Aleksandrovi et al.: Basic motor skills structure in 12-year-old water polo players.

Serb J Sports Sci 1(3): 79-88

79
Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences Original article
2007, 1(3): 79-88, www.sjss-sportsacademy.edu.yu Received: 03 July 2007
UDC 797.253.034.4 ISSN 1452-8827 Accepted: 30 Aug 2007

BASIC MOTOR SKILLS STRUCTURE IN 12-YEAR-OLD WATER POLO PLAYERS AND
NON - SPORTSMEN
Marko Aleksandrovi
1
, Georgi Georgiev
2
, Tomislav Oki=i
1
, Dejan Madi
1
and Nikola Malezanov
3
1
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Ni, Ni, Serbia
2
Faculty of Physical Education, University St. Cirilus and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
3
Department of Education, Salem International University, Salem, WV, USA

Abstract The purpose of this research is to determine latent structure in every basic motor skills
space of 12-year-old water polo players and non-sportsmen and to determine the differences
between the mentioned latent spaces. The sample consisted of total 190 boys, age 12 0.5
years divided into two subgroups: the group of water polo players (N = 91) and the group of non-
sportsmen (N = 99). Measuring twelve instruments performed determining the level of basic
motor skills. In order to determine the motor skills, space structure (for every sub-group of water
polo players and non-sportsmen separately) factor analysis (rotation of main components in
Oblimin solution) was applied. In order to determine the similarity of factor structure between the
group of water polo players and the group of non-sportsmen Tuckers congruency coefficient
was applied. In the sub-group of water polo players 4 factors have been isolated in motor skills
latent space, against only 3 factors in physically inactive 12-year-old boys. A difference has been
spotted in latent anthropological space between 12-year-old water polo players and their non-
sportsmen coevals, and reasons for this are, besides training, specific characteristics of water
polo movements and specificities of the water polo game itself.
.
Key words: basic motor skills, water polo players, non-sportsmen
INTRODUCTION
There are only few researches that deal with water polo players of pre-puberty age. This is the age
when the selection of children, future water polo players, is being performed and grounds for future
sport specialisation and highest achievements in this sport being made [3, 4, 12, 20, 33].
In this period there are optimal conditions for development of: maximum locomotion speed,
individual movements speed, acceleration ability, explosive strength, coordination skills and active
mobility. Also this period is favourable for development of strength endurance as well as aerobic
endurance [7, 11, 14, 24, 35].
The training process has a greater influence on less genetically determined motor skills [6].
Water polo training also affects players motor skills in the beginning of their swimming career [1, 8].
Basic motor skills are foundations of every motor skills learning and they represent
elementary value in humans total motor skills space. Researches up to this day have identified the
following basic motor skills: strength, speed, endurance, coordination, agility, balance and
preciseness [27]. Specific motor skills are gained and determined by specificity of sport branch
training process [2]. There is high correlation between basic and specific motor skills in lower
Aleksandrovi et al.: Basic motor skills structure in 12-year-old water polo players. Serb J Sports Sci 1(3): 79-88
80
category water polo players. In fact, research results of certain basic motor skills showed significant
correlation with specific motor skills variables in water polo [5, 25, 26].
Every long period sport activity affects the structure of anthropological dimensions latent
space [22, 34]. The latent anthropological space of top water polo players is significantly defined by
motor skills [21, 34] and reason for this is specificity of water polo game itself, successful endurance
of variable intensity exertion with frequent change in direction [9, 16, 17, 29, 36].
This study will determine and define more closely the success factors in water polo players of
that age based on the structure of basic motor skills. Therefore the purpose of this research is to
determine latent structure in every basic motor skills space of 12-year-old water polo players and
non-sportsmen and to determine the differences between the mentioned latent spaces.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
SUBJECTS
The research sample consisted of total 190 boys, age 12.1 0.5 years divided into two subgroups.
The first subgroup (N = 91) represented the group of water polo players (height 156.98 22.32cm,
body mass 51.02 19.82kg), that has at least two years of playing experience in water polo clubs of
Serbia. Second subgroup (N = 99), represented the group of non-sportsmen (height 151.53 39.6cm,
body mass 43.54 39.46kg), that consisted only of students that attended regular PE classes at
school as a form of organized physical activity and had never played sports.

PROCEDURE AND MEASUREMENTS
MOTOR SKILLS VARIABLE SAMPLES
Determining the level of basic motor skills was performed by measuring instruments recommended
by Kurelic et al. [27] and EUROFIT [19] batteries: agility in air (MAGIL), leg tapping (MLTAP), hand
tapping (MHTAP), deep forward bend on the bench (MDFB), deep forward bend with reaching while
seated (MDFS), diagonal standing on the balance beam (MBAL), 20 m flying start running (M20M),
triple-jump from a standing start (MTRJ), standing bilateral long jump (MSLJ), hanging on the high
bars (MHHB), torso elevating in 30 s (MTEL), push ups (MPUP).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
In order to determine the level in manifest space of water polo players and non-sportsmens basic
motor skills separately, descriptive statistics were used: average value (), minimal value (Min),
maximal value (Max), standard deviation of arithmetic mean (SD), standard error of arithmetic mean
(SE). In order to determine the normality of distribution of all variables in both sub-samples,
Kolmogorov-Smirnov non parametric test (K-S) was applied. Auxiliary parameters were Skewness
(Skew), and Kurtosis (Kurt).
In order to determine the space structure of every motor skills (for every sub-group of water
polo players and non-sportsmen separately) following methods were applied: Pearsons correlation
(R) communalities (h
2
); rotation of main components in Oblimin solution (parallel and orthogonal
projection), as well as correlations between isolated Oblimin factors.
In order to determine the similarity of factor structure between the group of water polo players
and the group of non-sportsmen Tuckers congruency coefficient (T) was applied. All analyses were
made by PC using statistic software program SPSS for Win, release 7.5.1 Standard Version
(Copyright SPSS Inc., 1989-1996).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results average values of water polo players motor skills (Mean) indicate good discrimination of
measurement (Table 1). Those values are shown through variability and distribution of results. As
for variability, it can be concluded that the results of standard deviations (SD) (in 8 out of 12 applied
motor variables) are contained at least 3 times in the results average value (Mean). This implies the
Aleksandrovi et al.: Basic motor skills structure in 12-year-old water polo players. Serb J Sports Sci 1(3): 79-88
81
variables that represent agility (MAGIL), segmental speed (MHTAP and MLTAP), flexibility (MDFB),
explosive strength (M20M, MTRJ and MSLJ), and repetitive torso strength (MTEL). Standard
deviations results of the mentioned tests are good and show good sensitivity.

Table 1. Basic statistical parameters of water polo players basic motor skills

Variable Mean SD SE Min Max Skew Kurt K-S
AGIL 4.77 1.22 .13 2.50 8.23 .86 .38 .19
MHTAP 44.30 5.73 .60 31.00 63.00 .44 .48 .05
MLTAP 30.90 4.21 .44 22.00 44.00 .72 .94 .25
DFB 40.51 7.73 .81 12.00 58.00 -.30 1.23 .77
DFS 22.63 8.75 .91 3.00 47.00 .17 -.19 .68
BAL 2.62 2.76 .29 .75 27.00 7.75 68.19 .00
20M 3.42 .36 .04 2.63 5.00 1.16 3.91 .90
RJ 4.67 .62 .06 3.80 6.45 -.59 4.31 .66
SLJ 1.56 .19 .02 1.15 2.10 .49 .16 .04
HHB 18.18 16.57 1.73 1.00 79.60 1.69 3.16 .01
TEL 22.74 3.85 .40 14.00 32.00 .12 -.61 .33
PUP 16.28 9.76 1.02 2.00 50.00 .84 .58 .30
Results of symmetry in 9 tests do not surpass 1.00, they are not too hard (Skew < 1.00), nor too
easy (Skew < 1.00), they are suitable for population of chosen water polo players. Symmetry values
of variables are higher in: balance (Skew = 7.75), static arms force (Skew = 1.69) and explosive leg
force (Skew = 1.16), they do not guarantee the normality of distribution. Increased skewness value
indicates diffusion of distribution toward higher values. Achieved results are rambled, which is
shown in the value of kurtosis (Kurt < 2.75). Analysed sample regarding motor skills is not
homogenous. Variable of balance (MBAL) does not comply with discrimination because the results
are very compact (Kurt = 68.19).

Table 2. Correlation matrix of water polo players basic motor skills variables

Var.
M
A
G
I
L
M
H
T
A
P
M
L
T
A
P
M
D
F
B
M
D
F
S
M
B
A
L
M
T
2
0
M
T
R
J
M
S
L
J
M
H
H
B
M
S
L
M
P
U
P
AGI L 1.000
MHTAP - .417 1.000
MLTAP - .199 .598 1.000
MD F B - .114 .120 .168 1.000
MD F S .078 - .184 - .033 .348 1.000
MB A L - .151 .057 .164 .058 - .131 1.000
M T 2 0 .239 - .347 - .359 .053 .228 - .037 1.000
M T R J - .394 .379 .326 - .034 - .311 .018 - .718 1.000
M S L J - .454 .438 .320 .193 - .065 .015 - .536 .710 1.000
MH HB - .321 .260 .084 - .059 - .114 - .054 - .425 .381 .353 1.000
M T E L - .414 .321 .213 .083 - .389 .125 - .438 .628 .537 .411 1.000
MP U P - .378 .198 .087 - .057 - .124 - .059 - .385 .403 .383 .522 .422 1.000
Aleksandrovi et al.: Basic motor skills structure in 12-year-old water polo players. Serb J Sports Sci 1(3): 79-88
82
Correlations among variables of water polo players motor space (Table 2) are relevant in cases
when correlation coefficients have higher values: from .21 at the level of 95% and from .27 at the
level of 99%. From the total of 66 correlations 36 of them (54.55%) is relevant at the level of 95%.
Two high correlations are located (above .700) between the variables of explosive strength (M20M /
MTRJ = - .718, MTRJ / MSLJ = .710). Variables of strength (M20M, MTRJ, MSLJ, MHHB, MTEL
and MPUP), segmental speed of movement (MHTAP, MLTAP), flexibility (MDFS, MDFB) have
mutually relevant correlations.
Variables which represent the mechanism of regulation of excitation intensity (M20M, MTRJ,
MSLJ) and mechanism of regulation of excitation duration (MHHB, MTEL, MPUP) inter-correlate
with average and high values. MDFS has relevant correlations with variables of force (M20M,
MTRJ, and MTEL). MAGIL has 7 relevant correlations (with all variables of force and MHTAP).
Variable of balance doesnt have any relevant correlations with other applied variables.
Performed factor analysis with rotation of main components of water polo players latent basic
motor space explains about 68% percent of total (Cum % = 67.932) (Table 3). Four characteristic
roots (factors) have been isolated.
First characteristic root in latent morphological space of selected 12-year-old water polo
players is 4.291 (/ = 4.291) and defines about 36% of common variance (Cum % = 35.758).
Second characteristic root is 1.563 (/ = 1.563) and independently defines about 13 % (Cum % =
13.029), and together with the first factor about 49% of common variance (Cum % = 48.787). Third
characteristic root is 1.283 (/ = 1.283) and independently defines about 11 % (Cum % = 10.690),
and together with the first and second factor about 59 % (Cum % = 59.477) of common variance.
The last, fourth, characteristic root is 1.015 (/ = 1.015) and independently defines about 8% of
common variance (Cum %= 8.455).

Table 3. Characteristic roots and explained parts of common variance of water polo players basic
motor skills in factor analysis with rotation of main components

$ % Var Cum %
1 4.291 35.758 35.758
2 1.563 13.029 48.787
3 1.283 10.690 59.477
4 1.015 8.455 67.932
Table 4. Isolated factors of water polo players basic motor skills in factor analysis with rotation of
main components along with orthogonal projection in Oblimin solution

Variables
1
factor
2
factor
3
factor
4
factor
h
2
MAGIL - .624 - .152 .336 - .406 .583
MHTAP .326 .014 - .802 .182 .649
MLTAP .102 .085 - .847 .185 .768
MDFB .039 .787 - .201 .213 .691
MDFS - .207 .800 .182 - .268 .748
MBAL - .028 - .033 - .115 .884 .793
M20M - .611 .307 .617 .089 .650
MTRJ .726 - .301 - .636 .032 .746
MSLJ .704 .075 - .621 .068 .678
MHHB .736 - .129 - .170 - .117 .570
MTEL .728 - .237 - .421 .310 .651
MPUP .772 - .108 - .129 - .074 .625
Aleksandrovi et al.: Basic motor skills structure in 12-year-old water polo players. Serb J Sports Sci 1(3): 79-88
83
Based on the obtained results the first isolated factor in latent motorical space of water polo players
(Table 4) can be defined as the factor of strength and agility (M1WP). Variables representing this
factor have bipolar relevant projections onto the first main component.
The first isolated factor is defined by all the variables that represent the mechanism of
regulation of excitation intensity (M20M, MTRJ, MSLJ) and mechanism of regulation of excitation
duration (MHHB, MTEL, MPUP) as well as the variable which define agility (MAGIL). The second
factor can be defined as the factor of flexibility (M2WP). Variables that represent these factors
(MDFS, MDFB) have unipolar relevant projections. The third isolated factor is the factor of
segmental speed (M3WP). Variables that represent these factors (MHTAP, MLTAP) have bipolar
relevant projections. Relevant projection of variable MBAL onto the fourth factor is also dominant.
Therefore, this factor can be defined as the factor of balance (M4WP).
There is a significant correlation between the isolated Oblimin factors of water polo players
motor skills space (Table 5). It is a low correlation (- .353) between the first (factor of strength and
agility - M1WP) and the third (factor of segmental speed - M3WP). This correlation is expected
because the variables of explosive strength which define the first factor have relevance onto the
third factor as well (M20M = .500, MTRS = - .452, MDALJ = - .428). The other correlations among
obtained oblimin factors are not relevant, which indicates their clear isolation.

Table 5. Correlations among isolated oblimin factors of water polo players basic motor skills

31WP 32 WP 33 WP 34 WP
1 WP 1.000
2 WP - .124 1.000
3 WP - .353 .017 1.000
4 WP .042 .040 - .176 1.000
Obtained average values results of non-sportsmen students situational motor skills (Mean) indicate
good measuring discrimination (Table 6). Those values are shown through variability and
distribution of results. As for variability, it can be concluded that the results of standard deviations
(SD) in all applied variables are contained at least 3 times in the results average value (Mean).

Table 6. Basic statistic parameters of non-sportsmens basic motor skills

Variables Mean SD SE Min Max Skew Kurt K-S
MAGIL 5.00 .93 .09 3.20 7.15 .81 .01 .04
MHTAP 41.83 6.22 .61 30.00 68.00 .96 2.58 .50
MLTAP 30.35 4.56 .45 19.00 40.00 -.11 -.11 .38
MDFB 38.33 7.18 .71 15.00 75.00 .92 6.68 .06
MDFS 12.32 5.26 .52 0.00 24.00 -.23 -.03 .42
MBAL 1.86 1.11 .11 1.00 6.50 1.74 3.38 .00
M20M 3.50 .27 .03 2.90 4.40 .41 .69 .81
MTRJ 4.42 .51 .05 3.15 5.88 -.18 -.08 .28
MSLJ 1.40 .20 .02 1.00 2.00 -.01 -.16 .51
MHHB 10.57 8.74 .86 1.00 43.30 1.16 1.37 .04
MTEL 20.39 6.73 .66 1.00 32.00 -1.22 1.22 .00
MPUP 10.91 8.05 .79 1.00 42.00 1.19 1.98 .07
Aleksandrovi et al.: Basic motor skills structure in 12-year-old water polo players. Serb J Sports Sci 1(3): 79-88
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Those are variables that represent: agility (MAGIL), segmental speed (MHTAP, MLTAP), flexibility
(MDFB), explosive force (M20M, MTRJ, and MSLJ), and repetitive torso strength (MTEL). Standard
deviations results of the mentioned tests are good and show good sensitivity. Results of symmetry
in 8 tests do not surpass 1.00, they are not too hard (Skew < 1.00), nor too easy (Skew < 1.00),
they are suitable for population of chosen non-sportsmen students.
Symmetry values of variables are higher in: balance (MBAL), static arms force (MHHB), and
repetitive force (MTEL, MPUP). They do not guarantee the normality of distribution (1.74, 1.16, -
1.22, and 1.19). Increased skewness value indicates diffusion of distribution toward higher values.
Results in 10 out of 12 variables are rambled, which is shown in the value of kurtosis (Kurt <
2.75). Analyzed sample regarding motor skills is not homogenous.
Only variables of balance (MBAL) and flexibility (MDFB) do not comply with discrimination
(3.38, 6.68), because the results are very compact.
Correlations between the variables of 12-year old non-sportsmen students motor skills space
are relevant in cases when correlation coefficients have higher values: .20 at the level of 95 % and
.25 at the level of 99 % (Table 7). Out of total 66 correlations 32 of them (48.48 %) is relevant at the
level of 95%. One high correlation has been located as well (above .700) between the variables of
explosive strength (MTRJ/MSLJ = .759).
Strength variables (M20M, MTRJ, MSLJ, MHHB, and MPUP) except for MTEL, segmental
speed of movement (MHTAP, MLTAP), flexibility (MDFS, MDFB), have mutually relevant
correlations.
Variables which represent the mechanism of regulation of excitation intensity (M20M, MTRJ,
MSLJ) and mechanism of regulation of excitation duration (MHHB, MTEL, MPUP) inter-correlate
with average and high values.
MDFS has relevant correlations with variables of force (MTRJ, MSLJ, MHHB) and balance
(MBAL). Variable has 7 relevant correlations (with all variables of force and MHTAP). Variable of
balance (MBAL) doesnt have any relevant correlations with other applied variables.

Table 7. Correlation matrix of non-sportsmens basic motor skills variables

Var.
M
A
G
I
L
M
H
T
A
P
M
L
T
A
P
M
D
F
B
M
D
F
S
M
B
A
L
M
2
0
M
M
T
R
J
M
S
L
J
M
H
H
B
M
T
E
L
M
P
U
P
3AGIL 1.000
MHTAP - .079 1.000
MLTAP - .165 .303 1.000
MDFB - .172 - .002 .112 1.000
MDFS - .319 - .008 .186 .616 1.000
MBAL - .176 .014 .264 .184 .237 1.000
M20M .378 - .133 - .126 - .133 - .178 - .135 1.000
MTRJ - .582 .119 .275 .209 .382 .226 - .586 1.000
MSLJ - .617 .227 .191 .310 .325 .158 - .650 .759 1.000
MHHB - .381 .112 .194 .175 .201 .112 - .537 .458 .529 1.000
MTEL - .142 .211 .168 .103 .190 .298 .102 .128 .133 .245 1.000
MPUP - .294 .104 .156 .064 .087 .095 - .616 .442 .536 .540 - .114 1.000
Performed factor analysis with rotation of main components of non-sportsmens latent basic motor
space explains about 60% percent of total (Cum % = 59.753) (Table 8). Three characteristic roots
(factors) have been isolated.
Aleksandrovi et al.: Basic motor skills structure in 12-year-old water polo players. Serb J Sports Sci 1(3): 79-88
85
The first characteristic root in latent morphological space of selected 12-year-old non-
sportsmen is 4.147 (/ = 4.147) and defines 34.562 % of common variance (Cum % = 34.562). The
second characteristic root is 1.686 (/ = 1.686) and independently defines 14.051 %, and together
with the first factor 48.613% of common variance (Cum % = 48.613). The third characteristic root is
1.337 (/ = 1.337) and independently defines 11.139 % of common variance (Cum % = 11.139).

Table 8. Characteristic roots and explained parts of common variance of non-sportsmens basic
motor skills in factor analysis with rotation of main components

$ % Var Cum %
1 4.147 34.562 34.562
2 1.686 14.051 48.613
3 1.337 11.139 59.753
Three factors of non-sportsmen basic motor skills space have been isolated in factor analysis with
rotation of main components in Oblimin solution (orthogonal projection). Also, isolated factors in
both variants were almost identical. Therefore interpretation and discussion of the mentioned
factors applies for both mentioned solutions versions. Based on the obtained results the first
isolated factor in non-sportsmens latent morphological space can also be defined as the factor of
strength and agility (M1NS). Variables representing this factor have bipolar relevant projections onto
the first main component. The first isolated factor is defined by all the variables of explosive leg
force (M20M, MTRJ, and MSLJ), repetitive force (MPUP), static force (MHHB) and agility (MAGIL).
The second factor is dominantly defined by relevant unipolar projections of variables of flexibility
(MDFS, MDFB), so this factor can be named the factor of flexibility (M2NS). The third factor is
defined by repetitive torso strength variables (MTEL), segmental speed of movement (MHTAP,
MLTAP) and balance (MBAL).
All projections of these variables onto defined isolation have positive fore sign. This factor
can be named the factor of segmental speed of movement, balance and repetitive torso strength
(M3NS).

Table 9. Isolated factors of non-sportsmens basic motor skills in factor analysis with rotation of
main components along with orthogonal projection in Oblimin solution

Variables 31NS 32NS 33NS h
2
AGIL - .640 - .344 - .243 .476
MHTAP .203 - .228 .627 .524
MLTAP .250 .097 .669 .462
MDFB .193 .815 .107 .670
MDFS .277 .853 .217 .750
MBAL .149 .399 .503 .353
M20M - .839 - .059 - .043 .726
MTRJ .799 .341 .291 .694
MSLJ .865 .304 .270 .781
MHHB .718 .128 .275 .532
MTEL .008 .267 .711 .554
MPUP .772 - .071 .022 .649
Aleksandrovi et al.: Basic motor skills structure in 12-year-old water polo players. Serb J Sports Sci 1(3): 79-88
86
All correlations among isolated Oblimin factors in non-sportsmens basic motor skills space are
irrelevant (Table10), which indicates good isolation of obtained oblimin factors and pure structure of
12 years old non-sportsmens basic motor skills latent space.

Table 10. Correlations among isolated oblimin factors of non-sportsmen students basic motor skills

31NS 32NS 33NS
1NS 1.000
2NS .161 1.000
3NS .208 .173 1.000
Values of Tuckers congruency coefficient (Table11) indicate that two groups of isolated factors
within the sub-group participants basic motor skills latent space are similar and as follows:

First motor skills factor in water polo players M1WP (the factor of strength and agility) and
first factor in non-sportsmen students M1NS (the factor of strength and agility) (T = .83),
and,
Second motor skills factor in water polo players M2WP (the factor of flexibility) and second
factor in non-sportsmen students M2NS (the factor of flexibility) (T = .79).

The values of Tuckers congruency coefficient indicate that 2 out of 12 isolated factors inter-
correlations (M1WP/M1NS, T = .83; M2WP/M2NS, T = .79) within the sub-group participants basic
motor skills latent space are similar.

Table 11. Correlations among isolated factors- congruency coefficients between the water polo
players and non-sportsmen

31NS 32NS 33NS
1WP .83 .11 .19
2WP .03 .79 - .03
3WP - .42 .04 - .64
4WP - .12 .21 .47
CONCLUSION AND PRACTICAL APPLICATION
This research was conducted in order to determine latent structure at the 12 years old water polo
players and non-sportsmens basic motor skills space and to determine the difference between the
mentioned latent spaces. In the sub-group of water polo players 4 factors have been isolated in
motor skills latent space, against only 3 factors in physically inactive 12-year-old boys.
A difference has been spotted in latent anthropological space between 12-year-old water polo
players and their non-sportsmen coevals, and the reasons for this are, besides training, specific
characteristics of water polo movements and specificities of the water polo game itself [9, 15, 16,
18, 29, 30, 32, 36].
Motor skills learning (in this case many years of water polo training) which has specific
meanings and patterns, as the process of assimilation, complementing and use of motor skills
information [13], had a positive transfer onto the basic motor skills. Therefore, it can be concluded
that the assuption indicating that perennial training process in water polo affects the latent structure
of basic motorics is in fact true. 12-year-old water polo players have more diferenciated structure in
regard to their physically inactive coevals (one isolated factor more).
Aleksandrovi et al.: Basic motor skills structure in 12-year-old water polo players. Serb J Sports Sci 1(3): 79-88
87
This research showed that water polo players of pre-puberty age which took part in perennial
training process could have significantly higher profiled motor skills latent structure in regard to their
coevals attending only school PE classes.
It is recommended, and showed as useful, that extra physical activities, conducted
systematically, can have significant and positive effect onto childrens motor skills, which is the
primary purpose of physical education classes at school [23, 24].
The obtained results and conclusions can be applied only to the research sample, variables
and methods of data processing used in this very research.

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Address for correspondence:

Marko Aleksandrovi, PhD, assoc. Prof.
Department for Individual Sports (Swimming Sports Department)
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education,
University of Ni, srt. Garnojevica 10a
Ni 18000, SERBIA
Phone: (++381) - 18 - 5109000; 511940; 511941 (ext. 105)
Fax: (++381)- 18 - 282482
E-mail: markodurlan@yahoo.com