ch21 Gases

Worked solutions to textbook questions
Chapter 21 Physical properties of gases

Q1. Use the kinetic molecular theory to explain the following observed properties of gases: a Gases occupy all the available space in a container. b Gases can be easily compressed compared with their corresponding liquid forms. c A given volume of a gaseous substance weighs less than the same volume of the substance in the liquid state. d Gases will mix together readily. e The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures exerted by each of the gases in the mixture. A1. a b c d e olecules of gases are in constant! rapid! random motion and the forces between molecules are negligible. They continue to move outwards until stopped by the walls of the container! filling all the space available. ost of the volume occupied by a gas is space! so compression can be achieved by reducing the space between the particles. The molecules in a gas are spread much further apart than those of a liquid. A given mass of gas would occupy a much greater volume than the same mass of the liquid phase. Therefore! the density of the gas is less. Gases mix easily together because of the large amount of space between the molecules. The pressure exerted by a gas depends on the number of collisions of gas particles and the wall of the container. The pressure is independent of the type of gas involved. The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases will depend on the total number of collisions each gas has with the container.
Q2. Use the ideas of the kinetic molecular theory of gases to explain the following observations: a Tyre manufacturers recommend a maximum pressure for tyres. b The pressure in a car"s tyres will increase if a long distance is travelled on a hot day. c #ou can smell dinner cooking as you enter the house. d A balloon will burst if you blow it up too much. A2. a Tyres have a recommended maximum pressure to give a comfortable ride as well as good traction on the road. $f the pressure in a tyre is too high! the gas inside cannot be compressed as easily and passengers will be more aware of bumps on the road. %uring a long &ourney on a hot day! the air in a tyre warms up. This means the air molecules have increased kinetic energy! and collisions with the walls of the tyres will increase! and so the pressure will increase.
Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td
c d
'articles from the cooking food escape the pot and move randomly through the house. $f the food has an odour! and if there are enough particles in the air! you will detect the odour as you enter the house. As air is pumped into a balloon! air molecules collide with the rubber of the balloon! forcing it to expand. $f too much air is pumped in! the balloon reaches a stage where it cannot stretch any further. $f the number of collisions by molecules per given surface area is increased still further! the rubber will break.
Q3. (orse)drawn coaches had *tyres" made from a solid strip of rubber attached to a wooden wheel. +hy would these give a much bumpier ride than the modern pneumatic ,air)filled- tyre. A3. +hen an air)filled tyre passes over a bump in the road! the air molecules inside the tyre move and so absorb some of the shock. A solid rubber tyre can distort and absorb some shock! but is not as effective as an air)filled tyre. Q4. The graph in /igure 01.2 ,page 234- shows the distribution of molecular kinetic energies for oxygen at 0567! 2567 and 8567. 'redict the shape of the graph of the distribution of molecular kinetic energies of the same sample of oxygen gas at 90567. A4. The peak of the graph would be higher and closer to the #)axis. Q5. 7onvert each of the following pressures to the units specified: a 1855 mm(g to atm! 'a and bars b 45 555 'a to atm! mm(g and bars c 8.08 atm to mm(g and 'a d 105 k'a to mm(g! atm and bars e 185 k'a to 'a f :0 555 'a to k'a A5. These conversions should be applied as needed: 1.55 atm ; <=5 mm(g ; 151.2 k'a ; 1.512 > 153 'a ; 1.512 bar a <=5 mm(g ; 1.55 atm 1855 ?o 1855 mm(g ; 1.55 > atm ; 1.48 atm <=5 <=5 mm(g ; 1.512 > 153 'a 1855 ?o 1855 mm(g ; 1.512 > 153 > 'a ; 1.4< > 153 'a <=5 <=5 mm(g ; 1.512 bar 1855 ?o 1855 mm(g ; 1.512 > bar ; 1.4< bar <=5 b 1.512 > 153 'a ; 1.55 atm ?o 45 555 'a ; 1.55 > 1.512 atm ; 5.<:5 atm 15 3
45 555
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1.512 > 153 'a ; <=5 mm (g ?o 45 555 'a ; <=5 > 1.512 mm (g ; =55 mm(g 15 3 1.512 > 153 'a ; 1.512 bar ?o 45 555 'a ; 1.512 > 1.512 bar ; 5.455 bar 15 3 1.55 atm ; <=5 mm(g ?o 8.08 atm ; <=5 > 8.08 mm (g ; 2005 mm (g 1.55 atm ; 1.512 > 153 'a ?o 8.08 atm ; 1.512 > 153 > 8.08 'a ; 8.25 > 153 'a 151.2 k'a ; <=5 mm(g ?o 105 k'a ; ?o 105 k'a ; ?o 105 k'a ; e f Q6. 7onvert the following volumes to the unit specified: a 0 @ to m@ b 8.3 dm2 to m@ c 0035 m@ to @ d l05 m@ to @ e 3.= m@ to @ f 2.< dm2 to m2 g 043 m@ to m2 h 8.<5 > 1592 m2 to dm2 and cm2 A6. These conversions should be applied as needed: 1 m@ ; 1 cm2! 1 @ ; 1 dm2! 1 @ ; 1555 m@ ; 1555 cm2! 1 m2 ; 152 dm2 ; 15= cm2 a 0 @ ; 0 > 1555 m@ ; 0 > 152 m@ b 8.3 dm2 ; 8.3 @ ; 8.3 > 1555 m@ ; 8.3 > 152 m@ 0035 c 0035 m@ ; @ ; 0.03 @ 1555 105 d 105 m@ ; @ ; 5.10 @ 1555 3= e 3= m@ ; @ ; 3.= > 1590 @ 1555 2.< f 2.< dm2 ; m2 ; 2.< > 1592 m2 1555 g 043 m@ ; 043 cm2 ;
043 2 m ; 0.43 > 1598 m2 15= <=5 > 105 k'a ; :55 mm (g 151.2 1.55 > 105 atm ; 1.14 atm 151.2 1.512 > 105 atm ; 1.05 bars 151.2
45 555 45 555
151.2 k'a ; 1.55 atm 151.2 k'a ; 1.512 bar 185 k'a ; 185 > 1555 'a ; 1.85 > 153 'a :0 555 'a ;
:0 555 k'a ; :0 k'a 1555
8.<5 > 1592 m2 ; 8.<5 > 1592 > 1555 dm2 ; 8.<5 dm2 ; 8.<5 > 1555 cm2 ; 8.<5 > 152 cm2
Q7. $n the kinetic molecular theory! pressure is described as the force per unit area of surface. Axplain what happens to the pressure in each of the following situations: a The temperature of a filled aerosol can is increased. b A gas in a syringe is compressed. A7. a As temperature increases! the average kinetic energy of gas molecules in the can will increase. This will lead to an increase in the frequency and force of collisions of gas molecules with the inside walls of the aerosol cans. This will cause an increase in pressure. As the syringe is compressed! the inside surface area of the syringe will decrease. The number of collisions of molecules per unit area per second with the inside walls of the syringe will increase. This will cause a pressure increase.
Q8. 7opy and complete the following table! which refers to a given mass of gas kept at a constant temperature. Initial conditions Final conditions Pressure olu!e Pressure olu!e a 0 atm 35 @ 8 atm b <20 mm(g 05 @ 355 mm(g 2 c 455 mm(g 235 cm 105 mm(g 2 d 153 k'a =35 cm 455 cm2 A8. Bemember to use Coyle"s law: P1V1 ; P0V0. Aach of the pressure and volume units needs to be the same. These conversions need to be applied as needed: 1.55 atm ; <=5 mm(g ; 151.203 k'a ; 151 203 'a ; 1.51 bar 1 m@ ; 1 cm2! 1 @ ; 1 dm2! 1 @ ; 1555 m@ ; 1555 cm2 0 35 a V0 ; ; 03 @ 8 <20 05 b V0 ; ; 0: @ 355 455 235 c V0 ; ; 0.2 > 152 cm2 or 0.2 @ 105 153 =35 d P0 ; ; 43.2 k'a 455 Q". A sample of air in a syringe has a volume of 105 m@ when the pressure is 155 555 'a at room temperature. $f the temperature of the gas remains constant! what volume would the air occupy if the pressure was changed to: a 055 555 'a.
b c A".
83 555 'a. =8 k'a.
Bemember to use Coyle"s law: P1V1 ; P0V0. Aach of the pressure and volume units needs to be the same. 155 555 105 a V0 ; ; =5 m@ 055 555 155 555 105 b V0 ; ; 0=< m@ 83 555 This conversion needs to be applied: 151.203 > 152 k'a ; 151 203 'a. 155 555 105 c V0 ; ; 144 m@ =8 1555 Q1#. The pressure on a :.5 m@ sample of carbon dioxide is increased from 115 k'a to 045 k'a. 7alculate the new volume occupied by the gas! assuming the temperature does not change. A1#. Bemember to use Coyle"s law: P1V1 ; P0V0. Aach of the pressure and volume units needs to be the same. 115 : V0 ; ; 2.3 m@ 045 Q11. A sample of nitrogen occupies 155 m@ at 8567 and a pressure of 45 k'a. +hat pressure would be needed to reduce the volume to 03 m@ at 8567. A11. Bemember to use Coyle"s law: P1V1 ; P0V0. Aach of the pressure and volume units needs to be the same. 45 155 P0 ; ; 205 'a 03 Q12. 7onvert the following 7elsius temperatures to absolute temperatures: a 15567 b 1<367 c 918367 A12. Bemember to convert temperatures by using: T ; t D 0<2! where T is the absolute temperature ,in kelvin-! and t is the temperature on the 7elsius scale. $t is also conventional not to use the degree symbol when writing the absolute temperature. /or example! 037 would be written as 0:4 E. a T ;155 D 0<2 ; 2<2 E b T ; 1<3 D 0<2
; 884 E T ; 9183 D 0<2 ; 104 E
Q13. A syringe contains :5 m@ of gas measured at 1 atm pressure at 0367. a +hat volume would the gas occupy at: i 1 atm and 10567. ii 1 atm and 9:567. b To what temperature would the gas need to be changed for the volume to be: i 25 m@. ii 105 m@. ,The pressure remains at 1 atm.A13. V1 V0 ; . The temperature must be in kelvin! the T1 T0 volume units must be the same! and the pressure is constant. :5 ,105 + 0<2a i V0 ; ; 105 m@ 03 + 0<2 :5 ,:5 + 0<2ii V0 ; ; 33 m@ 03 + 0<2 V0T1 b 7harles" law needs to rearranged to give: T0 ; . V1 25 ,03 + 0<2i T0 ; ; :: E or 91<87 :5 105 ,03 + 0<2ii T0 ; ; 2:< E or 1087 :5 Bemember to use 7harles" @aw: Q14. A cylinder! volume 05 555 @! contains methane. A second cylinder! with volume 355 @! contains 85 mol of methane. Coth gas samples are at the same temperature and pressure. 7alculate: a the amount of methane in the first cylinder b the mass of methane in the first cylinder A14. This law can be used: a V1 V0 ; . The temperature and pressure must remain constant. n1 n0 05 555 85 n,methane- ; ; 1=55 mol 355
m and the molar mass of methane is 1= g mol91. M m,methane- ; 1=55 > 1= g ; 03.= kg ?ince n ;
Q15. A balloon contains 5.23 mol of helium and has a volume of 3.2 @ at a certain temperature and pressure. A further 5.10 mol of helium is added! keeping the temperature and pressure constant. 7alculate the new volume of the balloon. A15. V1 V0 ; . The temperature and pressure must remain constant. n1 n0 V1 n 0 The law must be rearranged to give: V0 ; n1 3.2 ,5.23 + 5.10V0 ; ; <.1 @ 5.23 This law can be used: Q16. 7alculate the volume of the following gases at ?@7. a 1.8 mol of chlorine ,7l0b 1.5 > 1592 mol of hydrogen ,(0c 1.8 g of nitrogen ,F0A16. Bemember that! under standard laboratory conditions ,?@7-! 1 mol of any gas has a V volume of 08.3 @. Use the formula: n ; where n is the amount in mol! V is the Vm ! volume in @ and Vm is the molar volume in @ mol91. To calculate V the formula is rearranged to V ; n > Vm. a V,7l0- ; 08.3 > 1.8 ; 28 @ b V,(0- ; 08.3 > 1.5 > 1592 @ ; 0.3 > 1590 @ ; 03 m@ m c ?ince n ; and the molar mass of nitrogen is 04.5 g mol91. M 08.3 1.8 V,F0- ; 04.5 ; 1.0 @ Q17. 7alculate the mass of the following gas samples. All volumes are measured at ?@7. a 0.4 @ of neon ,Feb 35 @ of oxygen ,G0c 185 m@ of carbon dioxide ,7G0A17. Bemember! that under standard laboratory conditions ,?@7-! 1 mol of any gas has a volume of 08.3 @. These questions involve three steps:
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?tep 1: 7alculate the amount ,in mol- of gas at ?@7. ?tep 0: /ind the molar mass ,M- of the gas. m ?tep 2: Use n ; to find the mass by reorganising as m ; nM. M 0.4 a n,Fe- ; ; 5.118 mol 08.3 m,Fe- ; 5.118 > 05.1 ; 0.2 g 35 b n,G0- ; ; 0.58 mol 08.3 m,G0- ; 0.58 > 20.5 ; =3 g 185 15 2 c n,7G0- ; ; 5.553< mol 08.3 m,7G0- ; 5.553< > 88.5 ; 5.031 g Q18. A fixed amount of gas occupies a volume of 25 @ at 0567 and a pressure of 155 k'a. +hat volume would it occupy at: a 3567 and a pressure of 035 k'a. b 98367 and a pressure of <5 555 'a. c 4567 and a pressure of 1 atm. A18. P1V1 P0V0 ; . Temperature should be T1 T0 in kelvin! and each of the pressure and volume units needs to be the same. P1V1T0 a V0 ; T1 P0 155 25 ,35 + 0<2; ,05 + 0<2- 035 ; 12.0 @ P1V1T0 b V0 ; T1 P0 155 25 ,83 + 0<2; ,05 + 0<2- <5 ; 22.2 @ P1V1T0 c V0 ; T1 P0 155 25 ,45 + 0<2; ,05 + 0<2- 151 ; 23.4 @ The combined gas equation needs to be used:
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Q1". A balloon has a volume of 135 @ at a pressure of 151 k'a and a temperature of 0<67. $t rises to an altitude of 13 km! where the temperature is 92567 and the pressure is 10 k'a. +hat is the volume of the balloon at this altitude. A1". P1V1 P0V0 ; . Temperature should be T1 T0 in kelvin! and each of the pressure and volume units needs to be the same. P1V1T0 V0 ; T1 P0 151 135 ,25 + 0<2; ,0< + 0<2- 10 ; 1502 @ The combined gas equation needs to be used: Q2#. A volume of 20.5 m@ of hydrogen at 0367 and <3 k'a is compressed to 1= m@ and heated to 3567. +hat will be the new pressure exerted by the hydrogen. A2#. P1V1 P0V0 ; . Temperature should be T1 T0 in kelvin! and each of the pressure and volume units needs to be the same. P 1V1T0 P0 ; T1V0 <3 20.5 ,35 + 0<2; ,03 + 0<2- 1= ; 1=5 k'a The combined gas equation needs to be used: Q21. A 8.05 @ sample of gas at 0267 and 5.03 atm is transferred to a =.35 @ vessel. To what temperature must the gas be heated so that its pressure increases to 5.=5 atm. A21. P1V1 P0V0 ; . Temperature should be T1 T0 in kelvin! and each of the pressure and volume units needs to be the same. P0V0T1 T0 ; P1V1 5.=5 =.3 ,02 + 0<2; 5.03 8.05 ; 15:: E or 40=7 ; 4257 ,to 0 significant figuresThe combined gas equation needs to be used:
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Q22. 5.03 mol of nitrogen is placed in a flask of volume 3.5 @ at a temperature of 367. +hat is the pressure in the flask. A22. The general gas equation needs to be used: PV ; nRT. Temperature should be in kelvin! pressure in k'a and volume in @. R ; 4.21 H E91 mol91. nRT P ; V 5.03 4.21 ,3 + 0<2; 3.5 ; 11= k'a Q23. 7alculate the mass of helium in a balloon if the volume is 155 @ at a pressure of :3 555 'a and a temperature of 567. A23. The general gas equation needs to be used: PV ; nRT. Temperature should be in kelvin! pressure in k'a and volume in @. R ; 4.21 H E91 mol91. m The second step involves use of n ; . M The molar mass of helium is 8.5 g mol91. PV n,(e- ; RT :3 155 ; 4.21 ,0<2 + 5; 8.1: mol m,(e- ; 8.1: > 8.5 ; 1=.4 g Q24. +hat volume of gas! in litres! is occupied by: a 5.05 mol of hydrogen at 113 k'a and 8567. b 10.3 mol of carbon dioxide at 3 atm and 13567. c 4.35 g of hydrogen sulfide ,(0?- at 155 k'a and 0<67. A24. The general gas equation needs to be used: PV ; nRT. Temperature should be in kelvin! pressure in k'a and volume in @. R ; 4.21 H E91 mol91. nRT a V ; P 5.05 4.21 ,85 + 0<2; 113 ; 8.3 @ nRT b V ; P
11
10.3 4.21 ,135 + 0<23 151.203 ; 4< @ m ?ince n ; and the molar mass of hydrogen sulfide is 28.1 g mol91 M nRT 4.35 4.21 ,0< + 0<2V; ; > ; =.02 @ P 28.1 155 ;
Q25. At a given temperature! a sample of nitrogen! of mass 11.2 g! exerts a pressure of 150 k'a in a gas cylinder of volume 15.5 @. 7alculate the temperature of the gas. A25. The general gas equation needs to be used: PV ; nRT. Temperature should be in kelvin! pressure in k'a and volume in @. R ; 4.21 H E91 mol91. m ?ince n ; and the molar mass of nitrogen is 04.5 mol91! M PV T ; nR ;
150 15.5 04.5 11.2 4.21
; 258 E ; 21.17 Q26. +hich sample of gas will contain the greater amount ,mol- of gas: 2.0 @ of nitrogen at 0367 and a pressure of 1.0 bar or 0.3 @ of helium at 0267 and a pressure of 1.0 atm. A26. The general gas equation needs to be used: PV ; nRT. Temperature should be in kelvin! pressure in k'a and volume in @. R ; 4.21 H E91 mol91. These conversions need to be applied as needed: 1.55 atm ; 151.203 k'a ; 1.51 bar. PV n,F0- ; RT 105 2.0 ; 4.21 ,03 + 0<2; 5.133 mol PV n,(e- ; RT ,1.0 151- 0.3 ; 4.21 ,02 + 0<2; 5.102 mol there is a greater amount of nitrogen. Q27. agnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the equation: g,s- D 0(7l,aq- g7l0,aq- D (0,g-
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7alculate the volume of hydrogen produced at ?@7 when the following masses of magnesium react with excess hydrochloric acid: a 0.8 g b 5.38 g c 5.5514 g d 1.= g A27. The balanced equation shows that 1 mol of magnesium produces 1 mol of hydrogen gas. g,s- D 0(7l,aq- g7l0,aq- D (0,gm Bemember that n ; . ,The molar mass of magnesium is 08.2 g mol91.M Bemember that under ?@7! 1 mol of any gas has a volume of 08.3 @. Use the formula n ; a n, g- ;
V rearranged as V ; n > Vm. Vm
0.8 ; 5.15 mol 08.2 1 n,(0-In, g- ; 1 V,(0- ; 08.3 > 5.15 @ ; 0.83 @ 5.38 n, g- ; ; 5.500 mol 08.2 V,(0- ; 08.3 > 5.500 @ ; 5.38 @ 5.5514 n, g- ; ; 5.555 5<8 mol 08.2 V,(0- ; 08.3 > 5.555 5<8 @ ; 5.5514 @ or 1.4 m@ 1.= n, g- ; ; 5.5=34 mol 08.2 V,(0- ; 08.3 > 5.5=34 @ ; 1.=1 @
Q28. 'ropane ,72(4- burns in oxygen according to the equation: 72(4,g- D 3G0,g- 27G0,g- D 8(0G,g7alculate: i the volume of oxygen at ?@7 used ii the volume of carbon dioxide at ?@7 produced when the following masses of propane react completely with excess oxygen: a 00 g b 3.5 g c 5.183 g d 1=.3 g e 2.8 kg A28. The balanced equation shows that 1 mol of propane reacts with 3 mol of oxygen! and produces 2 mol of carbon dioxide. 72(4,g- D 3G0,g- 27G0 ,g- D 8(0G,gHeinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td
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m . ,The molar mass of propane is 88 g mol91.M Bemember that under ?@7! 1 mol of any gas has a volume of 08.3 @. Bemember that n ; Use the formula n ; a i n,72(4- ;
V rearranged as V ; n > Vm. Vm
ii
i ii
i ii
i ii
i ii
00 ; 5.35 mol 88 n , G0 3 = n , 72(4 - 1 V,G0- ; 3 > 5.35 > 08.3 ; =1 @ n , 7G 0 - 2 = n , 72(4 - 1 V,7G0- ; 2 > 5.35 > 08.3 ; 2< @ 3.5 n,72(4- ; ; 5.118 mol 88 V,G0- ; 3 > 5.118 > 08.3 ; 18 @ V,7G0- ; 2 > 5.118 > 08.3 ; 4.8 @ 5.183 n,72(4- ; ; 5.5522 mol 88 V,G0- ; 3 > 5.5522 > 08.3 ; 5.858 @ V,7G0- ; 2 > 5.5522 > 08.3 ; 5.080 @ 1=.3 n,72(4- ; ; 5.2<3 mol 88 V,G0- ; 3 > 5.2<3 > 08.3 ; 83.: @ V,7G0- ; 2 > 5.2<3 > 08.3 ; 0<.= @ 2855 n,72(4- ; ; <<.2 mol 88 V,G0- ; 3 > <<.2 > 08.3 ; :355 @ V,7G0- ; 2 ><<.2 > 08.3 ; 3<55 @
Q2". Gctane is one of the main constituents of petrol. $t burns according to the equation: 074(14,g- D 03G0,g- 1=7G0,g- D 14(0G,g+hat mass of octane must have been used if 35.5 @ of carbon dioxide! measured at 10567 and 1.15 atm! was produced. A2". The general gas equation needs to be used: PV ; nRT. Temperature should be in kelvin! pressure in k'a and volume in @. R ; 4.21 H E91 mol91. m The second step involves using n ; . The molar mass of octane is 118 g mol91. M The balanced equation shows that 0 mol of octane produces 1= mol of carbon dioxide. PV n,7G0- ; RT
14
,1.15 151- 35.5 4.21 ,105 + 0<2; 1.<5 mol n , 7 4 ( 14 0 = n , 7G 0 1= 0 0 n,74(14- ; > n,7G0- ; > 1.<5 mol ; 5.012 mol 1= 1= m,74(14- ; n,74(14- > M ; 5.012 > 118 ; 08.0 g ; Q3#. +hat volume of FG0 is produced when 5.3 @ of nitrogen,$$- oxide reacts with excess oxygen. ,All volumes are measured at 0367 and 155 k'a.- The equation for the reaction is: 0FG,g- D G0,g- 0FG0,gA3#. The balanced equation shows that 0 mol of FG0 is produced from 0 mol of FG. Therefore! the volumes of gases produced will be equal to the volume of FG reacted ,as long as the temperature and pressure are constant-. V,FG- ; V,FG0- ; 5.3 @ Q31. 7alculate the volume of oxygen needed to react completely with 135 m@ of carbon monoxide according to the following equation. Assume all volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure. 07G,g- D G0,g- 07G0,gA31. The balanced equation shows that 1 mol of G0 reacts with 0 mol of 7G. Therefore! the volumes of G0 and 7G used also will be in the ratio 1 : 0 ,as long as the temperature and pressure are constant-. V,7G- ; 135 m@ V,G0- ; <3 m@ Q32. (ydrogen gas reacts with chlorine gas according to the equation: (0,g- D 7l0,g- 0(7l,g2.5 @ of hydrogen and <.5 @ of chlorine are allowed to react as much as possible. +hat will be the volume of the gaseous mixture at the end of the reaction! assuming all volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure. A32. The balanced equation shows that 1 mol of 7l0 reacts with 1 mol of (0! producing 0 mol of (7l. All of the 2.5 @ of hydrogen will react! using up 2.5 @ of chlorine. ?o there will be 8.5 @ of chlorine in excess. A total of =.5 @ of (7l will be produced. final volume ; 8.5 D =.5 ; 15.5 @
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Chapter review
Q33. @ist the main features of the kinetic theory of gases. A33. Gases are composed of small particles ,atoms or molecules-. The volume of the particles themselves is very much smaller than the volume occupied by the gas. The particles move in a rapid! straight)line motion and collide with each other and with the walls of the container. The forces between particles are extremely weak. The collisions between particles are elastic. The average kinetic energy of the particles is directly proportional to the kelvin temperature of the gas. Q34. Use the kinetic theory of gases to explain why: a the pressure of a gas increases if its volume is reduced at constant temperature b the pressure of a gas decreases if its temperature is lowered at a constant volume c in a mixture of gases! the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressure of each gas d the pressure of a gas! held at constant volume and temperature! will increase if more gas is added to the container A34. a b As volume is reduced! there is an increase in the frequency of molecular collisions per unit wall area. This is measured as an increase in pressure. +hen the temperature of a gas is lowered! the average kinetic energy of the particles decreases. The rate of collisions between particles and the walls of the container decreases and particles collide with less force. As pressure is a measure of the force of molecular collisions per unit wall area of the container! pressure is found to decrease. $n a mixture of gases! the particles of each gas are moving and colliding with the walls of the container! independently of each other. Aach gas therefore exerts a pressure. As the gases behave independently of each other! total pressure is simply the sum of the individual gas ,or partial- pressures. +hen more gas is added to a container! the total number of particles in the container increases. 'rovided that the volume of the container and the temperature have not changed! the collisions of these additional particles means that the total pressure in the container has increased.
Q35. Beferring to scuba diving and Coyle"s law! answer the following questions: a As a diver dives deeper into the sea! the pressure on the body increases. +hat happens to the pressure inside the diver"s body. b +hat happens to the pressure inside a diver"s lungs if he or she returns to the surface without breathing. c A diver ascending too rapidly suffers *the bends". %escribe the bends and how it is treated. d +hy should a diver not spend much time below 15 m.
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A35. a b c The pressure also increases inside the diver"s body. The pressure inside the lungs is high. Under these conditions! expansion of the lungs can cause in&ury. The *bends" are caused by gases! mainly nitrogen! coming out of solution in a diver"s blood when he or she ascends from a dive too rapidly. The gas can form small bubbles in &oints! muscle and other tissue! causing serious in&ury and great pain. To treat the bends! a diver is placed in a decompression chamber and the pressure is increased until nitrogen bubbles re)dissolve in the blood. 'ressure is then slowly reduced to one atmosphere. The longer a diver stays down on a dive! the more nitrogen will dissolve in the blood and the slower the ascent will need to be to avoid problems from the bends. $f a container of gas is opened and some of the gas escapes! what happens to the pressure of the remaining gas in the container. Use the kinetic molecular theory to explain what happens to the gas pressure in part a. The pressure inside the container is reduced when some of the gas escapes. There are fewer gas molecules to collide with each other and the walls of the container. 'ressure is the force exerted by the molecules over a defined area! so this will decrease.
Q36. a b
A36. a b
Q37. Temperatures in space approach absolute Jero ,90<267- and atoms are very widely spaced. (ow do these factors influence the clothing worn by astronauts who are working outside their spacecraft. +hat would happen to an astronaut who did not have this protective clothing. A37. Astronauts need to be protected from the very low temperatures and pressures. +ithout a pressurised space suit! all air would rapidly escape from their lungs and they would die from lack of oxygen. Cody tissue would also freeJe after a short time. Q38. *A &ar of air is a solution of gases." 7omment critically on this statement by comparing the behaviour of particles in this &ar to those in an aqueous solution. A38. The gas particles can mix fully at any concentration and move in any direction to fill a container of any siJe. 'articles in an aqueous solution are confined to a specific volume and have a limit to their solubility in each other. Q3". Axplain why: a there does not seem to be an upper limit to temperature b we can define an absolute Jero of temperature
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A3". a b There appears to be no upper limit to the temperature scale since particles can move to very high speeds. The speed of a particle is related to its kinetic energy! which is related to the temperature of the surrounds. A plot of volume against temperature for a gas provides a straight)line graph! which intersects the temperature axis at a certain point. This point is called the absolute Jero of temperature. Cecause this graph can be drawn! it is possible to define absolute Jero.
Q4#. A sample of carbon dioxide occupies a volume of <35 m@ at a pressure of 155.5 k'a. $f the temperature of the gas remains constant! calculate the pressure when the volume of the sample is changed to: a 035 m@ b 0.5 @ c 15.5 @ A4#. Bemember to use Coyle"s law: P1V1 ; P0V0. Aach of the pressure and volume units needs to be the same. This conversion should be applied as needed: 1 @ ; 1555 m@. P1V1 a P0 ; V0 <35 ; 155.5 > 035 ; 255 k'a P1V1 b P0 ; V0 <35 ; 155.5 > 0555 ; 24 k'a P1V1 c P0 ; V0 <35 ; 155.5 > 15 555 ; <.3 k'a Q41. A 0.5 @ vessel containing oxygen at a pressure of 25 k'a is connected via a closed tap to a 8.5 @ vessel containing nitrogen at a pressure of =5 k'a. $f the tap is opened and the gases mix! what will be the total gas pressure in the vessels ,assuming the temperature remains constant-. A41. Coth gases will mix completely. Gxygen and nitrogen will not react under normal conditions. Gas from the 0 @ cylinder will spread into the new total volume of = @. $n the 0 @ cylinder: P1V1 ; P0V0.
1&
P1V1 0 25 ; ; 15 k'a V0 = Gas from the 8 @ cylinder will spread into the = @ volume. P1V1 8 =5 $n the 8 @ cylinder: P0 ; ; ; 85 k'a V0 = The new total pressure ; 15 D 85 ; 35 k'a. P0 ; Q42. A sample of =.5 @ of air at 567 is warmed to 15567. 7alculate the new volume of the sample if the pressure remains constant. A42. V1 V0 ; . The temperature must be in kelvin! the T1 T0 volume units must each be the same and the pressure must be constant. =.5 ,155 + 0<2V0 ; ,5 + 0<2; 4.0 @ Bemember to use 7harles" @aw: Q43. A car tyre is inflated to a pressure of 055 k'a at 0567. At the end of a &ourney on a hot sunny day the pressure has risen to 013 k'a. 7alculate the temperature ,67- of air in the tyres! assuming that the volume of the tyre hasn"t changed. A43. P0 . Temperature should be in T0 T1 kelvin! pressure units need to be the same and the volume is constant. P0T1 T0 ; P1 013 ,05 + 0<2; 055 ; 213 E or 807 The combined gas equation needs to be used: ; Q44. A cylinder of nitrogen! volume 13 @! contains gas at 1367 under a pressure of 8355 k'a. 7alculate the volume of gas provided by the cylinder when the temperature is 0367 and the pressure is 155 k'a. A44. P1V1 P0V0 ; . Temperatures must be in T1 T0 kelvin. Coth the volume and pressure units need to be the same. P1V1T0 V0 ; T1 P0 The combined gas equation needs to be used: P1
1'
8355 13 , 03 + 0<2,13 + 0<2- 155 ; =:4 @ ; Q45. A 1.55 m2 balloon of helium at 15567 has its temperature lowered to 3567 at constant pressure. +hat is the new volume of the balloon. A45. V1 V0 ; . Temperature must be in kelvin and volume T1 T0 units must each be the same. The pressure must be constant and remember that 1 m2 ; 1555 @. 1.55 15 2 ,35 + 0<2V0 ; ,155 + 0<2; 4== @ Bemember to use 7harles" law: Q46. 7alculate the temperature ,67- needed to change the volume of 15 @ of helium at 0.5 atm and 0567 to 3.5 @ at 1.5 atm. A46. P1V1 P0V0 ; . Temperatures must be in T1 T0 kelvin. Coth the volume and pressure units need to be the same. P0V0T1 T0 ; P1V1 1.5 3.5 ,05 + 0<2; 0.5 15 ; <2 E or 90557 The combined gas equation needs to be used: Q47. A balloon of volume :.8 @ contains 1.5 g of hydrogen gas. Another balloon! at the same temperature and pressure! contains 0.5 g of oxygen gas. 7alculate the volume of the second balloon. A47. V1 V0 ; . The temperature and pressure must remain constant. n1 n0 m Bemember that n ; . M The molar mass of hydrogen is 0.5 g mol91 and that of oxygen is 20 g mol91. 1.5 n,(0- ; ; 5.35 0.5 0.5 n,G0- ; ; 5.5=2 20 This law can be used:
!(
V0 ;
V1 n 0 n1 :.8 5.5=2 ; 5.35 ; 1.0 @
Q48. 2.5 > 1502 molecules of oxygen occupy :.3 dm2 at a given temperature and pressure. (ow many molecules of carbon dioxide will occupy 35.5 dm2 at that same temperature and pressure. A48. V1 V0 ; . The temperature and pressure must remain constant. n1 n0 The number of moles is directly proportional to the number of molecules! so the two are exactly interchangeable. n1V0 Fumber of 7G0 molecules ; V1 This law can be used: 2.5 15 02 35.5 :.3 ; 1.= > 1508 molecules. ; Q4". Befer to Table 01.8 ,page 24:-! which gives the molar volumes of real gases at ?@7. a ?uggest two ways in which real gases differ from an ideal gas. b +hich of the gases listed in the table has a molar volume which deviates most from that of an ideal gas. ?uggest a possible explanation for this deviation. A4". a olecules of real gases have a small but finite volumeK those of ideal gases are assumed to be point particles. There are some forces of attraction between molecules of real gases! whereas it is assumed there are none between those of ideal gases. ammoniaK hydrogen bonding exists between molecules (ot)air balloons rise because hot air is less dense than cooler air. $n terms of 7harles" law! explain why the density of a gas decreases as the temperature is raised. A chemistry student was explaining to a friend that as air is heated! the added heat is converted to kinetic energy so that the kinetic energy of all the air molecules increases. 7omment critically on this statement! identifying any inconsistencies and making appropriate corrections. As temperature rises! the volume of a gas increases. Therefore! the same mass of gas occupies a greater volume at a higher temperature. Cecause density ; massIvolume! the higher the temperature! the larger the volume and the lower the density.
b a b
Q5#.
A5#. a
!1
As the temperature of a gas increases! the average kinetic energy of molecules increases. (owever! there will still be some molecules at the higher temperature with low kinetic energy.
Q51. (ow many molecules of oxygen are present in 8.5 @ of gas at 2567 and 1.3 atm. A51. The general gas equation needs to be used: PV ; nRT. Temperature should be in kelvin! pressure in k'a and volume in @. R ; 4.21 H E91 mol91. Avogadro"s number: NA ; =.50 > 1502. PV n ; RT ,1.3 151.203- 8.5 ; 4.21 ,25 + 0<2; 5.081 mol Fumber of particles ; n > NA ; 5.081 > =.50 > 1502 molecules ; 1.83 > 1502 molecules Q52. 7alculate the volume! in litres! occupied by 15.5 g of carbon dioxide at 0367 and 151.2 k'a. A52. The general gas equation needs to be used: PV ; nRT. Temperature should be in kelvin! pressure in k'a! and volume in @. R ; 4.21 H E91 mol91. m Bemember that n ; . The molar mass of carbon dioxide is 88 g mol91. M nRT V ; P 15.5 4.21 ,03 + 0<2; > 88 151.2 ; 3.3= @ Q53. +hat is the mass of oxygen present in a 15.5 @ container of oxygen at a pressure of 153 k'a and at 0567. A53. The general gas equation needs to be used: PV ; nRT. Temperature should be in kelvin! pressure in k'a and volume in @. R ; 4.21 H E91 mol91. m The second step involves using: n ; . The molar mass of oxygen is 20 g mol91. M PV n,G0- ; RT 153 15.5 ; 4.21 ,05 + 0<2; 5.821 mol
!!
m,G0- ; 5.821 > 20 ; 12.4 g Q54. At what temperature will 5.0 g of helium exert a pressure of 45 k'a in a container with a fixed volume of 8.5 @. A54. The general gas equation needs to be used: PV ; nRT. Temperature should be in kelvin! pressure in k'a and volume in @. R ; 4.21 H E91 mol91. m The second step involves using n ; . The molar mass of helium is 8.5 g mol91. M 5.05 n,(e- ; ; 5.535 mol 8.5 PV T ; nR 45 8.5 ; 5.535 4.21 ; <<5 E Q55. A sample of gas of mass 15.5 g occupies a volume of 3.8 dm2 at 255 E and 155 555 'a. a 7alculate the amount ,mol- of gas in the sample. b %etermine the molar mass of the gas. A55. The general gas equation needs to be used: PV ; nRT. Temperature should be in kelvin! pressure in k'a and volume in @. R ; 4.21 H E91 mol91. a 7onversions are: P ; 155 555 'a ; 155 k'a V ; 3.8 dm2 ; 3.8 @ PV n ; RT 155 3.8 ; 4.21 255 ; 5.01< mol m b The second step involves using n ; . M m M ; n 15.5 ; 5.01< ; 8=.0 g mol91 Q56. +hich container holds more molecules of oxygen gas: container A of volume 85.5 @ at 0367 at <<5 mm(g or container C of volume 5.15 @ at 8367 at 2:5 mm(g.
!"
A56. The general gas equation needs to be used: PV ; nRT Temperature should be in kelvin! pressure in k'a and volume in @. R ; 4.21 H E91 mol91. 7ontainer A: PV n,G0- ; RT ,<<5 I,<=5 155-- 85.5 ; 4.21 ,03 + 0<2; 1.=3 mol 7ontainer C: PV n,G0- ; RT ,2:5 I,<=5 151-- 5.15 ; 4.21 ,83 + 0<2; 5.5505 mol 7ontainer A has more oxygen. Q57. A room has a volume of 005 m2. a 7alculate the amount! in moles! of air particles in the room at 0267 and at a pressure of 155 k'a. b Assume that 05L of the molecules in the air are oxygen molecules and the remaining molecules are nitrogen. 7alculate the mass of air in the room. A57. The general gas equation needs to be used: PV ; nRT. Temperature should be in kelvin! pressure in k'a and volume in @. R ; 4.21 H E91 mol91. a 7onversions are: 005 m2 ; 005 > 152 dm2 ; 005 > 152 @ PV n,air particles- ; RT 155 005 15 2 ; 4.21 ,02 + 0<2; 4:85 mol m b The second step involves using n ; . M The molar mass of oxygen is 20 g mol91 and of nitrogen is 04 g mol91. 05L of the room is oxygen. 05 n,G0- ; > 4:85 155 ; 1<44 mol m,G0- ; 1<44 > 20 ; 3<.0 kg 45L of the room is nitrogen. 45 n,F0- ; > 4:85 155 ; <130 mol m,F0- ; <130 > 04 ; 055 kg
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Total mass of gas ; 3<.0 D 055 ; 03< kg Q58. Use the molar volume of a gas at ?@7 to find: a the volume occupied by 4.5 g of oxygen at ?@7 b the mass of nitrogen,$M- oxide present in 15 @ at ?@7 A58. This involves using n ; give V ; a m and V ; n > Vm. #ou could combine these two formulas to M
m > Vm. M The molar mass of oxygen is 20 g mol91. 4.5 V,G0- ; > 08.3 20 ; =.1 @ The molar mass of FG0 is 8= g mol91. V 15 n,FG0- ; ; mol Vm 08.3 ; 5.854 mol m,FG0- ; 5.854 > 8= ; 14.< g
Q5". 7alculate the number of molecules of gas in: a 3.5 @ at ?@7 b 155 @ at ?@7 c 15 m@ at ?@7 d 15 m@ at ?T' e 152 @ at ?T' f 13= @ at ?T' A5". Bemember: NA ; =.50 > 1502. Fumber of particles ; n > NA ; a At ?@7! molar volume is 08.3 @. Fumber of molecules ; b
3.5 > NA 08.3
V > NA Vm
; 1.0 > 1502 At ?@7! molar volume is 08.3 @. 155 Fumber of molecules ; > NA 08.3 ; 0.8= > 1508 At ?@7! molar volume is 08.3 @. 5.515 Fumber of molecules ; > NA 08.3 ; 0.8 > 1505 At ?T'! molar volume is 00.8 @.
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5.515 Fumber of molecules ; 00.8 > NA ; 0.< > 1505 At ?T'! molar volume is 00.8 @. 1555 Fumber of molecules ; 00.8 > NA ; 0.< > 1503 At ?T'! molar volume is 00.8 @. Fumber of molecules ;
13= > NA 00.8
; 8.0 > 1508 Q6#. a b c d 7alculate the mass of 1 mole of carbon dioxide. +hat is the volume of 1 mole of carbon dioxide at ?@7. Given that density is defined as massIvolume! calculate the density of carbon dioxide at ?@7. +ould you expect the density of carbon dioxide at ?T' to be less than! equal to or greater than its density at ?@7. Hustify your answer. The molar mass of 7G0 ; 88 g mol91 and m ; n > M. m,7G0- ; 1 > 88 ; 88 g The volume of any gas at ?@7 ; 08.3 @. 88 %ensity ,7G0- ; 08.3 ; 1.4 g @91 Greater! because volume decreases as temperature decreases.
A6#. a b c d
Q61. ethane will burn in excess oxygen according to the equation: 7(8,g- D 0G0,g- 7G0,g- D 0(0G,gThis reaction produces 3 @ of carbon dioxide at 05567 and 155 k'a. Assuming all volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure! calculate: a the volume of methane used b the volume of oxygen used c the mass of water vapour produced A61. The balanced equation shows that 1 mol of methane reacts with 0 mol of oxygen to give 1 mol of carbon dioxide! and 0 mol of water. At constant temperature and pressure! mole and volume are directly proportional to each other. a V,7(8- used ; 3 @ b V,G0- used ; 15 @
!$
Use the general gas equation! PV ; nRT! and n ;
m . The molar mass of water is M
14 g mol91. n , ( 0G - 0 = n , 7G 0 - 1 n,(0G- ; 0 > n,7G00 155 3 PV n,(0G- ; 0 > ; ; 5.038 mol 4.21 , 055 + 0<2RT m,(0G- ; 5.038 > 14 ; 8.34 g Q62. a b c a b +rite a balanced equation for the decomposition of calcium carbonate by heat. (ow many mole of carbon dioxide can be produced by the decomposition of 05 g of calcium carbonate. +hat volume of carbon dioxide would this represent at ?@7. 7a7G2,s- 7aG,s- D 7G0,gThe balanced equation shows that 1 mol of calcium carbonate produces 1 mol of carbon dioxide. m Bemember: n ; . The molar mass of calcium carbonate is 155 g mol91. M 05 n,7a7G2- ; 155 ; 5.05 mol Cecause these are ?@7 conditions! use the formula n ; V ; n > Vm. V ; 5.05 > 08.3 ; 8.: @ Q63. 'ropane undergoes complete combustion as follows: 72(4,g- D 3G0,g- 27G0,g- D 8(0G,gAll volumes are measured at 10567 and 150 k'a. +hen 45 m@ of propane and 355 m@ of oxygen are reacted: a one of the gases does not react completely. +hich gas is it and how much of it is unreacted. b what volumes of carbon dioxide and water are produced in the reaction. c what change in the total volume of all the gases has occurred as a result of the reaction. A63. a The balanced equation shows that the mole ratio of propane to oxygen is 1 : 3. All temperatures and pressures are the same! therefore mole and volume are directly proportional to each other. 45 m@ of propane would need 855 m@ of oxygen to react completely! and 355 m@ of oxygen would need 155 m@ of propane to react completely.
V rearranged to Vm
A62.
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There is excess oxygen! which means that all of the propane will react! and that there will be 155 m@ of oxygen in excess. V,7G0- ; 2 > 45 ; 085 m@ V,(0G- ; 8 > 45 ; 205 m@ The original volume of gases ; 45 D 355 ; 345 m@ The final volume of gases ; 155 D 085 D 205 ; ==5 m@. There was an increase in volume of 45 m@.
Q64. 5.085 g of aluminium is reacted completely with a solution of hydrochloric acid to form aluminium chloride and hydrogen gas. a +rite a balanced equation for the reaction. b +hat volume of hydrogen is produced in the reaction at 151 k'a and 0067. A64. a b 0Al,s- D =(7l,aq- 0Al7l2,aq- D 2(0,gThe balanced equation shows that 0 mol of aluminium produces 2 mol of hydrogen. m Bemember that n ; . The molar mass of aluminium is 0< g mol91. M 5.085 n,Al- ; 0< ; 5.554: 2 n,(0-In,Al- ; 0 2 n,(0- ; > n,Al0 2 5.554: n,(0- ; 0 ; 5.512 mol Use the general gas equation! PV ; nRT. nRT V ; P 5.512 4.21 ,00 + 0<2; 151 ; 5.20 @
Q65. There are many scientists investigating alternative fuels to replace fossil fuels. A group of Hapanese chemists is investigating the following reaction as a source of methane: 7a7G2,s- D 8(0,g- 7(8,g- D 7a,G(-0,s- D (0G,gAt 85567! 155 k'a and under suitable reaction conditions: a what volume of methane is produced if 155 @ of hydrogen is reacted completely. b what mass of calcium carbonate is used in part a.
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A65. The balanced equation is: 7a7G2,s- D 8(0,g- 7(8,g- D 7a,G(-0,s- D (0G,g$t shows the mole ratio is 1 : 8 : 1 : 1 : 1. a +hen temperature and pressure are constant! mole and volume are directly proportional to each other. The volume of methane produced will be N the volume of hydrogen used. The volume of methane will be 03 @. b The general gas equation needs to be used: PV ; nRT. Temperature should be in kelvin! pressure in k'a and volume in @. R ; 4.21 H E91mol91. PV n,(0- ; RT 155 155 ; 4.21 , 855 + 0<2; 1.<: mol n , 7a7G 2 - 1 = The mole ratio shows: n, (0 8 1.<: The number of mole 7a7G2 ; ; 5.88< mol 8 The molar mass of 7a7G2 ; 85 D 10 D 84 ; 155 g mol91 m ?ince n ; M m,7a7G2- ; nM ; 5.88< mol > 155 g mol91 ; 88.< g Q66. 7onsider 1.5 m@ of hydrogen gas at 0367 and 151 k'a. a 7alculate the number of hydrogen molecules in this sample. b $f the total number of collisions per second in this container is 1.3 > 150:! how many collisions does each molecule experience. c %escribe what happens to the kinetic energy of a hydrogen molecule as a result of these collisions. d %escribe an experiment you could perform to support the theory that kinetic energy is conserved in these collisions. e The kinetic molecular theory of gases ignores the existence of forces between molecules in an ideal gas. Criefly describe how your life would be different if the kinetic molecular theory held true for all gases. A66. a The general gas equation needs to be used: PV ; nRT. Temperature should be in kelvin! pressure in k'a and volume in @. R ; 4.21 H E91 mol91. PV n ; RT 151 ,1.5 15 2 ; 4.21 ,03 + 0<2; 8.5< > 1593 mol
!'
b c d
Bemember: Avogadro"s number! NA ; =.50 > 1502. Fumber of molecules ; nNA ; 8.5< > 1593 > =.50 > 1502 ; 0.3 > 151: 1.3 15 0: Fumber of collisions for each molecule ; 0.3 151: ; =.1 > 15: The average kinetic energy of the hydrogen molecules remains constant as long as temperature is constant. (owever! the actual kinetic energy of any one hydrogen molecule could vary significantly over time. 'lace a sample of gas in a thermally insulated container. Use a sensitive temperature probe to monitor the temperature of the gas over time. $f collisions are not elastic! the average kinetic energy of the molecules and! hence! the temperature of the gas! would decrease with time. $f there were no forces between particles in the gaseous state then there would be little tendency for particles to come together and form liquids. A substance! once in its gaseous state! would remain in that state.
Q67. 7onsider two containers of equal siJe. Gne contains oxygen and the other carbon dioxide. Coth containers are at 0267 and at a pressure of 1.5 atm. a 7ompare the average molecular kinetic energy of these two gases. b The molecules of which of the two gases have the greater average velocity. c +hich of the two samples of gas contains more molecules. d +hich of the two samples of gas contains the greater number of atoms. e +hich of the two gases has the greater density. Give a reason for each of your answers. A67. a b c d e Aqual. Average kinetic energy is proportional to the temperature of the gas! and at the same temperature is not dependent on the particular gas! so they will be equal. Gxygen. As average kinetic energy ; Omv0! the lighter gas particles will have the greater average velocity. M,G0- ; 20 g mol91! M,7G0- ; 88 g mol91. ?o the oxygen molecules will have the greater average velocity. Aqual. +ith pressure! volume and temperature the same! n will be the same. 7arbon dioxide. Aach 7G0 molecule contains 2 atoms and each G0 molecule contains 0 atoms. As there are an equal amount of molecules of each gas! there are more atoms in the 7G0 sample. 7arbon dioxide. %ensity ; mass P volume. The volume is the same for each gas! but the mass of 7G0 is greater! so it has the greater density.
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Unit 2 Area of Study 2

Multiple-choice questions
Q1. +hich one of the following does not occur during the carbon cycle. A Gxygen is added to the atmosphere by the process of decomposition. $ Gxygen is removed from the atmosphere by the process of combustion. % 7arbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere by the process of respiration. & 7arbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by the process of photosynthesis. A1. A. This response is incorrect because oxygen is removed from the air during the process of decomposition. Q2. $n the laboratory nitrogen,$$- oxide is usually prepared by: A the fractional distillation of air $ combustion of nitrogen gas in oxygen % the reaction between copper and concentrated nitric acid & the reaction between calcium carbonate and dilute nitric acid A2. %. The equation for the reaction is: 27u,s- D 4(FG2,aq- 27u,FG2-0,aq- D 8(0G,l- D 0FG,g7oncentrated acid tends to form FG0,g-. Q3. The main gases of the atmosphere! occurring in decreasing order of abundance! are: A argon! carbon dioxide! nitrogen! oxygen $ nitrogen! oxygen! argon! carbon dioxide % carbon dioxide! argon! oxygen! nitrogen & nitrogen! oxygen! carbon dioxide! argon A3. C. ?ee the following table! which shows the composition of clean! dry air near sea level.
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'as Fitrogen Gxygen Argon 7arbon dioxide Feon (elium ethane Erypton 7arbon monoxide GJone Fitrogen dioxide Gthers Q4.
%ontent b( a!ount )!ol *+ <4.5: 05.:8 5.:2 5.523 5.5514 5.55530 5.55513 5.5551 5.55551 5.555550 5.5555551 Mery small amounts
,otal !ass in at!os-here ) 1#12 tonnes+ 2:55 1055 =.< 0.3 5.5=3 5.558 5.5580 5.51< 5.555= 5.552 5.555512
The first step in the formation of oJone in the upper levels of Aarth"s atmosphere is: A oxygen atoms combining with oxygen molecules $ oxygen molecules being converted to oxygen atoms % oxygen atoms being converted to oxygen molecules & oxygen atoms combining with each other to form oJone molecules A4. C. The equations for the reactions in which oJone is formed are: UM G,g- D G,gG0,g- Then G,g- D G0,g- D G2,g- D QM! where QM is a molecule that takes up energy released in the second reaction. Q5. +hich of the following is involved in the formation of photochemical smog. A neon gas $ nitrogen gas % carbon monoxide & unburned hydrocarbons A5. %. 'hotochemical smog is formed from the interaction of sunlight with a mixture of oxides of nitrogen and unburned hydrocarbons. Q6. Gne test for a sample of carbon dioxide gas in a test)tube is that it will: A turn damp red litmus paper blue $ cause a glowing splint to burst into flame % produce a *pop" when a lighted splint is applied to it & form a white precipitate when bubbled through limewater A6. %. A! C and 7 are tests for! respectively! ammonia! oxygen and hydrogen.
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Q7. +hich of the following points of the kinetic molecular theory can be used to explain that the volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to pressure at a constant temperature. A 7ollisions between particles are elastic. $ /orces between particles are extremely weak. % The kinetic energy of the particles is proportional to the temperature of the gas. & The volume of gas particles is very small compared with the volume occupied by the gas. A7. %. Cecause in a gas the particles are widely separated! gases are compressible. As the volume of the gas decreases! the particles are forced closer together! so there are more collisions of particles per second with the vessel wall! and so pressure will increase. Q8. As a diver comes to the surface! the pressure inside his or her lungs changes from 055 to 155 k'a. Assuming that the volume of the gas in the lungs was initially 2.5 @! at the surface the volume of the same amount of gas! in @! would be: A 1.3 $ 0.5 % 8.3 & =.5 A8. %. Molume is inversely proportional to pressure under these conditions. $f the pressure is halved! the volume will double. Q". The pressure inside a gas cylinder is 455 k'a. The cylinder contains 8.55 mol nitrogen gas! 15.5 mol oxygen gas and 0.55 mol argon gas. +hat is the partial pressure exerted by the oxygen gas! in k'a. A 5.=03 $ 15.5 % 355 & 1.25 152 A". 7 ?tep 1: /ind mole fraction of G0 by using ole fraction of G0 ; n ,G 0 . total number of moles of gases
15 ; 5.=03 8 + 15 + 0 ?tep 0: /ind partial pressure of G0. P,G0- ; mole fraction of G0 total pressure ; 5.=03 455 ; 355 k'a
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Q1#. $f =8.5 g of oxygen gas occupies a volume of 03.5 @ when the temperature is 25.57! then the pressure of the gas! in k'a! will be closest to: A 05.5 $ 055 % 855 & =.85 152 A1#. C ?tep 1: 7alculate n,G0-. m n ; M =8.5 ; 20 ; 0.55 mol ?tep 0: 7onvert given quantities to correct units. n ; 0.55 mol R ; 4.21 H E91 mol91 T ; 252 E V ; 03.5 @ ?tep 2: 7alculate P,G0-. nRT P ; V 0.55 4.21 252 ; 03.5 ; 055 k'a Q11. Under certain conditions! hydrogen sulfide will burn in oxygen according to the equation: 0(0?,g- D G0,g- 0?,s- D 0(0G,g$f all measurements were made at the same temperature and pressure! the volume of water vapour! in m@! produced if 155 m@ hydrogen sulfide reacted with 03.5 m@ oxygen would be: A 10.3 $ 03.5 % 35.5 & 155 A11. 7 ?tep 1: ?ince all measurements are made at the same temperature and pressure! the equation gives us not only the mole ratio with which the gases react with each other! but also the volume ratio. 0(0?,g- D G0,g- 0?,s- D 0(0G,gGas volume ratio: 0 : 1 : 0 ,Fote that the sulfur is a solid under these conditions.?tep 0: 7alculate V,G0- needed to react with 155 m@ (0?.
"4
V,G0- ;
V , ( 0?-
0 155 ; 0 ; 35.5 m@ Cut there is only 03.5 m@ G0 available! so (0? is in excess. Therefore! to calculate the volume of water produced we must work from the volume of G0. ?tep 2: 7alculate V,(0G-! using ratio in equation. V,(0G- ; 0 V,G0; 0 03.5 ; 35.5 m@ Q12. 8.5 @ of hydrogen gas is collected in a syringe. Then the pressure and the temperature ,in kelvin- of the gas inside the syringe are both doubled. +hen this happens the volume of the hydrogen gas! in @! in the syringe would be: A 1.5 $ 8.5 % =.5 & 1= A12. C. The volume of a gas is proportional to the temperature ,in kelvin- but inversely proportional to the pressure. $n this situation the two effects cancel! so the volume remains at 8.5 @. Q13. The gas in the Aarth"s stratosphere that absorbs the most ultraviolet radiation is: A oJone $ methane % carbon dioxide & chlorofluorocarbon A13. A. All four gases listed are significant greenhouse gases because they absorb infrared radiation given out from the Aarth"s surface. The gas that absorbs most ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere is oJone. Q14. $n the process of nitrogen fixation: A animals obtain protein by eating plants $ nitrates are converted to protein in plants % atmospheric nitrogen is converted into nitrates & protein breaks down into ammonium compounds A14. 7. Fitrogen fixation is the process whereby nitrogen from the air is converted into a form ,e.g. nitrates or ammonium compounds- that can be absorbed by plants.
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Q15. 7ontainer A is filled with 1 mol of liquid water ,(0G- ,molar mass 14 g mol91- at a temperature of 4567 and pressure of 1 atm. 7ontainer C holds 1 mol of gaseous ethane ,70(=- ,molar mass 25 g mol91- also at a temperature of 4567 and at a pressure of 1 atm. 7ompared with particles in container C! particles in container A will be: A further apart and moving faster $ further apart and moving slower % closer together and moving faster & closer together and moving slower A15. 7. A is a liquid! so particles will be closer together than in gas C. The temperature is 1 the same in both containers! so the kinetic energy , 0 mv0- will be the same for the particles in each container. ?ince the mass of molecules of A is less than that of molecules of C! the average velocity of molecules of A must be greater than that for molecules of C. Q16. The diagram shows! for a given sample of a gas! the proportion of molecules with a particular kinetic energy at a temperature of 4567.
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+hich of the following diagrams best represents the situation for the same sample of gas at 2567.
A16. C. At the lower temperature! there are more molecules with a lower kinetic energy. Q17. This graph could represent the relationship! for a fixed mass of gas! between its: A pressure and volume at a constant temperature $ pressure and temperature at a constant volume % volume and temperature in E at a constant pressure & volume and temperature in 67 at a constant pressure
A17. A. Molume is inversely proportional to pressure. Q18. ethane burns in oxygen according to the equation: 7(8,g- D 0G0,g- 7G0,g- D 0(0G,gHeinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td
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$f all measurements were made at 05567 and 1 atm pressure! what would be the total volume of gases after the reaction if 05 m@ of methane burned in 05 m@ of oxygen. A 05 m@ $ 25 m@ % 85 m@ & 35 m@ A18. 7. ?ince all measurements are made at the same temperature and pressure! the equation gives us not only the mole ratio with which the gases react with each other! but also the volume ratio. Gxygen is the limiting reagent. ?o after the reaction! there will be no oxygen remaining. 15 m@ carbon dioxide is produced. 05 m@ of water vapour is produced. 15 m@ methane is unreacted. ?o total amount of gas after the reaction ; 85 m@.
Short-answer questions
Q1". a The gases of the atmosphere are vital to life on Aarth and yet! at times! they are taken for granted. /or each of the gases listed! write a sentence outlining their importance to living things. i oxygen ii oJone iii water vapour i. carbon dioxide Criefly explain the difference between the terms greenhouse effect and global warming. Gxygen is required for the process of respiration in living thingsRplant and animal. ii GJone in the stratosphere absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation! which can have a damaging effect on living things. iii +ater vapour in the atmosphere plays a vital part in our weather patterns. +ater is essential to living things. i. 7arbon dioxide is used by green plants to make their food in the process of photosynthesis. The greenhouse effect is the warming of the Aarth"s atmosphere by solar radiation being trapped in the Aarth"s atmosphere. @ife on Aarth depends on the greenhouse effect to maintain the Aarth at a moderate temperature. Global warming is a slow but steady increase in the average temperatures of the Aarth"s atmosphere caused by an enhanced greenhouse effect. This! in turn! has been caused by an increase in the proportion of greenhouse gases! such as carbon dioxide! in the atmosphere. i
A1". a
Q2#. +hen petrol is burned in a car engine the ma&or products of the combustion reaction are carbon dioxide and water.
"&
a b
d e a b
Taking octane ,74(14- as one of the constituents of petrol! write a balanced equation to represent its combustion to carbon dioxide and water. ?ometimes petrol does not burn completelyRfor example! in an engine that has not been tuned properly. This is because the oxygen supply is limited and is not sufficient to convert the octane completely to carbon dioxide and water. Under these conditions! one of the products of combustion will be carbon monoxide. +rite a balanced equation to show the production of carbon monoxide when octane burns in a limited supply of oxygen. Assume that carbon monoxide is the only carbon)containing compound produced. Fitrogen,$$- oxide ,FG- is formed when nitrogen gas ,F0- and oxygen gas ,G0react with each other at the high temperatures that exist in car engines. +rite a balanced equation for the reaction between F0 and G0 to form nitrogen,$$oxide. Gne of the components of the brown haJe in a city blanketed by smog is the gas nitrogen,$M- oxide ,FG0-. Fitrogen,$M- oxide is formed when nitrogen,$$- oxide oxidises in air. +rite an equation for the oxidation of nitrogen,$$- oxide in air. +hich chemicals react in air to produce photochemical smog. 074(14,g- D 03G0,g- 1=7G0,g- D 14(0G,l074(14,g- D 1<G0,g- 1=7G,g- D 14(0G,lCalanced equations that contain mixtures of 7G and 7 or 7G0 as products are also acceptable. F0,g- D G0,g- 0FG,g0FG,g- D G0,g- 0FG0,gGxides of nitrogen and unburned hydrocarbons react in the presence of sunlight to form photochemical smog.
A2#.
c d e
Q21. Axplain the following by using the kinetic molecular theory. a +hat is meant by the term diffusion. b Two strong)smelling gases! ammonia ,F(2- and hydrogen sulfide ,(0?-! are released from containers at one end of a sealed room. +hich gas would you expect to spread more quickly to the other end of the room. c A gas cylinder contains a mixture of two gases! methane and ammonia! under pressure. i Axplain! in this situation! what is meant by the partial pressure of methane. ii $n the cylinder there are 1.35 mol methane gas and 8.35 mol ammonia gas. The total pressure inside the cylinder is 355 k'a. +hat is the partial pressure of methane in the cylinder. A21. a b %iffusion is the process by which a gas will spread throughout the space available to it! due to the random motion of the particles of the gas. The molar mass of ammonia is 1< g mol91 and of hydrogen sulfide is 28 g mol91. $n this situation! the temperature of the gases is the same! so the kinetic energy of their molecules ,;
1 mv0- is the same. ?ince the mass of ammonia molecules is 0
less than that of hydrogen sulfide molecules! the velocity of ammonia molecules must be greater than that of hydrogen sulfide molecules. Therefore! it could be
"'
expected that ammonia molecules would spread more quickly than hydrogen sulfide molecules. i The individual particles of gases are completely separated from each other and are in a constant state of random motion. All particles will collide with the inside walls of the cylinder! but will do this independently of each other. The partial pressure of methane is that proportion of the total pressure that is caused by the particles of methane colliding with the cylinder walls. ii ?tep 1: 7alculate the mole fraction of methane. ole fraction ;
n,7( 8 total moles of gas 1.35 ; 1.35 + 8.35 1.35 ; =.55
; 5.035 ?tep 0: 7alculate partial pressure of methane. 'artial pressure ; mole fraction total P ; 5.035 355 ; 103 k'a Q22. A particular rock is known to contain magnesium carbonate. There is no other metal carbonate present in the rock. A sample of the rock weighing 10.4 g is finely ground and then added to excess hydrochloric acid solution in a reaction vessel. The magnesium carbonate in the rock dissolves in the acid to produce 0.=5 @ of carbon dioxide gas at ?@7. a +rite an equation for the reaction between the magnesium carbonate in the rock and the hydrochloric acid. b 7alculate the amount! in mol! of carbon dioxide produced in this reaction. c 7alculate the amount! in mol! of magnesium carbonate in the rock. d %etermine the percentage! by mass! of magnesium carbonate in the rock. e %escribe a test for carbon dioxide. f +rite an equation for a process that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. A22. a b c g7G2,s- D 0(7l,aq- g7l0,aq- D (0G,l- D 7G0,gn,7G0- ; VI08.3 ; 0.=5I08.3 ; 5.15= mol /rom the equation: n, g7G2- ; n,7G0; 5.15= mol m, g7G2- ; n > M ; 5.15= > 48.2 ; 4.:3 g L g7G2 ; 4.:3I10.4 > 155 ; =:.:L +hen carbon dioxide is bubbled through a solution of limewater! the solution will turn *milky" due to the formation of a precipitate of calcium carbonate.
d e
4(
7a,G(-0,aq- D 7G0,g- 7a7G2,s- D (0G,l'hotosynthesis: =7G0,g- D =(0G,l- 7=(10G=,aq- D =G0,gor dissolving in oceans! lakes! etc. 7G0,g- D 0(0G,l- (2GD ,aq- D (7G29,aq-
Q23. A gas storage plant holds natural gas in a storage vessel with a floating roof. The plant holds 8.51 15= @ on a day when the air temperature is 08.57 and the air pressure is <3: mm(g. 7alculate the volume of gas held on a day when the air temperature is 25.567 and the air pressure is <=8 mm(g. A23. ?tep 1: 7onvert given quantities to correct units. P1 ; <3: mm(g V1 ; 8.51 15= @ T1 ; 0:< E P0 ; <=8 mm(g T0 ; 252 E ?tep 0: 7alculate V0. P 1V1T0 V0 ; T1 P0 ;
<3: 8.51 15 = 252 0:< <=8
; 8.5= 15= @ Q24.
7arbon dioxide can be made in a number of different ways! including fermentation of glucose ,7=(10G=-! heating limestone ,7a7G2- and adding hydrochloric acid ,(7l- to limestone. a +rite an equation for each of these three methods of preparing carbon dioxide. b +hich of these three methods are used to produce carbon dioxide commercially. c Give three uses of carbon dioxide. A24. a /ermentation of glucose: 7=(10G=,aq- 070(3G(,aq- D 07G0,g(eating limestone: 7a7G2,s- 7aG,s- D 7G0,gAdding limestone to hydrochloric acid: 7a7G2,s- D 0(7l,aq- 7a7l0,aq- D (0G,l- D 7G0,g/ermentation of glucose and heating limestone. %ry ice as a refrigerant! fire extinguishers! *fiJJy" drinks! super critical carbon dioxide as a replacement for halogenated organic solvent.
b c
Q25. Gxygen can be prepared in the laboratory by the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. a +rite a balanced equation for this reaction. b +hat volume of oxygen! measured at 0<67 and <35 mm(g! can be obtained from the decomposition of 15.5 g of hydrogen peroxide. c (ydrogen peroxide acts as an acid in water. +rite an equation to illustrate the acidic behaviour of hydrogen peroxide.
41
A25. a b 0(0G0,aq- 0(0G,l- D G0,gThe balanced chemical equation shows the mole ratio is 0 : 0 : 1. m ?ince n ; ! and the molar mass of (0G0 ; 0 D 20 ; 28 g mol91! then M 15.5 n,(0G0- ; ; 5.0:8 mol 28 /rom the equation! n , G0 1 = n , ( 0G 0 - 0 5.0:8 n,G0- ; ; 5.18< mol 0 The volume of oxygen can be determined by using the general gas equation! PV ; nRT. nRT V ; P 5.18< 4.21 ,0< + 0<2; ,<35 I,<=5 151-; 2.=4 @ (0G0,aq- D (0G,l- (G09,aq- D (2GD,aq-
Q26. ?ulfur trioxide ,?G2- is a gas that reacts readily with water to produce sulfuric acid. a +rite an equation for this reaction. b ?ulfuric acid is a strong! diprotic acid. Axplain the meaning of the words in italics and illustrate your answer with appropriate equations. c 1.=4 @! measured at ?@7! of sulfur trioxide was bubbled through 1.3 @ of water. i +hat amount! in mol! of ?G2 was bubbled through the water. ii Assuming that there is no increase in volume of solution as a result of bubbling the gas! calculate the concentration of the sulfuric acid produced. iii 7alculate the p( of the sulfuric acid solution formed. +hat assumption did you make in reaching your answer. A26. a b ?G2,g- D (0G,l- (0?G8,aq?ulfuric acid is described as a diprotic acid because it can donate two protons to a base such as water. The equations that show this are: (0?G8,l- D (0G,l- (2GD,aq- D (?G89,aqfollowed by: (?G89,aq- D (0G,l- (2GD,aq- D ?G809,aq?ulfuric acid is a strong acid because the first of these reactions proceeds to completion! that is! (0?G8 donates a proton readily ,(?G89 is a much weaker acid-. The balanced chemical equation shows the mole ratio is 1 : 1 : 1. At ?@7! 1 mol of any gas has a volume of 08.3 @. 7alculate the amount using n ; Bemember that 1 dm2 ; 1 @.
V . Vm
4!
i ii
1.=4 ; 5.5=4= mol 08.3 n,( 0?G 8 - 1 The mole ratio shows: ; n,?G 2 1 n,(0?G8- ; n,?G2n,?G2- ; 7alculate the concentration of (0?G8 using c ; S(0?G8T ; n . V
5.5=4= 1.3 ; 5.583< iii To determine p(! S(2GDT needs to be calculated. $f the sulfuric acid is completely ionised! the S(2GDT ; 0 > S(0?G8T. p( ; 9log15S(2GDT ; 9log15S0 > 5.583<T ; 1.58 The assumption made here is that the second stage of ionisation occurs completely. $f you were to assume that only the first ionisation step occurs completely! and the second not at all! then a p( of 1.28 would be calculated. Q27. A compound of carbon and hydrogen only contains 40.4L by mass of carbon. a %etermine the empirical formula of the compound. b At 15567! the compound is a gas. At that temperature! 0.=2 g of that compound occupies 1.28 @ at a pressure of 153 k'a. i 7alculate the number of moles of gas in the 0.=2 g sample. ii %etermine the molar mass of the compound. c Use your answers to parts a and b to determine the molecular formula of the gas. d This compound exists as two structural isomers. %raw the structural formulas of these isomers. A27. a $f the compound is 40.4L carbon! then as it is a hydrocarbon! there is 1<.0L hydrogen. The molar masses are 10 g mol91 and 1 g mol91! respectively. % / ass 40.4 g 1<.0 g 91 olar mass 10 g mol 1 g mol91 m 1<.0 40.4 Amount! using n ; n; ; =.: mol n; ; 1<.0 mol M 10 1 %ivide all by smallest =.: 1<.0 ;1 ; 0.3 amount =.: =.: Bound off to whole 0 3 numbers empirical formula is 70(3 i Use the general gas equation: PV ; nRT. PV n ; RT
4"
153 1.28 4.21 ,155 + 0<2; 5.5838 mol ii /ind the molar mass of the molecular formula. m n; M m M; n 0.=2 ; 5.5838 ; 3<.: 34 g mol91 The empirical formula! 70(3! has a molar mass of 08 D 3 ; 0: g mol91. The molecule must contain a whole number of 70(3 units. molar mass of molecule ,molecular formulaFumber of units in a molecule ; molar mass of one unit ,empirical formula34 ; 0: ;0 olecular formula has twice the number of atoms of each element as the empirical formula. The molecular formula is 78(15. ;
Q28. The examples of gases studied in this Area of ?tudy are all compounds found in 7hapter <. They are covalent molecular compounds. (owever! many other substances can exist in the gaseous state! provided the temperature is high enough. /or example! sodium and sodium chloride have boiling temperatures of 4:067 and 18=367! respectively. a +hy do sodium and sodium chloride have such high boiling temperatures. b $n the gaseous state! the particles of these two substances will be moving randomly! as described by the kinetic molecular theory. +hat particles might be present in these two gases. A28. a ?odium consists of a lattice of sodium ions surrounded by a sea of electrons. There is strong metallic bonding in three dimensions throughout the lattice. ?odium chloride consists of a three)dimensional lattice of sodium cations and chloride anions held together by strong ionic bonding. Fa,g- and Fa7l,g- or FaD,g- and 7l9,g-.
44
Q2". Athanol has been suggested as an alternative source of fuel for cars. +hen ethanol ,70(=G- undergoes complete combustion it forms carbon dioxide ,7G0- and water ,(0G-. a +rite a balanced equation that represents the complete combustion of ethanol. b +hat mass ,g- of carbon dioxide would be formed if 1.555 kg of ethanol reacts. c +hat volume of carbon dioxide would be formed at ?T'. d +hat are the advantages and disadvantages of using ethanol as an alternative fuel for cars. e ?uggest a structure for ethanol. A2". a b 70(=G,l- D 2G0,g- 07G0,g- D 2(0G,gm ,7 0 ( 3 G(n,70(3G(- ; M ,7 0 ( 3 G(;
1555 8=.5
c d e
; 01.< mol /rom the equation: n,7G0;0 n,70(3G(- ; 1 n,7G0; 0 > n,70(3G(; 82.3 mol m,7G0; n,7G0- > M,7G0; 82.3 > 88 ; 1:12 g ; 1.:1 kg ,to 2 significant figures1 mol of any gas occupies 00.8 @ at ?T'. ?o V,7G0- at ?T' ; 00.8 > 82.3 ; :<8 @ Advantages: clean burning fuel and renewable. %isadvantages: higher cost than petrolK not recommended by some car manufacturers in quantities above 15L.
Q3#. (ydrogen has also been suggested as an alternative fuel and can be generated by adding magnesium and hydrochloric acid. a %etermine the relative atomic mass of magnesium given the following data. Isoto-e Ato!ic !ass Abundance * 08 g 02.:4358 <4.:: 03 g 08.:4348 15.55 0= g 03.:403: 11.51 b +rite a balanced equation to represent the reaction of magnesium and hydrochloric acid.
4#
c d
7alculate the amount! in mol! present in 13.55 g of magnesium using the relative atomic mass determined in part a. 7alculate the volume of hydrogen formed at ?@7 if 13.55 g of magnesium reacts completely.
<4.:: 02.:43 58 +15.55 08.:43 58 +11.5103.:40 3: 155
A3#. a b c d Ar, g;
; 08.2 g,s- D 0(7l,aq- n, g- ;

13.55 08.2
g7l0,s- D (0,g-
; 5.=1< /rom equation: n, g- ; n,(0n,(0- ; 5.=1< 1 mole of any gas occupies 08.3 @ at ?@7. ?o V,(0- produced ; 5.=1< > 08.3 ; 13.1 @
Q31. Alectricity bills now contain a graph displaying the amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced in generating the electricity for a household. 7onsider the following graph. (ow many tonnes of greenhouse gases have been released in generating the electricity for this household in the past year.
A31. Tonnes of greenhouse gases emitted ; 8.24 D 8.88 D 8.42 D 8.<: ; 14.2= tonnes.

ch21 Gases

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Worked solutions to textbook questions

Chapter 21 Physical properties of gases

Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

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83 555 'a. =8 k'a.

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; 884 E T ; 9183 D 0<2 ; 104 E

Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

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Worked solutions to textbook questions

Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

Worked solutions to textbook questions

Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

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Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

Worked solutions to textbook questions

Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

Worked solutions to textbook questions

Worked solutions to textbook questions

Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

Worked solutions to textbook questions

Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

Worked solutions to textbook questions

Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

Worked solutions to textbook questions

Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

Worked solutions to textbook questions

Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

Worked solutions to textbook questions

Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

Worked solutions to textbook questions

Worked solutions to textbook questions

V1 n 0 n1 :.8 5.5=2 ; 5.35 ; 1.0 @

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Worked solutions to textbook questions

Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

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Worked solutions to textbook questions

Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

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Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

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Use the general gas equation! PV ; nRT! and n ;

m . The molar mass of water is M

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Heinemann Chemistry 1 (4th edition) Reed International Books Australia Pty td

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Unit 2 Area of Study 2

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