh &JabmfrdwfaqGawGygvm; qdkwmygyJ? 88 rsKd;qufawGxJrSm axmifxGufawG/ olykefawG/
0&rf;ajy;awGtjyif uAsmq&m/ pma&;q&m/ ±kyf&Sif'g±kdufwm/ aps;onf/ 0efxrf;/ vkyfief;&SifeJ@
b0rsKd;pkH tzkHzkHeJ@ b,fvdkyJ ±kyfzsufvdk@ zkH;uG,fxm;ygap? igwdk@wawG[m 88 awGygvm; qdkwJh
todvdyfjym[m ydkvdk@ cdkifrmoGm;ygawmhw,f?
2007 =o*kwfv 5 &ufrSm a&$bkef;vl (wm&mrif;a0) uG,fvGefw,f?
88 rsKd;quf ausmif;om;vli,frsm; wpkwa0;wnf; &yfwnf=u+yD; olwdk@&JŒ &Jabmf&JŒ

aemufqkH;c&D;udk ydk@aqmifE_wfquf=uw,f? &yfeD; &yfa0;u 88 cGyfa'gif;awG[m olwdk@odwJh
a&$bke;f vl/ olwk@d cifwhJ wm&mrif;a0udk olw@dk &ŒJ &Jabmf 88 xJu wa,muftjzpfeJ@ 0rf;enf;jcif;
txdrf;trSwfðy=uw,f? tJonfrSm usaemf jyefvnfcHpm;vdk@&wmu 88 ta&;awmfykH}uD;rSm
tcsif;csif; vufwGJnD!Gwf &J0HhpGe@f pm; pdwful;,OfcJh=uzl;wJh &Jabmf&Jbuf qdkwhJ pdwful;vdyfjym
jzpfygw,f? +yD;awmh 88 u a&$bkef;vl wjzpfvJ uAsmq&m wm&mrif;a0 trnfeJ@ vufqifh
urf;vdkufwJh ol@tEkynmtvif;a&mifatmufrSm ol&JŒ cspfcifol vli,fy&dowfawGudkvnf;
usaemfwdk@&JŒ &ifckefoHcsif;wlwJh nDtudk armifESrawGvdkrsKd; &SmazGawG@&Sdvdkufygw,f?
olu aemufqkH; uAsmwyk'frSm a&;cJhw,f? ol&JŒ txky`wWdudk zGifh=unfhw,f wJh? a&xJudk

cJusovdk/ a&xJu ig; ckefwufvmovdkrsKd; wJh? ‘yvkH’ wJh? usaemfhtaeeJ@ ol@udk tJovdkrsKd;
rjrifyg? 88 xJu wa,muf æ +yD;awmh a&$bkef;vl twGuf æ usaemfwdk@awGrSm vufqifhurf;
wJh*,ufawGeJ@ usef&pfcJhw,fvdk@ ,kHygw,f? bma=umifhqdkawmh 88 xJu wa,mufrdk@vdk@yg?
usaemfuawmh 88 xJu wa,mufudk ay;vdkufp&m uAsmwyk'fyJ &Sdygw,f?
2008 u a&;cJhwJh uAsmyg?
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tJ'gudk
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olwdk@ aoG;awG
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tJ'Du &SifoefvmwJh æ
88 ta&;awmfykH opfyif?
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(Zlvdkif 20/ 2009)

aus;Zl; rSwfwrf;
wm&mrif;a0 uG,fvGefjcif; 2 ESpfjynfh trSwfw&tjzpf 'Dpmtkyfuav;udk pDpOfxkwfa0

vdkufygw,f? 2007 =o*wfpf 5/ ol uG,fvGefcsdefuwnf;u pDpOfzdk@qü&SdcJhayr,fh ta=umif;
trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh wm0efrauscJhyg? ckawmh xkwfa0jzpfyg+yD?
wm&mrif;a0 udk cspfwJhvlawG&Sd=uovdk rkef;wJhvlawGvnf; &Sd=urSmyg? ol@udk owd&

ae=uwJhvlawG&Sdovdk arhaysmufxm;csifwJhvlawGvnf; &Sd=urSmyg? ol[m vltm;vkH;twGuf
wm0efausEidk cf Jholr[kww
f m aocsmygw,f? 'gayr,fh ol@a=umifh emusifcJh&olawGawmh odwf
rsm;rsm; &Sdr,frxifyg? ol[m ol@udk rkef;wJv
h lawGukad wmif emusifatmif wkH@jyef&ufolr[kwf
yg? ol@udk cspfwJhvlawGtwGuf 'Dpmtkyfuav;[m tvGrf;ajyp&m jzpfygvdrfhr,f? ol@a=umifh
emusifcHpm;cJholawGtwGufvnf; 'Dpmtkyu f av;[m rsuaf jzvuFmjzpfygap vdk@ qkawmif;yg
w,f?
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txl;wif&daS =umif; ajymyg&ap? wcsKdŒu ol@udk a&$bkef;vltaeeJŒ odu|r;f cJ=h u+yD; wcsKdŒuawmh
ol@udk wm&mrif;a0 tjzpf &if;ESD;cJh=u/ ol@uAsmrsm;/ 0ˆKrsm;udk ESpfoufcJh=uolawGyg? wcsKdŒ
uawmh ol@udk a&$bkef;vl taeeJ@a&m/ wm&mrif;a0 tjzpfeJ@yg b0ESpfckpvkH;eJ@ ywfoufcJh=u
olawGyg? olwdk@&JŒ yg0ifa&;om;r_a=umifhom 'Dpmtkyfuav; touf0ifvmwmyg? tcsed fwdkwdk
twGif;rSm wufokwf±dkuf pDpOf&wmrdk@ tcsKdŒ&if;ESD;olrsm;xH pmrl rawmif;EdkifcJhwJhtwGuf
awmif;yefyg&ap?
rsufESmzkH; 'DZdkif;a&;qGJay;wJh yef;csDq&m udkoef;aX;armifudkvnf; aus;Zl;wif&ygw,f?

pmtkyftwGif;rSm ol@yef;csDum;awG okH;zdk@cGifhðywJh xdefxdef (yef;csD xdefvif;) udkvnf; aus;Zl;
wifyg&ap? pmtkyfjzpfajrmufatmif zGJ@pnf;jyifqifay;wJh udkarmif&pf/ udkOD;/ roœm eJ@ rdk;rc
tzGJ@om;rsm;udv k nf; rarhravsmh rSwfwrf;wif&ygw,f? wm&mrif;a0&JŒ uAsmawG/ pmrlawGukd
pepfwus pkpnf;xm;wJh acvGef; udkvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&ygw,f? pmrlawGudk pmvkH;aygif;/
owfykHppfay;wJh rar+idrf; udkvnf; rSwfwrf;wif&rSmyg? aemufqkH;rSa&mufvmwJh pmrlwcsKdŒ
(q&m armifpGrf;&nf/ armif&pf/ yef;csD xdefvif; eJ@ 'D aus;Zl; rSwfwrf;) udk pmvkH;aygif;/ owfykH
ppfcsdefr&cJhyg? udkrkwfokef/ udkarmifEdk;/ udkbdkbdkxGef;wdk@. yef;csDum;rsm; ESifh acvGef;/ rdk;v_difn/
udkòz; wdk@&J@ uAsmrsm;twGufvnf; cGifhðycsuf rawmif;EdkifcJhyg?
wm&mrif;a0&JŒ aemufqkH;tcsdefawGrSm teD;uyfapmifha&SmufcJh+yD; psmye tpDtpOf vSy

atmif 0dki;f 0ef;cJh=uwJh oli,fcsif;rsm;tm;vk;H udkvnf; txl;yJ aus;Zl;wif vGrf;qGwfrdygw,f?
tawmfrsm;rsm;[m rw&m;ojzifh tusOf;cscHae=u&wmrd@k olw@kd tusOf;axmifrsm;u tjrefqH;k
jyefvGwf=uygap vdk@vnf; qkawmif;ygw,f?
uAsma&;zdk@vljzpfvmwmrdk@ wrvGefrSmvnf; ol uAsmawG qufa&;aerSmygyJ? wrvGef

rSmqufa&;aer,fh ol@&JŒuAsmawGudk usaemfwdk@ zwfcGifhr&Sdawmhyg? tESpf 40 aecJhwJhb0rSm
ol csefxm;&pfcwJh u
hJ AsmawGe@J yJ ol@ukd vGr;f qGwaf e&ygawmhr,f? a&$bkef;vl (ac: ) wm&mrif;a0
wrvGefrSm +idrf;csrf;ygap? ?
arWmjzifh æ
atmif'if
jo8wfpf 5?2009
rdk;rc pme,fZif;tzGJhu xkwfa0 jzefhcsdonf/

rdk;rcrD'D,m u xkwfa0cJhonfh pmtkyfeSifh rSwfwrf;rsm; pm7if;
1? rdk;rc a&'D,dk = wifrdk;eJŒ 12 v&moD cHpm;r+rsm;/ toHoGif;tifwmAsL; pkpnf;r+rsm;/ 2004

2? rdk;rc a&'D,dk = 2004 ckESpf tywfpOf tpDtpOfrsm; toHzdkifaygif;csKyf/ 2005
3? Zm*em = oD;av;oD;eJŒ aq;a&mifpkHt_idrfh = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2006
4? rdk;rc rD'D,m = vpOfowif;v$mrsm; 2006 aygif;csKyf = yD'Dtufzf pD'D/ 2007
5? Zm*em = 1990 o}uFef oHcsyfrsm; = pD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2007
6? 2007 oHCmhoydwf ta&;awmfykH "mwfykHrSwfwrf;rsm; = yD'Dtufzf pD'D/ 2007
7? 2007 oHCmhoydwf ta&;awmfykH trSwfw& aw;oDcsif;/ uAsm rSwfwrf;rsm; = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2007
8? uAsmq&m}uD; OD;wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; 1 v jynfh/ zvfrD;tdrfodkŒ tvGrf;pm pmpkrsm; = pmtkyf/ 2007
9? uAsmq&m}uD; OD;wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; 6 v jynfh/ pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ txdrf;trSwf = pmtkyf/ 2007
10? rdk;rc rD'D,m = a-u;rkH OD;aomif; (atmifAv) uG,fvGefjcif;/ trSwfw& pmpkrsm; = pmtkyf/ 2008
11? oD;av;oD;eJŒ aq;a&mifpkH t_idrfh/ uefawmf}uD; ar#mfpifu|ef;yGJ 2007 = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2008
12? rdk;rc rD'D,m = a':atmifqef;pk-unf 63 ESpfajrmufarG;aeŒyGJ a':rmrmat; *k%fðytpDtpOf = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2008
13? rdk;rc rD'D,m = [Hom0wD OD;0if;wif ESifh pme,fZif;aqmif;yg;rsm; = pmtkyf/ 2008
14? rdk;rc rD'D,m = rmrmat; azmif;a';&Sif;&efyHkaiG = oDcsif;pD'D = 2008
(trsKd;om;a&;oDcsif;opfrsm; ESifh EdkifiHawmfoDcsif; jyefvnfxkwfazmfr+)
,ck
15? rdk;rc rD'D,m = wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& pmpkrsm; = pmtkyf/ 2009
qufoG,f&ef = rdk;rc a&'D,dk eJŒ rD'D,m/ pmwkdufaowWmtrSwf 320=207

qefz&efppPudkòrdŒ/ u,fvDzdk;eD;,m;/ ,ltufpfat/ 94132=0207/
tifwmeufvdyfpm = rdk;rc a'ghuGef;

TaYar MinWai Memorial 2009 - Aung Din - MoeMaKa

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