2892ch6 PDF

6
Inuence of Boundary Conditions on

Eigenvalues
In this chapter, we discuss the effect of boundary conditions in detail. In

particular, it is shown that for the same polynomial order of inertial coefcient and the power in the mode shape, the analytical expression for the
natural frequencies is insensitive to the boundary conditions. The method,
as it were, screens the different beams with coinciding frequencies.
6.1
6.1.1
The Remarkable Nature of Effect of Boundary Conditions

on Closed-Form Solutions for Vibrating Inhomogeneous
BernoulliEuler Beams
Introductory Remarks
The methods of direct or inverse vibration problems for homogeneous or

inhomogeneous structures have been amply discussed in the literature. For
an extensive review the reader may consult the paper by Elishakoff (2000h)
or Chapter 1. In nearly all the cases the solution is not given in closed-form,
even if it is exact.
In this chapter we derive closed-form solutions for the inhomogeneous
BernoulliEuler beams under three sets of boundary conditions. It complements the case where the beam is pinned at both ends. As a particular case,
it includes results obtained by Candan and Elishakoff (2000) and Elishakoff
and Candan (2001).
The closed-form solution is made possible by a seemingly modest requirement posed in this study. We postulate the knowledge of only the fundamental
mode shape of the beam. Whereas in most of the inverse problems a knowledge of the vibration frequency spectrum is assumed, here only the mode
fundamental shape is specied. It may appear curious, at rst glance, that
we postulate static displacements of homogeneous beams in the capacity of
the mode shape. Fortunately, the so formulated problem turns out to have
solutions for the numerous cases that are reported in this study.
249
2005 by Issac Elishakoff
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250
Eigenvalues of Inhomogeneous Structures
A remarkable feature accompanies the reported results: for the same order
of inertial coefcient and the power in the mode shape, the analytical expression for the natural frequencies are insensitive to the boundary conditions,
contrary to ones initial anticipation; this counterintuitive by-product is
explained by the fact that the exural rigidity distribution, associated with
coinciding frequencies, do differ. Thus, we obtain different beams that have
the same boundary conditions.
6.1.2
Construction of Postulated Mode Shapes
Consider a uniform beam, clamped at one end and free at the other. It is
subjected to the load q() = q0 n . The governing differential equation reads:
EI
d4w
= q0 xn
dx4
(6.1)
We introduce the non-dimensional coordinate

= x/L
(6.2)
where L is the length. The equation becomes

d4w
= n
d 4
= q0 Ln+4 /EI
(6.3)
The solution of this equation, which satises the boundary conditions is

given by
W () =
()
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4)
() =
n+4
3
1
6 (n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4)
(6.4)
2
1
2 (n + 1)(n + 3)(n + 4)
For the beam that is pinned at one end and clamped at the other, the functions
w() and () are, respectively,
W () =
()
2(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4)
() = 2
n+4
(6.5)
(n + 3) + (n + 1)
Finally, for the beam that is clamped at both its ends, we get
W () =
()
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4)
() =
n+4
(n + 2) + (n + 1)
(6.6)
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Inuence of Boundary Conditions on Eigenvalues
251
We address the following problem: can the function () serve as an exact

mode shape for the inhomogeneous BernoulliEuler beam? We will investigate various cases of reconstruction of the exural rigidity for different
variations of the mass density.
6.1.3
Formulation of the Problem
The differential equation that governs the mode shape W () of the inhomogeneous BernoulliEuler beam reads:

d2
d2W
D(x) 2 2 R(x)W (x) = 0
dx2
dx
(6.7)
where R(x) = (x)A(x) is the inertial coefcient. Introducing the nondimensional coordinate from Eq. (6.2), the governing equation becomes

d2
d2
D() 2 2 R()() = 0
d 2
d
(6.8)
where the postulate

w() = ()
(6.9)
has been invoked. We are confronted with determining R() and D() such
that () serves as an exact mode shape of the beam under suitable boundary
conditions.
The variation of the inertial coefcient is taken as follows
R() =
m
ai i
(6.10)
i=0
where ai (i = 0, 1, . . . , m) are given coefcients. The rst term of the governing

equation (6.9) is a polynomial function whose degree is n + m + 4. In order
to achieve the same polynomial order in the rst term of this equation, the
exural rigidity D() must be represented as
D() =
m+4
bi i
(6.11)
i=0
The left-hand side of the governing equation (6.9) becomes a polynomial of

, in order for it to vanish for every in the interval [0; 1], we have to demand
that its coefcients in front of taken in any power, to be zero. This leads to
a set of n + m + 5 linear algebraic equations. Since the problem was posed as
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252
the reconstruction of the exural rigidity, when the inertial coefcient and the
mode shape are given, we have to determine the coefcients bi of the exural
rigidity as well as the natural frequency , which constitute m + 6 unknowns,
namely m + 5 coefcients in the exural rigidity and the natural frequency .
We note that when nis zero, we get a triangular system of m+5 equations for
m + 6 unknowns, as studied by Elishakoff and Candan (2001) who, therefore,
succeeded in expressing the unknowns in terms of one of the coefcients bi ,
namely bm+4 , taken as an arbitrary constant. Yet, when n is larger than zero,
the number of equations is greater than the number of unknowns.
6.1.4
Closed-Form Solutions for the ClampedFree Beam
6.1.4.1 Constant inertial coefcient (m = 0)

The inertial coefcient reduces to R() = a0 . The governing differential
equation leads to the following set of equations:
24b2 48b1 + 24b0 = 0
72b3 144b2 + 72b1 = 0
144b4 288b3 + 144b2 6a0 2 = 0
(6.12)
480b4 + 240b3 + 4a0 = 0

360b4 a0 2 = 0
We have ve equations for six unknowns: b0 , b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 and 2 . We declare
b4 to be a known parameter. We get 2 from the last equation of the set (6.13):
2 = 360b4 /a0
(6.13)
The rest of the equations of the set (6.13) leads to

b0 = 26b4
b1 = 16b4
b2 = 6b4
b3 = 4b4
(6.14)
The exural rigidity is then given by

D() = (26 + 16 + 6 2 4 3 + 4 )b4 = [26 + 16 + 2 2 + ( 2)2 2 ]b4
(6.15)
This expression was rst derived by Elishakoff and Candan (2001).
The requirement of physical realizability of the problem forces both the
exural rigidity and the inertial coefcient to be non-negative. One can see
that when a0 > 0 and b4 > 0 the inertial coefcient as well as the exural
rigidity are positive (see Figure 6.1).
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253
44
42
40
D()/b4
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.1
Variation of the exural rigidity for the clampedfree beam
6.1.4.2 Linearly varying inertial coefcient (m = 1)

First, consider the case n = 0; instead of Eq. (6.13) we have
24b2 48b1 + 24b0 = 0
72b3 144b2 + 72b1 = 0
144b4 288b3 + 144b2 6a0 2 = 0
240b5 480b4 + 240b3 + (4a0 6a1 )2 = 0
(6.16)
720b5 + 360b4 (a0 4a1 )2 = 0

504b5 a1 2 = 0
This set represents a linear algebraic system of six equations for the seven
unknowns, b0 , b1 , . . . , b5 and 2 . Hence, we express them in terms of b5 ,
treated as an arbitrary constant. We get 2 from the last equation of the
set (6.17):
2 = 504b5 /a1
(6.17)
while the remaining equations lead to

b0 = 2b5 (17a1 + 91a0 )/5a1
b1 = 2b5 (51a1 + 56a0 )/5a1
b2 = 2b5 (31a1 + 21a0 )/5a1
b3 = 2b5 (11a1 14a0 )/5a1
(6.18)
b4 = b5 (18a1 7a0 )/5a1
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254
For the problem to be realistic we demand that both the exural rigidity and
the inertial coefcient be non-negative. One can show that this takes place
when the parameters of the system, namely r0 , r1 and b5 , are non-negative.
Now consider the case n=1. The governing differential equation yields a
set of six equations for six unknowns:
80b2 120b1 = 0
240b3 360b2 + 120b0 = 0
480b4 720b3 + 240b1 20a0 2 = 0
800b5 1200b4 + 400b2 + (10a0 20a1 )2 = 0
(6.19)
1800b5 + 600b3 + 10a1 2 = 0

840b4 a0 2 = 0
1120b5 a1 2 = 0
In order to have a non-trivial solution the determinant of the system (6.19)
must vanish, leading to the following determinantal equation:
320a0 249a1 = 0
(6.20)
whose solution is
a0 =
249
320 a1
(6.21)
We can solve the set expressing the unknowns with b5 taken as an arbitrary
constant. Thus, we get
2 = 1120b5 /a1
(6.22)
and the coefcients bi are

b0 =
16,477
b5
120
b1 =
471
b5
20
b2 =
1,413
b5
40
b3 =
47
b5
3
b4 =
83
b5
80
(6.23)
We conclude that the solution for the exural rigidity is

16,477 471
1,413 2 47 3 83 4
5
D() =
+
+
+ + b5
120
20
40
3
80

1,880
16,477 471
1,413 2
83
=
+
+
1
+ 4 + 5 b5
120
20
40
4,209
80
(6.24)
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255
180
D()/b5
170
160
150
140
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.2
provided the inertial term reads

R() =
249
320

+ a1
(6.25)
One clearly sees that, when the parameters r1 and b5 are non-negative the
problem is realizable. Figure 6.2 depicts the variation of the exural rigidity
for within the interval [0; 1].
6.1.4.3 Parabolically varying inertial coefcient (m = 2)
We rst consider the case n = 0. We get the following set of equations
24b2 48b1 + 24b0 = 0
72b3 144b2 + 72b1 = 0
144b4 288b3 + 144b2 6a0 2 = 0

240b5 480b4 + 240b3 + (4a0 6a1 )2 = 0
360b6 720b5 + 360b4 (a0 4a1 + 6a2 )2 = 0
1008b6 + 504b5 (a1 4a2 )2 = 0
672b6 a2 2 = 0
(6.26)
which constitutes seven equations for eight unknowns. We can, therefore,

solve the system taking b6 as a parameter. From the last equation of the set
(6.26), we obtain the natural frequency squared:
2 = 672b6 /a2
(6.27)
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256
The remaining equations yield the coefcients in the exural rigidity as

follows:
b0 = b6 (728a0 + 568a1 + 465a2 )/15a2
b1 = 2b6 (224a0 + 204a1 + 181a2 )/15a2
b2 = b6 (168a0 + 248a1 + 259a2 )/15a2
b3 = 4b6 (28a0 22a1 39a2 )/15a2
b4 = b6 (28a0 72a1 + 53a2 )/15a2
b5 = 2b6 (2a1 5a2 )/3a2

(6.28)
As in the previous cases for non-negative parameters the exural rigidity and
the inertial coefcient remain positive for within the interval [0; 1].
When n = 1, the governing differential equation yields a set of eight linear
algebraic equations for eight unknowns, namely the coefcients bi in the
exural rigidity and the natural frequency squared 2 :
80b2 120b1 = 0
240b3 360b2 + 120b0 = 0
480b4 720b3 + 240b1 20a0 2 = 0

800b5 1200b4 + 400b2 + (10a0 20a1 )2 = 0
1200b6 1800b5 + 600b3 + (10a1 20a2 )2 = 0
(6.29)
2520b6 + 840b4 (a0 10a2 )2 = 0

1120b5 a1 2 = 0
1440b6 a2 2 = 0
In order to nd a non-trivial solution, the determinant must be zero, which

leads to the following determinantal equation:
320a0 249a1 + 454a2 = 0
(6.30)
a1 = (320a0 + 454a2 )/249
(6.31)
whose solution is
where a0 and a2 are arbitrary. Upon substitution of the expression (6.31) into
the set (6.29) we get the solution for the natural frequency squared:
2 = 1,440b6 /a2
(6.32)
and the coefcients in the exural rigidity

b0 = (13,1816a0 + 135,915a2 )b6 /581a2
b1 = 18(1,256a0 + 1,811a2 )b6 /581a2
b2 = 27(1,256a0 + 1,811a2 )b6 /581a2 b3 = 4(3,760a0 + 1,347a2 )b6 /581a2

b4 = 3(4a0 33a2 )b6 /7a2
b5 = 6(160a0 + 227a2 )b6 /581a2

(6.33)
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257
The physical realizability of the system (i.e. positivity of both the exural
rigidity and the inertial coefcient) can be checked straightforwardly for nonnegative parameters of the problem.
When n = 2, the governing differential equation yields a set of nine linear
algebraic equations for eight unknowns:
180b2 240b1 = 0
540b3 720b2 = 0
1080b4 1440b3 + 360b0 45a0 2 = 0

1800b5 2400b4 + 600b1 + (20a0 45a1 )2 = 0
2700b6 3600b5 + 900b2 + (20a1 45a2 )2 = 0
5040b6 + 1260b3 + 20a2 2 = 0
2160b5 a1 2 = 0
(6.34)
1680b4 a0 2 = 0
2700b6 a2 2 = 0
In order to have a non-trivial solution the rank of the set (6.34) must be less
than 8. As is well known the denition of the rank reads: a matrix is of rank p
if it contains minors of order p different from 0, while all minors of order p + 1
(if there are such) are zero, Uspensky (1948). According to this denition, the
rank of the matrix of the system is less than 8 if all minors of order 8 vanish. We
produce the minors, extracting one row of the matrix among nine; therefore,
we obtain a set of nine determinantal equations for three unknowns, namely
the parameters r0 , r1 and r2 . The solution of this set reads
a0 =
5,169
a2
715
a1 =
1,128
a2
385
(6.35)
where a2 is an arbitrary constant. Substituting the expressions (6.35) into the

set (6.34) we get the solution for the natural frequency squared:
2 = 2,700b6 /a2
(6.36)
and the coefcients in the exural rigidity,

b0 = 9,007,511b6 /4,004
b3 = 272b6 /7
b1 = 153b6 /7
b4 = 46,521b6 /4,004
b2 = 204b6 /7
b5 = 282b6 /77
(6.37)
We have to verify the physical realizability of the problem, which requires

both the exural rigidity and the inertial term to be positive. Figures 6.3 and
6.4 portray, respectively, the variation of the exural rigidity and the
inertial coefcient in terms of within the interval [0; 1]; they show that when
the parameters of the system b6 and a2 are non-negative, both the exural
rigidity and the inertial coefcient remain positive.
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258

2250
2240
D()/b6
2230
2220
2210
2200
2190
2180
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.3
28
R()/r2
27
26
25
24
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.4
Variation of the inertial coefcient for the clampedfree beam
6.1.4.4 Cubic inertial coefcient (m = 3)

When n = 0, we obtain a homogeneous linear algebraic system of eight
equations for nine unknowns
24b2 48b1 + 24b0 = 0
72b3 144b2 + 72b1 = 0
144b4 288b3 + 144b2 6a0 2 = 0
240b5 480b4 + 240b3 + (4a0 6a1 )2 = 0
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259
360b6 720b5 + 360b4 (a0 4a1 + 6a2 )2 = 0

205b7 1008b6 + 504b5 (a1 4a2 + 6a3 )2 = 0
1344b7 + 672b6 (a2 4a3 )2 = 0
864b7 a3 2 = 0
(6.38)
Therefore, we solve the system taking, say, b7 as a parameter. From the last
equation of the set (6.38), we obtain the natural frequency squared:
2 = 864b7 /a3
(6.39)
and the remaining equations yield the coefcients in the exural rigidity as
follows:
b0 = (2184a0 + 1704a1 + 1395a2 + 1180a3 )b7 /35a3
b1 = (1344a0 + 1224a1 + 1086a2 + 965a3 )b7 /35a3
b2 = 3(168a0 + 248a1 + 259a2 + 250a3 )b7 /35a3
(6.40)
b3 = (336a0 264a1 468a2 535a3 )b7 /35a3

b4 = (84a0 216a1 + 159a2 + 320a3 )b7 /35a3
b5 = 3(4a1 10a2 + 7a3 )b7 /7a3
b6 = (9a2 22a3 )b7 /7a3
Again, the realizability of the problem can be checked straightforwardly for

non-negative parameters of the problem.
Now consider n=1; the governing differential equation yields a set of nine
linear algebraic equations for nine unknowns:
80b2 120b1 = 0
240b3 360b2 + 120b0 = 0
480b4 720b3 + 240b1 20a0 2 = 0
800b5 1200b4 + 400b2 + (10a0 20a1 )2 = 0
1200b6 1800b5 + 600b3 + (10a1 20a2 )2 = 0
(6.41)
1680b7 2520b6 + 840b4 (a0 10a2 + 20a3 ) = 0

3360b7 + 1120b5 (a1 10a3 )2 = 0
1440b6 a2 2 = 0
1800b7 a3 2 = 0
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260
Again, we require that the determinant of the system (6.42) vanish in order
to get a non-trivial solution. This leads to the following equation
1600a0 1245a1 + 2270a2 2786a3 = 0
(6.42)
or
r1 =
320
454
2786
a0 +
a2
a3
249
249
1245
(6.43)
where r0 , r2 and r3 are arbitrary. We substitute the expression (6.43) into the
set (6.41) and get the solution for the natural frequency squared:
2 = 1,800b7 /a3
(6.44)

b0 = (659,080a0 + 679,575a2 396,776a3 )b7 /2,324a3
b1 = 5(11,304a0 + 16,299a2 7,048a3 )b7 /1,162a3
b2 = 15(11,304a0 + 16,299a2 7,048a3 )b7 /2,324a3
b3 = (18,800a0 6,735a2 9,952a3 )b7 /581a3
(6.45)
b4 = (60a0 495a2 + 1,144a3 )b7 /28a3

b5 = 3(800a0 + 1,135a2 6,456a3 )b7 /1,162a3
b6 = 5a2 b7 /4a3
For the case n = 2, the governing differential equation produces a set of ten
linear algebraic equations for nine unknowns, namely eight coefcients bi in
the exural rigidity and the natural frequency squared 2 :
180b2 240b1 = 0
540b3 720b2 = 0
1080b4 1440b3 + 360b0 45a0 2 = 0

1800b5 2400b4 + 600b1 + (20a0 45a1 )2 = 0
2700b6 3600b5 + 900b2 + (20a1 45a2 )2 = 0
3780b7 5040b6 + 1260b3 + 20a2 2 = 0
(6.46)
6720b7 + 1680b4 (a0 20a3 )2 = 0

2160b5 a1 2 = 0
2700b6 a2 2 = 0
3300b7 a3 2 = 0
In order to have a non-trivial solution, the rank of the set (6.46) must be less
than 9. The rank of the matrix of the system is less than 9 if all minors of order
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261
9 vanish, leading to a set of ten equations for four unknowns, namely the
parameters a0 , a1 , a2 and a3 . The solution of this set reads
a0 =
5,169
39,812
a2
a3
715
7,865
a1 =
1,128
5,427
a2
a3
385
4,235
(6.47)
where a2 and a3 are arbitrary constants. Upon substitution of the expressions

(6.47) into the set (6.46) we get the solution for the natural frequency squared:
2 = 3,300b7 /a3
(6.48)

b0 = (99,082,621a2 53,799,120a3 )b7 /36,036a3
b1 = (748r2 1,809a3 )b7 /28a3
b2 = (748a2 1,809a3 )b7 /21a3
b3 = 4(748a2 1,809a3 )b7 /63a3
b4 = (56,859a2 181,096r3 )b7 /4,004a3
b5 = (4,136a2 1,809a3 )b7 /924a3
b6 = 11a2 b7 /9a3
(6.49)
For the case n = 3, the governing differential equation yields a set of 11 linear
algebraic equations for 9 unknowns:
336b2 420b1 = 0
1,008b3 1,260b2 = 0
2,016b4 2,520b3 84a0 2 = 0

3,360b5 4,200b4 + 840b0 + (35a0 84a1 )2 = 0
5,040b6 6,300b5 + 1,260b1 + (35a1 84a2 )2 = 0
7,056b7 8,820b6 + 1,764b2 + (35a2 84a3 )2 = 0
(6.50)
11,760b7 + 2,352b3 + 35a3 2 = 0

3,024b4 a0 2 = 0
3,780b5 a1 2 = 0
4,620b6 a2 2 = 0
5,544b7 a3 2 = 0
than 9. The rank of the matrix of the system is less than 9 if all minors of
order 9 vanish. To produce all minors of order 9 of the matrix of the set (6.50)
we have to extract 2 rows among 11, leading to a set of C92 = 55 equations
for 4 unknowns, namely the parameters a0 , a1 , a2 and a3 . The computerized
symbolic algebraic package MAPLE yields the following solution:
a0 =
93
a3
220
a1 =
5748
a3
715
a2 =
161
a3
52
(6.51)
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262
4300
4280
D()/b7
4260
4240
4220
4200
4180
4160
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.5
where a3 is an arbitrary constant, by using the command SOLVE. In Eq. (6.51),

by back substitution of Eq. (6.51) into the 55 equations, we verify that the
expressions for ai given in Eq. (6.51) indeed substitute a solution. Upon substitution of the expressions (6.51) into the set (6.49) we get the solution for the
natural frequency squared:
2 = 5,544b7 /a3
(6.52)

b0 = 11,221,529b7 /2,600
b4 = 31b7 /40
b1 = 248b7 /5
b5 = 3,832b7 /325
b2 = 62b7
b3 = 155b7 /2
b6 = 483b7 /130
(6.53)
Figure 6.5 depicts the exural rigidity, which is positive for within [0; 1],
while Figure 6.6 represents the variation of the inertial coefcient.
6.1.4.5 Quartic inertial coefcient (m = 4)
When n = 0, we obtain
24b2 48b1 + 24b0 = 0
72b3 144b2 + 72b1 = 0
144b4 288b3 + 144b2 6a0 2 = 0
240b5 480b4 + 240b3 + (4a0 6a1 )2 = 0
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R()/r3
263
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.6
Variation of the inertial coefcient for the clampedfree beam
360b6 720b5 + 360b4 (a0 4a1 + 6a2 )2 = 0

504b7 1008b6 + 504b5 (a1 4a2 + 6a3 )2 = 0
672b8 1344b7 + 672b6 (a2 4a3 + 6a4 )2 = 0
1728b8 + 864b7 (a3 4a4 )2 = 0
1080b8 a4 2 = 0
(6.54)
which constitutes nine equations for ten unknowns. We can, therefore, solve
the system taking b8 as a parameter. From the last equation of the set (6.54),
we obtain the natural frequency squared:
2 = 1080b8 /a4
(6.55)

follows:
b0 = (2184a0 + 1704a1 + 1395a2 + 1180a3 + 1022a4 )b8 /28a4
b1 = (1344a0 + 1224a1 + 1086a2 + 965a3 + 864a4 )b8 /28a4
b2 = (504a0 + 744a1 + 777a2 + 750a3 + 706a4 )b8 /28a4
b3 = (336a0 264a1 468a2 535a3 548a4 )b8 /28a4
(6.56)
b4 = (84a0 216a1 + 159a2 + 320a3 + 390a4 )b8 /28a4

b5 = (60a1 150a2 + 105a3 + 232a4 )b8 /28a4
b6 = (45a2 110a3 + 74a4 )b8 /28a4
b7 = (5a3 12a4 )b8 /4a4
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 263 #15
264
set of ten linear algebraic equations for ten unknowns:
80b2 120b1 = 0
240b3 360b2 + 120b0 = 0
480b4 720b3 + 240b1 20a0 2 = 0
800b5 1200b4 + 400b2 + (10a0 20a1 )2 = 0
1200b6 1800b5 + 600b3 + (10a1 20a2 )2 = 0
1680b7 2520b6 + 840b4 (a0 10a2 + 20a3 )2 = 0
(6.57)
2240b8 3360b7 + 1120b5 (a1 10a3 + 20a4 )2 = 0

4320b8 1440b6 (a2 10a4 )2 = 0
1800b7 a3 2 = 0
2200b8 a4 2 = 0
Again, we impose the condition that the determinant of the system (6.57) has
to vanish in order to get a non-trivial solution. This leads to the following
equation:
1,600a0 1,245a1 + 2,270a2 2,786a3 + (50,928/11)a4 = 0
(6.58)
which yields the following solution:

a1 =
320
454
2,786
16,976
a0 +
a2
a3 +
a4
249
249
245
4,565
(6.59)
where a0 , a2 , a3 and a4 are arbitrary. Upon substitution of the expression (6.59)

into the set (6.57) we get the solution for the natural frequency squared:
2 = 2,200b8 /a4
(6.60)

b0 = (7,249,880a0 + 7,475,325a2 4,364,536a3 + 12,218,962a4 )b8 /20,916a4
b1 = (621,720a0 + 896,445a2 387,640a3 + 1,459,794a4 )b8 /10,458a4
b2 = (621,720a0 + 896,445a2 387,640a3 + 1,459,794a4 )b8 /6,972a4
b3 = (206,800a0 + 74,085a2 + 109,472a3 + 114,898a4 )b8 /5,229a4
b4 = (660a0 5,445a2 + 12,584a3 9,282a4 )b8 /252a4
b5 = (8,800a0 + 12,485a2 71,016a3 + 155,442a4 )b8 /3,486a4
b6 = (55a2 442a4 )b8 /36a4
b7 = 11a3 b8 /9a4
(6.61)
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265
For the case n = 2, the governing differential equation yields a set of 11

linear algebraic equations for 10 unknowns:
180b2 240b1 = 0
540b3 720b2 = 0
1080b4 1440b3 + 360b0 45a0 2 = 0

1800b5 2400b4 + 600b1 + (20a0 45a1 )2 = 0
2700b6 3600b5 + 900b2 + (20a1 45a2 )2 = 0
3780b7 5040b6 + 1260b3 + (20a2 45a3 )2 = 0
(6.62)
5040b8 6720b7 + 1680b4 (a0 20a3 + 45a4 )2 = 0

8640b8 + 2160b5 (a1 20a4 )2 = 0
2700b6 a2 2 = 0
3300b7 a3 2 = 0
3960b8 a4 2 = 0
order 10 vanish, leading to a set of 11 equations for 5 unknowns. The solution
of this set reads
a0 =
5,169
39,812
489
a2
a3 +
a4
715
7,865
1,573
a1 =
1,128
5,427
196
a2
a3
a4
385
4,235
121
(6.63)
where a2 , a3 and a4 are arbitrary constants. Upon substitution of the expressions (6.63) into the set (6.62) we get the solution for the natural frequency
squared:
2 = 3,960b8 /a4
(6.64)

b0 = (99,082,621a2 53,799,120a3 4,730,670a4 )b8 /30,030a4
b1 = 3(748a2 1,809a3 )b8 /70a4
b2 = 2(748a2 1,809a3 )b8 /35a4
b3 = 8(748a2 1,809a3 )b8 /105a4

b4 = 3(56,859a2 181,096a3 + 346,360a4 )b8 /10,010a4
b5 = (41,36a2 1,809a3 27,440a4 )b8 /770a4
b6 = 22a2 b8 /15a4
b7 = 6a3 b8 /5a4
(6.65)
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 265 #17
266

336b2 420b1 = 0
1,008b3 1,260b2 = 0
2,016b4 2,520b3 84a0 2 = 0

3,360b5 4,200b4 + 840b0 + (35a0 84a1 )2 = 0
5,040b6 6,300b5 + 1,260b1 + (35a1 84a2 )2 = 0
7,056b7 8,820b6 + 1,764b2 + (35a2 84a3 )2 = 0
(6.66)
9,408b8 11,760b7 + 2,352b3 + (35a3 84a4 ) = 0

15,120b8 + 3,024b4 (a0 35a4 )2 = 0
3,780b5 a1 2 = 0
4,620b6 a2 2 = 0
5,544b7 a3 2 = 0
6,552b8 a4 2 = 0
of this set reads
7,664
107,864
a0 +
a4
403
5,239
220
3,784
a3 =
a0 +
a4
93
1,209
a1 =
a2 =
8,855
128,777
a0 +
a4
1,209
15,717
(6.67)
where a0 and a4 are arbitrary constants. Substituting the expressions

(6.67) into the set (6.66) we get the solution for the natural frequency
squared:
2 = 6,552b8 /a4
(6.68)
as well as the coefcients in the exural rigidity,

b0 = (145,879,877a0 + 157,082,669a4 )b8 /12,090a4
b1 = 32(65a0 + 17a4 )b8 /15a4
b2 = 8(65a0 + 17a4 )b8 /3a4
b4 = (13a0 425a4 )b8 /6a4
b3 = 10(65a0 + 17a4 )b8 /3a4

b5 = 16(12,454a0 + 13,483a4 )b8 /6,045a4
b6 = 46(455a0 + 509a4 )b8 /2,015a4
b7 = 4(65a0 + 86a4 )b8 /93a4

(6.69)
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267
6.1.4.6 Quintic inertial coefcient (m = 5)

When n = 0, we obtain a set of 10 equations for 11 unknowns
24b2 48b1 + 24b0 = 0
72b3 144b2 + 72b1 = 0
144b4 288b3 + 144b2 6a0 2 = 0
240b5 480b4 + 240b3 + (4a0 6a1 )2 = 0
360b6 720b5 + 360b4 (a0 4a1 + 6a2 )2 = 0
504b7 1008b6 + 504b5 (a1 4a2 + 6a3 )2 = 0
(6.70)
672b8 1344b7 + 672b6 (a2 4a3 + 6a4 )2 = 0

864b9 1728b8 + 864b7 (a3 4a4 + 6a5 )2 = 0
2160b9 + 1080b8 (a4 4a5 )2 = 0
1320b9 a5 2 = 0
We can, therefore, solve the system taking b9 as a parameter. From the last
2 = 1320b9 /a5
(6.71)

follows:
b0 = (24,024a0 + 18,744a1 + 15,345a2 + 12,980a3 + 11,242a4
+ 9,912a5 )b9 /252a5
b1 = (14,784a0 + 13,464a1 + 11,946a2 + 10,615a3 + 9,504a4
+ 8,582a5 )b9 /252a5
b2 = (5,544a0 + 8,184a1 + 8,547a2 + 8,250a3 + 7,766a4 + 7,252a5 )b9 /252a5
b3 = (3,696a0 2,904a1 5,148a2 5,885a3 6,028a4 5,922a5 )b9 /252a5
b4 = (924a0 2,376a1 + 1,749a2 + 3,520a3 + 4,290a4 + 4,592a5 )b9 /252a5
b5 = (660a1 1,650a2 + 1,155a3 + 2,552a4 + 3,262a5 )b9 /252a5
b6 = (495a2 1,210a3 + 814a4 + 1,932a5 )b9 /252a5
b7 = (55a3 132a4 + 86a5 )b9 /36a5
b8 = (11a4 26a5 )b9 /9a5

(6.72)
We note that Eq. (6.71) was derived by Elishakoff and Candan (2000), as part
of their general case, when the substitution m = 5 is made in their equations.
Note that the case n = 0 was not studied by Elishakoff and Candan (2000).
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 267 #19
268
Now, consider the case n = 1. The governing differential equation yields a

set of 11 linear algebraic equations for 11 unknowns:
80b2 120b1 = 0
240b3 360b2 + 120b0 = 0
480b4 720b3 + 240b1 20a0 2 = 0
800b5 1200b4 + 400b2 + (10a0 20a1 )2 = 0
1200b6 1800b5 + 600b3 + (10a1 20a2 )2 = 0
1680b7 2520b6 + 840b4 (a0 10a2 + 20a3 )2 = 0
(6.73)
2240b8 3360b7 + 1120b5 (a1 10a3 + 20a4 )2 = 0

2880b9 4320b8 1440b6 (a2 10a4 + 20a5 )2 = 0
5400b9 + 1800b7 (a3 10a5 )2 = 0
2200b8 a4 2 = 0,
2640b9 a5 2 = 0
We impose the condition that the determinant of the system (6.73) should
vanish so that we get a non-trivial solution. This leads to the following
equation:
1,600a0 1,245a1 + 2,270a2 2,786a3 +
50,928
a4 = 0
11
(6.74)
or,
a0 =
249
227
1,393
3,183
7,553
a1
a2 +
a3
a4 +
a5
320
160
800
1,100
1,760
(6.75)
where a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 and a5 are arbitrary. Upon substitution of the expression (6.75) into the set (6.73) we get the solution for the natural frequency
squared:
2 = 2,640b9 /a5
(6.76)

b0 = (2,718,705a1 1,354,430a2 + 3,980,394a3 4,221,472a4
+ 8,201,270a5 )b9 /8400a5
b1 = (233,145a1 + 6,930a2 + 334,906a3 163,488a4 + 585,830a5 )b9 /4,200a5
b2 = (233,145a1 + 6,930a2 + 334,906a3 163,488a4 + 585,830a5 )b9 /2,800a5
b3 = (7,755a1 17,710a2 + 12,078a3 34,376a4 + 36,610a5 )b9 /210a5
b4 = (41,085a1 510,510a2 + 1,098,658a3 895,344a4 + 2,365,790a5 )b9 /16,800a5
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269
b5 = (165a1 1,342a3 + 3,132a4 2,450a5 )b9 /70a5

b6 = (55a2 442a4 + 1,040a5 )b9 /30a5
b7 = (22a3 175a5 )b9 /15a5
b8 = 6a4 b9 /5a5
(6.77)

180b2 240b1 = 0,
540b3 720b2 = 0
1,080b4 1,440b3 + 360b0 45a0 2 = 0

1,800b5 2,400b4 + 600b1 + (20a0 45a1 )2 = 0
2,700b6 3,600b5 + 900b2 + (20a1 45a2 )2 = 0
3,780b7 5,040b6 + 1,260b3 + (20a2 45a3 )2 = 0
5,040b8 6,720b7 + 1,680b4 (a0 20a3 + 45a4 )2 = 0
(6.78)
6,480b9 8,640b8 + 2,160b5 (a1 20a4 + 45a5 )2 = 0

10,800b9 + 2,700b6 (a2 20a5 )2 = 0
3,300b7 a3 2 = 0
3,960b8 a4 2 = 0
4,680b9 a5 2 = 0
In order to have a non-trivial solution, the rank of the set must be less than
10. The rank of the matrix of the system is less than 10 if all minors of order
10 vanish, leading to a set of 11 equations for 5 unknowns. The solution of
this set reads
5,169
a2
715
1,128
a1 =
a2
385
a0 =
39,812
489
23,310
a3 +
a4 +
a5
7,865
1,573
1,859
5,427
196
843
a3
a4 +
a5
4,235
121
143
(6.79)
where a2 , a3 , a4 and a5 are arbitrary constants. Upon substitution of the expressions (6.79) into the set (6.78) we get the solution for the natural frequency
squared:
2 = 4,680b9 /a5
(6.80)

b0 = (1,288,074,073a2 699,388,560a3 61,498,710a4
+ 2,226,377,230a5 )b9 /330,330a5
b1 = 3(9,724a2 23,517a3 + 17,710a5 )b9 /770a5
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 269 #21
270
b2 = 2(9,724a2 23,517a3 + 17,710a5 )b9 /385a5

b3 = 8(9,724a2 23,517a3 + 17,710a5 )b9 /1,155a5
b4 = 3(739,167a2 2,354,248a3 + 4,502,680a4 + 1,282,050a5 )b9 /110,110a5
b5 = (53,768a2 23,517a3 356,720a4 + 908,600a5 )b9 /8,470a5
b6 = 2(13a2 230a5 )b9 /15a5
b7 = 78a3 b9 /55a5
b8 = 13a4 b9 /11a5
(6.81)

336b2 420b1 = 0
1,008b3 1,260b2 = 0
2,016b4 2,520b3 84a0 2 = 0

3,360b5 4,200b4 + 840b0 + (35a0 84a1 )2 = 0
5,040b6 6,300b5 + 1,260b1 + (35a1 84a2 )2 = 0
7,056b7 8,820b6 + 1,764b2 + (35a2 84a3 )2 = 0
9,408b8 11,760b7 + 2,352b3 + (35a3 84a4 )2 = 0
(6.82)
12,096b9 15,120b8 + 3,024b4 (a0 35a4 + 84a5 )2 = 0

18,900b9 + 3,780b5 (a1 35a5 )2 = 0
4,620b6 a2 2 = 0
5,544b7 a3 2 = 0
6,552b8 a4 2 = 0
7,644b9 a5 2 = 0
of this set reads
93
a3
220
161
a2 =
a3
52
a0 =
86
60
a4 + a5
65
91
253
a4
169
a1 =
5,748
3,864
148
a3
a4
a5
715
845
91
(6.83)
where a0 and a4 are arbitrary constants. Substituting the expressions (6.83)

2 = 7,644b9 /a5
(6.84)
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 270 #22
271

b0 = 7(13,261,807a3 7,726,372a4 + 13,261,807a5 )b9 /15,600a5
b1 = 28(403a3 1,012a4 )b9 /165a5
b2 = 7(403a3 1,012a4 )b9 /33a5
b3 = 32(403a3 1,012a4 )b9 /132a5

b4 = 7(403a3 32,428a4 + 79,200a5 )b9 /2,640a5
b5 = 28(6,227a3 3,542a4 26,455a5 )b9 /10,725a5
b6 = 161(91a3 44a4 )b8 /2,860a5
6.1.5
b7 = 91a3 b9 /66a5
b8 = 7a4 b9 /6a5
(6.85)
Closed-Form Solutions for the PinnedClamped Beam
6.1.5.1 Constant inertial coefcient (m = 0)

First consider the case n = 0; the inertial coefcient reduces to
R() = a0 . The governing differential equation leads to the following set of
equations:
108b2 + 144b1 a0 2 = 0
36b1 + 48b0 = 0
216b3 + 288b2 = 0
360b4 + 480b3 + 3a0 2 = 0
(6.86)
720b4 2a0 = 0
b4 to be an arbitrary parameter. We get 2 from the last equation of the
set (6.86):
2 = 360b4 /a0
(6.87)
The remaining equations lead to

b0 =
159
128 b4
b1 =
53
32 b4
b2 = 98 b4
b3 = 32 b4
(6.88)
The exural rigidity is then given by the following expression:

D() =
159
128
53
32

98 2 32 3 + 4 b4
(6.89)
which is positive within the interval [0; 1] (see Figure 6.7).

Now consider now the case n=1. We obtain
b1 = 0 144b2 + 240b0 2a0 2 = 0
b3 + 2b1 = 0
b3 = 0
480b4 + 800b2 + 4a0 2 = 0
(6.90)
1680b4 2a0 2 = 0
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272
1.6
D()/b4
1.5
1.4
1.3
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.7
Variation of the exural rigidity for the pinnedclamped beam
We get a linear system of six equations for six unknowns. Since the
determinant of the system (6.91) vanishes, i.e.
0 1
0
240 0 144
0 2
0
0
0 800
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
2a0
0
0
=0
480
4a0
0
0
1680 2a0
(6.91)
we can solve the set (6.91), expressing the unknowns with b4 taken as an
arbitrary constant. Thus, we get
2 = 840b4 /a0
(6.92)

b0 =
121
25 b4
b2 = 18
5 b4
b1 = 0
b3 = 0
(6.93)
The exural rigidity,

D() =
121
25
18 2
5

+ 4 b4
(6.94)
which is depicted in Figure 6.8, is positive within the interval [0; 1], when the
parameter b4 is non-negative.
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 272 #24
D()/b4
273
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
4
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.8
6.1.5.2 Linearly varying inertial coefcient (m = 1)

First consider the case n = 0. We have
36b1 + 48b0 = 0
108b2 + 144b1 a0 2 = 0
216b3 + 288b2 a1 2 = 0
360b4 + 480b3 + 3a0 2 = 0
(6.95)
540b5 + 720b4 (2a0 3a1 )2 = 0

1008b5 2a1 2 = 0
unknowns, b0 , b1 , . . . , b5 and 2 . Hence, we express them in terms of b5 ,
which is treated as an arbitrary constant. We get 2 from the last equation of
the set (6.95):
2 = 504b5 /a1
(6.96)

b0 = 3(2968a0 + 951a1 )b5 /5120a1
b2 = (504a0 317a1 )b5 /320a1
b1 = (2968a0 + 951a1 )b5 /1280a1

b3 = 3(56a0 + 27a1 )b5 /80a1
(6.97)
b4 = (28a0 27a1 )b5 /20a1
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274
Comparison of Eqs. (6.96) and (6.17) reveals that the natural frequencies of the
cantilever beam and the pinnedclamped beam coincide. It must be stressed
that this remarkable phenomenon takes place for beams with different exural
rigidities. Indeed, the expressions in Eq. (6.97) differ from those in Eq. (6.18).
An analogous phenomenon will be recorded also for the clampedclamped
beam, when the values of the integers m and n coincide for the beams
with different boundary conditions.
6.1.5.3
Parabolically varying inertial coefcient (m = 2)
We rst consider the case n = 0. We obtain the following set of seven equations
with eight unknowns
36b1 + 48b0 = 0
108b2 + 144b1 a0 2 = 0
216b3 + 288b2 a1 2 = 0
360b4 + 480b3 + (3a0 a2 )2 = 0
(6.98)
540b5 + 720b4 (2a0 3a1 )2 = 0

756b6 + 1008b5 (2a1 3a2 )2 = 0
1344b6 2a2 2 = 0
We can, therefore, nd a non-trivial solution when b6 is regarded as a parameter. From the last equation of the set (6.98), we obtain the natural frequency
squared:
2 = 672b6 /a2
(6.99)

follows:
b0 = (47,488a0 + 15,216a1 + 6,021a2 )b6 /20,480a2
b1 = (47,488a0 + 15,216a1 + 6,021a2 )b6 /15,360a2
b2 = (8,064a0 5,072a1 2,007a2 )b6 /3,840a2
(6.100)
b3 = (896a0 + 432a1 223a2 )b6 /320a2

b4 = (448a0 432a1 225a2 )b6 /240a2
b5 = (16a1 15a2 )b6 /12a2

algebraic equations for eight unknowns, namely the seven coefcients bi in
the exural rigidity, and the natural frequency squared 2 :
b1 = 0
144b2 + 240b0 2a0 2 = 0
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 274 #26
275
288b3 + 480b1 2a1 2 = 0

480b4 + 800b2 + (4a0 2a2 )2 = 0
720b5 + 1200b3 + 4a1 2 = 0
1008b6 + 1680b4 (2a0 4a2 )2 = 0
2240b5 2a1 2 = 0
2880b6 2a2 2 = 0
(6.101)
The determinant of the system (obtained by the MAPLE program) equals
143,146,830,790,656,000,000a1 . In order to nd a non-trivial solution, the
determinant must be zero, leading to the requirement a1 = 0. We conclude
that for an inertial coefcient
R() = a0 + a2 2
(6.102)
where r0 and r2 are arbitrary, the set (6.102) yields

2 = 1,440b6 /a2
(6.103)
and
b0 = 3(2420a0 + 333a2 )b6 /875a2
b1 = 0
b3 = 0 b4 = 3(20a0 33a2 )b6 /35a2
b2 = 9(120a0 37a2 )b6 /175a2
b5 = 0
(6.104)
Concerning the case n = 2, the governing equation yields a set of eight

equations for nine unknowns, namely the coefcients bi in the exural rigidity
and the natural frequency squared 2 :
b1 = 0 180b2 3a0 2 = 0
360b3 + 720b0 3a1 2 = 0
600b4 + 1200b1 + (5a0 3a2 )2 = 0
900b5 + 1800b2 + 5a1 2 = 0
(6.105)
1260b6 + 2520b3 + 5a2 2 = 0

3360b4 2a0 2 = 0
4320b5 2a1 2 = 0
5400b6 2r2 2 = 0
Since the number of equations is larger than that of the unknowns, in order
to have a non-trivial solution, the rank of the set (6.105) must be less than 8.
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 275 #27
276
The rank of the matrix of the system (6.105) is less than 8 if all minors of
order 8 vanish. This last condition leads to a set of nine equations, whose
solution reads
a0 =
42
a2
65
a1 =
3024
a2
715
(6.106)
where a2 is treated as an arbitrary constant. We deduce that when the inertial

coefcient is

42 3024
(6.107)
+
+ 2 a2
R() =
65
715
where a2 is an arbitrary parameter, the set (6.106) yields
2 = 2,700b6 /a2
(6.108)
and
45,197
378
b 6 b 1 = 0 b2 =
b6
1,001
13
27
756
b4 =
b6 b5 =
b6
26
143
b0 =
b3 =
34
b6
7
(6.109)
The exural rigidity is, then,

D() =

45,197 378 2 34 3 27 4 756 5
6
+ +
+ b6
1,001
13
7
26
143
(6.110)
Figures 6.9 and 6.10, that depict, respectively, the variation of the exural
rigidity and the inertial coefcient, show that both quantities are positive,
unless the parameters b6 and a2 are non-negative.
For n = 3, we have to satisfy the following set of ten equations for eight
unknowns:
b1 = 0 216b2 4a0 2 = 0
432b3 4a1 2 = 0
720b4 + 1680b0 + (6a0 4a2 )2 = 0
1080b5 + 2520b1 + 6a1 2 = 0
(6.111)
1512b6 + 3528b2 + 6a2 2 = 0

b3 = 0,
6048b4 2a0 2 = 0
7560b5 2a1 2 = 0
9240b6 2a2 2 = 0
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 276 #28
277
44
42
D()/b6
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.9
R()/a2
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.10
Variation of the inertial coefcient for the pinnedclamped beam
A non-trivial solution is obtainable, provided the rank of the set (6.111) is less
8 = 45 minors of order 8 of the matrix of the
than 8. This requires that the C10
linear system (6.111) are zero. We, then, obtain 45 equations, whose solution is
a0 = 234a2 /2695
a1 = 0
(6.112)
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 277 #29
278
where a2 represents an arbitrary constant. Therefore, when the inertial

coefcient equals

R() =

234
2
+ a2
2695
(6.113)
the set (6.111) yields

2 = 4620b6 /a2
(6.114)
Moreover,
b0 =
33,011
b6
3,430
b 1 = 0 b2 =
52
b6
7
b3 = 0
b4 =
13
b6
98
b5 = 0 (6.115)
The exural rigidity is then

D() =

33,011 52 2 13 4
+ + 6 b6
3,430
7
98
(6.116)
Figure 6.11 depicts the variation of the exural rigidity D() in terms of in
[0; 1], whereas Figure 6.12 portrays the variation of the inertial coefcient.
18
D()/b6
16
14
12
10
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.11
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279
R()/a2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.12
Variation of the inertial coefcient for the pinnedclamped beam

When n = 0, we get
36b1 + 48b0 = 0
108b2 + 144b1 a0 2 = 0
216b3 + 288b2 a1 2 = 0
360b4 + 480b3 + (3a0 a2 )2 = 0
540b5 + 720b4 (2a0 3a1 + a3 )2 = 0
(6.117)
756b6 + 1008b5 (2a1 3a2 )2 = 0

1008b7 + 1344b6 (2a2 2 3a3 )2 = 0
1728b7 2a3 2 = 0
which constitutes eight equations for nine unknowns. We can, therefore, solve
the system taking b7 as a parameter. From the last equation of the set (6.117),
we obtain the natural frequency squared:
2 = 864b7 /a3
(6.118)
while the remaining equations yield the coefcients in the exural rigidity as
follows:
b0 = 9(189,952a0 + 60,864a1 + 24,084a2 + 10,827a3 )b6 /573,440a3
b1 = 3(189,952a0 + 60,864a1 + 24,084a2 + 10,827a3 )b6 /143,360a3
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280

b2 = 3(32,256a0 20,288a1 8,028a2 3,609a3 )b7 /35,840a3
b3 = 9(3,584a0 + 1,728a1 892a2 401a3 )b7 /8,960a3
b4 = 3(1,792a0 1,728a1 900a2 + 401a3 )b7 /2,240a3
b5 = 3(64a1 60a2 33a3 )b7 /112a3
b6 = 3(12a2 11a3 )b7 /28a3

(6.119)
Now, consider the case n = 1; the governing differential equation gives a

set of nine linear algebraic equations for nine unknowns:
b1 = 0
144b2 + 240b0 2a0 2 = 0
288b3 + 480b1 2a1 2 = 0
480b4 + 800b2 + (4a0 2a2 )2 = 0
720b5 + 1200b3 + (4a1 2a3 )2 = 0
(6.120)
1008b6 + 1680b4 (2a0 4a2 ) = 0

1344b7 + 2240b5 (2a1 4a3 )2 = 0
2880b6 2a2 2 = 0
3600b7 2a3 2 = 0
Again, we require the determinant of the system to vanish, so that we get a
non-trivial solution. It produces the following equation:
1002a3 + 5225a1 = 0
(6.121)
which produces a relationship

a1 = 1002a3 /5 225
(6.122)
where a3 is arbitrary. Thus, provided the inertial coefcient equals

R() = a0 (1002/5225)a3 + a2 2 + a3 3
(6.123)

2 = 1800b7 /a3
(6.124)
b0 = 3(333r2 + 2420r0 )b7 /700a3 b1 = 0 b2 = 9(37a2 + 120a0 )b7 /140a3

b3 = 501/209b7 b4 = 3(20a0 33a2 )b7 /28a3
b5 = 3054/1045b7 b6 = 45 a2 b6 /a3
(6.125)
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281
For the case n = 2, the governing differential equation yields a set of ten linear
algebraic equations for nine unknowns:
b1 = 0
180b2 3a0 2 = 0
360b3 + 720b0 3a1 2 = 0
600b4 + 1200b1 + (5a0 3a2 )2 = 0
900b5 + 1800b2 + (5a1 3a3 )2 = 0
1260b6 + 2520b3 + 5a2 2 = 0
(6.126)
1680b7 + 3360b4 (2a0 5a3 )2 = 0

4320b5 2a1 2 = 0
5400b6 2a2 2 = 0
6600b7 2a3 2 = 0
A non-trivial solution is obtainable if the rank of the set (6.126) is less than
9 = C 1 = 10 minors of order 9 of the matrix of the
9. This requires the C10
10
system (6.126) to be zero. We then get an algebraic set of 10 equations whose
solution is
a0 =
42
19
a2
a3
65
110
a1 =
3024
288
a2
a3
715
605
(6.127)
where a2 and a3 are considered to be arbitrary constants. We deduce that for

an inertial coefcient
R() =
19
42
a2
a3 +
65
110

3024
288
a2
a3 + a 2 2 + a 3 3
715
605
(6.128)

2 = 3300b7 /a3
(6.129)
b0 = (497167a2 58968a3 )b7 /9009a3 b1 = 0 b2 = (924a2 247a3 )b7 /26a3

b3 = 374a2 b7 /63a3 b4 = (66a2 247a3 )b7 /52a3
b5 = 4(231a2 26a3 )b7 /143a3 b6 = 11a2 b7 /9a3
(6.130)
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282

We rst consider the case n = 0. We get a set of nine equations for ten
unknowns
36b1 + 48b0 = 0
108b2 + 144b1 a0 2 = 0
216b3 + 288b2 a1 2 = 0
360b4 + 480b3 + (3a0 a2 )2 = 0
540b5 + 720b4 (2a0 3a1 + a3 )2 = 0
(6.131)
756b6 + 1008b5 (2a1 3a2 + a4 )2 = 0

1008b7 + 1344b6 (2a2 3a3 )2 = 0
1296b8 + 1728b7 (2a3 3a4 )2 = 0
2160b8 2a4 2 = 0
We can, therefore, solve the system taking, say, b8 as an arbitrary parameter.
The last equation of the set (6.132) yields the natural frequency squared:
2 = 1080b8 /a4
(6.132)
The remaining equations give the coefcients in the exural rigidity as

follows:
b0 = 9(379,904a0 + 121,728a1 + 48,168a2 + 21,654a3 + 10,611a4 )b8 /917,504a4
b1 = 3(379,904a0 + 121,728a1 + 48,168a2 + 21,654a3 + 10,611a4 )b8 /229,376a4
b2 = 3(64,512a0 40,576a1 16,056a2 7,218a3 3,537a4 )b8 /57,344a4
b3 = 9(7,168a0 + 3,456a1 1784a2 802a3 393a4 )b8 /14,336a4
b4 = 3(3,584a0 3,456a1 1,800a2 + 802a3 + 393a4 )b8 /3,584a4
b5 = 3(640a1 600a2 330a3 + 131a4 )b8 /896a4
b6 = 3(120a2 110a3 63a4 )b8 /224a4
b7 = (10a3 9a4 )b8 /8a4

(6.133)
Note that Eq. (6.132) coincides with the result by Elishakoff and Candan
(2001), as a special case of their treatment.
For n = 1, the governing differential equation yields a set of ten linear
algebraic equations with ten unknowns, specically for nine coefcients bi in
the exural rigidity and the natural frequency squared 2 , as follows:
b1 = 0
144b2 + 240b0 2a0 2 = 0
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283
288b3 + 480b1 2a1 2 = 0

480b4 + 800b2 + (4a0 2a2 )2 = 0
720b5 + 1200b3 + (4a1 2a3 )2 = 0
1008b6 + 1680b4 (2a0 4a2 + 2a4 )2 = 0
1344b7 + 2240b4 (2a1 4a3 )2 = 0
1728b8 + 2880b4 (2a2 4a4 )2 = 0
3600b7 2a3 2 = 0
4400b8 2a4 2 = 0
(6.134)
To nd a non-trivial solution, the determinant must be zero. This leads to the
following equation
5225a1 + 1002a3 = 0
(6.135)
a3 = 5225a1 /1002
(6.136)
which results in
Hence, for the inertial coefcient

R() = a0 + a1 + a2 2
5225
a1 3 + a 4 4
1002
(6.137)
where a0 and a2 are arbitrary, the set (6.134) has the following non-trivial
solution
2 = 2,200b8 /r4
(665,500a0 + 91,575a2 + 21,654a4 )b8
b1 = 0
52,500a4
(33,000a0 10,175a2 2,406a4 )b8
275a1 b8
b2 =
b3 =
3500a4
18a4
(5,500a0 9,075a2 + 2,406a4 )b8
27,995a1 b8
b5 =
b4 =
2,100a4
1,503a4
(275a2 442a4 )b8
57,475a1 b8
b6 =
b7 =
180a4
90,18a4
(6.138)
b0 =
(6.139)
Concerning the case n = 2, the governing equation yields the following set
b1 = 0
180b2 3a0 2 = 0
360b3 + 720b0 3a1 2 = 0

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284

600b4 + 1200b1 + (5a0 3a2 )2 = 0
900b5 + 1800b2 + (5a1 3a3 )2 = 0
1260b6 + 2520b3 + (5a2 3a4 )2 = 0
1680b7 + 3360b4 (2a0 5a3 )2 = 0
2160b8 + 4320b5 (2a1 5a4 )2 = 0
5400b6 2a2 2 = 0
6600b7 2a3 2 = 0
7920b8 2r4 2 = 0
(6.140)
We have a set of 11 equations for 10 unknowns, namely the coefcients bi in
the exural rigidity and the natural frequency squared 2 . In order to have
a non-trivial solution, the rank of the set (6.140) must be less than 10, or all
10 = 11 minors of order 10 of the matrix of the set (6.140) should vanish.
C11
This last condition leads to a set of 11 equations whose solution reads
r0 =
42
19
a2
a3
65
110
r1 =
3024
288
49
a2
a3
a4
715
605
242
(6.141)
where a2 , a3 and a4 are treated as arbitrary constants. Hence, we arrive at the

following conclusion. For an inertial coefcient equal to

42
19
3,024
288
49
R() =
a2
a3 +
a2
a3
a4 + a 2 2 + a 3 3
65
110
715
605
242
(6.142)
2 = 3,960b8 /a4
(6.143)
b0 = (3,77,336a2 471,744a3 59,085a4 )b8 /60,060a4 b1 = 0

b2 = 3(924a2 247a3 )b8 /65a4 b3 = 11(68a2 45a4 )b8 /105a4
b4 = 3(66a2 247r3 )b8 /130a4 b5 = (5,544a2 624a3 3,185a4 )b8 /715a4
b6 = 22a2 b8 /15a4 b7 = 6a3 b8 /5a4
(6.144)
For n = 3, we have to satisfy the following set of equations
b1 = 0
216b2 4a0 2 = 0
432b3 4a1 2 = 0
720b4 + 1,680b0 + (6a0 4a2 )2 = 0
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285
1,080b5 + 2,520b1 + (6a1 4a3 )2 = 0

1,512b6 + 3,528b2 + (6a2 4a4 )2 = 0
2,016b7 + 4,704b3 + 6a3 2 = 0
2,592b8 + 6,048b4 (2a0 6a4 )2 = 0
7,560b5 2a1 2 = 0
11,088b7 2a3 2 = 0
9,240b6 2a2 2 = 0
13,104b8 2a4 2 = 0
(6.145)
We get a set of 12 equations for 10 unknowns. A non-trivial solution is obtainable, if the rank of the set (6.145) is less than 10. This forces all 66 minors of
order 10 of the matrix of the linear system (6.145) to be zero. This condition
is satised in this case, leading to the following inertial coefcient:

R() = a0 +

2696
55
a0 + a4 2 + a 4 4
234
78
(6.146)
where r0 and r4 are treated as arbitrary constants. The set (6.145) then yields
2 = 6,552b8 /a4
(6.147)
b0 = (231,077a0 + 12,345a4 )b8 /1,470a4 b1 = 0 b2 = 364a0 b8 /3a4 b3 = 0

b4 = (91a0 255a4 )b8 /42a4 b5 = 0 b6 = (49a0 + 3a4 )b8 /3a4 b7 = 0
(6.148)
When n = 0, we obtain a set of 10 equations for 11 unknowns
36b1 + 48b0 = 0
108b2 + 144b1 a0 2 = 0
216b3 + 288b2 a1 2 = 0
360b4 + 480b3 + (3a0 a2 )2 = 0
540b5 + 720b4 (2a0 3a1 + a3 )2 = 0
756b6 + 1008b5 (2a1 3a2 + a4 )2 = 0
(6.149)
1008b7 + 1344b6 (2a2 3a3 + a5 )2 = 0

1296b8 + 1728b7 (2a3 3a4 )2 = 0
1620b9 + 2160b8 (2a4 3a5 )2 = 0
2640b9 2a5 2 = 0
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286
2 = 1320b9 /a5
(6.150)

follows:
b0 = (8,357,888a0 + 2,678,016a1 + 1,059,696a2 + 476,388a3 + 233,442a4
+ 121,743a5 )b9 /1,835,008a5
b1 = (8,357,888a0 + 2,678,016a1 + 1,059,696a2 + 476,388a3 + 233,442a4
+ 121,743a5 )b9 /1,376,256a5
b2 = (1,419,264a0 892,672a1 353,232a2 158,796a3 77,814a4
40,581a5 ) b9 /344,064a5
b3 = (157,696a0 + 76,032a1 39,248a2 17,644a3 8,646a4
4,509a5 )b9 /28672a5
b4 = (78,848a0 76,032a1 39,600a2 + 17,644a3 + 8,646a4
+ 4,509a5 )b9 /1,835,008a5
b5 = (14,080a1 13,200a2 7,260a3 + 2,882a4 + 1,503a5 )b9 /5,376a5
b6 = (2,640a2 2,420a3 1,386a4 + 501a5 )b9 /1344a5
b7 = (220a3 198a4 117a5 )b9 /144a5
b8 = (44a4 39a5 )b9 /36a5

(6.151)
Now consider the case n=1. The governing differential equation yields a set
of 11 linear algebraic equations for 11 unknowns:
b1 = 0
144b2 + 240b0 2a0 2 = 0
288b3 + 480b1 2a1 2 = 0
480b4 + 800b2 + (4a0 2a2 )2 = 0
720b5 + 1200b3 + (4a1 2a3 )2 = 0
1008b6 + 1680b4 (2a0 4a2 + 2a4 )2 = 0
(6.152)
1344b7 + 2240b5 (2a1 4a3 + 2a5 )2 = 0

1728b8 + 2880b6 (2a2 4a4 )2 = 0
2160b9 + 3600b7 (2a3 4a5 )2 = 0
4400b8 2a4 2 = 0
5280b9 2a5 2 = 0
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287
vanish, so that we get a non-trivial solution. This leads to the following
equation:
57,475a1 +
5,010
a3 + 3,015a5 = 0
11
(6.153)
or,
a1 =
1,002
603
a3
a5
5,225
11,495
(6.154)
2 = 2,640b9 /a5
(6.155)

b0 = (665,500a0 + 91,575a2 + 21,654a4 )b9 /43,750a5
b1 = 0
b2 = 3(33,000a0 10,175a2 + 2,406a4 )b9 /8,750a5

b3 = (3,674a3 + 1,005a5 )b9 /1,045a5
b4 = (5,500a0 9,075a2 + 2,406a4 )b9 /1,750a5
b5 = (22,396a3 4,355a5 )b9 /5,225a5
b7 = (22a3 35a5 )b9 /15a5
b6 = (275a2 442a4 )b9 /150a5
b8 = 6a4 b9 /5a5
(6.156)
For the case n = 2, the governing differential equation yields a set of 12 linear
algebraic equations for 11 unknowns:
b1 = 0 180b2 3a0 2 = 0
360b3 + 720b0 3a1 2 = 0
600b4 + 1200b1 + (5a0 3a2 )2 = 0
900b5 + 1800b2 + (5a1 3a3 )2 = 0
1260b6 + 2520b3 + (5a2 3a4 )2 = 0
1680b7 + 3360b4 (2a0 5a3 + 3a5 )2 = 0
(6.157)
2160b8 + 4320b5 (2a1 5a4 )2 = 0

2700b9 + 5400b6 (a2 5a5 )2 = 0
6600b7 2a3 2 = 0
7920b8 2a4 2 = 0
9360b9 2a5 2 = 0
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288
of this set reads
a1 =
72
11 a0
36
55 a3
49
242 a4
a2 =
65
42 a0
247
924 a3
5
28 a5
(6.158)
where a0 , a3 , a4 and a2 are arbitrary. Upon substitution of the expression

squared:
2 = 4,680/a5
(6.159)

b0 = (258,526,840a0 + 24,841,388a3 2,481,570a4 441,045a5 )b9 /2,134,440a5
b1 = 0 b2 = 78a0 b9 /a5
b3 = (1,264,120a0 + 218,348a3 540,540a4 + 40,095a5 )b9 /97,020a5
b4 = 39(110a0 247a3 + 165r5 )b9 /1,540a5
b5 = 13(660a0 + 66a3 545a4 )b9 /605a5
b6 = (18,590a0 + 3,211a3 28,710a5 )b9 /6,930a5
b7 = 78a3 b9 /55a5
b8 = 13a4 b9 /11a5
(6.160)
For the case n = 3, the governing differential equation produces a set of 13

b1 = 0
216b2 4a0 2 = 0
432b3 4a1 2 = 0
720b4 + 1,680b0 + (6r0 4a2 )2 = 0
1,080b5 + 2,520b1 + (6a1 4a3 )2 = 0
1,512b6 + 3,528b2 + (6a2 4a4 )2 = 0
2,016b7 + 4,704b3 + (6a3 4a5 )2 = 0
(6.161)
2,592b8 + 6,048b4 (2a0 6a4 )2 = 0

3,240b9 + 7,560b5 (2a1 6a5 )2 = 0
9,240b6 2a2 2 = 0
13,104b8 2a4 2 = 0
11,088b7 2a3 2 = 0
15,288b9 2a5 2 = 0
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of this set reads
a1 =
317,565
a5
3,918,187
a2 =
2,695
55
a 0 + a4
234
78
a3 =
6,666
a5
79,963
(6.162)
where a0 , a4 and a3 are arbitrary constants. Substituting of the expressions

squared:
2 = 7,644b9 /a5
(6.163)

b0 = 7(231,077a0 + 12,345a4 )b9 /1,260a5
b3 = 35,285b9 /6,151a5
b2 = 1274a0 b9 /9a5
b4 = (91a0 255r4 )b9 /36a5
b5 = 535,321b9 /92,265a5
b7 = 707b9 /615a5
b1 = 0
b6 = 7(49a3 + 3a4 )b8 /18a5
b8 = 7a4 b9 /6a5
(6.164)
6.1.6
Closed-Form Solutions for the ClampedClamped Beam
6.1.6.1
Constant inertial coefcient (m = 0)
The inertial coefcient reduces to R() = a0 . The governing differential

equation leads to the following set of equations:
4b2 24b1 + 24b0 = 0
12b3 72b2 + 72b1 = 0
24b4 144b3 + 144b2 a0 2 = 0
(6.165)
240b4 + 240b3 + 2a0 = 0

360b4 a0 2 = 0
b4 to be a known parameter. We get 2 from the last equation of the set (6.165):
2 = 360b4 /a0
(6.166)
The rest of the equations lead to

b0 =
11
18 b4
b1 = 23 b4
b2 = 13 b4
b3 = 2b4
(6.167)
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290
The exural rigidity is then given by

D() =
11
18

+ 23 + 13 2 2 3 + 4 b4
(6.168)
which is positive within the interval [0; 1] (see Figure 6.13), unless parameters
b4 and a0 are non-negative.
6.1.6.2
Linearly varying inertial coefcient (m = 1)
Consider rst the case n = 0; instead of (6.166) we have

4b2 24b1 + 24b0 = 0
12b3 72b2 + 72b1 = 0
24b4 144b3 + 144b2 a0 2 = 0
(6.169)
40b5 240b4 + 240b3 + (2a0 a1 )2 = 0

360b5 + 360b4 (a0 2a1 )2 = 0
504b5 a1 2 = 0
unknowns, b0 , b1 , . . . , b5 and 2 . Hence we express them in terms of b5 , treated
as an arbitrary constant. We get 2 from the last equation of the set (6.169):
2 = 504b5 /a1
(6.170)
0.84
0.82
0.8
0.78
D()/b4
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.7
0.68
0.66
0.64
0.62
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.13
Variation of the exural rigidity for the clampedclamped beam
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291

b0 = (61a1 + 154a0 )b5 /180a1
b2 = (13a1 + 14a0 )b5 /30a1
b1 = (37a1 + 84a0 )b5 /90a1

b3 = 2(a1 21a0 )b5 /15a1
(6.171)
b4 = (9a1 7a0 )b5 /5a1

Equation (6.170) coincides with the Elishakoff and Candan (2000) solution.
Now consider the case n=1. Instead of (6.166) we obtain
8b2 36b1 = 0
24b3 108b2 + 120b0 = 0
48b4 216b3 + 240b1 2a0 2 = 0
80b5 360b4 + 400b2 + (3a0 2a1 )2 = 0
(6.172)
540b5 + 600b3 + 3a1 2 = 0

840b4 a0 2 = 0
1120b5 a1 2 = 0
We get a linear system of 6 equations for six unknowns. In order to have a nontrivial solution the determinant of the system (6.172) must vanish, leading to
the following determinantal equation 3200a0 1629a1 = 0, whose solution is
a0 =
1629
a1
3200
(6.173)
We can solve the set expressing the unknowns with b5 taken as an arbitrary
constant. Thus, we get
2 = 1,120b5 /a1
(6.174)

b0 =
100,051
b5
40,000
b1 =
771
b5
2,000
b2 =
6,939
b5
4,000
b3 =
47
b5
10
b4 =
543
b5
800
(6.175)
We conclude that the solution for the exural rigidity is

D() =

100,051
771
6,939 2 47 3 543 4
+
+
+
+ 5 b5
40,000
2,000
4,000
10
800
(6.176)
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292
2.6
D()/b5
2.4
2.2
1.8
1.6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.14
provided the inertial term reads

R() =

1629
+ a1
3200
(6.177)
Figure 6.14 depicts the variation of the exural rigidity, which is positive
within the interval [0; 1], for the non-negative parameters b5 and a1 .
6.1.6.3 Parabolically varying inertial coefcient (m = 2)
We rst consider the case n = 0. We get the following set of equations
4b2 24b1 + 24b0 = 0
12b3 72b2 + 72b1 = 0
24b4 144b3 + 144b2 a0 2 = 0
40b5 240b4 + 240b3 + (2a0 a1 )2 = 0
(6.178)
60b6 360b5 + 360b4 (a0 2a1 + a2 )2 = 0

504b6 + 504b5 (a1 2a2 )2 = 0
672b6 a2 2 = 0
which has seven equations for eight unknowns. We can, therefore, solve the
system taking b6 as a parameter. From the last equation of the set (6.178), we
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 292 #44
293
obtain the natural frequency squared:

2 = 672b6 /a2
(6.179)
follows,
b0 = (1232a0 + 488a1 + 219a2 )b6 /1080a2
b1 = (672a0 + 296a1 + 137a2 )b6 /540a2
b2 = (112a0 + 104a1 + 55a2 )b6 /180a2
b4 = (56a0 72a1 + a2 )b6 /30a2
b3 = 2(84a0 4a1 7a2 )b6 /45a2
b5 = (4a1 5a2 )b6 /3a2

(6.180)

8b2 36b1 = 0
24b3 108b2 + 120b0 = 0
48b4 216b3 + 240b1 2a0 2 = 0
80b5 360b4 + 400b2 + (3a0 2a1 )2 = 0
120b6 540b5 + 600b3 + (3a1 2a2 )2 = 0
(6.181)
756b6 + 840b4 (a0 3a2 )2 = 0

1120b5 a1 2 = 0
1440b6 a2 2 = 0
In order to nd a non-trivial solution, the determinant must be zero, which
leads to the following determinantal equation:
3200a0 1629a1 + 1362a2 = 0
(6.182)
whose solution is
a1 =
3200
454
a0 +
a2
1629
543
(6.183)
2 = 1,440b6 /a2
(6.184)
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294

b0 = (1,143,440a0 + 339,949a2 )b6 /181,000a2
b1 = 3(20,560a0 + 9,321a2 )b6 /63,350a2
b2 = 27(20,560a0 + 9,321a2 )b6 /126,700a2
b3 = 2(37,600a0 + 1,433a2 )b6 /6,335a2
b4 = 3(40a0 99a2 )b6 /70a2
b5 = 2(1,600a0 + 681a2 )b6 /1,267a2

(6.185)
When n = 2, the governing differential equation yields a set of nine linear
exural rigidity and the natural frequency squared, 2 :
12b2 48b1 = 0
36b3 144b2 = 0
72b4 288b3 + 360b0 3a0 2 = 0
120b5 480b4 + 600b1 + (4a0 3a1 )2 = 0
180b6 720b5 + 900b2 + (4a1 3a2 )2 = 0
(6.186)
1008b6 + 1260b3 + 4a2 = 0

1680b4 a0 2 = 0
2160b5 a1 2 = 0
2700b6 a2 2 = 0
8 vanish, leading to a set of nine equations for three unknowns, namely the
parameters a0 , a1 and a2 . The solution of this set reads
a0 =
1,723
a2
2,145
a1 =
376
a2
385
(6.187)
where a2 is an arbitrary constant. Upon substitution of the expressions (6.187)

2 = 2,700b6 /a2
(6.188)

1,160,969
17
b6 b1 = b6
100,100
35
5,169
94
b4 =
b6 b5 =
b6
4,004
77
b0 =
b2 =
68
b6
35
b3 =
272
b6
35
(6.189)
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295
11
10
D()/b6
9
8
7
6
5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.8
FIGURE 6.15
2.8
2.6
2.4
R()/r2
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
FIGURE 6.16
Variation of the inertial coefcient for the clampedclamped beam
Figure 6.15 portrays the variation of the exural rigidity in terms of

within the interval [0; 1], and Figure 6.16 depicts the variation of the inertial
coefcient.
When n = 0, instead of (6.165) we obtain
4b2 24b1 + 24b0 = 0
12b3 72b2 + 72b1 = 0
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 295 #47
296

24b4 144b3 + 144b2 a0 2 = 0
40b5 240b4 + 240b3 + (2a0 a1 )2 = 0
60b6 360b5 + 360b4 (a0 2a1 + a2 )2 = 0
84b7 504b6 + 504b5 (a1 2a2 + a3 )2 = 0
672b7 + 672b6 (a2 2a3 )2 = 0
864b7 a3 2 = 0
(6.190)
which has eight equations for nine unknowns. We can, therefore, solve the
2 = 864b7 /a3
(6.191)
follows,
b0 = (11,088a0 + 4,392a1 + 1,971a2 + 970a3 )b7 /7,560a3
b1 = (12,096a0 + 5,328a1 + 2,466a2 + 1,225a3 )b7 /7,560a3
b2 = (336a0 + 312a1 + 165a2 + 85a3 )b7 /420a3
b3 = (6,048a0 288a1 504a2 305a3 )b7 /1,260a3
b4 = (504a0 648a1 + 9a2 + 50a3 )b7 /210a3
b5 = (72a1 90a2 a3 )b7 /42a3
b6 = (9a2 11a3 )b7 /7a3

(6.192)
Now consider n=1. The governing differential equation yields a set of
nine linear algebraic equations for nine unknowns, namely the coefcients bi
in the exural rigidity and the natural frequency squared 2 :
8b2 36b1 = 0
24b3 108b2 + 120b0 = 0
48b4 216b3 + 240b1 2a0 2 = 0
80b5 360b4 + 400b2 + (3a0 2a1 )2 = 0
120b6 540b5 + 600b3 + (3a1 2a2 )2 = 0
(6.193)
168b7 756b6 + 840b4 (a0 3a2 + 2a3 ) = 0

1008b7 + 1120b5 (a1 3a3 )2 = 0
1440b6 a2 2 = 0
1800b7 a3 2 = 0
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297
Again, we impose the condition that determinant of the system should vanish,
in order to get a non-trivial solution. This leads to the following equation:
40,725a0 80,000a1 + 34,050a2 23,263a3 = 0
(6.194)
whose solution is
a2 =
1,600
543
23,263
a0 +
a1 +
a3
681
454
34,050
(6.195)
where a0 , a2 and a3 are arbitrary. Upon substitution of the expression (6.195)

2 = 1,800b7 /r3 a
(6.196)

b0 = (64,852,000a0 + 76,488,525a1 + 27,253,687a3 )b7 /27,240,000a3
b1 = (252,000a0 2,097,225a1 847,723r3 )b7 /3,178,000a3
b2 = 9(252,000a0 2,097,225a1 847,723a3 )b7 /6,356,000a3
b3 = (6,440,000a0 + 322,425a1 190,261a3 )b7 /476,700a3
(6.197)
b4 = (9,282,000a0 4,031,775a1 + 293,843a3 )b7 /635,600a3

b5 = 9(25a1 61a3 )b7 /140a3
b6 = (80,000a0 40,725a1 23,263a3 )b7 /27,240a3
For the case n = 2, the governing differential equation yields a set of ten
linear algebraic equations for nine unknowns, namely the coefcients bi in
the exural rigidity and the natural frequency squared 2 :
12b2 48b1 = 0
36b3 144b2 = 0
72b4 288b3 + 360b0 3a0 2 = 0

120b5 480b4 + 600b1 + (4a0 3a1 )2 = 0
180b6 720b5 + 900b2 + (4a1 3a2 )2 = 0
252b7 1008b6 + 1260b3 + (4a2 3a3 )2 = 0
(6.198)
1344b7 + 1680b4 (a0 4a3 )2 = 0

2160b5 a1 2 = 0
2700b6 a2 2 = 0
3300b7 a3 2 = 0
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 297 #49
298
9 vanish, leading to a set of ten equations for four unknowns, namely the
a1 =
14,664
1,191,849
a0 +
a3
12,061
3,316,775
a2 =
2,145
48,684
a0 +
a3
1,723
94,765
(6.199)
where a0 and a3 are arbitrary constants. Upon substitution of the expressions (6.199) into the set (6.198) we get the solution for the natural frequency
squared:
2 = 3,300b7 /a3
(6.200)

b0 = (319,266,475a0 + 65,733,964a3 )b7 /18,091,500a3
b1 = 121(22,100a0 5,191a3 )b7 /3,618,300a3
b2 = 121(22,100a0 5,191r3 )b7 /904,575a3
b3 = 484(22,100a0 5,191a3 )b7 /904,575a3
b4 = (275r0 988a3 )b7 /140a3
b5 = (1,344,200a0 + 397,283a3 )b7 /723,660a3
b6 = (39,325a0 + 16,228a3 )b7 /25,845a3

(6.201)
linear algebraic equations for 9 unknowns, namely the coefcients bi in the
16b2 60b1 = 0
48b3 180b2 = 0
94b4 360b3 4a0 2 = 0

160b5 600b4 + 840b0 + (5a0 4a1 )2 = 0
240b6 900b5 + 1260b1 + (5a1 4a2 )2 = 0
336b7 1260b6 + 1764b2 + (5a2 4a3 )2 = 0
(6.202)
1680b7 + 2352b3 + 5a3 2 = 0

3024b4 a0 2 = 0
3780b5 a1 2 = 0
4620b6 a2 2 = 0
5544b7 a3 2 = 0
order 9 vanish, leading to a set of 55 equations for 4 unknowns, namely the
a0 =
279
a3
1540
a1 =
1916
a3
2145
a2 =
161
a3
156
(6.203)
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299
11
10
D()/b7
9
8
7
6
5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.17
where r3 is an arbitrary constant. Upon substitution of the expressions (6.203)

2 = 5,544b7 /a3
(6.204)

60,508,393
248
62
b 7 b1 =
b 7 b2 = b 7
3,439,800
315
21
93
3,832
161
b 7 b5 =
b7 b6 =
b7
b4 =
280
2,925
130
b0 =
b3 =
155
b7
14
(6.205)
Figures 6.17 and 6.18 depict, respectively, the exural rigidity and the inertial
coefcient, which are positive for within [0; 1], when the parameters b7 and
r3 are non-negative.
When n = 0, we obtain
4b2 24b1 + 24b0 = 0
12b3 72b2 + 72b1 = 0
24b4 144b3 + 144b2 a0 2 = 0

40b5 240b4 + 240b3 + (2a0 a1 )2 = 0
60b6 360b5 + 360b4 (a0 2a1 + a2 )2 = 0
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 299 #51
R()/r3
300
4.6
4.4
4.2
4
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2
1.8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 6.18
Variation of the inertial coefcient for the clampedclamped beam
84b7 504b6 + 504b5 (a1 2a2 + a3 )2 = 0

112b8 672b7 + 672b6 (a2 2a3 + a4 )2 = 0
864b8 + 864b7 (a3 2a4 )2 = 0
1080b8 a4 2 = 0
(6.206)
which has nine equations for ten unknowns. We can, therefore, solve the
2 = 1,080b8 /a4
(6.207)
follows:
b0 = (33,264a0 + 13,176a1 + 5,913a2 + 2,910a3 + 1,535a4 )b8 /18,144a4
b1 = (12,096a0 + 5,328a1 + 2,466a2 + 1,225a3 + 648a4 )b8 /6,048a4
b2 = (3,024a0 + 2,808a1 + 1,485a2 + 765a3 + 409a4 )b8 /3,024a4
b3 = (6,048a0 288a1 504a2 305a3 170a4 )b8 /1,008a4
b4 = (1,512a0 1,944a1 + 27a2 + 150a3 + 101a4 )b8 /504a4
b5 = (360a1 450a2 5a3 + 32a4 )b8 /168a4
b6 = 5(27a2 33a3 r4 )b8 /84a4
b7 = (5a3 6a4 )b8 /4a4

(6.208)
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301
Now consider n=1; the governing differential equation yields a set of ten
linear algebraic equations for ten unknowns, namely the coefcients bi in the
8b2 36b1 = 0
24b3 108b2 + 120b0 = 0
48b4 216b3 + 240b1 2a0 2 = 0
80b5 360b4 + 400b2 + (3a0 2a1 )2 = 0
120b6 540b5 + 600b3 + (3a1 2a2 )2 = 0
168b7 756b6 + 840b4 (a0 3a2 + 2a3 )2 = 0
(6.209)
224b8 1008b7 + 1120b5 (a1 3a3 + 2a4 )2 = 0

1296b8 1440b6 (a2 3a4 )2 = 0
1800b7 a3 2 = 0
2200b8 a4 2 = 0
Again, we impose the condition that the determinant of the system (6.209)
should vanish in order to get a non-trivial solution. This leads to the following
equation:
880,000a0 447,975a1 + 374,550a2 255,893a3 + 217,344a4 = 0
(6.210)
which can be solved to give

a3 =
80,000
40,725
34,050
217,344
a0
a1 +
a2 +
a4
23,263
23,263
23,263
255,893
(6.211)
where a0 , a1 , a2 and a4 are arbitrary. Upon substitution of the expression

squared:
2 = 2,200b8 /a4
(6.212)

b0 = (2,979,3258,000a0 + 5,406,687,000a1 + 7,494,763,925a2 + 3,041,064,039a4 )b8
/4,187,340,000a4
b1 = (136,466,000a0 + 31,419,000a1 + 63,579,225a2 + 26,711,763a4 )11b8
/1,465,569,000a4
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302
b2 = (136,466,000a0 + 31,419,000a1 + 63,579,225a2 + 26,711,763a4 )11b8

/325,682,000r4
b3 = (1,087,020,000a0 + 123,156,000a1 52,321,775a2 31,409,157a4 )b8
/73,278,450a4
b4 = (5,801,279,000a0 2,562,417,000a1 + 242,420,475a2 + 271,535,433a4 )b8
/293,113,800a4
b5 = (26,840,000a0 16,861,900a1 + 11,423,775a2 + 557,349a4 )b8 /162,841ar4
b6 = (275a2 663a4 )b8 /180a4
b7 = (880,000a0 447,975a1 + 374,550a2 + 217,344a4 )b8 /209,367a4
(6.213)
For the case n = 2, the governing differential equation yields a set of ten
linear algebraic equations for nine unknowns, namely the coefcients bi in
the exural rigidity and the natural frequency squared, 2 :
12b2 48b1 = 0
36b3 144b2 = 0
72b4 288b3 + 360b0 3a0 2 = 0

120b5 480b4 + 600b1 + (4a0 3a1 )2 = 0
180b6 720b5 + 900b2 + (4a1 3a2 )2 = 0
252b7 1008b6 + 1260b3 + (4a2 3a3 )2 = 0
12b2 48b1 = 0
36b3 144b2 = 0
(6.214)
72b4 288b3 + 360b0 3a0 2 = 0

120b5 480b4 + 600b1 + (4a0 3a1 )2 = 0
180b6 720b5 + 900b2 + (4a1 3a2 )2 = 0
252b7 1008b6 + 1260b3 + (4a2 3a3 )2 = 0
of this set reads
113,596
397,283
2,068,751
a1
a2 +
a4
39,195
195,975
2,155,725
4,235
4,136
1,372
a1 +
a2
a3 =
603
603
603
a0 =
(6.215)
where a1 , a2 and a4 are arbitrary constants. Upon substitution of the expressions (6.215) into the set (6.214) we get the solution for the natural frequency
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 302 #54
303
squared:
2 = 3,960b8 /a4
(6.216)

b0 = (20,089,520a1 8,507,763a2 + 6,050,974a4 )b8 /653,250a4
b1 = (605a1 484a2 + 196a4 )b8 /150a4
b2 = 2(605a1 484a2 + 196a4 )b8 /75a4
b3 = 8(605a1 484a2 + 196a4 )b8 /75a4
(6.217)
b4 = (2,887,720a1 2,737,757a2 + 1,236,904a4 )b8 /43,550a4

b5 = (55a1 196a4 )b8 /30a4
b6 = 22a2 b8 /15a4
b7 = 2(4,235a1 4,136a2 + 1,372a4 )b8 /1,005a4

linear algebraic equations for 9 unknowns, namely the coefcients bi in the
exural rigidity and the natural frequency squared, 2 :
16b2 60b1 = 0
48b3 180b2 = 0
96b4 360b3 4a0 2 = 0

160b5 600b4 + 840b0 + (5a0 4a1 )2 = 0
240b6 900b5 + 1260b1 + (5a1 4a2 )2 = 0
336b7 1260b6 + 1764b2 + (5a2 4a3 )2 = 0
(6.218)
448b8 1680b7 + 2352b3 + (5a3 4a4 )2 = 0

2160b8 + 3024b4 (a0 5a4 )2 = 0
3780b5 a1 2 = 0
4620b6 a2 2 = 0
5544b7 a3 2 = 0
6552b8 a4 2 = 0
of this set reads
a0 =
279
86
a3
a4
1,540
455
a1 =
1,916
1,288
a3
a4
2,145
7,605
a2 =
161
253
a3
a4
156
1,521
(6.219)
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304
where a3 and a4 are arbitrary constants. Upon substitution of the expressions (6.219) into the set (6.218) we get the solution for the natural frequency
squared:
2 = 6,552b8 /a4
(6.220)

b0 = (214,529,757a3 55,489,124a4 )b8 /10,319,400a4
b1 = 8(1,209a3 1,012a4 )b8 /10,395a4
b2 = 2(1,209a3 1,012a4 )b8 /693a4
b3 = 5(1,209a3 1,012a4 )b8 /462a4
b4 = (1,209a3 32,428a4 )b8 /3,080a4
b5 = 8(18,681a3 3,542a4 )b8 /96,525a4
b6 = 23(273a3 44a4 )b8 /4,290a4
b7 = 13a3 b8 /11a4
(6.221)

When n = 0, we obtain a set of 10 equations for 11 unknowns:
4b2 21b1 + 24b0 = 0
12b3 72b2 + 72b1 = 0
24b4 144b3 + 144b2 a0 2 = 0

40b5 240b4 + 240b3 + (2a0 a1 )2 = 0
60b6 360b5 + 360b4 (a0 2a1 + a2 )2 = 0
84b7 504b6 + 504b5 (a1 2a2 + a3 )2 = 0
(6.222)
112b8 672b7 + 672b6 (a2 2a3 + a4 )2 = 0

144b9 864b8 + 864b7 (a3 2a4 + a5 )2 = 0
1080b9 + 1080b8 (a4 2a5 )2 = 0
1320b9 a5 2 = 0
2 = 1320b9 /a5
(6.223)

follows:
b0 = 11(33,264a0 + 13,176a1 + 5,913a2 + 2,910a3 + 1,535a4
+ 854a5 )b9 /163,296a5
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305
b1 = (133,056a0 + 58,608a1 + 27,126a2 + 13,475a3 + 7,128a4

+ 3,969a5 )b9 /54,432a5
b2 = (33,264a0 + 30,888a1 + 16,335a2 + 8,415a3 + 4,499a4
+ 2,513a5 )b9 /27,216a5
b3 = (66,528a0 3,168a1 5,544a2 3,355a3 1,870a4
1,057a5 )b9 /9,072a5
b4 = (16,632a0 21,384a1 + 297a2 + 1,650a3 + 1,111a4 + 658a5 )b9 /4,536a5
b5 = (3,960a1 4,950a2 55a3 + 352a4 + 259a5 )b9 /1,512a5
b6 = (1,485a2 1,815a3 55a4 + 119a5 )b9 /756a5
b7 = (55a3 66a4 3a5 )b9 /36a5
b8 = (11a4 13a5 )b9 /9a5

(6.224)
set of 11 linear algebraic equations for 11 unknowns:
8b2 36b1 = 0
24b3 108b2 + 120b0 = 0
48b4 216b3 + 240b1 2a0 2 = 0

80b5 360b4 + 400b2 + (3a0 2a1 )2 = 0
120b6 540b5 + 600b3 + (3a1 2a2 )2 = 0
168b7 756b6 + 840b4 (a0 3a2 + 2a3 )2 = 0
(6.225)
224b8 1008b7 + 1120b5 (a1 3a3 + 2a4 )2 = 0

288b9 1296b8 1440b6 (a2 3a4 + 2a5 )2 = 0
1620b9 + 1800b7 (a3 3a5 )2 = 0
2200b8 a4 2 = 0
2640b9 a5 2 = 0
vanish so that we get a non-trivial solution. This leads to the following
expression for the coefcient a0 :
a0 =
1,629
681
23,263
1,698
67,809
a1
a2 +
a3
a4 +
a5
3,200
1,600
80,000
6,875
352,000
(6.226)
where a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 and a5 are arbitrary. Upon substitution of the expression

EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 305 #57
306
squared:
2 = 2,640b9 /a5
(6.227)

b0 = (70,750,350a1 17,834,300a2 + 29,793,258a3 14,847,024a4
+ 17,093,285a5 )b9 /12,000,000a5
b1 = (3,816,450a1 + 207,900a2 + 1,501,126a3 264,528a4
+ 745,395a5 )b9 /4,200,000a5
b2 = 3(3,816,450a1 + 207,900a2 + 1,501,126a3 264,528a4
+ 745,395a5 )b9 /2,800,000a5
b3 = (232,650a1 177,100a2 + 108,702a3 103,128a4 + 74,095a5 )b9 /21,000a5
b4 = (2,687,850a1 15,315,300a2 + 11,602,558a3 7,987,104a4
+ 7,434,735a5 )b9 /1,680,000a5
b5 = 3(550a1 1,342a3 + 1,044a4 735a5 )b9 /700a5
b6 = (275a2 663a4 + 520a5 )b9 /150a5
b7 = (44a3 105a5 )b9 /30a5
b8 = 6a4 b9 /5a5
(6.228)
12b2 48b1 = 0
36b3 144b2 = 0
72b4 288b3 + 360b0 3a0 2 = 0

120b5 480b4 + 600b1 + (4a0 3a1 )2 = 0
180b6 720b5 + 900b2 + (4a1 3a2 )2 = 0
252b7 1008b6 + 1260b3 + (4a2 3a3 )2 = 0
336b8 1344b7 + 1680b4 (a0 4a3 + 3a4 )2 = 0
(6.229)
432b9 1728b8 + 2160b5 (a1 4a4 + 3a5 )2 = 0

2160b9 + 2700b6 (a2 4a5 )2 = 0
3300b7 a3 2 = 0
3960b8 a4 2 = 0
4680b9 a5 2 = 0
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 306 #58
307

of this set reads
1,723
16,228
163
518
a0 =
a2
a3 +
a4 +
a5
2,145
39,325
7,865
1,859
(6.230)
376
603
196
281
a2
a3
a4 +
a5
a1 =
385
4,235
605
715
where a2 , a3 , a4 and a5 are arbitrary constants. Upon substitution of the expressions (6.230) into the set (6.229) we get the solution for the natural frequency
squared:
2 = 4,680b9 /a5
(6.231)

b0 = (166,018,567a2 42,735,888a3 6,833,190a4 + 56,045,066a5 )b9
/8,258,250a5
b1 = (9,724a2 7,839a3 + 3,542a5 )b9 /11,550a5
b2 = 2(9,724a2 7,839a3 + 3,542a5 )b9 /5,775a5
b3 = 8(9,724a2 7,839a3 + 3,542a5 )b9 /5,775a5
b4 = 3(1,231,945a2 6,142,968a3 + 4,502,680a4 + 427,350a5 )b9 /550,550a5
b5 = (53,768a2 7,839a3 214,032a4 + 181,720a5 )b9 /25,410a5
b6 = 2(13a2 46a5 )b9 /15a5
b7 = 78a3 b9 /55a5
b8 = 13a4 b9 /11a5
(6.232)

16b2 60b1 = 0
48b3 180b2 = 0
96b4 360b3 4a0 2 = 0
160b5 600b4 + 840b0 + (5a0 4a1 )2 = 0
240b6 900b5 + 1260b1 + (5a1 4a2 )2 = 0
336b7 1260b6 + 1764b2 + (5a2 4a3 )2 = 0
(6.233)
448b8 1680b7 + 2352b3 + (5a3 4a4 ) = 0

576b9 2160b8 + 3024b4 (a0 5a4 + 4a5 )2 = 0
2700b9 + 3780b5 (a1 5a5 )2 = 0
4620b6 a2 2 = 0
5544b7 a3 2 = 0
6552b8 a4 2 = 0
7644b9 a5 2 = 0
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 307 #59
308
of this set reads
279
86
20
a3
a4 +
a5
1540
455
637
161
253
a2 =
a3
a4
156
1521
a0 =
a1 =
1916
1288
148
a3
a4
a5
2145
7605
637
(6.234)
where a3 , a4 and a5 are arbitrary constants. Substituting the expressions

squared:
2 = 7,644b9 /a5
(6.235)
as well as the coefcients in the exural rigidity

b0 = (214,529,757a3 55,489,124a4 7,637,760a5 )b9 /8,845,200a5
b1 = 4(1,209a3 1,012a4 )b9 /4,455a5
b2 = (1,209a3 1,012a4 )b9 /297a5
b3 = 5(1,209a3 1,012a4 )b9 /396a5

b4 = (1,209a3 32,428a4 + 26,400a5 )b9 /2,640a5
b5 = 4(130,767a3 24,794a4 714,285a5 )b9 /289,575a5
b6 = 161(273a3 44a4 )b8 /25,740a5
6.1.7
b7 = 91a3 b9 /66a5
b8 = 7a4 b9 /6a5
(6.236)
Concluding Remarks
In this section, a thorough investigation has been conducted with a single

objective in mind: obtaining novel closed-form solutions for the beam vibrations. We consider many variations of the inertial coefcient, including
constant or polynomially varying sub-cases. In the latter case, the maximum power that was considered was xed at ve. One can directly obtain
solutions also for the inertial coefcients that are of higher degree than the
quintic one. The derivations are unusual in the sense that, for the inhomogeneous beams, simple closed-form polynomial solutions have been derived,
while even for uniform beams transcendental equations should be solved
for obtaining the natural frequencies. Likewise, a remarkable nature of the
effect of boundary conditions was reported. We are unaware of any parallel study in beam vibrations. One should anticipate that with this new
pipe of thought being opened for closed-form solutions, many new solutions will be reported in the future, hopefully triggered by the present
investigation.
EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 308 #60

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6

Inuence of Boundary Conditions on

In this chapter, we discuss the effect of boundary conditions in detail. In

The Remarkable Nature of Effect of Boundary Conditions

The methods of direct or inverse vibration problems for homogeneous or

2005 by Issac Elishakoff

EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 249 #1

Eigenvalues of Inhomogeneous Structures

Construction of Postulated Mode Shapes

We introduce the non-dimensional coordinate

where L is the length. The equation becomes

The solution of this equation, which satises the boundary conditions is

2005 by Issac Elishakoff

EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 250 #2

Inuence of Boundary Conditions on Eigenvalues

We address the following problem: can the function () serve as an exact

Formulation of the Problem

where the postulate

where ai (i = 0, 1, . . . , m) are given coefcients. The rst term of the governing

The left-hand side of the governing equation (6.9) becomes a polynomial of

2005 by Issac Elishakoff

EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 251 #3

Eigenvalues of Inhomogeneous Structures

Closed-Form Solutions for the ClampedFree Beam

6.1.4.1 Constant inertial coefcient (m = 0)

480b4 + 240b3 + 4a0  = 0

The rest of the equations of the set (6.13) leads to

The exural rigidity is then given by

2005 by Issac Elishakoff

EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 252 #4

Inuence of Boundary Conditions on Eigenvalues

6.1.4.2 Linearly varying inertial coefcient (m = 1)

720b5 + 360b4 (a0 4a1 )2 = 0

while the remaining equations lead to

b1 = 2b5 (51a1 + 56a0 )/5a1

b2 = 2b5 (31a1 + 21a0 )/5a1

b3 = 2b5 (11a1 14a0 )/5a1

b4 = b5 (18a1 7a0 )/5a1

2005 by Issac Elishakoff

EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 253 #5

Eigenvalues of Inhomogeneous Structures

1800b5 + 600b3 + 10a1 2 = 0

and the coefcients bi are

We conclude that the solution for the exural rigidity is

2005 by Issac Elishakoff

EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 254 #6

Inuence of Boundary Conditions on Eigenvalues

provided the inertial term reads

72b3 144b2 + 72b1 = 0

144b4 288b3 + 144b2 6a0 2 = 0

which constitutes seven equations for eight unknowns. We can, therefore,

2005 by Issac Elishakoff

EOIS: 2892_chap06 2004/9/28 20:03 page 255 #7

Eigenvalues of Inhomogeneous Structures

The remaining equations yield the coefcients in the exural rigidity as

b1 = 2b6 (224a0 + 204a1 + 181a2 )/15a2

b2 = b6 (168a0 + 248a1 + 259a2 )/15a2

b3 = 4b6 (28a0 22a1 39a2 )/15a2

b4 = b6 (28a0 72a1 + 53a2 )/15a2

b5 = 2b6 (2a1 5a2 )/3a2

240b3 360b2 + 120b0 = 0

480b4 720b3 + 240b1 20a0 2 = 0

2520b6 + 840b4 (a0 10a2 )2 = 0

480b4 + 240b3 + 4a0 = 0

720b5 + 360b4 (a0 4a1 )2 = 0

1800b5 + 600b3 + 10a1 2 = 0

144b4 288b3 + 144b2 6a0 2 = 0

480b4 720b3 + 240b1 20a0 2 = 0

2520b6 + 840b4 (a0 10a2 )2 = 0

1080b4 1440b3 + 360b0 45a0 2 = 0

360b6 720b5 + 360b4 (a0 4a1 + 6a2 )2 = 0

1680b7 2520b6 + 840b4 (a0 10a2 + 20a3 ) = 0

1080b4 1440b3 + 360b0 45a0 2 = 0

6720b7 + 1680b4 (a0 20a3 )2 = 0

2,016b4 2,520b3 84a0 2 = 0

11,760b7 + 2,352b3 + 35a3 2 = 0

360b6 720b5 + 360b4 (a0 4a1 + 6a2 )2 = 0

2240b8 3360b7 + 1120b5 (a1 10a3 + 20a4 )2 = 0

1080b4 1440b3 + 360b0 45a0 2 = 0

5040b8 6720b7 + 1680b4 (a0 20a3 + 45a4 )2 = 0