Bonds of Europe Charles and James II (1674- 1688) Neither had any use for Parliament Wanted absolute

te monarchs No sympathy for colonial assemblies Decrease colonial rule Dominion of England James II consolidated Mass, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut Plymouth, N.Y., and New Jersey into one super colony Placed under the rule of army officer Sir Edmund Andros Andros told the colonists that they had no more freedoms left other than not being sold for slaves Glorious Revolution William and Mary (James IIs daughter) ended James IIs rule in a bloodless revolution Soldiers defeated to Mary when she arrived. James fled Englands Bill of Rights passed in 1689 limiting the monarch and restoring Parliament Mass. still remains under royal thumb Leislers Rebellion New York militia seized the main fort (in the south)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisler's_Rebellion)

Captain Jacob Leisler took command of the colony, repaired its defenses, and called for local elections Refused to allow British troops into harbor fearing they were loyal to James II Was later arrested and hanged for treason John Coode John Coode and 3 others organized the Protestant Association and seized the capital of Maryland in the name of William and Mary ousting the Catholics He became a local hero William and Mary Ruled under voluntary association vs. absolute rule (expect in Mass.) Colonies flourished under elected assemblies and freedom of religion King William's War AKA: War of the League of Augsburg 1st war involving colonists in European affairs New Englanders invaded Canada in Montreal and Quebec- both failed

Iroquois Confederacy

 Allies of England took biggest hit during the war Eventually signed peace treaty with France and pro-French Indians allowing them to keep their lands and opened trade they agreed to not fight for the Brits anymore Queen Annes War AKA: War of Spanish Succession French and Indian raiders hit Maine and Mass., destroying several towns.- The colonists had recently built them, they were on Native homelands Spanish invaded Carolina and nearly took Charles Town Colonies try again to seize Quebec and fail Canada- 3, USA- 0 British armies and natives restore order and take over a chunk of Canada Colonies grow even more pro- British

Mercantilism Politics aimed at making a nation as economically self- sufficient as possible, by eliminating dependence on foreign suppliers, damaging foreign competitors commercial interests, and selling more abroad than buying Navigation Acts 1651- Colonial trade is to be carried on English or colonial owned ships to keep trade from the Dutch 1600- 1663- Colonies can export sugar only to England and only receive imports on British ships with 3/4 Brit crew (colonists and slaves count as Brits) Result= increase in colonial ships building, by 1750s of British ships are owned by Americans Tobacco, rice, furs, indigo, masts, hemp, tar, and turpentine get added to list to be shipped only to England This only lessened colonial profits by about 3% Did encourage colonial diversification into products like silk, iron, dyes, hemp products, and lumber Cheap consumer goods flooded the colonies= consumer revolution Income in the colonies rose twice as fast as in England Colonies quadrupled in size crossing the million mark in early 1700s (England had 5.1 million)

New Immigrants Number of England immigrants decreased Rise in number of Irish, Scottish, and German

 Some came as indentured servants, but served less than 4 years English Convicts Some sent in 1600s 1718- 1738- 30,000 thieves and murderers (few of those), mostly guilty of minor offenses like public drunkenness Sold as laborers, most became families, few committed crimes here Ben Franklin suggested that we ship rattlesnakes to England in exchange for the convicts Colonial Daily Life $$ coming into the colonies only served to create larger class differences Many could not find work or purchase their own farms Lives of slaves were even worse Stono Rebellion Slave uprising in S.C. in 1739 80 slave men armed with guns headed to Florida Burned 7 plantations and killed 20 whites Cut down by militia Heads posted on spikes at mile intervals around Charles Town Other rebellions across colonies ended in similar treatment

Tuscarora Natives Lost conflict with South Carolina Moved north to join the Iroquois Confederacy Covenant Chain Series of treaties between the Iroquois Confederation and several colonies The Iroquois took care of colonial native problems and added to their confederacy They became the Center of Native power Stayed separate from the Brits, but worked with them Georgia (1740) Founded by James Oglethorpe Debtor and buffer colony Only colony where slavery was outlawed Slavery would hurt the poor farmers. Oglethorpe was trying to help Slave uprisings would only help aid the Spanish in Florida Restrictions lifted in 1750 Spanish Florida Offered freedom to runaway slaves

 Saw the founding of Georgia as a threat Florida was only sparsely populated, about 1500 in Spanish in 1700 Enlightenment Intellectual movement (Light bulb) Spread by English preacher George Whitefield Involved many more colonists in politics, intellectual discussions, and new religious movements Result: Creation of the Public Colonial men and women had a much higher literacy than England, up to 25% higher Books, newspaper, and writing paper opened the way for new ideas and progress Confidence in human reason and skepticism towards things not founded in science

Power of the Purse Colonial government is still appointed by the crown, but paid by elected legislators Many of these government listened more to the legislatures than to the crown Colonies were in control except for trade, printing money, and declaring war Colonial Politics Colonial legislatures became a major political force (except in Mass., Connecticut, and Rhode Island which were still controlled by the Crown or proprietor) Wealthy were in charge of politics Middle and lower classes could not afford to hold office or in some places even vote ( land/poll tax) Most colonies dropped land ownership as voting requirements by 1700s Little interests in politics- but growing rapidly Ben Franklin 1732- Began publishing Poor Richards Almanack Able to retire by age 42 Devoted himself to science and community service 1752- Discovered that lightning was electricity Great Awakening Protestant revivalism Crossed lines of class, gender, and race Played on emotion Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God - Jonathan Edwards (fire and brimstone) Whitefield spread by going on tour Yes, this is the Enlightening guy

 Old Lights: rationalist clergy in Anglican, Presbyterian, and Congregational churches New Lights: revivalists Eventually win the #s game Presbyterians go New Light Baptists join Methodists later founded by New Lights Result Weakening of officially established denominations Founded of new colleges Princeton, Columbia, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth Impacted African and Native Americans Women allowed to speak and vote in church meetings Laid the groundwork for average people to speak out against those in authority Recap Glorious Revolution= Foundation for representative government Enlightenment= Intellectual movement Great Awakening= Religious revival Enlightenment and Great Awakening= General questioning of those in authority Albany Plan of Union 7 colonies north of Virginia met to discuss mutual defense from natives and French Bribed the Iroquois Plan to unite colonies Went nowhere because none of the colonies wanted to give up any control over taxation Seven Years War AKA: French and Indian War (1754-1760) General Braddock disliked colonists and natives Invaded French territory to take Fort Duquesne (Pennsylvania) Ambushed by French and Indians lost 900 British soldiers, including Braddock French and Indians lost 23 Colonists then hit hard in Penn, MD, VA, then Ny and western New England Many Natives switched sides or withdrew Brit. William Pitt won the war for the Brits by mobilizing colonial soldiers and became a hero for the colonies Promised the Parliament would pay for war if colonials enlisted

Treaty of Paris 1763 France gives up lands east of the Mississippi River Florida temporarily goes to the Brits All other French lands west of Mississippi river go to Spain Tensions Wars are expensive Newly crowned 22 year old George III though the colonies should pay for the war Colonists were promised otherwise Pontiacs Rebellion Ottawa chief, Pontiac, led an anti-British movement in 1763 attacking British forts British fought back with blankets infected with smallpox Proclamation of 1763 Issued by George III Made in hopes of preventing tensions with natives Restricted colonists to east of the Appalachian mountains until tribal governments reached agreements with crown Calmed Native Fears Angered colonists 10,000 British soldiers would remain in colonies Colonists saw this as a threat to liberty Writs of Assistance (1760-61) Attempts to halt colonial trading in French West Indies and crack down on smuggling Search warrant without rules Sugar Act (1764) Ends standing practice of exempting colonies from taxes Taxed sugar Added lumber, iron, and fur to the Navigation Act list to be exported ONLY to England Documents for ship captains were so complicated that it was nearly impossible to avoid error Violations were sent to admiralty courts (no jury) where judges received 5% of the confiscated cargo for convictions Strictly enforced Smuggling continued until they tax was lowered to less than most bribes After that the tax raised 30,000 pounds a year Stamp Act- 1765

 Colonists were still only paying less than 6% of the taxes to the crown that they average British paid Tax on nearly everything paper 1st direct tax- paid by consumers, not shippers Brits already had a similar tax William Pitt objected as did others Brits arguing that colonists faced themselves through the colonial assemblies Greenville (guy responsible for taxes) agreed that Parliament could not tax subjects without representation, but believed colonists were virtually represented by all members of Parliament Resistance Colonial agents in London lobbied Parliament against the passage of the Stamp Acts Colonial legislature sent letters and petitions to Parliament All were ignored without even discussion Under the influence of Patrick Henry, 8 colonial legislatures passed resolutions against the Stamp Act Boston Major port town Hardest hit by Navigation Act restrictions, sugar and stamp Acts, and Writs of Assistance Also recovering from a major fire in 1760 that worsened widespread economic distress A riot in Boston led to the resignation of Bostons stamp distributor Sons of Liberty Founded by Samuel Adams Rebel groups that formed throughout the colonies Recognized the need to contain violence to specific targets and property Members are not allowed to carry weapons even when facing armed forces Understood the impact of martyrdom and vowed that any lives lost would be their own Stamp Act Congress (1765) Representatives from 9 colonial assemblies 2nd attempt to unite the colonies Successful united opposition to the SA Most stamp distributors resigned or fled

Boycott Sons and Daughters of Liberty organized a widespread boycott of British goods Colonists normally purchased 40% of all British goods This put Englands economy in serious danger

 English businessmen demand that Parliament resend the Stamp Act After additional pressure from Pitt, Parliament replaced it with the Declaratory Act Declaratory Act Affirmed Parliaments power to legislate the colony Written in very general terms Colonists interpreted it to their advantage believing it was just an attempt by Parliament to save face for repealing the Stamp Act Life returned to normal sort of Aftermath Colonists still loyal to England, but leery of Parliament Began reading about the Roman Republic and ideas of John Locke (natural rights and social contract) Samuel Adams linked Christian piety and republican ideals effectively combining the two biggest motivating factors for colonists (religion and intellect) Protestant preachers asked congregations to stand up for God and liberty William Pitt becomes gravely ill and is replaced by Charles Townshend Quartering Act Required colonial legislature to pay for certain goods required by soldiers stationed in their colony. Mainly low cost items Legislators saw this as a tax Resented a Standing army NY refused temporarily to pay but had complied before the enactment of G3 to nullify the NY legislatures Townshend Duties (1767) Tax on glass, lead, paint, paper and tea imported to colonies $ raised was intended to pay colonial governors stripping legislatures of the power of the purse Only tea generated any revenue Actually COST the treasury 23,000 pounds Sons of Liberty Reorganized after 2 year break Began 2nd boycott to get duties repealed More effective in the north Kept 40% of Brit goods out of colonies Brit merchants began calling for repeal

Daughter of Liberty Assisted in the repeal of the Stamp Act in a letter writing campaign Women were the biggest consumers of tea. Their boycott on the consumption of tea was more effective than the rest of the boycott movement Made their own clothing and held spinning bees in public Womens involvement signaled the depth of colonial protest Boston Massacre (1770) John Hancocks ship, the Liberty, was seized Bostons harbor Riot erupts in support of Hancock 4000 additional British troops sent to Boston Soldiers were paid poorly and sought 2nd jobs, worsening the job shortage March 5th, a mob protest outside the customs house turns violent 5 colonists dead, 6 more wounded Soldier defended in court by John Adams all but 2 are acquitted Boycotts work Townshend duties repealed except for the tax on tea Tea boycott continues America learns to love coffee

Committees of Correspondence 1772-73 Sam Adams asks Massachusetts towns to set up committees to maintain close political cooperation Idea quickly spread throughout the colonies Tea Act 1773 Reduced the price of tea below the cost of smuggled tea, but did NOT repeal the tax (that worked for sugar) Colonists did not bulge knowing that the tea revenue were meant as an ed to self rule C.O.C went into action to prevent the tea from landing on American shores Gaspee Affairs The Gaspee was the boat owned by Lt. Duddingston who really enjoyed enforcing the Navigation Acts in Rhode Island One night it ran aground and was stuck for several hours A large group of locals blew it up No one was ever turned in despite the large rewards offered

Boston Tea Party (Dec. 16, 1773) Tea ships in Boston Harbor cant unload and cant leave

 Samuel Adams and 5,000 Bostonians met at the Old South Church and hatch a plan 50 young men disguise themselves as Mohawk Indians symbolizing a proud American identity Went to docks followed by most of the crowd Thousands watched them dump 45 tons of tea into Boston harbor

Securing Independence Choosing sides Patriots- those supporting independence Loyalists- those supporting the King remained neutral Natives supported both sides because (promised things from both sides) Canadians leaned toward Patriots, but invasion of Quebec still failed Odds are against us U.S. 2.5 million colonists, American Privateers, Guerilla tactics, controlled food supply Them: 11 million British, plus worldwide empire, professional army, and best navy in the world In the Beginning Washington begins the summer of 1776 with 23,000 untrained men Suffered several defeats trying to fight in the European style Finally learns that American troops are best led by example and respect By late fall, only 8000 remained and their term of enlistment ended December 31st Washington needed a BIG win and fast! Crossing the Delaware Dec 25, 1776 Fierce snowstorm Ice choked river 2400 remaining men in small row boats Objective: Trenton, NJ Trenton

Hessians: German mercenaries hired by the British Winter camp at Trenton Germans loves Christmas= All day drinking Washington counted on this!! After crossing the Delaware river, G.W.s men set up an ambush around Trenton Begun attack in the early morning while Hessians were still sleeping off their Christmas celebration Big win: 30 Hessians killed, 918 captives, and 6 cannons Men agree to give GW a few more days 8 days later they win a battle at Princeton against 1,200 British Nearly every soldier re-enlisted and new recruits joined New Jersey Washingtons victories and looting by the Brits undermined NJs loyalists Most switch sides and some even enlist in Continental Army Marquis de Lafayette

20 year old French aristocrat Volunteers his services to GW Lobbies French Government for assistance Later commands his own forces in the south near the end of the war Saratoga (Oct 1776)

Turning point of the war The decisive battle French were waiting for before they would commit to helping Spain, an ally of France also joins in Feb. 1778 By the end of the 1780, the Dutch will also declare war on Brits Valley Forge

Located outside of Philadelphia Winter quarters for Continental Army 1777-78 Horrid conditions Little food, shelter, or clothing Of the 10,000 men camped there, more than 2,000 would die Those that survived did not desert (loyal to Washington) Still a group of relatively untrained and undisciplined soldiers Baron Friedrich von Steuben Prussian Military Officer Volunteers his services to GW to make regular soldiers out of country bumpkins He was successful and may have changed the course of history Fraud

 Baron von S. Was not a baron, nor did he hold any high rank in the Prussian army He was a soldier and did save the Continental Army War in the South Spanish troops drove Brits out of West Florida Spanish and French navies wrecked havoc on the Brits at sea Brits thought South would be an easy target due to high number of loyalists Not as many loyalists as Brits expected Many switched due to Indian raids in the name of Britain, slave uprisings, and runaways

General Cornwallis Commanded British in the South Took Charles Town (Charleston) By 1780 controlled all of North and South Carolina 1781- Patriot raiding parties forced him to retreat out of North Carolina and move farther north to Virginia Yorktown Cornwallis camps at Yorktown which is on a peninsula Meant to be base for takeover of VA and PA Turns out to be a big mistake The French forces and Navy have arrived in the colonies Lafayette has a plan The French army defeats the British fleet and cuts off Yorktown by sea Combined French and American troops (Washington from North, Lafayette and Greece from South) cut off Yorktown by land Yorktown bombarded for 3 weeks before Cornwallis surrenders ending Revolution Treaty of Paris 1783 America represented by John Jay, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin American independence formally recognized by all of Europe Boarders now went from Canada to the Florida line, and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River Florida returns to Spain

Creating a New government Each of the colonists sees itself as a separate government Each state had a constitution All were afraid of developing a strong central government Continental Congress

 Looked for examples in history for the type of government they wanted to create Greek Democracy and Roman Republic were inspirations although neither lasted Also borrowed from John Locke and Baron de Montesquieu Articles of Confederation Original government of the U.S. Each state got 1 vote, making them equal Loose associations of states Most power remained with the individual states Problems with AOC All 13 states must agree to make changes to the AOC No power to tax Heavily in debt Not powerful enough to deal with foreign nations like Britain and Spain No executive branch to enforce laws Shays Rebellion Revolutionary war vet Heavily in debt- blamed high taxes in Massachusetts Shays and 1,200 other farmers marched on the Springfield arsenal in Spt., 1786 State militia called in- 4 rebels killed, others ran away Rebellion caused panic in all states Causes people to realize that the AOC needed to be changed Philadelphia Convention May 1787- 12 states sent delegates back to the Philadelphia State House (R.I. absent) G.W. unanimously elected presiding officer Also present: Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison Rooms sealed off to prevent eavesdropping

A new government again In 5 days delegates ditched the AOC and started from scratch Big vs. Small= Great Compromise Two house congress Senate= each state gets 2 votes House of Representatives= based on state population New Government Three- fifths Compromise:

of a states slave population would count for both representation and taxes Congress agreed to not intervene in the slave trade for 20 years Federalism- division of power between the federal and state governments Separation of Powers: Legislative Executive Judicial Constitution Controversy New Constitution published in newspaper and shocked the citizens New battle lines: Federalists: Wanted Constitution ratified Anti- Federalists: Opposed the Constitution

Antifederalists Main argument was for a Bill of Rights They felt that the rights of citizens needed to be protected form a large central government Leaders: Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee Compromise Federalists promised to add a Bill of Rights if the states would ratify the Constitution Constitution ratified Bill of Rights immediately added