3. ANALYSIS OF TRUSS 3.1.

Introduction
Trusses are structures that are widely used in civil engineering applications, such as bridges, steel buildings and roof structures.

Fig.1 Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7 Fig.8

What is a Truss? A truss is a structure usually consisting of straight members that are connected to each other at the two ends of each member. All members of a truss structure are connected together with pin joints, such that for the purpose of the design of these structures we assume the joints cannot carry or resist any moments (Fig.9). All external loads acting on a truss are assumed to be acting only at the joints, and therefore, all members of a truss are two-force members (Fig.8). upper chord (top chord) vertica web members Span lower chord l

panel diagonal

Figure 9 A truss with parallel chords

3.2. Types of Trusses

The following five criterions may serve as a basis for the classification of trusses:

1) The shape of the upper and lower chords; (Fig.9, 10,image 1, 4, and 6). 2) The type of the web; (Fig.11a, b, c and image 2). 3) The conditions of the supports; (Fig.12) 4) The purpose of the structure; (Images 1, 2, and 7). 5) The level of the floor (lane, road) (Image 5)

a Figure 10: triangular truss b c

Figure 11: Trusses according to the type of the web (a, b, c)

Figure 12: Trusses depending on the type of supports

3.3. Determinacy and Stability

Basic Truss Element three member triangular truss (Fig.13). Simple Trussescomposed of basic truss elements m = 3 + 2(j 3) = 2j 3 For a simple truss mtotal number of members jtotal number of joints (Fig.14). Basic Truss Fig.13:

Fig.14: Simple Truss Statically Determinate Truss if all the forces in all its members as well as all the external reactions can be determined by using the equations of equilibrium. Fig.15: Statically Determinate r=3, m=17, j=10 Statically Indeterminate Truss if all the forces in all its members as well as all the external reactions cannot be determined by using the equations of equilibrium. External Indeterminacy excess number of support reactions(Fig.16) Internal Indeterminacy excess number of members(Fig.17) Redundantsexcess members or reactions Number of redundants defines the degree of static indeterminacy Fig16:External Statically Indeterminate r=4, m=17, j=10 Fig.17: Internal Statically Indeterminate r=3, m=18, j=10 External Instability instability due to insufficient number or arrangement of external supports (Fig.18).

Internal Instability number and arrangement of members is such that the truss does not change its shape when detached from the supports (Fig.19).

Fig. 18

Fig.19: Internal Instability r=3, m=17, j=10

3.4. Axial force determination in the members of simple trusses

1. Sign convention A tensile force in a member is considered positive, and a compressive force is considered negative. Forces are depicted as acting from the member on the joints as shown in figure 20.

Compression

()

Compression

Tensio Tensio (+) n n Fig.20: Members subjected to forces; Tension and Compression.

3.4. Analysis of Trusses 3.4.1. Method of Joints

1. First find the reaction at the supports. 2. Then choose the joints where there are only two unknowns forces. The forces in the unknowns truss are found from horizontal forces H = 0 and vertical forces V = 0.

3. An inclined member force will produce a vertical force and horizontal force. 4. Assume forces in the members as compressive or tensile force. Resolve the forces in the members. 5. Find forces in the unknown members as done in engineering mechanics using step 2. 6. If the answer is negative then the assumption is incorrect; in such case simply change the sign. L E L B
0

HA

=60 A RA

C RC

Figure 21: A simple truss model supported by pinned and roller support at its end. Each triangle has the same length, L , where is 60 on every angle. The support reactions, RA and RC can be determined by taking a point of moment either at point A or point C. FCD FAE Joint FED FBE FBD Joint = 600 E 0 A Joint = 60 = 600 HA FCB C FAB = 600 FBA RC FEB RA FEA FBC Joint Fig.22 B P Zero force members 1) Unloaded two members joint (Fig. 23a). It follows from the equilibrium equations. From V=0 follows that S2v=0 so S2=0, fromH=0 follows that S1=0. S3 S2v S2 S2 S3v c) S2v b) a) S3h S2h S2h S S2 S1 1 S1 F Figure 23: Zero force members

2) Unloaded three members joint (Fig. 23b), when two of the three members are collinear (two members have the same direction). The force in the third member is zero. From V=0 follows that S3v=0 from where S3=0. 3) Two members joint when the external concentrated force is in the direction of one of the members, the force in the second member is zero S1=0. P A tower with many zero force members. Although they carry no load they prevent structural collapse. A common use of zero-force members is to brace long bars that are in compression and which would otherwise buckle (pop out to one side).

Fig.24 P Application: (1) Use the method of joints to determine the value and type of force in all members of the truss given in Fig.25. C 80kN

3 A 4 D 120kN 4 Fig.25 Reactions B

-Fx=0

HA=80kN

80kN

-MA=0: 803+1204-RB8=0 RB=(240+480)/8=90kN -Fy=0:RA=120-90=30kN Member forces: -Joint A : Fy =0: +30- FACy=0 F
ACy

HA =80 kN

D 120kN RA =30 kN

=30kN

RB =90 kN ACx A 30kN ACy

-FACx=304/3=40kN, FAC=405/4=50kN(compression) Fx=0: Facx+HA=FAD=120kN -Joint B: -Fy=0: FBCy=90kN, FBC=905/3=150kN -FBCx=1504/5=120kN -Fx=0:FBD=120kN Joint C: -Fy=0: FCD=30+90=120kN C 50kN 80kN A 120kN 80kN 150k N 120k N 120kN B 90kN BCy bcy bcy CAy=30k N 80kN

BCx B

90kN bcy C bcy 80k N CBy=90kN

CAx=40kN 120kN

CBx=120kN

120k N D

30kN

(2)Use the method of joints to determine the value and type of force in all members of the truss given in Fig.26. 50kN C 3 D A 6 Fig.26 6 3 B

-Reactions -Fx=0: HA=50kN C

50kN

D A 50 kN 25 kN Joint B 56.28 kN 6 56.28 kN 3 25 kN 56.28 kN 31.28 kN B

-MA=0: RB=506/12=25kN( ), Fy=0: Ra=25kN( ) Member forces: Joint B: -sin =0.707=cos -sin =0.49776, cos=0.8955 -Fx=0: 0.707FBC=0.8955FBD -FBC= 0.8955FBD/0.707 (1 )

6 25kN

-Fy=0: +25+( 0.49776)FBD(0.707)FBC=0 -FBD=62.81kN, FBC=79.61kN -Joint D: -Fy=0: FDC=62.56 kN Joint A: -Fx=0: FAC(x) =6.28 kN; FAC =8.88 kN 6.28 kN Joint A 6.28 kN 25 kN

(2), substitute (1) into (2): 62.56k N D 31.28 kN 50kN 56.28k N 62.56k N 56.28k N

56.28 kN

56.28 kN 31.28 kN

31.28 kN 56.28 6.28k kN N

50 kN A

6.28k N

The member force( its value and type) for all members of the truss are shown in the figure below: 50kN C 8.88 kN D 50 kN A 25 kN 12kN B A M L K F 2 J Fig.27 I 2 2 2 36kN 2 H 24kN G 2 C 2 62.81 kN 62.81 kN D 25 kN 62.56 kN 79.61 kN B

3.4.2. Method of Sections

1. First find the reaction at the supports.

2. Pass a section through a maximum of 3 members of the truss, 1 of which is the desired member where it is dividing the truss into 2 completely separate parts, 3. At 1 part of the truss, take moments about the point (at a joint) where the 2 members intersect and solve for the member force, using M = 0, 4. Solve the other 2 unknowns by using the equilibrium equation for forces, using Fx = 0 and Fy = 0.

5. The advantage of this method is forces of any member can be found using this method. Note: The 3 forces cannot be concurrent, or else it cannot be solve. B C

HD

RA

RD

Figure 28: Using the same model of simple truss, the details would be the same as previous figure with 2 different supports profile. Unlike the joint method, here we only interested in finding the value of forces for member BC, EC, and ED. Procedure: Firstly, the support reactions of RA and RD should be determined. A virtual cut is introduced through the only required members BC, EC, and ED (Fig.29). Taking moment at joint E (virtual pint) on clockwise for the whole RHS part Then, either joint D or C can be considered as point of moment. Taking Fy=0 For RH or LHS to find the force in member EC. Note: Each value of the members condition should be indicate clearly as whether it is in tension (+ve) or in compression (-ve) state. Virtual B Cut C

A Fig.29 RA

HD

RD

Application: (1)Determine the value and type of force in the member EH of the truss shown in Fig.30. 2 E C 80k D N 3 1 G 3 80 kN 40 kN A F 2 4 200kN 4 1 FEH H FEH sin 160 kN B H

Fig.3 0 Reactions:Fx=0, HA=80kN Solution: MA=0, 2004+8068RB=0, RB=160kN Fy=0, RA=40kN Member force FEH: O1

B 160 kN

Method No.1: section S1-S1, right part of the truss Mo1=0: 1604+FEHsin8=0 FEH= 133.3kN (Compression) Method No.2:Joint H: Fx=0: FEHcos+F1cos=0 FFH=FEH Section 2-2, right part, Fy=0 0.6(2FEH)=160 FEH= 133.33kN FFH 80 kN FEH

80 kN

H B

160 kN

(2) The truss shown in Fig.31 consists of-4 bays of K structure. Each bay has 2m long horizontal and vertical members. Find the force in members DE and DG. C Fig.31 B A D E F 2kN G H I 2kN J K L 2kN N M

Solution The reactions are calculated as shown in Fig.31a C B Fig.31a A 3kN D E F 2kN G H I 2kN J K L 2kN 3kN N M

First, we need to find the support reactions at points A and N. We do this by using the equilibrium equations, and in this truss, because the load is acting symmetrical, RA and RN are equal and each reaction is 3kN. Now, we proceed to find the forces in the members DE, and DG. For this purpose, we make a cut in the truss such that it cuts members DG, DE, BF and AF. Next, we draw the free-body diagram of the left portion of the truss and use the equilibrium equations to find the required forces. MF=0: RA(2) - FDG(2)=0; FDG=3kN(C) The force in member AF is zero. The force in Member BF is resolved into two components(FBFx and FBFy). sin==0.4464, cos=0.89286 FBFx=FBFcos, FBFy= FBFsin, Fx=0: FBFx - FDG=0; FBFx=3kN B A F C D 3kN

3kN

FBF= FBFx cos = 3 0.89286=3.36kN(T); FBFy=3.36(0.4464)=1.5kN Fy=0: +3- 1.5- FDE=0, FDE=1.5kN( C )

3.4.3. Graphical Method (Maxwells Diagram)

The method of joints could be used as the basic for a graphical analysis of trusses. The graphical analysis was developed by force polygons drawn to scale for each joint, and then the forces in each member were measured from one of these force polygons. The number of lines which have to be drawn can be greatly reduced, however, if the various force polygons are superimposed. The resulting diagram of truss analysis is known as the Maxwells Diagram. In order to draw the Maxwell diagram directly, here are the simple guidelines: Solve the reactions at the supports by solving the equations of equilibrium for the entire truss, Move clockwise around the outside of the truss; draw the force polygon to scale for the entire truss, Take each joint in turn (one-by-one), then draw a force polygon by treating successively joints acted upon by only two unknown forces, Measure the magnitude of the force in each member from the diagram, Lastly, note that work proceeds from one end of the truss to another, as this use for checking of balance and connect to other end. 80kN C Application (1):(Fig.32): 4 HA =80 kN 3 6 A 2 RA =30 kN Fig.32 4-6 =8cm AC=80kN ) (C 4 3 5 D 120kN 1 RB =90 kN 7 B 7 1 5

6-2 =12cm AD=120kN ( T )

(2)Find, by graphical analysis, the value and type of member forces on the truss given in the figure 33. B Fig.33 A 6 120k N 3 60k Fig.33a N 120k N B 2 7 6 C A 8 E C 30kN D 6 4 9 E 30kN F D F 4. 5

30k 5 1 30kN N reactions (1-2-3-4-5) is The force polygon for the external load and shown in Fig.33b. 7 9 4 3 5 1 Fig.33b

8 2 6

To complete the Maxwell diagram, the force polygon for member forces is added from joint consideration, staring from joint A, B, C, D,F, and E. The member forces are listed below: 6-1 AC =12kN( C ) ) 2-6 AB = 0 4-7 BD =40kN (T) (T) 7-6 BC =66.67kN (T) 8-5 CE= 40kN (C 4-9 DF =0 9-8 DE=50kN 9-4 EF =0

150kN 2

C D

3.5.Examples:

Fig.3.5.1

4 A E B

8 in Fig.3.5.1, 4 truss shown 3.5.1. Determine the member forces in the by using the method of joints. State whether120kN these forces are in tension or compression. F(BD) x F(BD) y B 115kN 150kN C

75kN Solution Reactions: Fx =0: HA =150kN MA =0: 1506+120412RB =0, RB=115kN Fy =0: RA =5kN Member forces: Joint B: Fy=0, FBDy=115kN FBD=115sin=115.4474=257kN(compression) FBE=FBDx=FBDcos=257.895=230kN(tension) Joint C: Fx =0, FCDx=150kN FCD=FCDxcos=1500.895=335.3kN(C) FCDy=FCDsin=335.30.4474=75kN Fy =0, FCA=75kN (T) Joint A: Fy =0, FADy=80kN 75kN 80kN D 115kN 230kN 150kN A 5kN 150kN 75kN

80kN

FADx =FAD y(=45) =80kNFAD=802kN( C ) Fx =0, FAE=230kN (T) Joint D: Fy=0, +8075+115FDE=0 FDE=120kN The final result of the member forces is given in Fig .3.5.1a. 150kN C 167.7kN D 113.14kN Fig.3.5.1a 150kN 75kN A 5kN 230kN 120kN 120kN E 230kN B 257.15kN

115kN 3.5.2.Determine the value and type of force on the truss member shown in Fig.3.5.2. C 4 Fig.3.5.2 4 Joint A: sin=0.64, cos=0.768 Fx =0, FAC x=FABx FAC=FAB Fy =0, FaCsin+FABsin 20=0FAC=FAB=20(20.64)=15.63kN In joint D( from symmetry), FDC=fAC, and FDB=FAB= 15.63kN Joint C: Fy=0, FCB=20kN ( T ) FACy FACx A 20kN FABx Fig.3.5.2a 15.63kN 20kN 15.63kN B 20kN FABy 15.63 A 20kN D C 10kN 10kN B 4.8 4.8 A D 20kN

12kN C 20kN

12kN

15.63kN

3.5.3. The trusses in the figures 3.5.3 and 3.5.4are subjected to an arbitrary load. Detect the zero force members, using the rules explained in 3.4.1. A D J G H I F E H E A F B D C C B G Fig.3.5.3 Solution: Reaction forces at supports: Fx =0, HA =0 M A=0, RB =(209.6) 4.8 RB =40kN Fy =0: R A=20kN Member forces: 40kN 20kN Fig.3.5.3: joint C, F =0, FCA=0 Joint D, F =0, FDH=0 J Fig.3.5.5 Joint B, F =0, FBE=0 A Joint G, F =0, FGA=0 C I 40kN 40kN 20kN Fig.3.5.4: joint C, FCE=0, fCG=0 H D 42=8 F G joint G, F =0, FGF=0 2 B joint E H, FHD=0 Fig.3.5.4

Joint I, F =0, FIE=0 3.5.4.Calculate the member forces JI, CI, DG, and DE on the truss shown in Fig.3.5.5

S1 20kN J Solution: Fig.3.5.5a 40kN I 40kN H

S2 40kN G F 20kN

D The vertical reactions atA supports are equal and each one B is 80kN. C E 80kN S1 S2 80kN Fig.3.5.5a: FA: section 1-1, left part, MO1=0, 8022022FA=0 ) FA=60kN (C

FB: section 1-1, left part, Fy=0, 20+80FB =0FB =60kN ( C ) FC- joint O2. Fy =0F =40kN ( C ) FD: section 2-2, right part, MO2=0, 8044022042FD=0 =80kN(T) F

First, we need to find the support reactions at points A and N. We do this by using the equilibrium equations, and in this truss, because the load is acting symmetrical, RA and RN are equal and each reaction is 3kN. Now, we proceed to find the forces in the members DE, and DG. For this purpose, we make a cut in the truss such that it cuts members DG, DE, BF and AF. Next, we draw the free-body diagram of the left portion of the truss and use the equilibrium equations to find the required forces. MF=0: RA(2) - FDG(2)=0; FDG=3kN(C) The force in member AF is zero. The force in member BF is resolved into two components(FBFx and FBFy). sin==0.4464, cos=0.89286 FBFx=FBFcos, FBFy= FBFsin,

Fx=0: FBFx - FDG=0; FBFx=3kN FBF= FBFx cos = 3 0.89286=3.36kN(T); FBFy=3.36(0.4464)=1.5kN Fy=0: ++3- 1.5- 2+FDE=0, FDE=0.5kN( C )

3.6.Problems: 3.6.1 Find analytically, using method of joints, all the member forces of the trusses shown in Figs.3.6.1 to 3.6.3.State whether the member forces are tension or compression. 50kN 100kN A D Fig.3.6.2 4 B 4 Fig.3.6.1 2 A 4 D 4 Fig.3.6.3 2.7 C C A 4 180kN B E 4 2kN 4kN C D 3 B 4kN

3.6.2.Determine the force in all members of each truss shown in Figs.3.6.4 and 3.6 .5. Indicate if the members are in tension or compression. B C Fig.3.6.5 B C 4 A E D 3 A 80kN E 4 4 D 4 Fig.3.6.4 15kN 4 15kN 80kN

30kN

3.6.3. Determine the force in each 6 I member of Jthe truss in Fig.3. 6. 6, and state if the members are in tension or compression. Fig.3.6. 7 A D E B C 3 3 3 3 40kN 30kN 60kN

50kN the value Iand type H 3.6.4.Determine of the force member HI G for the F in Fig.3.6.7. J 3 L M N K 3 D E B A C 4 4 4 4 Fig.3.6. 8 100kN 100kN 100kN

3.6.5.Determine the force in the members GF, MG, and EB in Fig.3.6. 8, and state if the members are in tension or compression.

B E 5 Fig.3.6.6 A D 35=15 G C F 10kN

3.6.6. Determine the value and type of the force for the members A and B marked in Figs.3.6. 9 and 3.6.10. 50kN 200kN 200kN 80kN B 3 A 4