Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

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revised 15.09.2008

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Introduction

Hardening Soil (HS) and Hardening Soil-small (HS-small) models are designed to reproduce basic phenomena exhibited by soils:
densication stiness stress dependency plastic yielding dilatancy strong stiness variation with growing shear strain amplitude in the regime of small strains ( = 106 to = 103 ) this phenomenon plays a crucial role for modeling deep excavations and soil-structure interaction problems

NB. This model is limited to monotonic loads

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Introduction

HS model was initially formulated by Schanz, Vermeer and Bonnier (1998, 1999) and then enhanced by Benz (2006) Current implementation is slightly modied with respect to the theory given by Benz:
simplied treatment of dilatancy for the small strain version (HS-small) modied hardening law for preconsolidation pressure

This model seems to be one of the simplest in the class of models designed to handle small strain stiness It consists of the two plastic mechanisms, shear and volumetric Small strain stiness is incorporated by means of nonlinear elasticity which includes hysteretic eects

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Notion of tangent and secant stiness moduli

Initial stiness modulus Eo Unloading-reloading modulus Eur Secant stiness modulus at 50 % of the ultimate deviatoric stress qf
250

Eo
200 150 100 50 0 0 0.05 0.1

qf E50 0.5 qf Eur 1 3=const

0.15 EPS-1 [-] 0.2

qun

q [kpa]

1 1 q50

0.25

Remark: All classical soil models require specication of Eur modulus (Cam-Clay, Cap etc..)
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Stiness-strain relation for soils (G /Go ( ))

G - current secant shear modulus Go - shear modulus for very small strains

Atkinson 1991
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Notion of treshold shear strain 07

G ( ) curve an additional Go characteristic point is needed To describe the shape of It is common to specify the shear strain 0.7 at which ratio G = 0.7 Go

0.7

07

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Dynamic vs static modulus

Relation between static Young modulus Es , obtained from standard triaxial test at axial strain 1 103 , and dynamic Young modulus (the one at very small strains) Ed = Eo is shown in diagram published by Alpan (1970) (after Benz)
100

Ed Es
10
co h es i ve so i ls

Ro ck

gran

u l ar

soil

1 1000

Es [kPa]
10000 100000 1000000

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

HS model: general concept

Double hardening elasto-plastic model (Schanz, Vermeer, Benz) Nonlinear elasticity for stress paths penetrating the interior of the elastic domain
600 500 400 q [kPa] 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 p [kPa] 300 400 500

Cap surface

Graphical representation of shear mechanism and cap surface

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HS model: shear mechanism

Duncan-Chang model as the origin for shear mechanism
250

qf 200
q [kPa] 150 100 50

M-C limit

E50 1

qf 1
0.01 0.02

Eur

0 0

0.03 eps-1

0.04

0.05

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Stiness stress dependency

ref Eur = Eur ref E50 = E50

+ c cot 3

ref + c cot + c cot 3 ref + c cot

Remarks
1

Stiness degrades with decreasing 3 up to 3 = L (by default we assume L =10 kPa)

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Extension to small strain: new ingredients

To extend standard HS model to the range of small strain Benz introduced few modications:
1

Strain dependency is added to the stress-strain relation, for stress paths penetrating the elastic domain The modied Hardin-Drnevich relationship is used to relate current secant shear modulus G and equivalent monotonic shear strain hist Reversal points are detected with aid of deviatoric strain history second order tensor Hij ; in addition the current equivalent shear strain hist is computed by using this tensor

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

How does it work ?

N N-1 N+1

plot from paper by Ishihara 1986 At step N : histN 1 = 8 105 histN = 104 At step N + 1 : histN = 0 histN +1 = 2 105 max Primary loading: histN +1 > hist max Unloading/reloading: histN +1 hist Go Hardin-Drnevich law: G = hist (secant modulus) 1+a 0 .7
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Shear tangent modulus cut-o

G

Gur

c
c = 0.7 a Go 1 Gur

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

PS Setting initial state variables: o and pco

Given: o , OCR PS and p Find: o co

600 500 400 q [kPa] 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 p [kPa] 300 400 500
Shear mechanism

Cap surface

SR

Procedure: Set eective stress state at the SR point SR = y yo OCR SR SR = K SR x = z y o

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PS Setting initial state variables: o and pco

600 500 400 q [kPa] 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 p [kPa] 300 400 500
Shear mechanism

Cap surface

SR

Procedure:
PS from plastic condition For given SR state compute o f1 = 0

For given SR state compute pco from plastic condition f2 = 0

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PS Setting initial state variables: o and pco

Remarks
1

SR = K NC 1 sin() in the standard applications Ko o (approximate Jakys formula) SR = 1 for case of isotropic consolidation (used in triaxial Ko testing for instance)

For sands notion of preconsolidation pressure is not as meaningful as for cohesive soils hence one may assume OCR=1 and eect of density will be embedded in H and M parameters

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Setting M and H parameters based on oedometric test

600 500 400 q [kPa] 300 200 100

p* q*

Eoed
1

0 0 100 200 p [kPa] 300 400 500

ref oed

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Material properties
Parameter ref Eur ref E50 ref m ur Rf c emax ft D M H OCR /q POP ref Eo 0.7 Unit [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [] [] [] [kPa] [o ] [o ] [] [kPa] [] [] [kPa] [/kPa] [kPa] [] HS-standard yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no no HS-small yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Converting MC to HS model: indentation problem

Assumption: q = 0.5 qult Given: E for MC model and
1m A q = 0.5 qult

Eur E50 = ..., = ... E50 Eoed

10m

10m

ref , M and H for standard HS model Find: Eur

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Example: triaxial test on dense Hostun sand

6 5.5 5 SIG-1 / SIG-3 [kPa] 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 -EPS-Y [-]
20000 0 0.00001 0.0001 G [kPa] 100000 80000 60000 40000 HS-std HS-small 120000

HS-std HS-small

0.001

0.01

0.1

EPS-X - EPS-Y [-]

(a) 1 (1 ) (Z Soil) 3
4 3.5 SIG-1 / SIG-3 [kPa] 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 -EPS-Y [-] HS-std HS-small

(b) G ( ) (Z Soil)
0 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 -EPS-V [-] 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 -0.01 -0.02 -EPS-Y [-] HS-std HS-small 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

(c) 1 (1 ) (zoom) (Z Soil) 3

(d) v (1 ) (Z Soil)

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Example: triaxial test on dense Hostun sand

6 5.5 5 SIG-1 / SIG-3 [kPa] 4.5 4 HS-std HS-small

200000 180000 160000 140000 G [kPa] 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

3.5 3

HS-std HS-small

2.5 2 1.5 1 EPS-1 [-]

0 0.00001 0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

EPS-1 - EPS-3 [-]

(a) 1 (1 ) (Z Soil) 3
4 3.5 SIG-1 / SIG-3 [kPa] 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 EPS-1 [-] HS-std HS-small

(b) G ( ) (Z Soil)
0 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 EPS-V [-] 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 -0.01 -0.02 EPS-1 [-] HS-std HS-small 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

(c) 1 (1 ) (zoom) (Z Soil) 3

(d) v (1 ) (Z Soil)

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Example: triaxial test on dense Hostun sand

6 5.5 5 SIG-1 / SIG-3 [kPa] 4.5 HS-std HS-small

300000 250000 200000 G [kPa] 150000 100000 50000 0 0.00001 0.0001 HS-std HS-small

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 EPS-1 [-]

0.001

0.01

0.1

EPS-1-EPS-3 [-]

(a) 1 (1 ) (Z Soil) 3
4 3.5 SIG-1 / SIG-3 [kPa] 3
EPS-V [-]

(b) G ( ) (Z Soil)
0 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 -0.01 HS-std HS-small 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

2.5 2 1.5 1 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 EPS-1 [-]

HS-std HS-small

-0.02 EPS-1 [-]

(c) 1 (1 ) (zoom) (Z Soil) 3

(d) v (1 ) (Z Soil)

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Estimation of material properties: input data

Given 3 drained triaxial test results for 3 conning pressures: 3 = 100 kPa 3 = 300 kPa 3 = 600 kPa
Shear characteristics q 1 Dilatancy characteristics v 1 Stress paths in p q plane Measurements of small strain stiness moduli Eo (3 ) for the assumed conning pressures (through direct measurement of shear wave velocity in the sample)

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Estimation of material properties: stress paths in p-q plane

Estimation of friction angle = cs and cohesion c
q

Residual M-C envelope

M* =
1

6 sin 3 sin

c* =

6c cos 3 sin
p

If we know M and c then we can compute and c : = arcsin 3 M 6 + M c = c 3 sin 6 cos

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Estimation of material properties: stress paths in p-q plane

Estimation of friction angle = cs and cohesion c
3000 2500 2000 q [kPa] 1500 1000 500 0 0 300 600 900 p [kPa] 1200
1386 2358 2358/1386=1.7

1500

1800

Here: = arcsin

3 1.7 42o 6 + 1.7

c=0

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Estimation of material properties: dilatancy angle

0.06 0.05 0.04

1
EPS-V [-]

0.03 0.02 0.01 0 -0.01 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
EPS-1 = - EPS-3 [-]

Dilatancy cut-off

= arcsin

d 2+d

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Estimation of material properties: dilatancy angle

0.06 0.05 0.04

1 d=0.75

V 0.03
0.02 0.01 0 -0.01 -0.02 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

= arcsin

0.75 2 + 0.75

16o

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

ref Estimation of material properties: Eo and m

Analytical formula: Eo =

ref + c cot Measured: shear wave velocity vs at 1 = 106 and at given conning stress 3 Compute : shear modulus Go = vs2 Compute : Young modulus Eo = 2 (1 + ) Go 3 [kPa] 100 300 600 Eo [kPa] 250000 460000 675000

ref Eo

+ c cot 3

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

ref Estimation of material properties: Eo and m

Analytical formula: Eo =

ref + c cot Measured: shear wave velocity vs at 1 = 106 and at given conning stress 3 Compute : shear modulus Go = vs2 Compute : Young modulus Eo = 2 (1 + ) Go 3 [kPa] 100 300 600 Eo [kPa] 250000 460000 675000

ref Eo

+ c cot 3

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

ref Estimation of material properties: Eo and m

Reanalyze Eo vs 3 in logarithmic scales 13.1 12.55 Averaged slope yields m; here m = = 0.55 1.0 Find intersection of the line with axis ln Eo at + c cot 3 ln =0 ref + c cot Here the intersection is at 12.43 hence ref = e 12.43 2.71812.43 = 250000 kPa Eo
13.6 13.4 13.2

ln Eo 13
12.8 12.6 12.4 12.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

m 1

12.43

3 + c cot ln ref + c cot

1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

ref Estimation of Eo from CPT testing

To estimate small strain modulus Go at a certain depth one may use empirical formula by Mayne and Rix: q 0.695 Go = 49.4 t1.13 [MPa] e qt is a corrected tip resistance expressed in MPa e is the void ratio

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

ref Estimation of material properties: E50

Lets us nd E50 for each conning stress

2500

E50 ( 3 = 300 kPa )

1

2000

E50 ( 3 = 600 kPa )

1 1

E50 ( 3 = 100 kPa )

1500
f ( 3 = 100) q50

1000
f q50 ( 3 = 100) 500 f q50 ( 3 = 100)

0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

ref Estimation of material properties: E50

Reanalyze E50 vs 3 in logarithmic scales Here we can x m to the one obtained for small strain moduli Find intersection of the line with axis ln E50 at + c cot 3 ln =0 ref + c cot Here the intersection is at 10.30 hence ref e 10.30 2.71810.30 30000 kPa E50
11.4 11.2 11

ln E50

10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

10.30

3 + c cot ln ref + c cot

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

ref Estimation of material properties: Eur

The unloading reloading modulus as well as oedometric moduli are usually not accessible
ref once we know We can use Alpans diagram to deduce Eur ref ref (default is Eur = 3); for cohesive soils like tertiary clays Eo ref Eo this value is larger

For oedometric modulus at the reference stress ref = 100 ref = E ref kPa we can assume Eoed 50 0.7 = 0.0001...0.0002 for sands and 0.7 = 0.00005...0.0001 for clays Smaller 0.7 values yield softer soil behavior

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Excavation in Berlin Sand: engineering draft

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Excavation in Berlin Sand: FE discretization

y x Seepage Elements Fluid head BC

Interface wall-soil

Seepage Elements + Fluid head BC

90m

Fictitious interface to model impermeable barrier

30m

120m

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Excavation in Berlin Sand: Bending moments

-600 -400 -200 0 200 400 0 -5 -10 Y [m[] -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 M [kNm/m] HS HS-small MC

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Excavation in Berlin Sand: Wall deections

-0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0 -5 -10 Y [m] -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 Ux [m] HS-small HS MC Measurement

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Excavation in Berlin Sand: Soil deformation in cross section x =20m

0 0 -10 -20 -30 -40
Y [m]

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

-50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100

Uy [m]

HS HS-small MC

Vertical heaving of subsoil at last stage of excavation

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Excavation in Berlin Sand: Settlements behind the wall

0 0.01 0.005 0 -0.005 -0.01 -0.015 -0.02 -0.025

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

HS HS-small MC

UY [m]

X [m]

Settlements behind the wall at last stage of excavation

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness

Conclusions

Model properly reproduces strong stiness variation with shear strain It can be used in simulations of soil-structure interaction problems Implementation is rather heavy It should properly predict deformations near the excavations Model reduces excessive heavings at the bottom of the excavation

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Hardening Soil model with small strain stiness