Agricultural Wastes Author(s): Hctor M. Poggi-Varaldo, Carlos Estrada-Vzquez and Noem Rinderknecht-Seijas Source: Water Environment Research, Vol.

70, No. 4, 1998: Literature Review (Jun., 1998), pp. 601-620 Published by: Water Environment Federation Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25045074 . Accessed: 03/11/2013 17:02
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Industrial

Wastes

ing digestion of many samples, although a relatively long time

Agricultural
H?ctor M. Poggi-Varaldo,
Carlos Estrada-V?zquez,

wastes

(more

than

6 hours)

was

required. in plants and

Eivazi and Sims (1997) reviewed the analytical techniques

for molybdenum waste agricultural determination samples. soils, including

Noem? Rinderknecht-Seijas WASTE CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS

Both currently available and recently developed new sam

(1996) developed a ruminant assay for rapidly estimating plant residue decomposability in the field, using a Tian et al
bag nylon assay decomposability that only takes 3-4 days. of plant residues, measured Results using showed that the ruminant

nylon bag, significantly correlated with

that the ruminant bags, indicating breakdown for studying herbage

those using the litter

assay, used widely nutrition research,

nylon bag in animal

pling methods for slurry and solid manure were tested for bias and reproducibility in the determination of total phosphorous and nitrogen content of the samples (Derikx et al, 1997). Sam
pling methods taken either porting methods were based on during loading after vehicle loading. were unbiased. in which samples techniques or from the from the hose It was demonstrated were trans

can be used for rapidly estimating the decomposability of plant residues in the field. Baldock et al (1997) assessed the extent
of natural of decomposition (wood, peat, com organic materials in surface litter layers, and organic materials) forest layers posts, Chem of mineral solid-state soils using 13C-NMR spectroscopy. de the decomposition of wood with associated changes on a strong wood between the interaction of species pended of the microbial decom examined and the species composition of a single the derivation poser general community, making ical index applicable et al Argauer to wood (1997) unlikely. decomposition conventional extraction

that most

Raviv et al (1997) determined selected physical characteris

tics of ity of holding of pacity determined. separated replacing cattle peat and compost media in container volumetric and the coarse were free air manure to examine with space the feasibil Water ca were sub compost. at container

compared

pro

capacity both peat

fraction found

Compost

materials

of composts an acceptable

cedures (using acetonitrile) with supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using C02 for determining 10 pyrethroids by gas chroma
tography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-ITMS) and electron

stitute for peat from the physical properties standpoint. Lawther et al (1996) characterized the alkali-labile
and alkali-insoluble components losic fractions lignin of alkali-labile from wheat free-phenolic straw. The monomers

lignin

capture detection (ECD) in fortified lettuce and meat samples. The GC-ITMS method proved satisfactory for analysis of let
tuce, whereas GC-ECD proved more suitable for residue analy

predominant were feru

lic and /7-coumaric acid (about 80% of the total). Six hemicellu
were extracted successively from dewaxed wheat

sis of meat samples. An SFE (C02 at 272 atm and 50?C for 20 minutes) for the Chromatographie determination (both ECD
used either flame of in strawberries insecticides, photometric a number or nitrogen of commonly pesticides, detection) phosphorus used organochlorine and dichloroanilide

straw with sodium hydroxide at increasing strength from 0.25

to 2.00 using M, acid and their chemical methylation water and their ionization in the but extracts of compositions analysis, were and determined 13C-nuclear hydrolysis,

organophosphorus

fungicides was described (Pearce et al,

dure cost was effective more environmentally quicker, than the traditional solvent

1997). The SFE proce

friendly, extraction and more methods.

magnetic
(1996) and

resonance

(NMR) (Sun et al,

on

1996). Liang et al
(stockpiled 13C-NMR and soils using

characterized

two manures

composted) and pyrolysis-field carbon aromatic tracts were to be richer carbon and

adsorption mass spectrometry.

A solid-phase extraction (SPE) method using a graphite carbon

sorbent was developed (Johnson et al, 1997) to extract low

similar,

ex and stockpiled composted manure extract the composted appeared and carboxylic in protein carbon, carbon, phenolic the stockpiled than carbon in poorer carbohydrate

Aliphatic manure

concentrations
and

(1-40 mg/L) of the polar pesticide [2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propanal-0-(methylcarbamoyl)

its oxidative metabolites, aldicarb sulfoxide

aldicarb oxime]

[2-methyl-2

(methylsulfinayl)propanal-O-(methylcarbamoyl)
dicarb [2-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl) from water oxime] samples. ylcarbamoyl) from 80 to 95%. three compounds ranged sulfone

oxime] and al
all

manure

extract.

Stark and Hart (1996) evaluated a diffusion technique for preparing salt solutions, Kjeldahl digests, and persulfate digests for 15N analysis. Oxidative digestion of samples with H202 using
a high-pressure matographic double-vessel determination bomb of S042, wastes was followed providing by a convenient ion-chro an

propanal-0-(meth for Recoveries

Page et al
methods lite for

(1997) compared
thiazopyr A was

two liquid-solid
and its monoacid a modification extraction with

extraction
metabo of a Mon

of the analysis Method in groundwater. based on

alytical method
samples, recoveries compounds zothiophene) including of

for total sulfur in a variety of environmental

agricultural from (Takamatsu, 1996). The

santo method

liquid-solid

silica-based

reliability of this method was

sulfur (elemental as well sulfur,

supported by the quantitative

spiked FeS2, with various sulfur diben sam and L-cystine, reference certified

sediments FeS,

octadecyl (18C) extraction disks followed by GC determination. Method B was based on liquid-solid extraction with graphitized carbon black followed by high-performance liquid Chromato graphie (HPLC) determination. Using method B, the parent
and acid metabolites the need without A oped are analyzed of thiazopyr derivatization. for metabolite multiresidue determination simultaneously

as environmental

ples, including 11 agricultural waste samples (6 plant and 5 animal) and 3 nonbiological (2 sediment and 1 vehicle exhaust
dust) samples. The method allows simultaneous and labor-sav

rapid and reproducible for the simultaneous

was devel analysis be of 46 pesticides

LiteratureReview 1998 601

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Industrial

Wastes_ and water concentrations of metribuzin accurately predict as a screening tool for and showed potential of metribuzin in stream samples. in the

to triazines, and organochlorine organophosphorus longing in vari and amides anilides, anilines, carbamates, compounds, ous soil samples et The of consisted al, 1996). (Bao procedure a mixture extraction of with methanol/water (3/1, v/v), samples on workstation and enrichment by SPE membrane clean-up,

ciently stream

determination

Empore? C-18 disks and analysis by GC-ITMS. A sensitive method for analysis of phenothrin and itsmetabolite 3-phenoxy benzoic acid (PEA) in agricultural products by GC with GC ECD and GC-ITMS with chemical ionization was reported (Hir
ahara et al, 1997a). reextracted Samples were extracted either with acetone

AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Braide and Trattner (1997) reviewed the role of in environmental pollution. Johnston (1997) dis agriculture General.
of long-term cussed the value and environmental ecological, mental of agriculture. impact field research, experiments related in agricultural, to the environ

or acetonitrile followed by Florisil?

and further into n-hexane.

column chromatography
Before GC-ECD analysis,

PEA was derivatized with hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol and di isopropylcarbodiimide. Hirahara et al (1997b) compared the esterification by either methyl and pentafluorbenzyl for Chro matographie analysis (GC-ECD and GC-MS) of 9 phenoxy acid herbicides in agricultural products. Methylation was superior to
pentafluorobenzylation for the simplicity of manipulation, but

In a review, Skinner et al
environmental

(1997) reported that the main

of agriculture (on fauna and flora, water impacts as well as the economic in the United bodies and humans, costs) were with pesticides, associated compounds, nitrogen Kingdom and soil erosion. farm livestock wastes,

was inferior for the sensitivity of GC and GC-MS. A method for rapid determination of 95 kinds of pesticide residues in
agricultural products by solvent extraction, gel permeation chro

Uri (1997) studied the overall effectiveness of conservation tillage practices in reducing the impact of agricultural produc
tion on the use. environment, particularly regarding pesticide and fertilizer

matography (GPC) clean-up, and GC-MS-SIM (GC/mass spec trometry with selected ion monitoring) was developed by Ogawa et al (1997a). Eighty-six pesticides spiked into five
kinds posed method, of agricultural which recoveries gave good by products was to be satisfactory considered GC-MS-SIM method was the pro for the

Changes
examined Andalucia,

in the intensity of agricultural land-use have been

in a mountain environment in the Sierra Nevada,

et al, of deinten 1996). The pattern (Douglas Spain terraces abandonment of irrigated and sification and sometimes was described the for environmental impact consequential county The of Trevelez, structure and Spain. distribution of herbaceous were

rapid determination of multiple pesticide residues in agricultural

products. Another developed acid as a

species

screening method for the determination of 14 pesticide residues,

including cyhexatin and 2,4,5-trichlorophenylacetic (2,4,5

T) in nuts (Kawasaki et al, 1997). Ogawa et al. (1997b) re ported on the determination of acephate and methamidophos in agricultural products by GC-flame photometry detection. The detection limits of acephate and methamidophos were 0.01 ppm
for agricultural products.

examined in cultivated fields and in adjacent habitats in light of herbicide use and tillage (Jobin et al, 1997). The extent to which grazing intensities of animal production systems in the uplands of the United Kingdom caused impacts
on vegetation, soils, fluenced landscape birds, value mammals, and water and invertebrates were and reviewed in quality

(Milne,
range benefits of

1996). Evidence was presented

grazing to the natural intensities heritage. is required

that suggests
to obtain

that a

A simple and rapid method for the determination of methio carb in artichokes by HPLC with ultraviolet detection was de scribed (Cabras et al, 1996). It was found that the decay rate of methiocarb residues in artichokes could be ascribed to the dilution effect due to head growth.
Finizio et al (1997) determined octanol-water partition coef

significant

Wilke (1997) reviewed the effects of nonpesticide organic pollutants from agricultural origin on soil microbial activity. A study aimed at determining which factors influence the
lands from agricultural of runoff frequency to the pollution of related of France gion Leman (Vansteelant et al, 1997). The both Hortonian traditional and and non-Hortonian intensive practices and reduce runoff were in the Chablais the waters of re Lac that

ficients (log #ow) for 87 chemicals representing themain classes of pesticides by means of 3 different estimation methods (re
verse-phase culation with HPLC, from water concentration-logarithm and the solubility), values of all from available and and cal of polarity, results were compared On the basis of a literature. data, a selected of value values for and

observations occurred. suggested

showed

in Changes that are be

experimental evaluation critical each pesticide limitations of was the

lieved to enhance agricultural

shores of Lake Leman

sustainability on the French

environmental impacts. for surface water quality produc between

proposed, three estimation

a discussion methods on was

Chokmani and Gallichand

dicator method from of for pollution at the outlet tion

(1997) developed a distributed in

scale. Water animal basis

included. acetylcho the kinetic pesticides of sedi

biosensors Amperometric or butyrylcholinesterase linesterase of organophosphate determination (Skladal et al, 1996). Also,

based

immobilized used for

the potential predicting at the watershed agriculture two Canadian was monitored watersheds,

were and

where

carbamate toxicity

is dominant,

on a continuous

anticholinesterase

March

ments collected from theMorava River in the Czech Republic, and the influence of both point (large cities) and nonpoint (agri culture) sources (NPSs) of pollution was determined.
A magnetic-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test

1994 and February 1995. Sharpley et al (1996) studied the loss of sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus in runoff over 13 years (1980 to 1992) from
two adjacent extensively Okla. gullied native grass watersheds (3.8

and 5.7 ha of 5% slope and class 4 erosion) in the Little Washita

River Basin,

kit for the herbicide metribuzin

3-(methylthio)-l,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] and accuracy, producibility,

[4-amino-6-(l,l-dimethylethyl)
was evaluated to results for from its re a GC/

comparability

MS
water

technique for the determination of metribuzin

(Watts et al, 1997). Overall, the assay was

in stream
able to effi

In studies conducted from 1984 to 1989 in the Daly Basin (dryland agriculture in northwest Australia) by Dilshad et al (1996), conventionally tilled catchments produced 1.5-2 times
more runoff and lost 1.5-6 times more soil than did their no

602

Water

Environment

Research,

Volume

70, Number

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Industrial Wastes

tillage was

counterparts or

(all

catchments

were

within

soil

conserva

reduction in nutrient loading on Slapton Ley, England, associ

ated with a range of catchment management strategies. The

tion banks). In these conventionally

less than equal to 8.1 tonne/ha

tilled catchments, soil loss

year.

Nutrient export potentials were estimated for each land unit

based cover on their composition of land use/land in a classes Australia 1997). Spatial (Turner et al, study area in southeastern were made and temporal of the land units based comparisons an in on the calculated to provide hazard indicators pollution sight into changes in the state of the environment and the re

best practicable environmental option was found to be spatial redistribution of high-nutrient export risk sources to areas of the
catchment with the greatest intrinsic nutrient retention capacity. the major in animals

Nutrients.
duction of environmental

Atkinson
large quantities problem factors between

and Watson
of linked

(1996) identified the pro

as of

waste nitrogenous to the production their farm environmental animal

lowland farming systems in Scotland. The principal livestock

production the balance bandry recycling influencing different impact were types and the hus the potential for the inputs to systems,

gional significance of land use changes. Sen et al (1997) measured the rate of soil loss from fields sown with crops during the rainy season and examined the
factors determining the erosion rates in the Pranmati watershed,

used for these practices species, of wastes and the modification

of

India, which is characterized by settled organic farming on ter raced slopes. Soil loss from different crop covers was in the
range of 0.300-0.658 tonne/ha year on low sloping terraces,

more holistic farming systems and potential for integration into ' ' the impact of livestock on 'wildlife' (plant and animal) biodiv
ersity. The to be ucts that allow of systems these waste development prod was seen at sites of primary crop production as a sustainable to this problem. solution reused

1 to 7 tonne/ha/y on medium
64.39 tonne/ha year on highly

sloping terraces, and 6.037

sloping terraces.

to

Moody
sus

and Aitken

(1997) used a paired-site (developed ver

to calculate acidification rates in

undeveloped) Mean for

approach

Mary (1997) reviewed aspects of nitrogen hazards to environ ment and crops. The impact of the 1991 European Community
environmental on a sample to reduce water guidelines pollution by was of U.K. simulated dairy producers of waste were application of nitrates genotoxicity been discussed. and nitrites, contami nitrates (Rigby,

several agricultural systems of tropical and subtropical Queens

land, Australia. H+/ha year acidification to 34.2 rates kmol varied from year -2.4 kmol tobacco H+/ha for bananas.

1997). The guidelines were resimulated, and the implications

for the control The nants esis, The potential water that have of drinking was in a study investigated results indicate that chronic

Pokorny et al (1997) examined the macroelement

of surface waters (four streams of the Rusava river

pollution
watershed)

by agricultural activities in the Kromeriz district of the Czech Republic in the period 1989 to 1994. Windemuller et al (1997) examined the degradation of the south Florida ecosystem and Lake Okeechobee, Fla, which are
important water resource areas, as a consequence of agricultural

in carcinogen implicated et al, in Greece 1996). (Tsezou administration of elevated con

centrations of nitrate in drinking water has the capability of

inducing cytogenetic effects.

runoff from the Everglades Agricultural Area. They also devel oped and calibrated a model (DUFLOW) with the intention of estimating sediment and chemical transport flowing into the
water bodies.

In two growing seasons, 1990/1991 and 1991/1992, the rela tionships between nitrogen fertilization (with pig manure and mineral nitrogen) and yield, nitrogen uptake by the grain, and
the nitrogen leaching in the subsequent percolation period were

Gosselin et al (1997) determined groundwater water quality from 1 808 wells and complied a database that included water quality data (N03-N, pesticides, and coliform bacteria) and
site-specific water quality contamination data collected at each location the for domestic, rural in Nebraska. in rural In general, drinking of nitrate degree water wells has re

investigated in a multifactorial field experiment Germany (Sieling et al, 1997).

Soil mineral in three small nitrogen agricultural on and nitrogen catchments runoff (10-40 losses ha)

in northwest
were studied

in southeast

ern Norway from 1992 to 1995 (Vagstad et al,

runoff mineral losses the catchment content within scale correlated nitrogen the catchment

1997). Nitrogen
well area. with soil

domestic

mained generally unchanged or has only slightly increased since the last statewide assessment conducted from 1985 to 1989.
Bacterial decreased. contamination has either remained the same or has

Jordan et al (1997a) measured annual discharges of water, sediments, and nutrients from 17 Chesapeake Bay watersheds with differing proportions of agricultural lands on the inner,
Plain, In all regions and outer Coastal of the Coastal Plain. mean the flow-weighted concentrations of nitrogen spe as the proportion of crop increased cies in watershed discharge increased. land in the watershed central, In another charges Jordan paper, of water, sediments, et al (1997b) measured from annual dis

Posnikoff and Knapp (1997) analyzed source control costs for deep percolation emissions from irrigated agriculture, using
a farm-level water were model. chosen while costs area, Crop to maximize accounting of those and applied system, irrigation the net benefits of agricultural for the environmental damages

production and disposal

emissions.

and nutrients

10 watersheds

An interdisciplinary modeling
sented, and a set of policy scenarios

system, ECECMOD, was pre

was analyzed toward reduc

ing losses of nitrogen, phosphorus, and soil from agricultural land (Vatn et al, 1997). Comparison of the effects of input oriented measures (fertilizer taxes) and policy measures directed
toward more direct conducted; and changes also, farm were ment costs, the effects effects in the agronomic practices on emission levels, were documented. on the abate

with differing proportions of agricultural lands in the Piedmont physiographic province of the Chesapeake Bay drainage. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus to silicon in discharges differed
greatly among waters. watersheds, potentially affecting nitrogen, phos

phorus, or silicon limitation of phytoplankton

receiving

growth in the

Ekholm
internal

et al
on

(1997) assessed
the nutrient

the effects of external and

in an agricultur

distributional

loading the

concentrations

Export coefficient modeling

was used to model

the impact

ally loaded shallow lake in Finland using 13 years of observa

tions of lake's input and and outflow.

on the surface on nitrogen of agriculture and phosphorus loading catchments and waters of two contrasting (Johnes agricultural was used to forecast the potential Heathwaite, 1997). The model

Hoyas et al. (1997) studied the nitrogen inputs and losses in

six subcatchments the main catchment of the River Auli

LiteratureReview 1998

603

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Industrial Wastes

(366 km2) in southeastern Norway

transport nitrogen 26.5 kg nitrogen/ha in the main year, due river respectively,

from 1992 to 1995. Total

outlet for was 20.6, 19.1 and the agrohydrological of which 65 to

manee

of

specialized,

relatively

simple,

unsaturated

zone

years 1992/1993
of nitrogen was

to 1994/1995. Nearly 85% of the total input

to agricultural activities,

transport model (TDNIT) in simulating nitrogen transport dy namics in soils against a widely accepted model (EPIC) as well as documented field studies (a corn cultivation series) in the study area. The TDNIT model performed well in predicting
nitrate relatively cation. below the root zone; however, loadings amount reduced of total mineralization it predicted and denitrifi a

70% derived from mineral

fertilizers and 15% derived from

(1997) from during nitrogen analyzed streams nitrate throughout in as

long-distance atmospheric deposition. In a regional et al study, Mueller N (N03-N) in water collected samples 10 midwestern 1989, 1990, and states 1994. to in the U.S. Nitratestreamflow,

Kohn et al
ment on

(1997) developed a model of nitrogen manage

to analyses herd nutri

surveys synoptic were concentrations area planted

correlated positively corn (Zea mays L.), rates. Elevated

upstream

in

the dairy farm and performed sensitivity determine the relative of manipulating importance in and crop selection tion, manure management, gen losses from that by the farm. increase 50% would Improvements the conversion increase total

and upstream nitrogen-fertilizer concentrations N03-N (>3 mg/L)

application were associ

nitro reducing in animal diet and feed farm nitrogen nitrogen effi to

management animal product

of

ated with poorly drained soils and were weakly correlated with
population water with density.

Vandervoet
agricultural the impacts use to combat

et al (1996) concluded that pollution of ground

in Europe requires were Two directions termination at source increase and radical changes in the assessing fertilizer the entire radi by explored of industrial abolition of

ciency by 48% and reduce nitrogen losses per product by 36

40%. age, In contrast, and application farm losses from manure reducing to improve the percentage 13% and collection, of manure stor nitro

nitrates sector. of

gen that becomes available in soil by 100% would only improve

total nitrogen efficiency by reduce total nitrogen

the extremes: the problems sector to

stock-breeding cally.

agricultural

efficiency

losses by 14%. The changes in the subsurface distribution and activity of

as a result of cultivation bacteria denitrifying were examined and Rice, 1996). (Sotomayor fier and Overall, fertilizer use the culti

Vanderploeg et al (1997) estimated the role that agriculture has played in N03 contamination of groundwater in Germany;
national statistical data on fertilizer and fodder use and agricul

vated site had significantly higher N03~ concentrations, denitri

populations, onstrated that and increased denitrification nitrogen in the potential. inputs and vadose and The results dem for ap zones cultivation

tural productivity for 1951 to 1990 were analyzed. The Seymour aquifer in Texas has been identified as con taining elevated levels of nitrate in groundwater (Chowdhury
and Lacewell, to estimate the 1996). nitrate A biophysical percolation and simulation response model functions was for used this

proximately 50 years changed the denitrifying population and

denitrification soils. potential saturated of

aquifer. The study provided some insight into the relationship

between tices; area. nitrate it also percolation demonstrated agricultural production of selected the potential design prac stan

An issue of Soil Use and Management

selected abstracts from a symposium

(1996) published the

losses from

on phosphate

agricultural lands organized by the Society of Chemical Industry

Agriculture water bauxite Group. cement kiln hydrosolids, to reduce amounts excessive

dards in minimizing

agricultural NPS pollution for the study

Peters and Basta (1996) evaluated the ability of two drinking

treatment red mud alum dust, and treated of bioavailable

In lysimeter experiments, Sarwar and Kanwar (1996) showed significant reductions in both nitrate-nitrogen and metolachlor
concentrations table (WT) in the groundwater by maintaining concentrations of Lowest depths. in the groundwater at 0.15-m depth. in water were shallow water nitrate-nitrogen observed when WT

and metolachlor were maintained

in soil from poultry and swine phosphorus environmental and to determine potential treatments. of alum hydrosolids Application sive may ings amounts of bioavailable water phosphorus quality and

manure

application from these impacts to soils with exces watersheds financial sav

in sensitive provide

The feasibility of an empirical approach to predicting peak

nitrate concentrations draining agricultural on a range land was

drinking improve for municipalities.

examined by Scholefield et al (1996) in the light of the relation

ships derived from leaching experiments were conducted and one of soils

Pesticides/Insecticides/Herbicides.
dressed

Vanderwerf

(1996) ad

and from river data for England andWales

Laboratory soil columns fields) tracers mine experiments (one from no-tillage

from 1974 to 1986.

undisturbed using from moldboard plow and nonadsorbed Cl~ and rhoda

a two-part what factors should be taken into question: to assess pesticide environmental and how consideration impact,

can impact be quantified? The literature on pesticide dispersion

was and toxicological reviewed properties To address the second part of the question. to assess six recent approaches the impact part of the question, on were the environment of pesticides compared regarding and aggregation of input parameters. transformation, choice, in the environment to address the first The risks inherent donor how in pesticide use (Tobin, management of create a dilemma for the it

to monitor in predicting as WT dye

the performance nitrate and surrogate

of adsorbed atrazine (using

through

the soil profile

et al, 1997). (Kanwar tween and the NO3-N significant differences

movement respectively) and to the shallow systems groundwater was be A satisfactory found similarity tracers, Cl~ curves; breakthrough WT the rhodamine in contrast, and atrazine

international examined ment have

between

community on pest policies since the

1996).

Particularly, and the environ Agency

breakthrough suggested that rhodamine WT was not a suitable

surrogate were similar through tillage tracer. Breakthrough under both tillage showed curves for nitrate and atrazine chloride break no but systems, a preferential movement and

evolved

creation

the U.S.

for

International Kuchler be

Development. et al (1997) to reduce intake traced

illustrated risks for 50 to

how food

research consumers on

resources from

could

curves soil

through

column. et al (1996) presented compared the perfor

Goderya

targeted residue pesticide were tables. Risks

chemicals sources:

10 fruits

dietary and vege use,

to four

on farm

pesticide

604

Water

Environment

Research,

Volume

70, Number

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Industrial Wastes

postharvest

pesticide

use,

pesticides

used

on

imported

foods,

and canceled pesticides that persist in the environment. A pilot study was designed to test refined and newly devel
oped protocols and evaluate dietary exposure to farmers and

used and their toxicity levels and the proportion of land under cultivation could be used to discriminate significantly between
extinct and declining versus stable and increasing guinea fowl

their families in the household associated with current and for mer applications of pesticides (Melnyk et al, 1997). The results
showed that potential dietary exposures exceeded values ex

populations. Efficient, intensive farming practices have not only compressed the period in the farming year over which food is available to the guinea fowl but also reduced the suitability of
farmlands as wildlife habitat.

pected for farmers and their families for several of the pesticides in this study, particularly those being applied and cancelled
pesticides that persist in the environment.

Cok et al (1997) surveyed the polychlorinated biphenyls and

organochlorine agricultural residues pesticide zones in Turkey. in human breast milk from

The livers of 24 helmeted guinea fowl N. meleagris were collected from six deciduous fruit farms in the Elgin District, Western Cape province, South Africa, from February 1994 to January 1995 and were analyzed for pesticide residues (Little
et al, p,pf 1997). isomers The of /?-isomer endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, and l,l-dichloro-2,2-bis(/7-chlorophenyl) ethylene

Abdullah et al (1997) reviewed the ecotoxicology and impact of pesticides in tropical paddy fields, with the emphasis on rice cultivars. They concluded that the most widely accepted form of control measure is the integration of multiresistant cultivars with reduced use of pesticides. Effective training of the paddy farmer has also been identified as the key to successful imple
mentation of integrated pest management strategies.

ethane (DDD) (DDE) and l,l-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) were detected in all of the guinea fowl sampled.
Antibacterials from intensive farming were can be a source of

environmental chemical pollution (Migliore et al,

ble effects of such contamination Sulfadimethoxine evaluated was and marine systems.

1996); possi
in terrestrial

Castillo et al (1997) reviewed 18 articles on the ecotoxicol ogy of the high use of pesticides in tropical aquatic ecosystems of Central America. They identified major research needs, in cluding studies on fate and degradation in tropical conditions;
acute ture, on and chronic and and humidity, toxicity other to native species; characteristics of of pesticides on effects tropical of tempera conditions

to labora subjected and pea) and on corn, millet, carrot, tory tests in vitro (barley, rate alteration to determine and bioaccu land (barley) growth was concentration determined in an aqua mulation; flumequine culture floating station cases. at the outflow of the ponds and in a basin under

toxicity; and

effects

tropical

ecosystems.

Sparling et al (1997) studied the toxicity of the insecticide temephos (Abate?) to green frog tadpoles. The toxicity of freshly applied and aged residues of piri
miphos-methyl and malathion was assessed against adult beetle

Henriques et al (1997) reviewed the practice of banana culti

vation tions. Latin most cation addressed Numerous American were the major agrochemical cases of pesticide-related have use been to planta inputs in health problems documented, The and

workers plantation to incorrect attributable risk on banana

Typhaea stercorea (Tigar and Pinniger, 1996). Maize was treated with each pesticide at doses of 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg/kg and stored at a constant 25?C and 70% relative humidity. After 12
weeks' storage, only pirimiphos-methyl had gave broken effective control

of an environmental chemicals

and handling. assessment process plantations was

appli to the use of

with 78% mortality

control by malathion on beneficial

at the highest dose of 8 mg/kg, whereas

completely in down.

agricultural

recommended.

Everts
assessment toxicants trol in wet

(1997) reviewed
in arid were zones. identified (2)

the use of ecotoxicology

contamination

for risk
by con in

Vanhamburg and Guest (1997) studied the impact of insecti

cides arthropods cotton agroecosystems in

sources of Major as (1) plant protection crop

and vector campaigns

South Africa. They concluded that minimizing

the number of
negative and sec

zones,

large-scale

protection

dry and ephemeral wet zones, (3) refuse and obsolete pesticides in dry zones, and (4) mining. Vandervalk (1997) discussed the major differences in the
composition, when munities and the structure, and compared for implications desert animals functioning to temperate risk insecticide of desert animal com terrestrial assessment. ecosystems The rela

of the direct the combination applications, pesticide on predator of pesticide effect populations application mite as a result of

ondary pesticide effects such as the stimulation of red spider

populations avoided. Atrazine estimated Eisenreich, inputs using predator suppression, Lakes (Schottler ranged lakewide plus from can be

and

transformation mass balance

in the Great model

were and 0.9

tively large physiological

in many stress. In a review ducted were along discussed. (Mora, The

and life-history plasticity encountered

may increase tolerance to insecticide

a dynamic Annual 1997).

atrazine

inputs of

tonne/y in Lake Superior to 9 to 23 tonne/y in Lakes Erie

and Ontario. Annual in all lakes inputs except were Erie. <10% atrazine connecting inventories Tributaries

1997),

wildlife border indicated

contaminant

studies

con

the U.S.-Mexico results

Mexico and throughout accumula that no major

channel inputs accounted for >75%

Erie, Ontario, Huron, and Michigan.

of the total load to Lakes

tion of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-l,l-dichloroethylene)
the most persistent organochlorine compound, has

(DDE),
occurred or

Kobraei and White

oxyacetic asian acid (2,4-D)

(1996) reported on a 2,4-dichlorophen

application to a cove in Kentucky Lake,

been reported for most parts of Mexico. The majority of the DDE values in birds fromMexico were similar to those reported
in birds from the southwestern U.S. during the same years.

which was highly infested with Myriophyllum

watermilfoil). 2,4-D applied at the

spicatum (Eur
rate of

recommended

Because DDT is still used for malaria control and may still be used in agriculture in Chiapas, Mexico, this state is probably
the one where most migrant fowl species Numida have would still be at a signifi in

2 mg/L or less stimulated total algae community growth in both laboratory and field experiments. Reduced community growth
and metabolism at high laboratory concentrations of 100 mg/L

and 1000 mg/L may indicated an inhibitory effect on photosyn

thesis The monly oxymethyl and/or effects used in algae. respiration of the com of a single exposure 21-day pulse, herbicide alachlor (2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-A/r-meth on an algal community from a typical

cant risk of increased accumulation of DDE and DDT.

Helmeted KwaZulu-Natal, past 15 years guinea Africa, (Pero meleagris declined 1996). populations over the significantly of pesticides The number

and Crowe,

acetanilide)

LiteratureReview 1998 605

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Wastes Industrial
stream in Nebraska microcosms were studied et al, (Spawn at in a greenhouse, atrazine from Walnut Creek, a tributary transects stream, to the alluvial

agricultural 1997) It was using

18 stream

located

valley aquifer along the South Skunk River

occurred where the stream the

in central Iowa
flood plain

6 alachlor concentrations
concluded that composition and biomass

(0, 1, 10, 30, 100, and 1 000 mg/L).

can alter both in agricultural algal streams. community

river's

alachlor

(Squillace et al,
Walnut Creek the conductive average vertical

1997). The large flux of agrichemicals

and valley rather

from
to

to the alluvial streambed hydraulic

Thurman and Fall?n (1996) reported on the use of the ratio of deethylatrazine to atrazine (DAR) to record the first major runoff of herbicides from NPS corn fields to surface water in
the midwestern U.S. The DAR dramatically then decreases from 0.5

was due in part aquifer fast groundwater velocities; through the streambed

conductivity

was calculated as 35 m/d and 90 m/d for the two sampling

dates, and estimated groundwater velocities ranged from 1 ml

to <0.1
event of of

upon application of herbicide and the first major runoff

a basin. The DAR 0.4-0.6 may during in studies be used indicator increases gradually season. the harvest of surface moving water into to values Further move reser

d to 5 m/d.
Geographic information systems and statistical methods were

more, ment voirs

approximately the DAR

used to identify the major factors affecting pesticide leaching in groundwater from agricultural fields in Tulare County, Cali
fornia simazine diuron, of et al, of bromacil, and diuron, 1997a). Residues (Zhang in groundwater the 1980s. Bromacil, increased during and simazine contamination demand. interactions, were The positively Goss model a pesticide correlated was used

a temporal to give for possible storage and northeastern U.S.

of water

of herbicides.

Herbicides were detected in rainfall throughout themidwest

ern during corn late spring states and summer

1990 and 1991 (Goolsby et al,

tions cide occurred in midwestern

1997). The highest concentra

belt following herbi concen Concentra volume-weighted and alachlor.

to crop diversity and water to examine soil-pesticide nation index was developed.

and

contami

to cropland (typical application of 0.2-0.4 trations /xg/L for atrazine

tions of up to 1-3
samples. Atrazine was deethylatrazine, zine. A survey of

/xg/L were measured

detected most often cyanazine, in

in a few individual
followed and by alachlor, deisopropylatra New

The pesticide content of agricultural soil and groundwater was investigated by monitoring three sampling sites located in Northern Italy and cultivated with maize crop (Guzzella et al, 1996). High concentrations of pesticide were determined in the
the deeper the con horizons, whereas,in layers superficial tamination values less than 0.2 pglkg. reached The of triazines simazine, (atrazine, ametryne, transportation was to surface and cyanazine) in and groundwater investigated an et basin in France catchment al, (Garmouma experimental soil 1997). Also, the phenylureas were studied (isoproturon, in the surface linuron, waters diuron, from and

metolachlor,

pesticides were

groundwater and 39 wells

throughout were

Zealand was conducted in 1994 and reported by Close

Seventy-nine a more during wells with wells sampled, survey detected intensive

(1996).
sampled no were

pesticides

in Maryborough. There the maximum above acceptable

chlortoluron)

January

value for drinking water, indicating that all the water tested was suitable for drinking. Wood and Anthony (1997) determined the frequency and level of aquifer contamination by herbicides in the Canadian
on natural focusing prairie, fers a few hectares in area, small surficial draining aqui springs of in southern Saskatchewan. None

1992 to December 1993. The main herbicides found in the stream of Fosse Rognon were the atrazine (30-2 450 ng/L), the simazine (10-1 880 ng/1), and the isoproturon (10-1 800 ng/
L); the contamination the groundwaters, those areas. found the overstepped atrazine concentration application (5-1 of 700 periods. ng/L) In and

the simazine concentration

in 1977, despite

(5-1

120 ng/L) were higher than

the corn-cultivated

the herbicide concentrations exceeded any guidelines for drink

ing water, Senseman tamination ples revealed livestock, et al at each and irrigation, (1997) monitored of 16 mixer/loader (one detection), aquatic life. and nitrate con sam para pesticide locations. cyanazine

a reduction

Fourteen (four),

atrazine

were losses of four herbicides and runoff evaluated Leaching over a in two tillage from 1989 to 1990 systems period, 2-year were at recom Herbicides and Hall, (Watts 1996). applied mended rates (1.7 kg and 2.2 kg active loam. ingredient/ha) to conven

thion-methyl
sory level,

(two, both above above the lifetime health advi

of 2 /xg/L, metolachlor (two), norflurazon

LHAL,

tional tillage (CT) and mulch

fields on Hagerstown and silty herbicide

tillage (MT) corn (Z. mays L.)

Comparisons showed that of total

(one), pendimethalin (one), propanil (two), or trifluralin (one, above the LHAL) at eight locations. The pesticide's proximity to the wells during mixing, rinsing, or loading was considered
a greater influence or chemical site-specific Herbicide compounds to be groundwater characteristics. were prevalent on contamination than

clay mass

seasonal
among of

leachate discharged
studies

to pan lysimeters within

leached

and

leachate-inducing the key tion was to runoff on

timing to herbicide relative precipitation applica in regulating translocation. factor herbicide

in groundwater

across

The disked, minimally

ance surface with that was 3-5?

tilled surface provided a level of imped

than that achieved with greater but less than that previously surface. the tilled obtained

Iowa, being detected in 70% of the 106municipal wells sampled during the summer of 1995 (Kolpin et al, 1997). The occurrence of herbicide compounds had an inverse relation to well depth
a positive occurrence of and major aquifer relation herbicide types to dissolved-oxygen was compounds Iowa, being concentration. different detected among in 82.5% The the of

an untilled,

slope mulch-covered

Sadeghi and Isensee (1997) compared the persistence

movement of alachlor acetamidel (methoxy-methyl) amino)l,3,5-triazin-2-yl under no-till and [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N and cyanazine [2-{4-chloro-6-(ethyl

and

across

the alluvial, 81.8% of the bedrock/karst region, 40.0% of the glacial-drift, and 25.0% of the bedrock/nonkarst region aquifers.
A shallow aquifer in central South Dakota was monitored for

amino}-2-methylpropanenitrilel corn conventional-till production

in soil plots that

received equal amounts of herbicides

Alachlor azine, nearly no-till. persisted regardless two times Cyanazine of in soil about 2 weeks and

from

1991 to 1994.

the presence of pesticides and nitrate (Bhatt, 1997). A total of

593 nitrate samples and 428 pesticide samples were analyzed

from 9 different sites and 14 wells between

The infiltration of atrazine, deethylatrazine,

1989 and 1994.

and deisopropyl

than did cyan longer was overall tillage practice, persistence than for for the conventional-till the longer in the soil profile than did leached deeper

606

Water

Environment

Research,

Volume

70, Number

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_Industrial alachlor under whereas the reverse was true under con

Wastes

no-till,

Vink and Vanderzee chemically

mecoprop, that occur transformed conditions. oxidative ductive creased with genous tion

ventional-till. Adsorption and desorption of two insecticides, diflubenzuron

(1997) investigated the behavior of four different distinctly pesticides (aldicarb, simazine,
simulated interface. redox conditions was Aldicarb

(DFB) and fenitrothion (FEN), were studied by batch equilib rium method under laboratory conditions (pH 5.5, 20?C) using an organic soil (soil 1) and a silty clay loam soil (soil 2) col
lected aram to both from et al, soils a boreal 1997). forest in northern was however, Ontario, more Canada (Sund Diflubenzuron to FEN; adsorbed strongly between the two soils,

and phenoxic acid) under at the terrestrial-aqueous more Under metabolites

under anaerobic than under aerobic rapidly low oxygen reductive both and conditions, were some re formed. Simazine showed but the overall concentrations. were more transformation These rate de compounds, in low-oxy sorp

transformation, with short

compared

soil 1 showed stronger affinity for the chemicals than did soil 2. The Freunlich model fit the adsorption isotherms better than
did Langmuir about and linear models. Desorption studies showed

02 decreasing aerobic half-lives, No

conditions. affinity and

was relationship rate. transformation

persistent between observed

that the adsorbed DFB was firmly retained by the soil matrix,
and only The 16-27% was desorbed. However, the desorption soil particles of

Lehr et al. (1996) determined the biod?gradation pathway of the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon [Af-(4-isopropylphenyl)
Af',N'-dimethylurea] in soils and acetone extracts of the herbi

of FEN in the soils was higher and ranged from 38 to 49%.

sorption and subsequent desorption from

cide and itsmetabolites

agricultural management

in four soils originating from different

systems using HPLC analysis. After

tefluthrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, were studied in a simulated rainfall runoff system (Zhou et al, 1997). Sorption results
showed that the partition due of coefficients (Kp and K^) of in the true were deter

56 days of soil incubation with

turon, polar metabolites area. A concise integrated in soils was

[ring-U-14C]-labeled

isopro

mined with good precision, although the resultant coefficients

were and underestimated the presence to nonattainment material equilibrium colloidal aqueous-phase

of the total up to 80% represented model for the pathway of isoproturon suggested.

degradation

supernatants

analyzed.

Murphy et al (1996) determined volatile and dislodgeable residues following insecticide application of trichlorfon (TCF,
dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloro-l-hydroxyethylphosphonate) fos (IZ, 0-5-chloro-l-isopropyl-l//-l,2,4-triazol-3-yl-O,0-di ethylphosphorothioate) creeping bentgrass man and exposure to a (Agrostis 10-m palustris radius plot of or isazo

Working with Malaysian agricultural soils, high Freundlich were observed for adsorption distribution coefficients [ATads(f)] 1 and and and 417), and (83.8 419) paraquat (28.7 glyphosate lower values for 2,4-D (0.57 and 5.26) and lindane (2.65 and
14.1) in a sandy loam and a muck soil, respectively, were ob

"Penncross" hu

Huds.)

for assessing

served (Cheah et al, 1997). The temperature dependence (four levels in the range 4 23?C) of sorption of the herbicide linuron, W-(3,4-dichloro
phenyl)-Af-methoxy-/V-methylurea, was investigated isotherms (Brucher were

possible toxicity. Trichlorfon-dislodgeable never exceeded 1 % of applied in the absence residues compound with TCFof irrigation, and whereas, irrigation, IZ-dislodgeable residues were quotients = exposure 1 means never than 0.5% of applied greater compound. in the range 1.5-14.3 for dermal/inha (HQs) were found insecticide following application no adverse to humans). effects rates were measured in surface soils

Hazard lation (HQ

and Bergstrom,
sandy soils

1997) in three texturally different soils (two

clay soil). Sorption obtained

and one

satisfactorily described with the Freundlich model, and some general patterns were sorption changed significantly (Kd values
changed by a factor up to 15 at low linuron concentrations),

Atrazine with two

mineralization

the nonlinearity of the isotherms increased with decreasing tem

in the perature the temperature at lower linuron were sorption scribe sorption ranges sandy soils but decreased in the clay soil, and of dependence concentrations. calculated at any and was stronger generally sorption The free energy and heat of to thermodynamically used de and concentration within the

management agricultural practices of annual application plot receiving rotation [CR] plot with corn-soybean-wheat [CC] atrazine corn

(a continuous-corn atrazine and a crop (Triticum aestivum

L.) and hairy vetch [Vicia villosa (L.) Roth] with reduced use
of during years) Systems the Ohio Management a C02-14C using Evaluation Area site at technique in Piketon,

Ohio (Ostrofski et al,

Four

1997).

temperature

investigated. were used in a pot on the uptake of these

Typical soils from low to heavy contamination with selected

pesticides rots were experiment

over a 9-year on the conducted period experiments movement in sandy soils of triazines, and degradation alachlor, were et al. (1996). In and metolachlor summarized by Ritter two experiments, and simazine atrazine than were in the groundwater frequently was no nazine. There large difference between ment, conventional alachlor was tillage detected were detected and more cya metolachlor

xenobiotics by carrot plants (Heinrich and Schulz, 1996). Car

able to take up chlorinated hydrocarbons as expected

because of their oil cells and the lipophilic character of the

examined substances. Despite the high-concentration toxicants,

in pesticide transport In another and no-tillage. experi the in approximately 20% of period; Protec

the total uptake per pot was relatively small (below 2 mg/pot). According to Beyers andMyers (1996), carbaryl (1-naphthyl
methylcarbamate) to control and malathion (diethyl mercaptosuccinate, a hazard models were S

groundwater many samples

to July over a 3-year from May samples were the 2 ppb U.S. Environmental above

ester with 0,0-dimethyl

organisms (using thion western evaluation grasshopper and others.

phosphorodithioate),
infestations Thus, pose

insecticides used
to aquatic estimated and mala relevant accuracy use be to

tion Agency Wechsler

(U.S. EPA) drinking water standard. et al (1996) described the fate of two triazole
and flusilazol, was whatever an in a silt soil. Results compound nature of the demon being Flutriafol immobile the in soil, soil.

meta-analysis) in freshwater

degradation that predict half-life over and temperature results

flutriafol fungicides, that flusilazol strated strongly adsorbed,

of carbaryl pH ranges Model

grasshopper-management against and 7 < experimental < 8.2

programs.

suggested

their

was slightly to moderately mobile in the different soils. A predictive model of the behavior of pesticides in soils (BPS) was described in detail (Kozak and Vacek, 1996). The
model The consisted model was of three databases tested under and laboratory four computing and field modules. conditions,

ing restricted to conditions where water has 7 < pH <

carbaryl pH for malathion.

10 for

Literature

Review

1998

607

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Industrial

Wastes_ of results obtained for atrazine were The Three glucose,

and

examples

given.

days

later,

organic starch,

materials, cellulose,

results indicated that the BPS model, even in the first version, could be considered a useful tool for prediction of pesticide
behavior in soil.

casein,

A simple model was developed

incorporated assess the The model the variations groundwater was based first-order in soil contamination on linear,

(Di and Aylmore,

and pesticide potential

1997) that
to

parameters of pesticides. and reversible flow

or three kinds of sludges, compost, a Results of 1%, respectively. proportion matter inhibition of organic decomposition onto caused of cadmium by the adsorption A osum planted Hegi.) cultivar (Cichorium chicory and the uncultivated plants

including lignin, rice were mixed

straw, with

glutamic rice the

acid, straw soil in the was

suggested by cadmium organic intybus L. horse weed

that

matter. var. foli

sorption, allowed

degradation, soil zone the unsaturated

equilibrium, and steady piston to be divided into

(Canada

and

a number

fleabane) (Erigeron canadensis L.) and dog fennel (Eupatorium capillifolium (Lan) Small) were evaluated for their ability to
act and as index vanadium plant at for soil cadmium, chromium, nickel, species two field had been sites where these metals

of layers of different thickness and properties. The fate of 29

pesticides was assessed using soil and environmental conditions

of the Swan Coastal Plains of Western Australia and pesticide

properties reported insecticide thresholds in the literature.

applied 5 years previously to two highly weathered

(Martin as potential sols et al, index 1996). Horseweed and chicory Chicory and dog 0.05 for soil plants as a nickel index plant. as vanadium of index chromium. Chicory

sandy Ulti
may may fennel have have may

Peck and Ellner (1997) modeled

ferring nomic resistance are used

the dynamics of al?eles con

in which pest eco populations.

in agroecosystems to manage insect

potential have potential The effect

The single-field model

indicated that economic

management longer on

thresholds had
strategies be

for pesticide implications important cause resistance is no evolution growth population, migration eled proach. vidual tion, process. the all In the selection the regional pressure time

single-reagent acid enediaminetetraacetic tion of trace metals in

plants. with extraction on soils

mol/L

(EDTA)

model,

the of independent rate of the the growth and the resistant al?ele,

surface

the solid-phase from sampled

ethyl distribu confined

dredged sediment disposal sites was investigated (Singh et al,

1996). associated were In EDTA-extracted with the The soils, acid-extractable oxidizable of the and significant and residual portions -reducible fractions except lead). in six separated and of metals fractions remained for the

affected

to resistance.

The effect of pesticides on lumbricid populations was mod

(Baveco and Deroos, effect of Sublethal level and an individual-based ap 1996) using was quantified at the indi of pesticides vital rates, i.e., growth, matura impaired results terrestris, obtained indicated for species, that both were for individ for two

released.

unaffected organic Metal sediment 42-60 ada,

for most matter-associated (lead, size copper, fractions

in terms

metals investigated metals and (copper and zinc) partitioning (<8, 8-12, 12-19,

Lumbricus sensitive ual

reproduction. rubellus and L.

Model

19-31,

31-42,

available to pesticides the energy affecting as opposed to the amount of energy growth, Life-history to toxic stress times. 1.1, was used to assess and characteristics than L. rubellus, made

available L.

Can from southern Ontario, pm) of river bed sediment and extraction have been (Stone by sequential analyzed some elements of The concentrations 1996). major Droppo, (silicon, aluminum, magnesium, and phosphorus) to correlate determined and with metal calcium, potassium, and organic the elemental sodium, inorganic

reproduction. more sensitive population A model,

terrestris in longer the

resulting

recovery SYNOPS

iron, manganese, also carbon were tion of and the

compare

sediment

risk potential for the environment of active ingredients of plant protection products (Gutsche and Rossberg, 1997). It consisted
of five main pesticides, assessment calculated steps: assessment of the assessment of the application exposure risk, of of environmental related and biological visualization of pattern of chemicals, the

lead

concentrations

composi size. Zinc and grain speciation size. with increased decreasing grain

indices,

of aggregation the risk potentials.

For Big Creek and Big Otter Creek, respectively, the highest concentrations of zinc (326 and 230 mg/kg) and lead (158 and 67 mg/kg) were found in the smallest (<8 mm) fraction, whereas the copper levels (619 and 1 281 mg/kg) were most
abundant in the second smallest (8-12 pm) fraction. Estimates

The DRAINAGE

model was modified

by incorporating a
component drain flows to simu (Kumar

of metal yields
sediment than smaller 31 pm.

showed that over 80% of the metal yield

than 63 pm was associated with solids smaller

in

flow and a preferential component pesticide in subsurface late pesticide concentrations and Kanwar, in the drain predicted 1997). water The overall

atrazine

of pesticide appearance timings were well Annual, by the model. predicted in flows were drain losses with subsurface

A logistic regression model was developed to predict the likelihood that selenium would exceed the U.S. EPA chronic criterion for aquatic life (5 mg/L) in irrigated agricultural areas
of the western U.S. (Nolan that and Clark, 1997). of the U.S. models water indicated was almost the concentration to exceed Logistic selenium EPA regression in surface aquatic sediments. life

close agreement with the observed losses for 1990 and 1991 (1.1% difference). Heavy Metals. Hattori (1996a) determined the decomposi
tion of organic matter with previous of with cadmium adsorption

certain

chronic criterion of 5 pglL when dissolved of

was greater than 3 000 mg/L time of year, and in areas with

solids concentration
cretaceous

(OMACd)
in soil.

in soils and in water to clarify the mechanism

inhibition amended matter organic cadmium-free decomposition organic materi

cadmium-induced In the soils

Microbiological.
of grazing, northwest ratios of to was

Edwards et al
runoff

(1997) assessed the effects

amounts on fecal coliform

was of to the soils. Decomposition solution added als, a CdCl2 extent to a greater was than that in the soils inhibited OMACd results a CdCl2 added. had been to which solution Overall,

(FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS) concentrations in runoff from

Arkansas and evaluated with earlier whether values FC/FS concentration are consistent sources. a reliable as characteristic reported and ratio varied coliform/FS Fecal widely of FC and FS. of the source indicator typhimurium from a pig The tested pathogens farm waste was followed

suggested that OMACd cannot be readily decomposed

Hattori another (1996b) paper, croorganisms.In on the decomposition of cadmium study the influence

by mi

animal not Survival

continued of various

of Salmonella solid et al, fraction 1997).

types of organic materials

(control) was added

in soil. Cadmium dichloride or CaCl2

soil at a level of 10 mmol/kg soil.

in the slurry plant (Placha

watertreatment pathogens

to a gley

S. typhimurium

608

Water

Environment

Research,

Volume

70, Number

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Industrial Wastes

survived for 117 days. These data suggest a relatively

survival for indicator wastewater of agricultural The prevalence in agricultural by surveying from nine microorganisms treatment in the solid plants. enteric was fraction

long
from

the effects of adding organic fertilizers and recycling products

on patterns of nitrate and ammonium release (Insam and

fluoroquinolone-resistant waste streams and municipal resistant Escherichia and coli one in the U.S.

bacteria

for

investigated in samples collected location in Mexico

Merschak, 1997). A spring application of dairy cattle slurry (300 kg total nitrogen/ ha) on high- and low-fertility sites resulted in higher
microbial biomass carbon during the growing season than on a

locations

control soil or a soil receiving 100 kg nitrogen/ha as urea (Paul

and Beauchamp, 1996). The stable nitrogen isotope-based pairing method isotope to study nitrification used and coupled nitrification-denitrifica tion associated with a manure hot spot in soil contained was

(Pillai et al,
tant to either

1996). None of the 102 isolates tested were resis

ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin.

SOIL SUPPLEMENTS?FERTILIZER
Nutrient Availability
viewed the application tural wastes for nutrient Five composts of

within

a diffusion chamber (Nielsen et al,

A two-factorial long-term effects and agricul

1996).
earth (Dystric manure Cam

and Dynamics.
composts supply and from

Bhardwaj (1997) re
protection. and mixtures

trial on brown

organic environmental biosolids,

bisol)
separate

in Lauterbach
and combined

(Erz Gebirge) was

of stable

started to study the

and liquid (0,

(sugarcane

filtercake,

of municipal
on the surface leaching et al, in

solid wastes
of at

[MSW] and biosolids) were applied

sand soil (in 7.5-cm diameter with deion rate and leached

67, 134, 268, and 402 kg nitrogen/ha year) as well as of mineral fertilizer (0, 93, 203, 240, and 313 kg nitrogen/ha year) applied
after total grassland nitrogen turning content of on yield, removal of plants, nitrogen et al, the soil (Hulsbergen 1996). and

an Oldsmar 100-tonne/ha

columns)

ized water (300 mL/d) for 5 days, equivalent to 34 cm rainfall

(Li P04-P 1997). leachate The The concentrations reached leaching as high of N03-N peaks of N03-N, as 246, 29, NH4-N, and and 7 mg/L, following

Nitrogen mobilization and nitrogen immobilization of 42 composts from different compost plants of the district of
Northrhine-Westfalia (Germany) were investigated in a pot

respectively. 9.1 cm Soil the

occurred

the application of only 300-400 mL water (equivalent to 6.8

rainfall). to exert of an straw on effect insignificant and assimilation of its under similar hy were were found properties of mineralization intensity products

decomposition Cattle manure

by humic and a

substances

experiment (Scherer et al, 1996). The composts differed in the composition of the inputmaterial (30% plant residues/70% biogarbage; 70% plant residues/30% biogarbage; 100% plant residues), degree of decomposition (fresh compost or highly matured compost), and carbon/nitrogen relation (13/1 to 28/1).
Reversed lation near cycle model, Quebec parameter related modeling AgriFlux, City, was a using performed conceptual and N03~ concentrations from to simu a field

drothermic conditions (Sharkov and Iodko, 1997).

compost municipal waste compost

applied at a rate of 5 or 15% to two soils, differing

mineralization

in their

Canada, values

at 30?C and for 33 weeks incubated capacity, content soil-water and Portnoy, and optimal (Hadas 1997). The small difference between the composts that a similar indicated rate constant could fit the insoluble component decomposition of any Two compost. chemical indixes were effective in estimating potentially

(Larocque

identify nitrogen representative and Banton, Three 1996). nitrogen transformations that

parameters

to the organic

largely control soil nitrogen dynamics (efficiency of the internal

of the microbial synthesis and humus mineralization studied, values transfers N03~ measured low values for the from biomass, rate) litter were humification identified. For fraction, the with and site low small the the

of humus of pool

mineralization the microbial to the humus the most

combined biomass pool

mineralizable nitrogen (N-O) in soils and determining if these indices could be used to differentiate the impact of cultural practices on the nitrogen-supplying capacity of soils (Jalil et al, 1996). Keeling et al (1996) demonstrated that the use of 0.028 M
and glucose waste-derived an appropriate compost) effect extra source resulted of N2-fixing in increased bacteria grass (Lolia (green per

efficiency the litter

concentrations values.

that compared

generated with favorably

(1997) reviewed the works in last 15 years on the isotope techniques for studying phosphorus cycling in agricul Di et al
tural and rus forest and soils. isotopes examined They their measurements the properties of phospho with together techniques in the soil, dissolution phosphorus and organic inorganic phosphorus of organic phosphorus of phosphorus release and and litter decomposition immobi and re

enne) dry matter

The experiment. which supplied

(DM) yields of over 50% in a glasshouse

was nitrogen ascribed to asymbiotic to plants nutrition N2 over fixation, an ex

for measuring and decomposition sources applied lization tention in forest in the soils,

exchangeable rates to the soil,

of

tended period.
in a dryland conducted farm, which study was sativa esculenta) SQason)ILens crop Oryza (rainy assess of ammoniathe size of viable community A oxidizing season and bacteria and mineralization, was under to rotation, and nitrite

rates rates

and mineralization, soil, and root gene

activity probing

rates

hybridization. into matter organic Three soils were and cellu

by nitrogen matter fertilizer and organic (Jha inputs of chemical a dry season had et al, The mineral 1996). pools nitrogen whereas and nitrification mineralization maximum, nitrogen

as affected

Eriksen (1997) investigated the turnover of sulfur in the mi

crobial with mixed biomass different with and degrees carrier-free its incorporation soil of physical protection. 35S and combinations

of sulfur

rates were highest during the rainy season and lowest during
the summer related nitrogen Intact forest Alps with season. Nitrogen-mineralization soil moisture and inversely rate was with the size positively of mineral

lose in polyvinyl chloride cylinders cropped with perennial rye

grass. The recovery constant, of 35S in the microbial immobilization biomass increased, remained indicat relatively formed Iron although

from a mixed 40-cm diameter, (11-cm depth) a Norway the Calcareous stand in northern spruce were to study in a laboratory of Austria used experiment and

pools. soil cores

ing that 35S immobilized by the microbial biomass was trans

directly into soil and manganese sulfur. organic transformations were studied in a sus

pension of rice soil at controlled redox potentials

[E(h)] of

Literature

Review

1998

609

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Industrial Wastes

-300,

-150,

0,

+150,

and

+300

mV

only

or

in combination

con

esculentum),

strawberry

(Fragaria

ve sea),

and

Gerbera

with three pH values of 6, 7, and 8 (Atta et al, 1996). Effects on Crops. Water extracts from different kinds of
composted on manures and from stockpiled dairy manure were

daisy
per,

(Gerbera jamesoni?). Use

increases lead, in the content cadmium, and nickel, tested.

of compost did not lead to

of heavy chromium) metals (zinc, of cop the in the fruit

dangerous

compared with soil solution and distilled water for their effects
initial plant and root development of germination, growth, cress extracts from and 1997). Water (Pare et al, composted decreased the rate of germination stockpiled dairy manures manures. to biomature composted compared extracts Water from coffee of the compost residue produced and activated sludge were selectively inhibitory to seed germi

of tomato and mustard (L. esculentum) yields (Brassica on a silt-loam grown soil, j?ncea) plants, low-pH, compacted were com in plots treated with generally significantly higher and composted than in plots sewage posted yard wastes sludge of commercial applications receiving nitrogen-phosphorus

species The

potassium fertilizer (Weir and Allen,

amendments

1997). Composted organic

con in were

nation of some legumes (Nagaoka et al, 1996). Germination rate of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), red clover (Trifolium
pratense duced extracts show bicolor re sativa seeds were L.) (Medicago to 2, 29, and 73% of the control, water respectively, by of the compost the extracts did not (20 g/L). However, L.), and alfalfa any inhibition to seed African (Brassica of germination millet (Eleusine rapa L.) at the sorghum coracana same (Sorghum Gaertn.),

soil pH, organic matter increased significantly of phosphate and magnesium tent, and the available supplies the soil. Heavy contents metal of edible parts of plants of health concern.

not

Choudhary et al
in crop production and composition ported gumes, nutrient tassium. rus, to be oilseeds, and

(1996) reviewed the use of swine manure

with on its effects on crop yield emphasis soil/water was re Swine manure quality. in increasing the yields of cereals, le and pastures and in increasing plant and po

Moench),

and Komatsuna

concentration.

effective

Five inhibitors were isolated and identified as 3,4-dichlorophe

nylacetic acid, 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, acid (3,4-DCB), acid, 3,4,5-tri and mono chlorophenylacetic and mass Seed mined thus 3,4,5-trichlorobenzoic

vegetables,

concentration, Manure

2-ethylhexylphthalate
spectrometry.

by 'H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy

and crop characteristics were deter

potassium, or excessive heavy NO3-N,

nitrogen, phosphours, soil nitrogen, increased application and sodium. calcium, magnesium, of manure application and magnesium. increased

especially

phospho However, leaching of

germination growth for Tagetes spp. L. "Lemondrop", roseus Don. "Little Pinkie", vinca;

phosphorus,

Catharan marigold; Petunia Vilm. hybrida (Ra Pitto Photinia L. "Moon

(1997) determined that broiler house litter con taining recycled boric acid-treated paper (for poultry bedding) Wilkinson
and its composts Similar were did not pose and a toxicity hazard to bermudagrass to the nonboron

"Royalty Cherry", Kitamura mat.) sporum Xfraseli Glow", blends tobira Dress., Ait.

petunia; DendranthemaXgrandiflorum "White Diamond", chrysanthemum; "Wheeleri", photinia; and sweet mock orange; sabina containers and urban

turf (Cynodon dactylon L.) when applied at agronomic nitrogen

rates. controls Poultry different yields found. nitrogen recovery

Juniperus

in various-sized grown juniper of composted (CGW) green waste

containing com waste

manure nitrogen

alone or in combination with urea at applied as a nitrogen source levels was evaluated for manure the third did not

post mixture (UC Mix) (Burger et al, 1997). For most plants studied, a CGW:UC Mix blend containing at least 25% UC Mix
was for required The agronomic to sesame adequate aspects growth of some on development. waste compost organic sandy Different soil were rates and appli

wetland rice grown in a Fatehpur loamy sand soil (Bijaysingh

et al, better 1997). when In the first mixed with year, urea, poultry but, by year, perform when ap

cations

(Abdelsabour tions from water

grown plants and Elseoud, 1996). hyacinth,

investigated and combina incor

plied in quantities sufficient to supply 120 kg nitrogen/ha and 180 kg nitrogen/ha, it produced significantly more rice grain
as urea. After than the same rates of nitrogen three cycles yield of rice-wheat matter the organic in the soil increased rotation, the amount with to a plot. of manure applied a very Six different two of them with materials, organic evolved being MSW, MSW) of view sludge, organic matter formed (peat and leonardite) a and the other sludge, sludge four an and point

biosolids,

and MSW

composts,

porated with or without shale deposits (tafia) at 8%, were used to

the sandy soil. Results sesame growth contents. and mineral drate, stimulated treat indicated and enhanced that all compost its pigment, treatments carbohy

O'Brien
flower sods

and Barker (1997) evaluated production of wild

in soil and composts of mixed agricultural wastes,

sewage recently (sheep a mixture and a compost from of sewage were characterized from a chemical/biochemical and by ryegrass growth and MSW (Pascual et al,

manure,

woodchips,
sods with

mixed MSW

and biosolids,

and fall leaves. Best

1977).

to seed germination, and stand establishment, respect over seasons two and of bloom occurred in diversity intensity mature waste and in agricultural biosolids compost compost.

sheep manure, suggesting substances.

(raw materials)

Sewage seed inhibited

germination, phytotoxic materials tion ual

Composting transformed either fresh olive mill wastewaters (OMW) or sludge from pond-stored OMW mixed with appro
priate plant waste materials (carriers) et al, into organic fertilizers

disappeared to soil, showing these materials on the crop. effect

in the organic extracts of observed with the raw phytotoxicity or decreased some time after their addi The a noticeable positive resid

the presence

(composts) with no phytotoxicity

(Cegarra plant production and micronutrient the macroorganic differences. An or mineral fertilizers

to improve soil fertility and

Effects
from lignite

on Soils and other Effects. Humic acids extracted

between 1996). A comparison contents of plants cultivated with did not generally reveal important with from

or mined residues vegetable (green compost) were on either tested for their influence soil (leonardite) or et al, characteristics (Canarutto cracking microaggregation from green 1996). Hum?tes (in the range of 1 000 compost composted

experiment

was

performed

compost

prepared

8 000 mg/kg
dose-independent gates.

of soil) induced small-size clod formation in a

manner and preserved stability of microaggre

bark and sewage sludge to evaluate its suitability for amending growing media (Pinamonti et al, 1997) used in the soilless
cultivation of cucumber (Cucumuis sativus), tomato (Lycopersi

The effects of applying varying rates (0-250

610 Water Environment Research, Volume

g/kg) of pel
70, Number 4

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Industrial Wastes

letized

mixtures

of

sewage

sludge

and

other

waste

materials

yield

was

observed

in fresh manure

treatment

without

atrazine,

(peat and cotton "gin trash") on the soil physical and chemical
properties of a cracking clay from eastern Australia was investi

probably
among

caused by strong competition

weeds, and microorganisms.

for nutrient uptake

The addition of inor

crop,

gated in a laboratory study (Hulugalle, 1996). In comparison with untreated soil, application of the pellets increased soil acid
ity, electrical and decreased conductivity, exchangeable cardboard nitrate-nitrogen, calcium and and sodium. organic carbon

ganic fertilizer did not bring any significant increase in soil nitrogen biomass due to the high basal organic matter content
of soil. The relationship between microbial numbers and rate of ap

Application
and pulp and

of composts derived from livestock complexes

factory wastes improved the structure

of the plow horizon, decreased its density, and enriched the soil with organic matter (Kulikova et al, 1996). It promoted the
development processes of in the strong soil. root systems and stimulated biological

plication and biod?gradation products (mainly C02 and NH3 evolution) of CM and municipal refuse (MSW) was determined using the data obtained during field incubation studies under center-pivot sprinkler irrigation inCentral Saudi Arabia (Magid
et al, 1996). Microbial of manure application economic tween ha and 8.25 33.0 rates of tonne/ha numbers and with increased incubation of CM tonne/ha with time. rate increasing The optimum occurred 16.5 be tonne/

An Acadia silty clay (SC) and a Pugwash sandy loam were each fertilized with three rates of either composted chicken manure (CM), fresh CM, or synthetic fertilizer (Cooper and Warman, 1997). The sandy loam, which was relatively high in
organic enzyme carbon, activity did not (DHA) higher in dehydrogenase increases experience to organic due whereas amendments, or fertilizer treat DHA than manure

application and 16.5

and MSW and between

tonne/ha,

respectively. fixation and methane emission

Adachi
cellulose

et al

(1996) studied the effect of rice straw and

nitrogen

on biological of rice

in a subtropical paddy field. These results suggested that the

application hance the changes might The monas en at high doses may straw and cellulose some that of methanogenic and populations in the microflora bacteria methanogenic surrounding level at rice heading of humic acids and Nitrobacter and ripening stages. on activity and growth agilis was investigated membrane of Nitroso in vitro

compost produced to the SC. ments

A 20-year-long
long-term effects of

field trial was conducted

compost application (40-45

to determine the
tonne DM/ha

occur effect

every third year for a period of 12 years, followed by an amount of 15 tonne/ha every year for the last 8 years) on yield and soil fertility (Diez and Krauss, 1997). Compost application caused
increasing higher nutrients values. Cooperative and processing from which on-farm of feedlot composting manure (COFC, with crop as the combination stover to produce nitrogen for yields in the soil, mineralization all crops, improved in the course of time and and pH accumulated soil organic and increased structure, matter

europaea was

under axenic conditions (Vallini et al,

effect attributed to an increase

1997). The stimulatory

per a

in microbial

meability
Soil crust of on

favoring a better utilization of nutrients.

the a compost-water surface after drying, to determine wind speeds with soil agent After (Devos, mixture, was which forms to a series as an at the exposed

treated

increasing anti-wind-erosion

compost 1996). Wind of 5.6

potential erosion

a beneficial natural soil amendment and fertilizer for those fields

Deluca, and stover was reviewed (Deluca taken) was to COFC: related covered several aspects They fer and commercial soil improvement, nutrient energy savings, and tilizer soil savings, protection, groundwater consumption the 1997). social consequences within the agricultural livestock chemical community.

untreated soil started at wind speeds of 6 m/s, both for the flat
and rough before surface. application started. tonne/ha (on DM

basis) compost, the wind speed had to be increased to 12-14

m/s wind erosion

and

The fulvic acid (fua) fractions of two samples of composted solid wastes (urban [urfua] and livestock [lsfua] wastes), com
mercialized to be used in agriculture as organic correctives or

Larney and Janzen (1996) compared the efficacy of various

amendments residues, fertilizer (14 treatments, of combinations alone) including straw and wheat manures, fertilizer, crop and

in restoring Canada.

productivity overall alfalfa soil of best hay.

to a desurfaced

fertilizers, were analyzed for their affinity toward copper(II) at = 6 (Da Silva et al, 1997). The amount of binding sites pH were 0.21 mmol/L, and the logarithms of the corresponding
constants 4.21 and 4.51, (Kf) were respec stability for urfua and lsfua. The differences detected between tively, from natural soils could these fua samples and those extracted extent to humification the small be attributed relatively mainly fua of the present anthropogenic samples. conditional The terbutryn, transformations pendimethalin, and dimefuron) were monitored of eight in herbicides (atrazine, 2,4-D, and simazine, metsulfuron compost-soil incuba

fine-loamy, mixed
southern Alberta, hog manure, concentration the variation extractable

Typic Haploboroll
The

(Lethbridge series) in
amendments were Nitrate-nitrogen 71% whereas depth both as in

and poultry manure, in the 0- to 60-cm in restorative phosphorus ability concentrations

depth explained the amendments, in the 0-

of

to 15-cm

explained
The by ments before the

16% of this variation.

of OMW following showed of 60-90 fertilization. was compost the plant-soil assayed system

carbetamide, soil, compost, long-term and

value agronomic test" and the "crop on maize in amounts chemical

methyl, mixture

during

laboratory

fluenced by compost supply (Tomati et al,

performed sowing need for

1996). Field experi

supplied to reduce

tions (Barriuso et al,

decreased of herbicide herbicide residues.

1997). Compost addition to soil generally

favored the stabilization

when that compost, was able tonne/ha Soil oxygen

mineralization

consumption

and nitrogen fixation in the open field also improved.

The izer effects in maize of composted forage manure on used as an alternative biomass fertil was production were soil microbial

WASTE RECYCLING AND REUSE

Finn and Spencer (1997) reported on experiences regarding
the use of compost biofilters for odor and volatile organic com

studied (Marinari et al,

(with and without atrazine) and fertilizer), fertilizer fresh manure, (nitram),

1996). Five different field treatments

compared: control (without nitrogen on forage

pounds (VOCs) treatment in waste

other applications. from Compost agricultural and

composting
other wastes

facilities and
and granular

manure, inorganic composted + nitram. A decrease compost

Literature

Review

1998

611

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Industrial Wastes

activated plant

carbon simultaneously

biofilters

operated low removed

at a wastewater concentrations

treatment of H2S and

chemical tion well

fertilizers. in these

This case

system studies

helped and,

natural therefore,

enemies decreased

func the

VOCs

(Webster et al,
increases stress, pH had

1997). Microorganisms
in microbial and domination little effect densities,

on both media

demonstrated of environmental teria. Declining aromatic

varying degrees bac by gram-negative on compound removal,

application of pesticides. Callaghan et al (1997) studied the codigestion of cattle slurry and waste milk under shock loading conditions in 1-L laboratory
digesters and found that CH4 to above concentration in the biogas methane receiving of all

which was >99%

and

for the H2S and >70%

for the oxygenated

digesters receiving waste milk additions initially dropped but

quickly duction greatest biogas recovered rate was loading methane most levels. The previous in those digesters elevated of waste initial however, milk; was also greatest pro the

hydrocarbons.

Biocycle
Alberta, remediate The nitrogen using of

(1997b) editorialized on the works carried out in

using compost and composting soils. bark compost soil was as a means to

Canada,

petroleum-contaminated straw effects of adding levels to fuel

concentration

of depression in this system. of anaerobic fluidized particles oxygen bed as de

and

at different investigated to measure the

Chen et al (1997) assessed the effects of organic loading rate

(LR) on treatment reactor, media removal and methane organic of hog wastewaters in an spherical granular Good of removal production anaerobic carbon

oil-contaminated

the CHC13

fumigation-extraction decreased

method

soil microbial biomass

these substrates

(Joergensen et al,
the percentage

1997). The addition

of extractable fuel

using carrier.

activated 5-day

biochemical

oil, increased the percentage of fuel oil mineralized

also increased the fraction of unrecovered fuel oil

to C02, but
residues. The

different nitrogen levels had no significant effects on fuel oil

decomposition of addition in the presence of the the compost substrates tent of microbial biomass. A was pilot-scale composting to compare straw of substrates. The compost the con increased markedly soil by soil, two with

mand (BOD5, filtered and unfiltered) and filtered chemical oxy gen demand (COD) (>60%) were achieved at LR as high as 10.4 g unfiltered COD/L-day. Combined anaerobic digestion of OMW and piggery effluent
was filter. performed Total et al, 1997) (Marques COD removal efficiencies whereas in an upflow anaerobic were of 70-77% yield of 0.341

chlorophenol-contaminated degradation remediated

achieved

consistently,

the methane

performed different inoculants,

compost

chlorophenol and

0.349 m/kg total COD removed indicated stable operation even

at the highest-feed A mathematical OMW, and dairy OMW model wastewaters content. for anaerobic was codigesting based piggery, on batch

that by indigenous soil microbes

The biod?gradation of the dependent san) was (CMC) dairy as 5.3, of chlorophenols inocula type.

(Laine and Jorgensen, 1997).

was efficient and fast, in

developed

A novel application of a nontoxic cationic biopolymer (chito

as a substitute evaluated for carboxymethylcellulose and recovery and fats from for pretreatment of proteins et wastewaters could Chitosan al, (Selmerolsen 1996). chemicals. The process up to 50% of pH-adjusting that have been evaluated valuable components as a food additive. suitable carbon from agricultural wastes was used to

kinetic experiments (Gavala et al, 1996). An organic LR of 3.84 g COD/L day was found to be safe for a digester operating
on OMW, a year-round basis, and piggery-dairy et al. (1997) fed sequentially wastewaters. material with piggery, piggery the

Converti

used

balances

to evaluate

achieve results similar to the CMC process even at pH as high

saving contained sludge to be and found Semiactivated

COD behavior and the time required for fed-batch digestion of

mixtures wastes. carry of Results out domestic suggest the continuous wastes and prehydrolyzed sludges agricultural to that removal of lignin is necessary anaerobic of prehydrolyzed digestion rich in woody materials. A semi technical, 37.5-m3 sequencing rates 93.4%, of

treat the heavily polluted water from Kaduna River, Nigeria

(Ozoh, stuff 1997). removals Total were in color and amber, in the range the wastewater of wastewater carbon, yellow, of 96-99.8%. was linear and orange Adsorption and increased of guinea independent solutions conditions dose, and dye of

agricultural Aerobic.

Wastewater.

batch reactor (SBR) was used for in situ studies of piggery

wastewater BOD, COD, treatment and (Su et al, solids suspended 1997). were The 94.5, removal 88.7, and

present dyestuff concentrations with carbon; with

sugarcane studies coir pith time, metal of were

per unit mass was adsorption from out

corn of

concentrations. Adsorption carbonized of agitation copper(II) carried aqueous varying adsorbent on

respectively at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3 days and LR of 0.36 kg BOD/m3 day. The removal rates of nitrogen (NH4+-N and total Kjeldahl nitrogen [TKN]) and phosphorus
(TP) were Fermented 36.3, 52.9, swine of and solid 61.1%, waste respectively. was to acetate compared to improve SBRs nutrient difference either and TP was acetate removals no or for re found fer

under

ion concentration,

pH (Namasivayam et al,
a first-order rate equation. 10.0

1997). Kinetics of adsorption followed

Copper(II) removal increased from

supplementation moval (Lee et al, between mented and 89%, the swine

bench-scale 1997). No

reactors waste:

50 to 90% with the increase of pH from 2.0 to 4.0 and remained

constant at pH for a copper(II) concentration of 20 mg/L.

supplemented both showed A control

performance with TKN reactor

of 90 supple

respectively.

(receiving

Adsorption equilibrium followed both Langmuir and Freundlich

isotherms.

mentation)
respectively. A trickling after

achieved TKN and TP removals of 76 and 15%,

filter was constructed treatment to treat (Szogi et al, swine wastewater Removal

AGRICULTURAL WASTE TREATMENT

Anaerobic.
system, the

anaerobic

lagoon

1997).

Chen (1997) reported on a new ecoagricultural

livestock-biogas-fruit were raised system in Meixian, China.

efficiencies for TP ranged from 37 to 52% (one to four cycles), but long-term phosphorus removal would be limited by the
of the gravel. capacity sorption to nitrate-plus-nitrite-nitrogen verted and Smith used Scott (1997) to a bioreactor aerator and Up to 24% (N03 a ceramic of TKN + N02-N). membrane coupled system waste. was con

Grapefruit
digester. on weeds of wastes

litterfall and pig dung were fed into the anaerobic

in the orchard excreta and where they Recycling input of fed and pests improved and deposited soil texture as fertilizer. decreased

Chickens

thereby

of for combining the alternate functions food filter for remediating process industry

612

Water

Environment

Research,

Volume

70, Number

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_Industrial The to

Wastes

0.2-pm

membrane

provided

markedly

superior

aeration

a traditional sparger and kept permeate suspended solids (SS) below 50 mg/L, despite an SS input of 1 510-3 800 mg/L. Composting. Antler (1997) briefly reviewed new Canadian compost standards. DeWilde (1997) discussed the acceptance
criteria for degradable carbohydrates to the European related composted, The important role of farm in wastes sugar intended to be activities. industry in the conversion

natural aeration (NA) under high moisture conditions (76%) (Sartaj et al, 1997). For the selected configuration of aeration pipes and schedule, PA had a higher process rate than NA and provided adequate oxygen without the adverse effect of cooling
as observed more effective in the case of FA. However, nitrogen, NA was less laborious, higher in conserving and maintained

temperatures (>55?C) for a longer time than did the other two
to methods. Spent sawdust) to and litter, was a mixture composted of partially composted in windrows with pig manure and without and the

composting

organic farming was discussed by Grealy

of American companies in extending

(1997). The efforts

technology

composting

for farmers were discussed

shared farmers. partners Partners, Several some An on experiences article described into the U.S.

(Biocycle,
transferring the impact farm

1996a). Walker
compost of new companies business

(1997)

technology

entering 1997).

composting

(New

addition of a commercial bacterial product (odor control organic fertilizers) (Tiquia et al, 1997). The rate of composting was significantly slower in the windrow that contained no bacterial product and that only had its moisture content adjusted at the beginning of the experiment. Decomposition was incomplete in
this set even after day 91. In the other sets, the decomposition was composting infrared spectros

experiences the results of

on agricultural several farm

composting

inMassachu

setts farms were compiled by Vandekamp

showed

(1997). A short report

demonstration

rate was faster and the spent litter became stabilized by day 56.
The evaluated matter of organic degradation during Fourier transform by a quantitative

composting

projects in California, USA (California farm, 1997). Oshins (1996) discussed the differences between agricultural
and commercial of compost review the role composting teas in agriculture of distinction. and An article discussed microbial associated

copy (FTIR) analysis technique (Tseng et al, 1996). Three re gions of the FTIR spectra were used for quantification: 1 070 974, 1 705-1 614, and 2 995-2 887 1/cm, which correspond
to polysaccharides and aromatic and aliphatic compounds, re spectively.

activity issues (Olds, Alberta,

A manure forts short was composting

1996).
systems systems, composting to manage 1997). Regional in the U.S. animal ef were

presented (Compost manure to achieve coordinate

discussed (Regionally coordinated, 1997). A comparison of windrow composting methods for handling solid and liquid wastes in pig farms was made by Haywood (1997).
A ratio A composting was farm wastes described machine low-cost method for high (Low cost, carbon 1997). device short was was that pro time from developed out carried to nitrogen

Physicochemical and biological parameters of a composting system (olive-mill solid residues plus OMW) were compared with respect to their potential use for themonitoring and evalua tion of the rate of field-scale processes (Papadimitriou and Balis, 1996).
Oxygen consumption, microbial growth, and urease activity

were greatly enhanced during the thermophilic phase of OMW

composting, reaching their maximum in about 3 weeks (Galli

composting cesses a large the processing et al,

with

of waste quantity of Satsuma mandarin 1996). The aerobic

rotary turning in relatively orange

(Inaba

composting be

1997). Casein-hydrolyzing protease showed a high initial activity, which sharply decreased after 2 weeks. At the end of the thermophilic phase, both phenols and lignin were reduced by about 70%. Composting enhanced diazotrophic microflora et al,
as indicated by nitrogenase enteritidis was activity, used which increased at the end

without heating; batches were turned once a day by the rotary

device, mately The farm and the composting could completed turners with for in approxi small-scale showed 2 weeks. use of compost tractor-operated of apple residues mixed the turner two or three

of the thermophilic phase.

Salmonella as a pathogen indicator for

composting it through

sawdust

monitoring biowaste composting effectiveness (Knop et al, 1996). Although the input indicator bacteria were eliminated in
every case until the end of container composting, Salmonella

that itwas feasible to incorporate liquids into sawdust by pass

ing times and using an over

was detected in 36% of the investigated fresh compost samples.

was water out to be a reservoir found for Seepage a permanent Salmonellae and has to be considered contamination. survival source of of

dose of the liquid to be absorbed (Barrington et al, 1997). Two different piles prepared with OMW sludge and either
maize straw or cotton waste as bulking suitable agents were composted the

by the Rutgers static pile system in a pilot plant, with the aim
of ascertaining of maize of the most conditions for degrading led to a lower miner of

OMW sludges through composting

use straw instead of cotton alization the process, lized The

(Paredes et al,
waste

1996). The

at the end of the active the organic matter phase total nitrogen lower losses volatilization, by NH3~ matter with less of humic an characteristics. intensive in-vessel a mixture was used compost of extracted as the

The phytotoxicity of spent pig-manure sawdust litter (spent litter) was evaluated during further composting (Tiquia et al, 1996). Phytotoxicity was only evident during the earlier stage of composting (first 14 days). Seed germination and root elonga tion reached 100% (same as the control) toward the end of the
composting. extractable posting. The copper concentrations and zinc, of and NH4+-N water the major inhibitors, com declined during

higher biological nitrogen fixation, and production of a stabi

organic evaporative capacity was employed to treat OMW; ing process tree leaves olive cake and olive press substrate ing mass was the factor Poultry composted for composting, for moistening. and OMW The

solid

The quality of different products obtained through the com posting of the solid residue that results from the flocculation of theOMW was evaluated (Negro and Solano, 1996). To facilitate
composting, lignocellulosic olive husk) Pyrolysis-field lyze organic the residue residues and of flocculation (straw, at mass by vine was shoots, mixed olive scale. was of used cow to ana manure with different and branches,

was

added content

restricting manure amended slurry aeration (FA), by forced

salinity the treatment

to the compost of the compost by the process. peat was (PA), and

of OMW

with

sphagnum aeration passive

composted ionization

laboratory

matter

formed

spectrometry the composting

LiteratureReview 1998 613

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Industrial

Wastes_

(Vanbochove et al,
were detected phase, philic the cooling

1996). Sterols of animal and plant origins

amounts. the thermo

branes not only produced permeate with less than 100 mg/L of
TOC The but also gave of a reasonable pollutant source flux of 46-66 (fescue L/m2 pasture hour. treated effects area

During large increased. and n-fatty acids During carbohydrates of carbohydrates concentrations increased, phase,

in relatively

with poultry
length from

litter) length and vegetative

of nitrate-nitrogen runoff of were (N03-N),

filter strips (VFS)

ammonia-nitro

whereas
complex The method

dimeric
plant

lignins degraded to monomeric

to n-fatty of the biomass the measure nitrogen acids. so-called

lignins and

on removal

waxes

gen (NH3-N), TKN, ortho-P

incoming Effectiveness the VFS

(PO4-P), TP, TOC, TSS, and FC

assessed (Srivastava of NH3-N, et al, TKN, 1996). P04-P,

application for microbial

carbon

for methods nitrogen and ninhydrin-reactive (from information a variety on

fumigation-extraction and ninhydrin-reactive of microbial carbon biomass soil to rewetted gave by composts valuable the prod

in terms

in

of materials, the degree

ag wastes of stabilization

included) achieved

TP, and TOC removal from runoff ranged from 12 to 75%, 22 to 67%, 22 to 82%, 21 to 66%, and 8 to 30% respectively. Mersie and Seybold (1997) described the design, construc
tion, and operation runoff water. of tilted beds to investigate the effectiveness

uct (Mondini et al, 1997). Coal ash mixed with organic by-products
litter manure, in a compost commercial Combined posting and sawdust, process were pine bark) as a means of converting et al, (Brodie 1996). and Treatments. system 2 weeks 1997). and for A green

of VFS with (broiler chicken

used successfully ash to a desirable from

switchgrass
Switchgrass

in removing agricultural chemicals

established on Cullen clay bare loam

beds reduced surface runoff by 60% and by 11% in sandy

loam containing switchgrass compared to respective soils.

product and Miscellaneous vermi-composting

Infiltration was
combined waste was com in switchgrass, clay and switchgrass, Two forested et al, 1997)

64, 26,
loam

17, and 8% for clay

loam with

vestigated by extracting partially composted samples from the

compost andrei andrei duction stable A windrow (Frederickson every et al, to Eisenia these feeding It was that E. concluded

loam with switchgrass, sandy loam without sandy respectively. switchgrass, filter zones were forested evaluated (Verchot of their effectiveness for removing nitro

without

in terms

gen from runoff in the Piedmont

Infiltration removal Piedmont soils was from may by the surface not

region of North Carolina.

rates of growth and repro of attaining is capable good result in a more and that VC in fresh green waste could to composting. material content) (lower VS compared facultative waste stabilization treating pond wastewater parlor) transformation anaerobically was studied ability of the

factor key controlling pollutant nitrogen the clayey runoff. Therefore, soils of the as the sandy be as effective coastal plain authors.

studied

other

shed (milking pretreated dairy to investigate demand the oxygen and to assess

The rate of loss of three pesticides, trifluralin (TF), cyfluthrin,

and mancozeb units 1997). was in evaporative containers and in compost (MZ), over a 3-year et al, period (Vethanayagam the and the containers rinsate pro Uncovering aerating studied

pond, the oxygen demand distribution between total and soluble

components, son, TKN, 1997). giving nutrient were removal relatively concentration Nitrogen an average removals (Ma performance low, at 25% for of 129 mg/L,

effluent

% of vided optimum breakdown of TF; on day 80, less than 1

the original concentration remained.

whereas

for ammonia
wetlands and

the figures were

dominated lacustris

30% and 100 mg/L,

respectively. restored Four Typha latifolia,

Scirpus

australis, by Phragmites were to improve used the

Cyfluthrin remaining in rinsates was decreased to 0.5% of the original concentration on day 80. On day 80, 0.6% of the
original The release manure MZ effects of odor concentration of five nuisance remained. pit volatile et al, additive products from compounds All the five on the commercial and (Zhu

quality of agricultural runoff in the Delta of the Ebro River (northeast Spain) in 1993 (Comin et al, 1997). Emergent mac
rophytes mg A accumulated day, between which 20 mg accounted nitrogen/m day and nitrogen/m for between 66% 100 and

swine

were

examined

1996).

products Three acids of and

reduced the levels of odor threshold by different degrees ranging

from 58 to 87% compared with the control in volatile samples. fatty the five total showed products solids. volatile reductions

100% of the inflowing dissolved

free-water-surface constructed

inorganic nitrogen (DIN).

wetlands system series success

fully treated anaerobic, poultry

1996). The wetlands system

lagoon effluent
of three

(Hill et al,
of dual

consisted

cell wetlands. The first series (two cells) contained Sagittaria

lancifolia, umn. The which second 10% of the water occupied approximately P. australis and Scirpus series contained was not col spp.,

The potential of utilization of two types of natural zeolite and three samples of synthetic zeolite in the treatment of pig
slurry view in various stages amounts 1997). of wastewater treatment process were

investigated from the microbiological

at various et al, of The zeolite addition and (Pacajova decrease in all types

and chemical points of

different zeolites in the varied contact resulted time in a of

which occupied approximately

third A series, surface the control, wetland, was the

5% of the water column. The

vegetated. to treat 2.65 m3/d of milkhouse the effi and

in the number of zeolites on the

wastewater, ciency man 47, of

designed and operated constructed to reduce nutrients, system Mass retention

to determine BOD5,

of microorganisms its reductions tested; time of contact. a number

supernatant considerably

bacteria, was

in dependence Turner and

total suspended solids (TSS) and to reduce FC bacteria (New

and Clausen, and 6%, for TP, 1997). TKN, of TSS 45 28, 27, N03-N, and NH4-N, respectively.

Burton

reviewed

of

treatments

for

pathogen disinfection and evaluated them for their applicability

in inactivating particularly viruses on a large in either scale. dilute most or concentrated suitable The pig treatments slurry, were

Ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) were tested as potential methods of treating poultry abattoir chiller tank efflu ent for recycling (Zhang et al, 1997). Several UF membranes removed all bacteria and achieved the required 90% light trans mittance but failed to meet the total organic carbon (TOC)
target. membranes. However, Both the TOC of effluent criterion thin film was met the commercial composite by NF mem

the heating at about 60?C for up to 30 minutes or the application

of an appropriate concentration or formalin. Aerobic Ca(OH)2, also known to have on slurry virucidal farms of chemicals, and effects where anaerobic and such could such as NaOH or were to assist treatments be used

decontamination used in routine

technologies

are already

treatment.

614

Water

Environment

Research,

Volume

70, Number

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_Industrial H?ctor mental M. is a full Anaerobic with the Environ professor Processes Research and tal Impact Assessment. Tex. H.L.; Carr, L.E.; P.N. Cheremisinoff (Ed.). Gulf G.A.;

Wastes

Poggi-Varaldo and

Publ.

Co.,

Biotechnology

Houston, Brodie,

Development Group of the Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering at CINVESTAV. Carlos Estrada-V?zquez is an
associate associate IPN M. ogy, professor with the Basic professor inMexico. Correspondence CINVESTAV 14-740, Mexico at TESE. Noem? Rinderknecht-Seijas at ESIQIE Sciences Division to H?ctor should be addressed del D.F., IPN, 07300, Dept. of Biotechnol Mexico. is as

Biermann,

E.K.; Coal

Christiana, Ash with

and Udin for

skey,

J.R.

Sei. Utilization, Topsoil L. (1997) Temperature of Linu Brucher, J., and Bergstrom, Dependence ron Sorption to Three Different Soils. J. Environ. Agricultural 26, 1327. Qual, Green Burger, D.W.; Hartz, T.K.; and Forister, G.W. (1997) Composted as a Container Medium Waste Amendment for the Production of Ornamental Cabras, Plants. Hortscience, 32, 1, 57. E.V. L.; and Minelli, P.; Angioni, A.; Melis, M.; Spanedda, and Persistence of Methiocarb inArtichokes. (1996) Determination J. Food Sei., 8,4, 317. F.J.; Luecke,

(1996) Composting Manufacture. Compost

Poultry Litter 4, 4, 6.

Poggi-Varaldo, P.O. Box

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Industrial Wastes

Insam, H., Cores

and Merschak,

P. (1997) Nitrogen Organic 15, 277.

after Amending Waste Manage. Res., CA.;

from Forest Soil Leaching and Fertilizers. Products Recycling and J.L.; Jame, Y.W.; J.; Henry, of Two Chemical Extraction Nitrogen. Soil Sei. Soc. Am. J.,

of the Pulp and Paper Industry Eurasian Soil Sei., 29, 836. Laine, M.M., and Jorgensen, K.S. of Chlorophenol-Contaminated Technol, 31, 371.

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ron. Sei. Technol,

TEMIS

database

offers

standard

energy

systems

or processes but emis as would parame a

Automotive
Benin Tansel GENERAL

wastes

that could be linked together for calculations that include not

only also sions. process depend emissions takes The into by users account will (such as cars and other vehicles) and their intermediate activities be used to analyze whose mix, traffic emissions and other flow

database

by considering on flow, speed,

standard queues,

links, vehicle

Tansel (1997) presented a review of the automotive waste publications in 1996 in the areas of solid wastes, liquid wastes,
Men and waste emissions, gaseous management. toxicology, and national dier discussed environmental, economic, (1997) use and on the of passenger-car security challenges reported to development vehi relative of hybrid electric made progress

ters. U.S. General Accounting Office (1997) provided informa tion about the results of the inspections of more than 25 000
trucks 45% of from the Mexico. vehicles such This rate as rate On were having average each month, of service or the tires to across out placed substandard unfavorably inspected approximately for serious being 28% loaded out-of during exhaust emis to to

violations, unsafely. service

compares trucks for U.S.

the U.S.

cles (HEV) worldwide. HEVs could reduce fuel consumption,

use nonpetroleum alternative fuels, and reduce urban air pollu

1995. Ponticel (1997) discussed the progress made for develop

ment of affordable Depending emissions. sions detect that produce little or the changes toward more sensitive developing equipment vehicles on of pollution that future cars are no strict

tion and greenhouse gas emissions. Heseltine and Nelson

reviewed transport about TEMIS existing sector, to measuring approaches pollution has traditionally where the emphasis

(1997)
in been the on

regulations, the amount

enough expected

the treatment of vehicle emissions,

a research in progress project for evaluating environmental

and provided information

a database to develop called use. The of energy effects

emit would be a challenge as addressed at the United New Generation Vehicle Conference and Exposition held inDetroit,
Michigan.

620

Water

Environment

Research,

Volume

70, Number

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