1

Singapores Experience

Land Use Planning and Development:
Singapore-Myanmar Technical Cooperation Workshop 14 16 August 2012
Seow Kah Ping
Director, URA International
Professional Development Group
Concept Plan
1. Background on Singapore
2. Planning History and Conditions of
Singapore (1950-70)
3. Concept Plan 1971
4. Subsequent Concept Plans


Briefing Outline
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2
3
23 km
43 km
Land Area: 714 km
2
Population: 5.12 million
Density: 7300 pple/km
2

SINGAPORE
Country Profile


Small City-State
Limited land area
No hinterland
No natural resources
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Balancing
Competing
Land Use
Needs
Indus
Industry Water treatment & storage
Culture and Heritage
Nature and
Greenery Commerce Housing
Concept Plan
Master Plan
Land Sales Development Control
Planning and Development Process
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Population Density
Population
Density
T
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o
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S
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a
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1960s PRESENT
PRESENT 1960s
From 1960s till today
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T
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1960s PRESENT
1960s PRESENT
TOTAL
POPULATION
1.64 million
5.18 million
LAND
AREA
581.45
square km
714.3
square km
POPULATION
DENSITY
3,245
per square km
7,257
per square km
From 1960s till today
Non-
Residents
Population
Total
Population
Residents
Population
Year X
63.6,%
10.7%
25.7%
Singapore
Citizens
Singapore
Permanent
Residents
Foreigners
Population
X
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
)

From 1960s till today
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1,310
2,832
10,685
23,101
40,364
61,071
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
G
r
o
s
s

D
o
m
e
s
t
i
c

P
r
o
d
u
c
t

(
G
D
P
)

i
n

b
i
l
l
i
o
n
s
1960s
PRESENT
GDP
per
capita
$1,310
$61, 071
GDP per
capita
From 1960s till today
G
r
o
s
s

D
o
m
e
s
t
i
c

P
r
o
d
u
c
t

p
e
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c
a
p
i
t
a
l

1946 1819
1941 1945 1826
Stamford
Raffles arrives
in Singapore
to establish a
trading post for the
British East India
Company.
Singapore
becomes part of
the British colony
of Straits
Settlements under
the rule of the East
India Company.
Straits
Settlements
become a
crown colony
of British
Empire.
World War II
Straits Settlements
was dissolved and
Singapore
became a
Crown Colony
1867
Brief History of Modern Singapore
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7
1
st
Democratic General Election =
First Constitution of the Republic
of Singapore
Lee Kuan Yew: 1
st
Prime Minister
Yusof Ishak: 1
st
Head of State, replacing
British Governor
Limited Self-Rule
Singapore ceased
to be a British
colony with the
Merger of
Federation of
Malaya
1955 1959
1963
Brief History of Modern Singapore
Today
1965
Independence
Planning History of Singapore
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8
1822 Jackson Plan

1822: The Jackson Plan adopted by Sir
Stamford Raffles
Civic/administrative area and commercial square
designated
Separate ethnic enclaves
Roads laid out in grids
Guided growth of the city for 8 years. In the next
100 years, Singapore grew chaotically
Drawn by J T Thompson, who was the
government surveyor from 1841 to 1853


1846 Plan of
Singapore Town
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9
Map of Singapore
1941
Population:
Post-war baby boom as businesses re-
started with abundant employment
Average children/family: 6-7
Population grew rapidly from 1.02m to
1.64m in a decade
Singapore
in the 1950s

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Mid 1953: Population 1,120,800
Singapore in the 1950s

1951: Colonial administration amended the Singapore Improvement
Ordinance, empowering Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) to carry out
survey for the Master Plan.

1952-1955: Preparation of MP; approved on 5 Aug 1958. Covering the
period 1963-1972. Reviewed every 5 years.

Planning Coordination Committee: Commissioner of Lands (chairman),
City Council, Rural Board, SIT, and survey team (under Sir George Pepler).

1 Feb 1960: Planning Ordinance laid down basic legal framework
controlling use and development of land. Chief Planner appointed (chair of
the Master Plan Committee which replaced the Planning Coordination
Committee).
1958 Master Plan

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Aim to solve problems of: inadequate road systems, insufficient
open spaces, lack of social amenities, incompatible land uses and
poor housing.

Proposals:
Green belt of open space to contain urban sprawl
Decongestion of the Central city area
Decentralisation: 3 self contained new towns at Jurong,
Woodlands, and Yio Chu Kang
Improved transportation through the provision of major
arterial roads
New industrial estates


1958 Master Plan

Pop parameter: 2 mil by 1972
Major roads
Pop parameter: 2 mil by 1972
New Industrial Estates
Green belt
Green belt of open space to contain urban sprawl

Jurong
New Town
Woodlands
New Town
Yio Chu Kang
New Town
Decentralisation: 3 self contained new towns at Jurong,
Woodlands, and Yio Chu Kang

1958 Master Plan

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Master Plan 1958
- Strong physical bias
- Zoning for urban land uses
1958
Master Plan

Strong physical bias
Zoning for urban land
uses

Planning Response: Develop a long range plan
1957: Population reached 1,445,929
Rapid Population growth resulted in acute housing shortage
and Overcrowding
78.6% lived in the city
Singapore River, 1960s. Source: Singapore from the Air (Lloyd and Hoe)


Singapore in the 1960s
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Acute Housing Shortage
Dilapidated Living Condition
Overcrowding
Unemployment
Traffic Congestion in City
Inadequate Infrastructure
Challenges faced in the 1960s
Year Population
1901 230
1930 560
1957 1,450
1966 1,930
1970 2,080
Population Growth
Challenges faced in the 1960s
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Housing Stocks 1966
Detached and Semi-Detached 18,200
Shophouses and Terraced 50,900
HDB Flats 86,300
Private Flats 12,500
Attaps/Zinc Roofed Hsg 80,300
Others 5,000
Total 265,000
Dilapidated Houses 50,000
Singapore in the 1960s:
Challenge: Acute Shortage of Housing
Singapore in the 1960s:
Challenge: Dilapidated Living Conditions
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Singapore in the 1960s:
Challenge: Overcrowding
Unemployment: ~ 10%
Singapore in the 1960s:
Challenge: Unemployment
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Singapore in the 1960s:
Challenge: Traffic Congestion in the City
No natural resources

Withdrawal of British Base
- Loss of 20% of jobs, 18% GDP
High unemployment
-Labour unrest
-Low wages
-Rapidly increasing
population
Overdependence on entrepot
trade
- Vulnerable to international
markets
- Slow economic growth rate
Low industrial base
-Mainly for domestic
consumption
-Low-end commerce
War-ravaged infrastructure
Singapore in the 1960s:
Economic Problems
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1962 Lorange Plan

Drawn by Professor Erick Lorange (Norwegian
architect-planner) UN Town planning advisor to
Singapore on Central Redevelopment for 6
months
Preliminary survey highlighted the urgent need to
revise the 1958 Master Plan
Proposed dividing the city into precincts that
could be developed independently

Land use
Land ownership and tenure
Age and quality of buildings
State of overcrowding
Other social circumstances
Pattern of existing street
and layout system
Public utilities
Land values


Priority factors to precinct redevelopment:

Tanjong Pagar Rd, Neil
Rd, New Bridge Rd
-Dilapidated shophouses
- Overcrowding in slums
Rochore Rd, Beach Rd,
Arab St, Victoria St.
- Predominant private land
ownership
1962 Lorange Plan

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Implementing
redevelopment
schemes:

Land acquisition
Moving and re-housing
occupants
Resettlement of shops
1962 Lorange Plan

1963: Second UN Planning team consisting of Charles Abrams,
Susumu Kobe and Otto Koenigsberger helped troubleshoot
housing problems and curb urban decay.
Ring City concept
(originated from the
Netherlands) ring of
towns fringing the central
catchment area.

Randstad (Netherlands) Ring City Model

Utrecht
Amsterdam
Rotterdam
The Hague
1963 Koenigsberger Plan
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Pop: 1.7mil
Built up areas:
40%
Central catchment area
Industries Inner ring road New
Settlements
1963 Koenigsberger Plan
Concept Plan
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URBAN
REDEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY
One-North
Strategic plan and not just a
physical land use plan
Planning horizon of 40-50 years
Planning for a countrys needs
Airport
Parks and Nature Areas
Housing
Concept Plan
- Economic:
Sustain a robust and vibrant
economy

- Social:
Provide a good quality of living for
all

- Environmental:
Develop in an environmentally
responsible manner

- Integrated and long-term plan to
make optimal use of our limited
land and sea resources


SUSTAINABILITY
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL
ENVIROMENT
LAND &
SEA
LAND &
SEA
LAND &
SEA
Planning for Sustainability
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Macro view of land use requirements
Balance between competing needs
Ensures sufficiency of land
Enhance investor & business confidence
Benefits of having a concept plan
Population
Population that
requires housing
Public
Housing
Land
Requirements
Private Housing
Landed
Housing
Condominiums
Flats,
Apartments
and Others
Land
Requirements
Population that does
not requires housing
Total Land Requirements
Concept Plan: Land Requirements for Housing
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State and City Planning (SCP) Singapore counterpart of the UN team.
Formed from a number of departments with Planning Department as
the nucleus.
Crook Stewarts from Sydney selected for execution of the proposal.
Planning goals:
Expansion of port and maritime industries
Future growth of manufacturing sector
Housing, recreation and infrastructure
Urban renewal and redevelopment
Adequate provision of land for the military
Develop Singapore as SEAs regional centre of trade and commerce,
air transportation, tourist centre, educational, cultural and
industrial research centre
1967 UN SCP Project

4-year planning programme with the objective of preparing a long range
land use and transportation plan, and a Central Area Plan.
Pop parameter of 4 mil.
A: Ring Plan
C: East-West
grid
F: Compacted
Ring Plan
B: Finger Plan from
Copenhagen
D: Developed
from Plan C
G: Grid
1967 UN SCP Project

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Concentration in the south
More than of the land publicly owned
1967 Existing Land Use

Draft Concept Plan


Revised Ring Plan
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Pop parameter: 4mil
Jurong Industrial Estate
1971 Concept Plan
Singapore
in the 1970s

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Singapore
in the 1970s

Slums were
progressively cleared &
concentration of slums at
the harbour
Acquiring land through
Land Acquisition Act
Amalgamation of small
plots of land
Sale of land for
development
Concept Plan 1971:
Strategy: Slum Clearance and Revitalization of the City
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Need to house people cleared from
slums and resettled from acquired sites
Construction of high-rise public housing
- Around the city area (i.e. present-day
Chinatown)
- Outside city area
New form of housing for the people
Concept Plan 1971:
Strategy: Intensification of Public Housing Project
The Singapore Improvement
Trust carried out public
housing projects but provision
was not adequate.
HDB was formed in 1960
New satellite self-contained
towns such as Queenstown
and Toa Payoh planned
and developed

Concept Plan 1971:
Strategy: Intensification of Public Housing Project
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Dire need to provide employment
opportunities
EDB formed in 1961 to diversify
economic base and expand
employment opportunities through
industrialisation
JTC formed in 1968 to develop
industrial estates (e.g. Jurong)
Concept Plan 1971:
Strategy: Massive Industrialization Programme
Transport corridors
- Roads
- Public Transport Lines
Infrastructure planning in tandem with land use
planning
- Water Treatment Plants
- Waste Disposal Facilities
- Power Plants

Concept Plan 1971:
Strategy: Infrastructure Development
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Urban Renewal Dept set up in
1967 under HDB to clear slums
and revitalise Central Area
Dept turned into a statutory board
URA in 1974 to
- Redevelop Central Area
- Resettle residents affected by
redeveloment
Concept Plan 1971:
Strategy: Development of the Central Area
Planned
Population
4 million
Population in
1970
2.07 million
Housing

- New high-density satellite towns along East-West corridor

Transport

- Island-wide expressways
- Proposed Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system to connect
the population centers with the city and Jurong
Commerce

- Central Business District in the South
Industry - Jurong Industrial Estate planned in the west
Infrastructure -Port to be relocated at Pasir Panjang
-Airport to be relocated to Changi
1971 Concept Plan
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1971 Concept Plan
Population Parameter of 3.4 mil
by 1992
Ultimate Population of 4.0 mil
1981 Revised Concept Plan
Population Paramenter of 3.7 mil
by 2030
Ultimate Population of 4.0 mil
1981 Concept Plan
Population: 2.4 million 2.9 million
- Fertility rate: to 1.82
- Pro-family measures
- Relaxed immigration policy in 1989


Population: 2.4 mil 2.9 mil
Fertility rate: to 1.82
Pro-family measures
Singapore
in the 1980s

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Population: 2.4 million 2.9 million
- Fertility rate: to 1.82
- Pro-family measures
- Relaxed immigration policy in 1989


Further economic success
Unemployment rate falling to 3%
Real GDP growth averaging 8%

Singapore in the 1980s

Implementation of Proposals
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HDB Developments in the 1970s
HDB Developments in the 1980s
Public Housing Developments
HDB Developments in the 1990s
Public Housing Developments
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1961 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1973 1979 1985 1990
-The Employment
Act
-Industrial Relations
(Amendment) Act
-EDB reorganized
-JTC and DBS set up
-Taxation changes to
create Asian Dollar
Market
-Attraction of
inward FDI
(higher value
products:
chemical,
electronics)
-The upgrading of
industry = higher
skill equirements
Provision of
training schemes

-EDB setup
- Shell
opened 1
st

oil refinery
-Increase in
manufacturing sector
(labour-intensive
industries: textiles,
clothes, footwear)

Towards Export
Orientation
Capital-Intensive
and Higher Tech
Industries
Towards
Knowledge-based
Industries
&Services
Regionalisation
Growth
Strategic
Economic
Plan
Timeline of Economic Policies & Strategies
Manufacturing of low-value products e.g clothes, textile, toys
set-up of factories equipped with electricity and water supply
JTC set up in 1968,responsible for construction and management of industrial
estates for foreign manufacturing firms


Jurong Industrial Estate under development (c. 1960s)
Source: http://herosofsingapore.blogspot.sg/
Increase in Manufacturing Sector
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Shift to Higher-Tech Industries
1970s: competitors of low-end products from HK, Taiwan, S. Korea
Shift from apparel and textile sectors High value products
- Chemical, Electronics, Machinery and equipment
- Aircraft industry
- Oil Rig industry



0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1967 1973 1984 1990
%

Textiles & garments
Printing & Publishing
Petroleum refineries & Products
Transport equipment
Machinery
Electrical machinery
Electrical products &
components
Instrumentation equipment &
photographic & optic goods
Increase in electronics
employment
Source: Perry, Kong, Yeoh (1997) Singapore- A Developmental City-State. Table. 5.1, p. 106
1961 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1973 1979 1985 1990
-The Employment
Act
-Industrial Relations
(Amendment) Act
-EDB reorganized
-JTC and DBS set up
-Taxation changes to
create Asian Dollar
Market
-Attraction of
inward FDI
(higher value
products:
chemical,
electronics)
-The upgrading of
industry = higher
skill
requirements
Provision of
training schemes

-EDB setup
- Shell
opened 1
st

oil refinery
-Increase in
manufacturing sector
(labour-intensive
industries: textiles,
clothes, footwear)

-Economic
restructuring
-R&D,
engineering
design, and
computer
software
services.
-Aim to be the
Regional HQ
for MNCs
Towards Export
Orientation
Capital-Intensive
and Higher Tech
Industries
Towards
Knowledge-based
Industries
&Services
Regionalisation
Growth
Strategic
Economic
Plan
Timeline of Economic Policies & Strategies
-Becoming
internationally
oriented
-Maintaining
international
competitiveness
-Creating a
conducive climate
for innovation
-Developing
manufacturing
and service
clusters
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JTC Developments in the late 1960s
Industrial Developments
JTC Developments in the late 1980s
Industrial Developments
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JTC Developments in the late 1990s
Industrial Developments
Economy: Sector Output
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Source: Singapore, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Economic Survey of Singapore
S$ 5 billion S$ 64.4 billion
Financial and
business services,
14.0%
Transport and
communications,
8.8%
Manufacturing,
16.6%
Others, 60.6%
Financial and
business
services, 25.8%
Transport and
communications,
14.8%
Manufacturing,
27.7%
Others, 31.6%
Economy: GDP Structure
1960 - 1992
Concept Plan 1991

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1. Plan to Facilitate Sustained Economic
Growth
2. Plan for Congestion Free City
3. Plan for High Quality Living
Environment
4. Plan to have a World Class
Infrastructure
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrusts
Strategic Thrust 1: Sustained Economic Growth
Land for New Downtown
Land for Modern High Valued Added Manufacturing
Industries
Land for Business / Science Parks
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: Sustained Economic Growth
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Land for New Downtown
Expansion of the CBD

New Downtown
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: Sustained Economic Growth
Land for Modern High Valued Added Added Manufacturing
Industries


Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: Sustained Economic Growth
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Land for Business & Science Parks
Emphasis on high-technology industries
Technological
Corridor
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: Sustained Economic Growth
Strategic Thrust 2: Congestion-Free City
Integrated Land Use & Transport Planning
Decentralisation Strategy
Island-wide Road and Rail Network
Regional Balance in Job / Worker Distribution
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: Congestion-free City
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Integrated Land Use & Transport Planning
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: Congestion-free City
Decentralisation Strategy


Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: Congestion-free City
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Island-wide
Road & Rail Network


Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: Congestion-free City
Rail Network
Expressway and Semi-Expressway Network




Regional Balance in Job / Worker Distribution

For the 5 Regions (Central, North, NE, West and East) to
ensure that the job/worker ratio approaches 1.0

Increase population for Central Area and employment for
North-East and East Regions
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: Congestion-free City
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Better
Housing
Mix
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment

Better Quality Public Housing & Facilities
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment
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Provide variety of housing
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment
Island-wide
Green Network
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment
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Enhance quality of life through
planning for parks, open spaces
and park connectors
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment
Conserve and
Revitalise Historic
Areas
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment
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Rejuvenating the Singapore River
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment
Focus on Architecture & Urban Design
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: High Quality Living Environment
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Improve infrastructure
1
Reclamation of Jurong Island
After
Before
Concept Plan 1991:
Strategic Thrust: World-class Infrastructure
Expansion of International Airport
Expansion of Container Port
1991 Concept Plan

Population Parameter of 4 mil
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Vision Towards a tropical city of excellence
Planned
Population
4 million
Population in
1970
3.05 million
Housing

- Greater variety and choice in housing forms (low, medium
and high-density housing) in order to meet Singaporeans
rising aspirations and expectations
- Park connectors network to join up existing parks

Transport

- Island-wide expressways
- Island-wide expressways with semi-expressways
- More extensive MRT network
Commerce

Decentralization three regional centers: Jurong, Tampines
and Woodlands and other centres
Industry - Industrial estates outside Jurong/ Business Parks
Infrastructure -Expansion of airport and port
1991 Concept Plan
Staging Year 2000
Staging Year
2010
Staging Year
X
1991 Concept Plan: Staging Plan
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Population Parameter of 5.5mil
2001 Concept Plan
New homes in familiar places
High-rise city living - a room with a view
Greater flexibility for businesses
A global business centre
More choices for recreation
An extensive rail network
Focus on identity
2001 Concept Plan
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New homes in established areas
Live close to families
Enjoy ready amenities
Bukit
Merah
Toa
Payoh
Ang Mo
Kio
Bedok
LIVE New Home in Familiar places
Density Mix low med high
Proposed 8 13 79
Today 9 13 78

LIVE Housing Density
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Population in the city will
increase from 3% to 7%
Create critical mass and buzz
Close to work
Close to attractions after work
GPR in New Downtown increase to
between 6.0 and 7.0

LIVE New Homes in Familiar places
An economically vibrant city
WORK Catering to Businesses
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Build higher close to MRT stations
Sufficient land for industries

WORK: Better Use of Industrial Land
More Commercial Space in
the Central Area
Create a critical mass in
Central Area
Denser and more
comprehensive rail network
in the Central Area

WORK: Global Business Centre
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52
More Jobs
More Housing
Jurong and
Tuas
City Area
WORK More Jobs Closer to Home
Woodlands
Jurong East
Tampines
More jobs in the Regional Centres
LIVE More Jobs closer to Homes
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53
2011
S$299.6 billion
(at 2005 market price)
*Others:
Construction,
Wholesale &
Retail, Trade,
Accommodation
& Food Services
1960
S$ 5 billion
1992
S$ 64.4 billion
Financial and
business services,
14.0%
Transport and
communications,
8.8%
Manufacturing,
16.6%
Others
60.6%
Financial and
business services,
25.8%
Transport and
communications,
14.8%
Manufacturing,
27.7%

Others,
31.6%
Financial and
business services,
26.0%
Transport and
communications,
12.0%
Manufacturing,
21.0%
Others,
41.0%
Leisure opportunities
in the Central
Catchment
PLAY More Recreation Choices
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54
Connecting Parks and
Activities to your Home
PLAY More Recreation Choices
New Orbital
and Radial
lines
Extensive Road Network
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55
Long Term
Islandwide Rail
Network
Extensive Road Network
Conservation of Buildings
Focus on Identity: Our Built Heritage
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56
Vision Towards a thriving world-class city in the 21
st
century
Planned
Population
5.5 million
Population in 2000 4.03 million
Housing

- High-density housing with amenities close-by
- More new housing in established existing towns
- Better housing environment in the west

Transport

- More extensive MRT network
Commerce

- Greater flexibility for businesses (New Business Zone and
New White Zone)
Industry - Move towards high-valued industries e.g. electronics,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biomedical sciences and
engineering
- Intensification of Industries and businesses close to train
stations
Infrastructure - Expansion of port and airport
2001 Concept Plan
Take a long-term view
Adopt an integrated approach
Support business needs
Have an open, transparent
system
Be flexible and responsive
Key Planning
Principles
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57

Thank You
The slides are property of URA and should not be reproduced and redistributed without permission from URA