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Lecture on
CE 4014
In reinforced concrete beams it is assumed that strain in the embedded reinforcing bar is the same as that in the surrounding concrete. Therefore, it is essential that bond force is developed on the interface between concrete and steel to prevent significant slip from occurring at the interface.
Weak chemical adhesion Mechanical friction between steel and concrete Slip induced interlocking of natural roughness of the bar with concrete End anchorage, hooks : providing tie arch action even for bond broken beam.
Force in the steel,
T = Mmax / z
Deformed bar: providing bond force via the shoulders of the projecting ribs bear on the surrounding concrete.
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dT = dM / jd
For local equilibrium, change in bar force = bond force at the contact surface
u o dx = dT, u = dT / o dx = dM / o jd dx = dV / o jd 5
Concrete fails to resist tensile stresses only where the actual crack is located. Steel T is maximum and T max = M / jd . Between cracks , concrete does resist moderate amount of tension introduced by bond. u is proportional to the rate of change of bar force, and highest where the slope of the steel force curve is greatest. Very high local bond stress adjacent to the crack.
According to simple crack sectional theory, T is proportional to the moment diagram and u is proportional to shear force diagram. In actual, T is less than the simple analysis prediction everywhere except at the actual cracks. Similarly, u is equal with simple analysis prediction only at the location where slopes of the steel force diagrams are equals .If the slope is greater than assumed, bond stress is greater; if the slope is less bond stress is less.
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For sufficiently confined bar, adhesive bond and friction are overcome as the tensile force on the bar is increased. Concrete eventually crushes locally ahead of the bar deformation and bar pullout results.
Splitting
When pull out resistance is overcome or when splitting has spread all the way to the end of an unanchored bar, complete bond failure occurs.
Splitting comes from wedging action when the ribs of the deformed bars bear against the concrete.
Splitting in vertical plane Splitting in horizontal plane: frequently begins at a diagonal crack in connection with dowel action. Shear and bond failures are often interrelated.
Providing end anchorage, hooks or extended length of straight bar (development length concept)
Large local variation of bond stress caused by flexural and diagonal cracks immediately adjacent to cracks leads to this failure below the failure load of the beam. Results small slip and some widening of cracks and increase of deflections. Harmless as long as the failure does not propagate all along the bar.
b. Development Length
Development length is the length of embedment necessary to develop the full tensile strength of bar, controlled by either pullout or splitting. In Fig., let maximum M at a and zero at support fs at a T = Ab fs _ Development length concept total tension force must be transferred from the bar to the concrete in the distance l by bond stress on the surface. To fully develop the strength T = Ab fy ld , development length Safety against bond failure: the length of the bar from any point of given steel stress to its nearby end must be at least equal to its development length. If the length is inadequate, special anchorage can be provided.
Department of Civil Engineering, YTU
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Tensile strength of concrete Cover distance Bar spacing Lateral reinforcement Vertical bar location relative to beam depth Epoxy coated bars or not Excess reinforcement Bar diameter
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Limit
(c + ktr) / db = 2.5 for pullout case fc are not to be greater than 100 psi.
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Example:
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Continue:
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Continue:
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Example
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ACI Code: uniformly loaded, continuous beam of fairly regular span may be designed using moment coefficients.
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If cutoff points are in tension zone (to prevent formation of premature flexural and diagonal tension cracks) no flexural bar shall be terminated unless the following conditions are specified.
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It is necessary to consider whenever the moments over the development length are greater than those corresponding to a linear reduction to zero. Bond force per unit length , u = dT / dx = dM / zdx, proportional to the slope of the moment diagram. Maximum bond forces u would occur at point of inflection and pullout resistance is required. Slope of M diagram at any point = V at that point Let Mn = nominal flexural strength provided by those bars extend to the point of inflection.
Department of Civil Engineering, YTU
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For assumed (conservatively) uniformed slope of moment diagram Vu towards the positive moment region, length a at M = Mn a = Mn/Vu
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For major supporting elements, such as columns, total collapse can be prevented through relatively minor changes in bar detailing owing to accidental or abnormal loading. If some reinforcement properly confined is carried continuously through a support catenary action of beam can prevent from total collapse even if the support is damaged.
ACI Code
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Comment
Consideration for bond and detail design for anchorage, development length and structural integrity requirements are important to have proper structural performance of the building.
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